VIRGIN ISLANDS

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

COOPERATIVE



BIOSPHERE RESERVE



Research



ReportNo.1 '°74

Executive Summary

and

Report Abstract



Virgin Islands National Park



October, 1986

The Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative

(VIRMC) was formed in 1982 by a Memorandum of Understanding

between the following institutions: College of the Virgin

Islands, Virgin Islands National Park, Virgin Islands

Planning Office, West Indies Laboratory, U.S. Geological

Survey - Caribbean District, Island Resources Foundation,

Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station,

Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, Sea Grant

Program - University of Puerto Rico, the Caribbean Fishery

Management Council and the British Virgin Islands National

Parks Trust.



The objectives of the cooperative are:



1. To establish a Virgin Islands Resource Management

Cooperative for the purpose of providing coordinated

research, extension, and educational support of programs to

achieve full benefits of island forests, wildlife, water

resources, the marine environment, and historic areas and

their associated resources for their cultural, social,

commercial, economic, and recreational utilization and

enjoyment.



2. To provide for the direction and management of the

Cooperative by forming an Executive Committee, comprised of

one representative from each of the organizations who are

parties to this agreement, which will a) elect annually a

Chairman from the membership of the Executive Committee to

serve for a term of one years, b) appoint an Executive

Officer to a staff position to coordinate the work of the

cooperatives c) appoint technical committees and project

leaders, d) provide for the orderly process of development

and implementation of policy, and e) foster cooperative

activities and relationships among participating parties and

with other agencies and institutions.



3. To coordinate and facilitate financial and other

support for research on environmentally acceptable uses of

forests, wildlife, the marine environment and historic

areas, and their associated resources in order to provide

for their better management.



4. To provide for the collective utilization of the

unique attributes and resources (personnel, facilities,

equipment, and other support services) of the parties as

they may relate to objectives pursued under this agreement.



5. To plan for appropriate dissemination, publications

and application of research and information.

ABSTRACTS OF VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE

RESEARCH REPORTS

Nos. 2 ~ 28



1988



BIOSPHERE RESERVE REPORT NO. 1



U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE



AND



VIRGIN ISLANDS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE

VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK

P.O. BOX 7789, ST. THOMAS

U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS 00801



LOCAL CONTRACTING AGENT

ISLAND RESOURCES FOUNDATION

RED HOOK BOX 33, ST. THOMAS



U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS 00802

(NPS CONTRACT NO. CxX-0001-3-0048)



INTRODUCTION TO

THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE

RESEARCH REPORT SERIES



_The Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve Research Report series con-

stitutes 28 technical documents plus a comprehensive synthesis report,

all of which focus on the resource base of the Virgin Islands National

Park on the island of St. John, designated by UNESCO as an interna-

tional Biosphere Reserve. With funding provided by the U.S. Nationa]

Park Service, this five year research effort (1983-88) involved more

than half of the member institutions of the Virgin Islands Resource

Management Cooperative (VIRMC), under whose aegis the project was car-

ried out.



The Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative was formed in

1982, with the following institutions or agencies in the U.S. and

British Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico as signatories to the Memoran-

dum of Understanding: Virgin Islands National Park, the Department of

Planning and Natural Resources of the U.S. Virgin Islands Government

(Division of Fish and Wildlife and Division of Natural Resources Man-

agement), University of the Virgin Islands, West Indies Laboratory,

Island Resources Foundation, Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management

Program, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Southern Forest Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico (Sea

Grant Program and the Center for Energy and Environment Research),

Caribbean Fishery Management Council, the Ministry of Natural Re-

sources and Labor of the British Virgin Islands Government, and the

British Virgin Islands National Parks Trust.



The overall objectives of the Cooperative have been defined as

follows:



1. To provide an opportunity for coordinated research, extension,

and educational support programs designed to achieve the full benefits

of island resources for cultural, social, commercial, economic, and

recreational utilization and enjoyment.



2. To provide for cooperative activities and relationships among

participating parties in the Cooperative and with other agencies and

institutions.



3. To coordinate and facilitate financial and other support for re-

search on environmentally acceptable uses of island resources in order

to provide for their better management.



4. To provide for the collective utilization of the unique at-

tributes and resources of the participating institutions.



3. To plan for appropriate dissemination, publication, and ap-

plication of research and information.

The abstracts which follow summarize each of the research reports in

the series. Copies of the full documents may be requested by writing

to Island Resources Foundation, a member institution of VIRMC which

has served as the prime contractor, program manager and publication

series editor. (Contact: Island Resources Foundation, Red Hook

Center Box 33, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802.)



For more information on the Virgin Islands Resource Management

Cooperative and on the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve, please write:

VIRMC Executive Officer, V.I. National Park, Post Office Box 710, Cruz

Bay, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 00831.



September 1988

Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative



NEW TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES

COASTAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT and MANAGEMENT REPORTS

St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands



The following reports have been published jointly by the U.S. National Park Service and the Virgin Islands

Resource Management Cooperative (VIRMC), 1986-88, as a part of ongoing research, resource management; and ed-

ucational activities related to the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve on the island of St. John. Photo-copies

of individual reports in the series may be purchased from Island Resources Foundation, which has acted as the

local contracting agent for VIRMC since its formation in 1982. N.B.. A-LIMITED NUMBER OF PRINTED. COPIES OF

THE VIRMC REPORTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION AT NO CHARGE. WHILE THIS SUPPLY LASTS, COPIES WILL BE SENT

FOR POSTAGE AND HANDLING COSTS ONLY (one copy only of each report per institution or individual). For more

information on the Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative, please write: VIRMC Executive Officer,

V.I. National Park, Post Office Box 710, Cruz Bay, St. John, Virgin Islands 00831.



Price Send

VIRMC I PUBLICATIONS (1986)

Report #1 REPORT ABSTRACTS $5.00 [ ]



Report #2. Beets, J., Lewand, L., and Zullo, E., MARINE COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS AND MAPS OF $15.00 [{ J]

BAYS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 119 pp.,

including maps, figures, and tables.



Report #3 Beets, J. and Lewand, L., COLLECTION OF COMMON ORGANISMS WITHIN THE VIRGIN $6.00 [ ]

ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 45 pp.



Report #4 Anderson, M., Lund, H., Gladfelter, E., and Davis, M., ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY $37.50 [ ]

TYPE MAPS AND BIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS FOR BUCK ISLAND REEF NATIONAL MONUMENT

AND PROPOSED MARINE PARK SITES IN THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. 249 pp., including maps.



Report #5 Lund, H., Anderson, M., Gladfelter, £., and Davis, M., TRENDS IN RECREATIONAL $6.00 [ J]

BOATING IN THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT FROM

HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ANCHORAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITORING PROGRAM FOR SAFE

ANCHORAGES. 40 pp. |



Report #6 Davis, M., Gladfelter, E., Lund, H., and Anderson, M., GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND $4.50 [ ]

RESEARCH PLAN FOR MONITORING WHITE BAND DISEASE. 28 pp.



Report #7 Gladfelter, €., Anderson, M., Lund, H., Davis, M., MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE $6.00 6[ ]

LESSER ANTILLES: IDENTIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVE SITES. 44 pp.



Report #8 Boulon, R., MAP OF FISHERY HABITATS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RE- $11.00 [- ]

SERVE. 70 pp., including maps.



Report #9 Boulon, R., FISHERIES HABITAT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS REGION OF ECOLOGICAL IMPOR- $3.50 [ ]

TANCE TO THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 22 pp.



Report #10 Dammann, A., ASSESSMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH STOCKS PRODUCED IN THE BIOSPHERE $4.50 [ ]

RESERVE. 30 pp.



Report #11 Boulon, R. and Clavijo, 1., UTILIZATION OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE $5.50 [ ]

BY ARTISANAL FISHERMEN. 37 pp.



Report #12 Koester, S., SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ROLE OF FISHING AND SHELLFISHING IN THE $3.50 [ ]

VIRGIN ISLANOS BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 24 pp.



Report #13 Boulon, R., Beets, J., and Zullo, €., LONG-TERM MONITORING OF FISHERIES IN THE $5.00 [ ]

VIRGIN ISLANDS SIOSPHERE RESERVE. 32 pp. .



Report #14 Goodwin, M., CHARACTERIZATION OF LESSER ANTILLEAN FISHERIES. 47 pp. $6.50 [ ]



ee ee ee eH He HH



A 30 minute video tape on the "biosphere reserve" concept as a resource management tool for develop-

ing countries is also available. The tape focuses specifically on a workshop held at Caneel Bay,

St. John in 1983 at the time the Virgin Islands National Park was formally dedicated as a interna-

tional biosphere reserve, the only such site recognized by UNESCO in the Eastern Caribbean. A loan

copy of the VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE video tape is available for a $75.00 refundable deposit

(specify whether 3/4" or 1/2" tape is required). A copy of the tape can also be purchased from the

Foundation for $90.00.

VIRMC II PUBLICATIONS (1987)



Report #15 Putney, A., DATA SYNTHESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIS FOR ZONING OF THE $6.00 [

VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 44 pp.



Report #16 Putney, A., CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE VIRGIN $3.50 [

ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE. 21 pp.



Report #17 Rogers, C. and Zullo, E., INITIATION OF A LONG-TERM MONITORING PROGRAM $5.00 [

FOR CORAL REEFS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK. 31 pp.



Report #18A Kneusenberger, W., Matuszak, J. and Thomas, T., HERBARIUM OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS $7.00 [

NATIONAL PARK: CONSOLIDATION AND CURATION OF A REFERENCE COLLECTION. 51 pp.



Report #188 Matuszak, J., Craft, E. and Knausenberger, W., ESTABLISHMENT AND SOIL CHARAC- $12.00 = [

TERIZATION OF LONG-TERM FOREST MONITORING PLOTS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS Bi0-

SPHERE RESERVE. 81 pp.



Report #19 Tyson, G., HISTORIC LAND USE IN THE REEF BAY, FISH BAY, AND HAWKSNEST BAY $7.00 [

WATERSHEDS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS, 1718-1950. 54 pp. -



Report #20 Hubbard, D., A GENERAL REVIEW OF SEDIMENTATION AS IT RELATES TO ENVIRONMENTAL $6.00 [

STRESS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANOS BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND THE. EASTERN CARIBBEAN IN

GENERAL. 41 pp.



Report #21 Hubbard, D., Stump, J. and Carter, 8., SEDIMENTATION AND REEF DEVELOPMENT IN $15.50 [

HAWKSNEST, FISH AND REEF BAYS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS. 104 pp.



Report #22 Boulon, R., A BASIS FOR LONG-TERM MONITORING OF FISH AND SHELLFISH SPECIES $10.00 [

IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK. 66 pp.



VIRMC IIT PUBLICATIONS (1988)

Report #23 Nichols, M., MAN'S LONG-TERM IMPACT ON SEDIMENTATION: EVIDENCE FROM $ 5.00 {

SALT POND DEPOSITS. 31 pp.



Report #24 Rogers, C., RECREATION USES OF MARINE RESOURCES IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS $ 5.50

NATIONAL PARK. AND BIQSPHERE RESERVE: TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES. 36 pp.



Report #25 Williams, S., ASSESSMENT OF ANCHOR DAMAGE AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF SEAGRASS $ 5.50 {

BEDS IN FRANCIS AND MAHO BAYS FOR GREEN SEA TURTLES. 38 pp.



Report #26 Tobias, W., Telemaque, E., and Davis, M., BUCK ISLAND FISH AND $ 5.00 [

SHELLFISH POPULATIONS. 32 pp.



Report #27 Earhart, J., Reilly, A., and Davis, M., INITIAL INVENTORY OF THREE PERMANENT $19.00 [

FOREST PLOTS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK. 126 pp.



Report #28 Ramos-Perez, C. and Gines-Sanchez, C., GEOCHEMISTRY OF ST. JOHN AND INFLUENCE $ 6.00 [

ON MARINE SYSTEMS. 40 pp.



Report #29 Rogers, C. and Teytaud, R., MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF VIRGIN NC {

ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSPHERE RESERVE.



ORDER FORM



All items are quoted in U.S. dollars and will be mailed fourth class book rate to U.S. addresses or printed

matter (surface) rate to non-U.S. locations UNLESS first class or air mail postage is specified with order.

Postage will be billed directly. Additionally, handling charges are: $3.00 for orders $5.00-$25.00; $4.00

for orders $26.00-50.00 and $5.00 for orders over $50.00. Payment must be made in US currency by US bank

draft or international money order. °



Select items you wish to purchase by specifying quantity required in the brackets provided after each item.

Complete the information requested below and mail the entire form to: ISLAND RESOURCES FOUNDATION,

Publications Center, 1718 P Street NW, Suite T-4, Washington, D.C. 20036.



NAME INSTITUTION



ADDRESS



{ ] Please bill me (institutional orders only when issued as Purchase Order by the institution)



[ ] Payment enclosed (all individual orders): Total Amount Enclosed US$

(postage and handling will be billed separately)



{ ] Send order first class or air mail as appropriate and | shall pay additional postage

eewoul 1S



ve pe pe pro ay vy or Bs DS ve Zs avs

4 4. 1 i 4 4 4 4 4 4

t t i T v ¥ t | LU U

vonseforg 707820074 ¥ 7 y

aT sc 6 € f 4b 9 a

Ksepmog wed teuoneHn = =9 Oo0'Og! 11 BIVDE ¢ sonny

€ z ‘ 6 o 3

ON3931 sot ~ . sev s eyeden yong

4 € z H 6

7

/ nN ONT | oe . }

4 / . 1

“ / cower 16 WV

/

{ usdeuny

pz pir 9° | 4



oz



pe



oO



1s0y preg



oe



~



tego oe, C=



ws oe tg



o Aeg



deg yoreus

Asg o6u09



_ —

Goreus iwesH ~~ ve.

_™e ~ en mo] Cunt I

— ~— ~ ~ «

owe ~

— ~ g

~~ ~te every Ont 4

—, ~

on



oBeqo, ent ~~



—, 4

oBeqo

VIOLUOL C3

oc I

e4hg UBA IeOF ONT 4

: t |

we ot ac pre 2 oy ey a DS 99 2 9



at



} 08 os



L zz



vz



92



st



Location Map, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands (Source: Modified

After NOAA, 1972)



Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 2



MARINE COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS AND MAPS OF BAYS WITHIN THE

VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE



A series of benthic maps were prepared representing the

marine habitats. of the bays of St. Johns.”U.S. Virgin Is-

lands. The maps were drafted frem~National Oceanographic

Service aerial photographs and enhanced using existing

photographs; charts and publications. All bays within

Virgin Islands National Park boundaries were groundtruthed

and described using standard methods adopted by the Virgin

Islands Resource Management Cooperative. The major zones

were identified and designated based on dominant physical

and/or biotic components. A detailed description of major

marine zones within each bay was prepared. Relative

abundance, condition and percent cover of major species were

estimated along with substrate composition and complexity.

A summary of the marine zones and their relative condition

within each bay and a list of general observations are

presented.



St. John and the surrounding small islands of the

northern Virgin Islands are of volcanic origin with

precipitous slopes ascending from the flat Puerto Rican

platform. Typical of these steep, volcanic islands, St.

John does not have an extensive bank barrier reef system. '

However, the complex topography of the island, cays and

associated formations yield a great diversity of marine

communities.



Sedimentation, visitor damage, vessel anchor damage,

beach erosion and illegal harvesting were noted problems

within the Biosphere Reserve. Special emphasis was given to

bays designated as ‘areas of particular concern.' These

areas of impact or potential impact were noted and described

in greater detail. Two areas, Hawksnest and Fish Bays», were

chosen for establishment of long-term phototransect

monitoring.



A review of methodologies used from mapping and

characterizing marine communities was prepared. The

emphasis was on efficient, cost-effective methods which

would be of practical use throughout the Caribbean.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 2



COLLECTION OF COMMON ORGANISMS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE, ST. JOHN, USVI



A scientific collection of the common marine macrofauna

and macroflora within the Virgin Islands National Park was

prepared to enhance the existing Virgin Islands National

Park Marine Specimens Collection. Major emphasis was given

to evaluation of the existing collection and preparation of

a holdings list of specimens and their relative condition.

A general collection was completed for replacement of

deteriorated and missing specimens and addition of



previously uncollected species. Over 500 specimens were

collected, prepared and curated using National Park Service

guidelines. Information on collection location, relative



abundance, associated species and other relevant data was

recorded, listed on note cards and submitted with the

collection for reference. Descriptions of proper methods

for collection, fixation and preservation methods were

prepared for reference.



Additionally, phototransects and quantitative collec-

tion/surveys were conducted to provide baseline information

for long-term monitoring. The phototransect method is

described and results from the quantitative surveys is pre-

sented. <A list of general observations and recommendations

for future collections and adequate curation is included in

the report.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 4



ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY TYPE MAPS AND BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

DESCRIPTIONS FOR BUCK ISLAND REEF NATIONAL MONUMENT AND

PROPOSED MARINE PARK SITES IN THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS



The marine communities of proposed or existing park

sites in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and St. Croix in

the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI): have been surveyed and

described. The ten sites in the BVI include Anegada, North

Sound, The Baths, Salt Island, Norman Island, Tobago,

Little Jost Van Dyke, Cane Garden, Beef Island, The Dogs;

Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix was also

included in the survey.



A standard procedure was used to describe each site.

This is presented in the methods section. Maps outlining

the marine communities were drawn from projections of color

aerial vertical photographs on existing survey maps of the

area outlining land masses. These “working maps were

groundtruthed. The marine communities of each of the eleven

sites are presented (1) in a 1:5300 scale map outlining the

biological communities, and (2) a text describing the con-

tained communities in both qualitative and quantitative

ways. Several transects running from the shoreline seaward

across a sequence of marine communities were surveyed in

detail. For each transect a 1:1200 profile (showing depth.

community type, and substrate) was generated.



Abundance of dominant benthic species, depths substrate

type (e.g., sand, dead coral, live coral) and habitat com-

plexity were noted for each community along the transect and

presented in tabular form. Black and white photographs of

most of the communities appear as plates. There is a pre-

liminary evaluation of the condition of the biological

communities at each site.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 5



TRENDS IN RECREATIONAL BOATING IN THE BRITISH VIRGIN

ISLANDS, A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT FROM HUMAN

ACTIVITIES ON ANCHORAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITORING

PROGRAM FOR SAFE ANCHORAGES



Recreational boating is a significant component of the

tourist industry of the U.S. and British Virgin Islands.

This report considers the impact of boating on the marine

communities of the islands. The history and growth of the

boating industry in the BVI is described. An assessment was

made of the direct and indirect impact of boating use of the

proposed or existing parks of the British Virgin Islands and

St. Croix, USVI as described in Report No.4.



A research plan for monitoring the effects of anchoring

on seagrass bed communities and on coral communities is

presented. This plan was implemented by the establishment

of Long Term Monitoring Stations at two sites on St. John,

USVI; Great Lameshur and Francis Bays, and two sites in the

BVI: The Baths and Prickly Pear Island, North Sound. There

is a brief discussion of studies of the effects of anchoring

on benthic communities.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 6



GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND RESEARCH PLAN FOR MONITORING WHITE BAND

DISEASE



Species of Acropora are dominant reef framework

builders in the Caribbean. White Band Disease (WBD) of

these corals has resulted in widespread mortality in a num-

ber of Caribbean localities in the past few years. This

report presents the results of two surveys of the geographic

range of WBD: (1) quantitative estimates of disease related

mortality in the proposed or existing park sites in the BVI

and USVI (cf. Report No. 4) and (2) qualitative accounts of

the extent of the disease in localities throughout the

greater Caribbean.



A research plan for monitoring the ecosystem level and

organism level changes due to the WBD is presented. The

initial implementation of this plan, including the estab-

lishment and monitoring of a phototransect is described.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 7



MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE LESSER ANTILLES - IDENTIFICATION OF

REPRESENTATIVE SITES



This report includes discussion of: (1) scientific

criteria to consider in designating a site as a Biosphere

Reserve, (2) man's use of the marine ecosystem of the Lesser

Antilles, (3) available scientific information

(publications, research facilities, projects) focusing on

Marine ecosystems of the Lesser Antilles and greater

Caribbean, (4) methods to evaluate marine ecosystems (5)

several coastal marine ecosystems on islands in the Lesser

Antilles (Curacao, St. Lucia)



Scientific criteria to be noted in selecting ecosystems

appropriate for inclusion in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Program include 1) species richness and diversity, 2)

organic productivity and trophic composition ,3) habitat

complexity, 4) rare species and species interactions and 5)

relationship with other ecosystems. Factors modifying these

criteria include 1) size, 2) relationship to modifying

marine and terrestrial ecosystems, 3) proximity to areas of

human population and to areas with existing scientific

research facilities and 4) the natural and social history of

the area including traditional use patterns.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 8



MAP OF FISHERY HABITATS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE

RESERVE



Nineteen naturally occurring and one man-made benthic

community habitat types are described in terms of the

commercially important fish species assemblages found

occurring there. Marine habitat types were mapped for all

of St. John from NOS (National Oceanographic Survey) aerial

photographs and groundtruthed by divers from January to May

1984 to determine accuracy of mapping and to describe each

habitat in detail. Fish species assemblages are determined

using a random point, visual census technique which appears

to be quite accurate, is easy, fast, and repeatable by

anyone with minimal instruction.



Results indicate that each benthic habitat type can be

distinctly described in terms of its unique fish species

assemblage and life history function. The life history

function is viewed as a continuum primarily related to

distance from shore and depth with habitats like mangrove

shoreline and back reefs being juvenile refuges and deeper

offshore habitats like lower fore-reefs and bank patch reefs

being mature fish habitats where most reproductive

activities take place. Habitat types similar to each other

in species assemblage generally share similar structural

complexity or structural components. Habitats with greater

structural complexity tend to contain a greater number of

species.



In addition to demersal fin fish, lobster, conch and

whelk are other heavily exploited fishery resources.

Lobster populations appear to be quite low and appear to be

highest in the deeper, more structurally complex habitats.

Conch are less common in shallower habitats, possibly due to

overfishing, but are frequently found in the deeper

grassbeds seaward of coastal reef systems. With a limited.

narrow habitat, which is very accessible to fishermen, whelk

populations are extremely low with few large, mature

individuals found.



Both migratory pelagic fish species and baitfish

require substantial work before enough is known to even

attempt to draft management guidelines.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 9



FISHERIES HABITAT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS REGION OF ECOLOGICAL

IMPORTANCE TO THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

BIOSPHERE RESERVE



Ten habitat types in eight locations adjacent to the

Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve were selected and sampled

for their resident assemblages of commercially important

fish species. It is recognized that fishery stocks are

distributed and interact without any consideration of man-

made boundaries and thus, areas adjacent to the Biosphere

Reserve may be ecologically important to the fishery stocks

within the Biosphere Reserve. Habitat types which could

have high ecological importance can be divided into two

groups; nursery habitats (development and recruitment source

for adjacent habitats) and reproductive habitats (production

of eggs and larvae to supply nursery habitats). However,

given the planktonic phase of most reef fish larvae and the

migratory nature of the pelagic species of fish as well as

conch and lobster, it is difficult to assess the actual

influence of any particular reproductive site on the

adjacent habitats.



The area sampled with the greatest potential for

affecting fishery stocks in the Biosphere Reserve is the

Coral Bay/Hurricane Hole area on St. John. Its importance

as a nursery/juvenile refuge habitat is well documented and

its location to windward (up current) of a large portion of

the Biosphere Reserve makes the inter-relationship very

strong. Tt is strongly recommended that this

nursery/juvenile refuge habitat be considered as a protected

areas, particularly the Hurricane Hole portion of Coral Bay,

as the National Park Service does have control over the

coastland bordering these bodies of water.



Although the actual influence is not quantifiable,

certain offshore habitats with high reproductive value

(raised bank pavement for lobsters and fish; deep algal

plains for conch) must also be considered in trying to put

together the overall picture. These offshore habitats occur

in both the United States and British Virgin Islands and may

affect one as well as the other due to our proximity.



It is therefore recommended that the Virgin Islands

Biosphere Reserve concept be expanded to consider some of

the adjacent areas which may be inter-related with fishery

stocks within the Biosphere Reserve. Research on actual

inter-relationships, protection from development and

management for sustainable yield are all of high importance.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 10



ASSESSMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH

STOCKS PRODUCED IN THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE



At the present time there are no data and no

methodologies that are suitable for assessing the production

from fishery stocks in such a small and arbitrarily defined

geographic area as that of the Biosphere Reserve. For

Management purposes it is recommended that the Biosphere

Reserve utilize the data and management measures which are

produced and recommended by the Caribbean Fishery Management

Council for the geological platform of Puerto Rico and the

northern Virgin Islands.



The entire platform contains stocks which are probably

as discrete as any marine stocks can be. Until their

relationship to the pan-Caribbean species, of which they are

members, can be quantified they should be managed a8

distinct populations but not as populations confined to

politically defined areas within the naturally isolated

platform.



The very complex nature of tropical coral. reef,



grassbed, mangrove ecosystems and the small-scale fisheries



which depend upon thems, pose many problems for managers.

The number of species entering the landings, the difficulty

of obtaining statistical data from the scattered points of

landing and the lack of middlemen and processors in the

fishery make the use of usual mathematical techniques

suspect for such fisheries.



Moreover, in contrast to more highly capitalized

commercial fisheries of other regions, the socio-cultural

aspects of island fisheries become of relatively greater

importance than the purely economic aspects. Fishery

development projects in these tropical island shelf

environments have a notably high rate of failure. Some of

the factors which contribute to the failures are (1) the

inability of political and economic developers to accept the

low productivity and fragility of the fishery stocks on the

platforms (2) the imposition of highly capitalized and

mechanized fishing efforts on the system and (3) a

misunderstanding of the actual role that small-scale

fisheries play in the lives and well-being of indigenous

people.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 11



UTILIZATION OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE BY

ARTISANAL FISHERMEN



Catch and landings on St. John are described for a six-

month period (January to June 1981). Methods include port

interviews, annual catch reports, informal interviews and

questionnaires. Resources taken near or landed on St. John

by 28 commercial fishermen were categorized into ten

different fishing methods. Landings for the period of study

total 16,067 pounds (fish, shellfish and crustaceans) for a

total value of $38,221. West-Indian fish traps represent

the greatest proportion of the landings followed by bottom

longline and handlines .



The subsistence fishermen were interviewed and were

found to set from one to ten fish traps and some handline

fishing. Traps are usually hauled on the weekends and yield

from six to fifty pounds of fish per month. Fish are used

to supplement the diet provided from regular income.



Most, if not all of the commercial fishing activities

take place outside of the Biosphere Reserve. The major

impact is socio-economic, rather than resource utilization.

The primary resource use impact within the Biosphere Reserve

comes from subsistence and recreational fishermen. The

majority of subsistence level fishing takes place from Rams

Head to East End and south of Cruz Bay. Total fish traps

observed in Biosphere Reserve waters are less than two

dozen. All lobstering in NPS waters is done by hand and is

concentrated around Fish and Reef Bays where grassbeds are

more abundant. Hook fish taken in NPS waters is mainly

limited to bottom fishing and trolling by recreational

vessels, both of which are nearly impossible to sample. BVI

fishermen do not appear to fish in these water

preferring their own waters which are less overfished.



It appears that little intensive fishing takes place

within the Biosphere Reserve/National Park. This area may

serve as a refuge for many individuals that would be

harvested if they were outside the Biosphere Reserve. This

protected area may also serve as a recruitment source and

emigration base for areas outside the Biosphere Reserve

where fishing pressure is greater. Even with little

fishing, the numbers.s sizes and species composition could be

affected by more intensive fishing outside the Biosphere

Reserve » thus, creating an external vacuum producing the

same effect as overfishing.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 12



SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ROLE OF FISHING AND SHELLFISHING

IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE AREA



This paper provides an overview of fishing in the St.

John Biosphere Reserve. It focuses on resident fishermen of

the island and includes some discussion of fishermen from

nearby islands who exploit the resources of this

environment. This study is organized into three broad

topics. It begins with a description of fishing and

fishermen, their methods, the role of fishing in individual

economic strategies and the place of fishing in the island's

culture and economy. The second topic is an examination of

the local marketing of fish. Finally, this report looks at

almost four decades of economic development in St. John and

the effect of those developments on fishing; in particular,

the relationship between the National Park Service and

fishermen is examined.



St. John's integration into the American economy, the

development of tourism since World War II, and the creation

of the Virgin Islands National Park have brought about

significant changes in the local culture and have produced

both opportunities and costs for residents and resource

users. Fishing has become more commercial in response to

increased demand. At the same time regulations have been

introduced restricting some traditional fishing techniques.

Disagreements have developed between fishermen who regard

fishing as a birthright and the regulatory agencies charged

with protecting the environment. This study identifies some

of the issues involved in this debate and suggests that by

developing a more participatory management approach, the

Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve Program can lessen the

division that exists between resource users and managers.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 13



LONG-TERM MONITORING METHODS FOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF THE

VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE



Long-term monitoring methods of species of demersal

fin fish, conch, and whelk that are commercially important

were developed and used at selected sites in the VIBR. The

techniques used proved objective, repeatable, fast, easy and

subject to a minimum of observer bias.



A random-point, visual-census technique was used at

habitats with a high fish-species count of demersal fin

fish. Of the four bays selected, three (Trunk, Hawksnest,



and Fish) have potential for tourist or land-based-

sedimentation impact. The fourth, Lameshur Bay, has low

impact potential. Baseline data was collected for seven



habitat types found in these bays.



A visual, swimming, strip-transect method was used at

three sites in two bays (a shallow [inner] and deep [outer]

grass bed in Fish Bay and a shallow grass bed in a small bay

east of Leinster Bay) to estimate conch densities and

population structure. Over a four-month periods, the inner

site at Fish Bay was composed of juvenile conch in densities

ranging from .09-.28 conch/sq.m.; the outer of 99.9% mature

conch in densities ranging from .08-.18 conch/sq.m. Sampled

twice, the bay east of Leinster Bay was composed of 79%

mature conch the first time, and 99% juvenile conch the

second time. Densities ranged from .21-.26 conch/sq.m. The

shift in population structure may be seasonal (migration).



A random-point, strip-transect method was used for

estimating density and population structure of whelk along a

rocky coastland between Peter Bay and Windswept Beach

(selected due to known low harvest). All whelks within a

one~meter-wide strip from dry land to a one-meter depth were

collected. The largest population size class is whelks

under 1 cm., with 822% of all whelks being less than 4 cm.

(approximate average size for maturity). This may indicate

that periodic harvesting does occur. The density of whelks

is estimated to be 36.7 whelks/m. of shoreline.



Recommendations are made to monitor lobster using a

systematic canvassing technique to ensure total coverage and

no overlap of a selected, discrete lower fore-reef or bank

pavement area. Data on sex (if female, whether berried or

not) and size should be gathered. Handling lobster may

effect the study and should be avoided.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 14



CHARACTERIZATION OF LESSER ANTILLEAN FISHERIES



Island nations which have recently become independent

are for the most part intent on developing rather than

managing their fisheries. Most of the stocks of the shallow

shelf areas are already fully or over-exploited and

development must focus on deepwater and pelagic stocks as

well as on habitat enhancement. However, this is not widely

recognized by political leaders who are faced with expanding

human populations and trade deficits.



Almost universally in the Eastern Caribbean, demand for

fish exceeds the supply and governments assume that

expansion of the fishery sector will automatically correct

this situation. While there are limited possibilities for

improvement by expansion more permanent solutions lie in the

area of management of the coastal fisheries and the: habitat

necessary to support them indefinitely. Biosphere Reserves

have the potential to increase local availability of fish

through well-managed use-zones. Conch and spiny lobster

offer appealing targets for such management. Marketing and

distribution patterns also offer possibilities for enhancing

the local supplies of high quality fish products. Such an

integrated fisheries management program associated with a

Biosphere Reserve could be of substantial benefit to local

fishermen.



In 1983, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States

and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations produced a draft fisheries act and a draft set of

fishery regulations to be acted upon by various Eastern

Caribbean states. However, lack of local fisheries data and

enforcement capabilities have delayed full implementation of

such measures. Biosphere Reserves could play a key role in

developing public support for a voluntary approach to marine

resource management. The artisanel fisherman along with the

commercial and recreational components of the fishery would

logically be involved in such programs. In many parts of

the world fish aggregating devices and artificial habitats

are major components of fishery activities and these should

be more widely investigated and used in such management

programs within Biosphere Reserves along with re-stocking

and ranching efforts.



Biosphere Reserves can demonstrate that conservation

and development are both directed toward helping people. An

education program which involves a great many local

fishermen can ultimately lead to voluntary conservation for

development and indefinite usage.

Abstract

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 15



DATA SYNTHESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIS FOR ZONING

OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE



The Virgin Islands National Park was designated a Biosphere Reserve by

Unesco in 1976 and dedicated in 1983. With funding from the National Park

Service, the Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative (VIRMC) has

undertaken a series of studies as part of the Biosphere Reserve Program. This

report presents the results of two studies, carried out by the Eastern

Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, a member of VIRMC, to synthesize

data on (1) the relative size and distribution of marine habitats within the

protected areas of the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, (2) marine resource

use around St. John, and (3) marine resource issues identified by managers and

users (Project 1.2.7); and suggest a basis for zoning of the marine portions

of the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve (Project 1.2.9).



Data on the size and distribution of marine habitats of St. John, Buck

Island (near St. Croix), and the proposed marine protected areas of the

British Virgin Islands, indicate that the Reserve is fairly representative,

although lagoon habitats are relatively scarce. Commercial uses of these

habitats were determined by interviews and mapped. While fishing, snorkeling,

and diving are relatively widespread around St. John, boating activities tend

to concentrate in a few bays. The most heavily impacted bays are, in descend-

ing order, Cruz, Francis, Cinnamon, Maho, and Hawksnest. Resource users and

managers are especially concerned about marine traffic and congestion along

the northwest coast of St. John, especially in Francis and Maho Bays, conges-

tion and pollution at Cruz Bay, and the need for improved protection of marine

resources in general.



Since the Biosphere Reserve is presently coincident with the National

Park, zoning could be based on (1) a "core zone" which would include the least

altered areas of the National Park, receive the highest degree of protection,

and be used exclusively for nonmanipulative research and training; (2) a

"buffer zone" which would include the rest of the non-core areas within the

National Park, receive some alteration, and be used for various kinds of

research, education and training, tourism and recreation, and traditional

fishing; and (3) a "zone of cooperation" which remains undelineated, changes

according to the cooperative demonstration projects being undertaken, and

includes a variety of sites for study, documentation, and adaptation of

traditional resource uses; developing practical means for restoring degraded

ecosystems; undertaking ecologically and socially sensitive resource develop-

ment projects; and training related to the above.



It is recommended that zoning for the Biosphere Reserve be undertaken as

part of the development of a management plan with full participation of

resource users and relevant federal and territorial resource management

agencies. In the meantime, activities should aim at resolving the more

immediate resource issues. Highest priority should be accorded working with

government and community groups to solve the difficult problems of pollution

and congestion in the port of Cruz Bay, and to guide development in the Coral

Bay area. Next in priority would be projects to improve resource protection in

the more congested bays of the northwestern portion of St. John and to work

with fishermen to stimulate the recovery of baitfish stocks.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 16



CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT

OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE



The Virgin Islands National Park was designated a Biosphere Reserve by

UNESCO in 1976 and dedicated in 1983. It is part of an international network

of areas, representative of the world's natural diversity, managed to inte-

grate conservation and development. Because of the more limited objectives of

a national park, a biosphere reserve can only fulfilid its purpose if it

encompasses a more diverse area, both geographically and conceptually. A

fully functioning reserve would seek to develop and disseminate the knowledge,

skills and attitudes needed to attain sustainable use of natural resources.

Management objectives would cover a range of activities in conservation,

research, education, training, communication, and resource development that is

sensitive to both man and nature.



The purpose of this report is to outline a conceptual framework for

Management of a Biosphere Reserve in the Virgin Islands. A synthesis of data

on (1) the distribution of marine habitats of the protected areas of the U.S.

and British Virgin Islands, (2) marine resource use around St. John, and (3)

issues of concern to marine resource managers and users provided much of the

background information.



Activities in the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve to date have been



funded mainly by the National Park Service and implemented through VIRMC. Most

progress has been made in research and least in resource development and

training. This reflects funding through the Park's research budget which has

provided a strong initial impetus to the Program. However, a fully function-

ing Reserve will evolve more rapidly when the selection of priorities is made

within a a coherent and long-term framework, not as an element of research for

the National Park.



The evolution of a fully functioning Biosphere Reserve can be promoted by

continuing the ongoing research program, adding new activities in resource

protection for the heavily used northwestern bays, and guiding sensitive

development of the Coral Bay area. These activities should improve cooperation

among users and managers and make possible a collaborative approach to

designing a Reserve Program that will deal effectively with major resource

management issues. An ad hoc committee established for this purpose could

evolve into a more formal Reserve Management Committee made up of representa-

tives of the various interest groups and appropriate federal and territorial

government agencies. Its function would be to develop and oversee the imple-

mentation of a Reserve Management Plan. While much could be accomplished

through cooperative arrangements between members of the Management Committee,

a strong program would require a small but well trained staff. Funding could

either be sought through territorial or federal sources, or perhaps through

grants from private foundations. Given the international aspects of the

Program, the Management Committee and staff might be most productive working

through one of VIRMC's members having a regional perspective, such as the

Island Resources Foundation, the Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management

Program, or the newly forming Eastern Caribbean Center of the University of

the Virgin Islands.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 17



INITIATION OF A LONG-TERM MONITORING PROGRAM FOR

CORAL REEFS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK



A long-term monitoring program was initiated for the

coral reefs of the Virgin Islands National Park and Bio-

sphere Reserve in recognition of the need for quantitative

baseline data to provide information for resource assessment

and effective management. Major stresses to the reefs in

the park include terrigenous runoff, storm damage, and boat

damage.



Transects were established on reefs in Reef, Fish, and

Hawksnest Bays. During the study period, the most conspicu-

ous damage to St. John's reefs resulted from heavy seas as-

sociated with Tropical Storm Klaus in November 1984. The

storm resulted in a statistically significant decrease in

the mean percent of live coral cover (from 26 to 21), an

increase in diversity and evenness, and a slight decrease in

spatial index at the Fish Bay site. The percent cover by

the dominant coral Agaricia agaricites decreased signifi-

cantly from 17 to 11. At Reef and Hawksnest Bays (for which

there are only post-storm data), mean percent coral cover

was 20 and 26, respectively.



Monitoring of changes in the amount of living coral

cover and other parameters along the transects on reefs in

these three bays will allow assessment of future damage from

turbidity and other stresses.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 18A



HERBARIUM OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK:

CONSOLIDATION AND CURATION OF A REFERENCE COLLECTION



This report documents the establishment of a reference collection of

vascular plants indigenous to or naturalized on St. John, based on

collections made by Roy 0. Woodbury and associates, largely in 1983 and

1984. Determinations were made almost exclusively by Woodbury. The

collections were consolidated, curated and organized by the Virgin Islands

Cooperative Extension Service (VICES) under contract to the Virgin Islands

Resource Management Cooperative (VIRMC). The St. John reference collection

(herbarium) is physically housed at the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve

Center, Lind Point, St. John, with the voucher (and reference) collections

of other organisms.



The Woodbury collection consists of at least 600 species distributed

among 99 families, represented by some 1156 mounted specimens (List A of

Reference Herbarium List). Sterile specimens in the collections are listed

separately in List B. As a convenience and cross-reference, synoptic lists

of the included families are provided in phylogenetic and alphabetical

order (Lists C and D).



An additional 210 species are listed separately (Appendix I) as sight

records, so that the total flora recorded stands at 810, including at least

six new species and 12 rare, endangered species. The lists include numbers

of specimens per species, and of specimens with inflorescence and/or fruit.

Additional fern species noted by G. B. Proctor in 1984, but not in the

reference collection, are noted in Appendix II. The VICES retained 185

species (186 sheets) of plants for which there were sufficient numbers of

mounted specimens (Appendix III). The entire project served the important

goal of enhancing the capability of the University of the V.I. in serving

the public in plant-related information outreach through the VICES.



Finally, an overview is presented of floristic studies (published,

unpublished, and in progress) on St. John and the Virgin Islands.

Information is summarized on existing herbarium collections, floral

revisions in progress, endangered species of plants, vegetational

structure, and living plant collections in the Virgin Islands.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 18B



ESTABLISHMENT AND SOIL CHARACTERIZATION OF LONG-TERM FOREST

MONITORING PLOTS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE RESERVE



Three permanent study plots have been identified and established on

St. John, with the overall long-term objective of monitoring representative

components of secondary forest development on a small, steep-sloped, dry-

to-moist tropical island. The plots are in representative ecological

zones -- upland moist forest (Bordeaux), gallery moist forest (L'Esperance)

and dry evergreen woodland (Hawksnest), and are 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5 ha in

size, resp. They are situated on watersheds of critical importance to the

V.I. National Park: Reef Bay, Fish Bay, and Hawksnest Bay, respectively.

The bays are the subject of several long-term marine studies by V.I.

Resource Management Cooperative and other research groups. The

implementation of vegetation and soil studies on these watersheds will

allow specific aspects of the association of land and marine systems on

this island to be evaluated for the first time.



Pertinent background on events leading to this study are given, as is

the rationale for selection of the study areas. Topographic and geological

characteristics, and past land-use, of these sites are briefly reviewed.



The regenerating forest is an intriguing mixture of native and

introduced species. Comparative study of the relative development of these

two groups is likely to be most instructive, and of high relevance to other

islands, especially in the Neotropics. Of the twelve species of trees nost

abundant in one or more of the three plots, eight are discussed briefly in

their biological, historical and cultural contexts: Acacia muricata, Andira

inermis, Ardisia obovata, Byrsonima coriacea, Guapira fragrans, Inga

fagifolia, Pimenta racemosa, and Tabebuia heterophylla.



Soil was sampled at three depths from 33 sites immediately outside the

perimeter of the three study plots. The samples were analyzed for pH,

soluble salts, organic matter, sodium content, texture, five macronutrients

(exchangeable P, K, Ca, Mg, S), and four micronutrients (exchangeable Zn,

Fe, Cu, Mn). Nitrogen was not analyzed. The average pH ranged from 5.71 at

Bordeaux, to 7.12 at Hawksnest. Percent organic matter was rather high,

normal in a forest environment, but the Hawksnest plot was consistently

lowest. Most of the nutrients were in the low-to-medium range, with the

exception of iron, which was high to very high at the Bordeaux plot. The

latter is consistent with the results of a geochemical survey of St. John

by Tucker et al. (1985). Some differential in nutrient levels is apparent

within and among the study areas, and these could have an effect on plant

_@istribution and growth, but detailed analysis of this is beyond the scope

of the present report.



Representative specific recommendations arising from this study are

offered, concerning terrestrial plant development, soils and nutrient

relationships, as they relate to management considerations and information

and education needs in the Virgin Islands.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 19



HISTORIC LAND USE IN THE REEF BAY,

FISH BAY AND HAWKSNEST BAY WATERSHED

ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS (1718-1950)



Historic land use and settlement patterns within the Reef Bay, Fish

Bay and Hawksnest Bay watersheds were associated almost exclusively with

export-oriented plantation agriculture introduced by European and Afri-

can colonists after 1717. Aboriginal and post-emancipation peasant

subsistence farming was not widely practiced in these study areas.



Energized by imported slave labor the plantations spread throughout

the watersheds between 1718 and 1740. Field operations and population

densities peaked in the 1770’s, but continued at relatively high leveis

until about 1820. Thereafter, agricultual activities contracted steadi-

ly, permitting progressive reforestation of the watersheds. During the

first half of the twentieth century no more than 5 percent of total

watershed land remained in use.



Analysis of the historical record indicates that plantation agri-

culture had a profound, yet variable, impact. on watershed environments.

Plantation fuel, lumber and land requirements resulted in the initial

less of most, if not all, of the indigenous forest cover and its partial

replacement. with introduced vegetation. On the other hand, truncated

plantation development and plantation land management strategies, such

as terracing, watercourse controls and selective reforestation, allowed

for the persistence of many native plant species and probably moderated

soil erosion and sedimentation discharges associated with widespread

land clearance and intensive use.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 20



A GENERAL REVIEW OF SEDIMENTATION AS IT RELATES TO

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BIOSPHERE

RESERVE AND THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN IN GENERAL



This report discusses the impacts of sedimentation on

tropical marine environments. Because of the greater

susceptibility of reefs, the majority of the discussion is aimed

at this specific environment. Included are:



1. A review of the general types of sediment stress that occur in

marine systems.



2. A discussion of the critical parameters that should be

measured in any study of sediment stress.



3. A discussion of sources of sediment stress in the Caribbean,

including examples from within the v.... Biosphere Reserve, the

U. S. Virgin Islands and the eastern Caribbean.



4. <A more specific treatment of area-wide problems, along with

strategies that exist or should exist to cope with them.



This document is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the

subject. Rather, it is intended to highlight the problems,

provide some reasonable management guidelines, and serve as a

starting point for developing future VIRMC projects dealing with

this important topic. A synthesis such as this will never totally

satisfy the needs of all individuals. Hopefully it can bea

useful reference tool for those interested in pursuing the

problem further.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 21



SEDIMENTATION AND REEF DEVELOPMENT IN HAWKSNEST,

FISH AND REEF BAYS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS



In recent years, the potential impacts of sedimentation on reef development

have been increasingly recognized. With ever-increasing development stress

being placed on the upland areas. of St. John, both the National Park and

local residents have become concerned with the impacts of development on

Natural resources, and specifically on nearshore reefs. This study was conduc-

ted as a first attempt to evaluate the responses of nearshore reefs in three

bays over the past two hundred years. Specifically, the impacts of land

use on nearshore sedimentation levels were of special interest.



A theoretical. study of runoff under natural conditions intimated that

the present distribution of reefs around the island are primarily controlled

by watershed size, bay geometry and exposure, with recent development exerting

a secondary impact. It was established, however, that more frequent (10-25

yr) storms play a very important role in controlling the distribution of

reefs around the island. Therefore, it is not necessary to invoke the catas-

trophic event (e.g. 100-yr storms) to explain the occurrence of modern reefs.

From this, it can be argued that development can have significant impact

under less than heavy runoff conditions.



Studies of the present distributions of sediment types and reefs in Hawks-

mest, Fish and Reef Bays point to controls identical to those identified

by the more generalized study. Of critical importance in reef development

was distance from sources of terrigenous runoff (the guts) and degree of

exposure. On a local level, these both outweighed development at its present

level. Over the long term, there appears to be a gradual decline in the

reefs over the entire period of record, based on X-rayed cores through large

coral heads. This may be related to a long-term compromise of the soil retain-

ing capabilities of the upland watersheds following intensive cane farming

in the 1700's and 1800's. With the exception of short-term degradation of

the nearshore reefs in Hawksnest Bay, however, reef degradation could not

be directly linked to any specific development activity.



Based on the findings of this study, specific management strategies are

proposed. These include limiting development in main water courses, and

establishing reasonable buffers to runoff related to upland construction.

Recommendations for future research objectives are also offered.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 22



BASIS FOR LONG-TERM MONITORING OF FISH AND SHELLFISH

SPECIES IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK



A long-term monitoring program was initiated for fish

and invertebrate species of commercial importance within the

Virgin Islands National Park/Biosphere Reserve.

Additionally, generally surveys were made for lobsters and

conch. Hopefully, the data obtained will begin to fulfill

the need for quantitative baseline data to assess and manage

these resources adequately.



A one-year study indicates that; 1) some species of

reef fish may have seasonal trends in numbers; 2) the

inshore spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) population shows

summer and winter peaks at Fish Bay but not Reef Bay, where

numbers are very low; 3) conch (Strombus gigas) show a

definite seasonal trend in deeper water with low numbers

during the summer reproductive season; 4) whelk -(Cittarium

pica) at one study site show a large annual cohort of

juveniles decreasing in abundance with increasing size. Few

adults are present due to natural mortality. General surveys

for conch and lobster demonstrate that the populations are

of low abundance and highly dispersed.



These data will be useful to assess population trends

in the absence or presence of management actions on the

species or species groups. Recommendations for monitoring

methodologies and management actions are discussed.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 23



MAN'S LONG-TERM IMPACT ON SEDIMENTATION:

EVIDENCE FROM SALT POND DEPOSITS



Coastal ecosystems of the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve, St. John,

are subject to stress of sedimentation from watershed erosion, both

natural and man-induced. A pilot study was initiated at Mandal Pond and

Reef Bay mangrove swamp on the southern coast of St. John to determine

sedimentation rates and to discover if the rates have changed in response

to man's historical activity in the watershed. The results reveal the

deposits are ordered in time, display horizons and preserve components

produced in the pond/swamp or derived from the watershed. Radiocarbon

ages of intertidal peat indicate that both sites have submerged at a

uniform rate of 0.08 cm/yr. Submergence exceeds sediment infilling at

Mandal Pond whereas infilling exceeds submergence at Reef Bay.

Consequently, the swamp size at Reef Bay and water depth decrease with

time, depositional units change and watershed-derived alluvium

encroaches on the swamp. Despite man's activity,no massive effect of

sedimentation on the swamp is observed. Man's effects are relatively

small in comparison to the long-term natural evolution of the system.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 24



RECREATIONAL USES OF MARINE RESOURCES IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSPHERE RESERVE: TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES



Recreational uses of the waters of Virgin Islands National

Park and Biosphere Reserve on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, have

increased dramatically in the last 10 years. Recreational visits

to the park have risen from less than 100,000 prior to 1967 to

over 750,000 in 1986. Annual visitation to Trunk Bay beach, the

most heavily used beach in the park, has risen from under 20,000

people in 1966 to almost 170,000 in 1986. The average number of

boats in park waters ranged from less than 10 in 1966 to about 80

in 1986.



One consequence has been the degradation of the park's

marine resources, particularly some of the coral reefs and

seagrass beds along the north shore of the island which receives

the heaviest use. Anchor damage and damage from boats striking

or grounding on reefs is evident. Seagrass beds in popular bays

have deteriorated.



Based on field work and examination of National Park Service

records, this report documents some of the trends and

consequences of increased recreational uses of the park's

resources and some recent efforts to protect them. It's purpose

is to provide a basis for future management actions designed to

balance increased visitation with protection of fragile marine

resources.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 25



ASSESSMENT OF ANCHOR DAMAGE AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF

SEAGRASS BEDS IN FRANCIS AND MAHO BAYS FOR GREEN SEA TURTLES



Over the past two decades, there has been a serious

decline in the seagrass beds in Francis and Maho Bays, St.

John, U.S. Virgin Islands. These beds provide habitat and

food for one of the largest populations of the endangered

species of sea turtles, Chelonia mydas L., the green sea

turtle, in U.S. jurisdiction. The population size was

estimated at 50 subadult turtles. These turtles exert

heavy grazing pressure on the leaves of their preferred

food, the seagrass Thalassia, inthe bays. Inaddition to

grazing pressure, the seagrass beds are seriously

disturbed by the increasing number of boats that anchor in

the seagrass, damaging roots and rhizomes. Up to 10% of

the seagrass beds in the bays is presently damaged by

anchors. .



The effects of the grazing and anchor damage were

evident in the extremely low productivity of the fragile,

achlorotic, short and narrow Thalassia leaves. Acarrying

capacity for the turtle population was calculated based on

this productivity and the feeding requirements of the

turtles, estimated by observing turtles directly and

remotely using radiotelemetry.. The carrying capacity was

estimated at 11-31 subadult turtles, indicating that the

population may be in danger of decline. The grazing

behavior of the turtles differed from the patterns

reported previously in that the turtles fed throughout the

day without taking characteristic midday breaks in

feeding. This difference may be in response to the poor

quality and quantity of food provided by the seagrasses in

the bays.



Although anchor scars in the bay recovered little

during the course of the study, some recovery of Thalassia

occurred inside fences that excluded anchor damage and

turtles. After 3 months, Thalassia blades inside the

fences were significantly longer than outside and the

productivity per shoot increased.



In order to protect the turtle population from

further habitat degradation, it will be necessary to

reduce the damage done by boats in anchoring the seagrass

beds in the bays.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 26



BUCK ISLAND FISH AND SHELLFISH POPULATIONS



A fish and shellfish (conch and lobster) population

study was conducted from November 1985 through June 1986

at Buck Island Reef National Monument (BUIS), St. Croix,

U. S. Virgin Islands. The objectives of the project were:

(1) to replicate fish census studies conducted by previous

researchers in BUIS and compare their results to the present

study; (2) to evaluate the impact of commercial trap fishing

on BUIS reef fish and lobster populations; (3) to collect

baseline data on conch and lobster populations at specific

sites within BUIS; (4) to determine the effectiveness

of the protective legislation at BUIS in sustaining or

increasing fish and shellfish populations; and (5) to

develop a long-term monitoring scheme for BUIS fish and

shellfish populations.



Based on reef fish community census studies at BUIS,

an area of limited fishing pressure, and Tague Bay, an

area of unrestricted fishing pressure, BUIS reef fishes

are decreasing at a rate equal to or greater than reef

fishes at Tague Bay. The most abundant group of

commercially important reef fish species present within

BUIS are the herbivores, represented by the surgeonfishes

(blue tang, and ocean  surgeonfish) and parrotfishes

(stoplight, princess, redtail and red band).



Mean conch density in the seagrass bed west of Buck

Island .for the six-month study period was 1 conch/7m?.

More than 98% of the conch censused were juveniles--those

lacking a flared lip.



The average density of Caribbean spiny lobster for

the six-month study period at the west patch reef (WPR),

north patch reef (NPR) and south fringing reef (SFR) was

1.2 lobster/624 m?, 1.5 lobster/165 m? and 1.3 lobster/1500

m*, respectively.



Based on past sampling interviews with commercial

fishermen and fish trap studies conducted in BUIS, estimates

on commercial fishing effort with fish traps in BUIS

indicate that 6,656 lbs. of reef fish and 1,996 lbs. of

lobster may be removed from BUIS waters each year by 16

fish traps hauled twice/week. Additionally, an estimated

8,320 lbs. of fish are removed by 29 fish traps adjacent

to BUIS waters. Although limited to two lobster and two

conch/person/day from BUIS waters, the recreational harvest

of these resources, unknown at present, may be substantial,

based on 60,000 BUIS visitors/year.

ABSTRACT - Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 26 (continued)



Due to the small size of the protected area afforded

by BUIS, reef fish and shellfish (conch and lobster) are

adversely impacted by a relatively small but concentrated

commercial and recreational fishing effort both in and

adjacent to park waters. This impact may be exacerbated

by the environmental degradation of the coral reef ecosystem

due to natural and man-induced causes.

ABSTRACT

Biosphere Reserve Research Report No, 27



INITIAL INVENTORY OF THREE PERMANENT FOREST PLOTS

IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK



A quantitative forest inventory was conducted in three permanent

study plots within the boundaries of the Virgin Islands National Park on

the island of St. John, U.S.V.I. Plot One, on Bordeaux Mountain, is

lecated in the Reef Bay watershed and is 1 hectare (ha) (100m x 100m).

Plot Two is found in the L'Esperance area of St. John in the Fish Bay

watershed and measures .5 ha (50m x 50m) in area. Plot Three is located

on the north coast of the island in the Hawksnest Bay watershed and is

also .5 ha (50m x 50x). All stems with a diameter at breast height

(DBH, at 1.3 meters) greater than or equal to Sem were sampled.

Information gathered included taxonanic identification, DBH measurements

in centimeters, tree heights in meters and spatial distribution within

the study plot. With these data, basal area, relative density, relative

dominance and relative frequency. values were calculated by species.



Plot One (Bordeaux) is located in upland moist forest. A total of

62 species were identified representing 33 families with a basal area of

31.08 square meters from the 2348 stems sampled. The five most

important species based on calculation of ecological importance value or

I.V. (sum of relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency

values) included: Guapira fragrans (1.V.=34.79); Pimenta racemosa

(I.V.=32.37); Inga fagifolia (1.V.=31.61)7 Acacia muricata (I.V.229.20)7

and Byrsonima coriacea (1.V.#25.66). Together these five species make

up 51.19% of the total importance value.



Plot Two (L'Esperance) is also located in upland moist forest. A

total of 39 species were identified representing 26 families with a

basal area of 15.82 square meters from the 1199 stems sampled. The five

most ecologically important species included: Ardisia obovata

(I1.V.=67.35)? Guapira fragrans (I.V¥.#38.08); Inga fagifolla

(2.V.=21.00);  Andira inermis (I.V.=#19.09); and OQcotea coriacea

(I.V.213.74). These five trees make up 53.09% of the total importance

value.



Plot Three (Hawksnest) is located in the dry evergreen woodland

vegetation type. A total of 54 species representing 26 families were

identified. The total basal area for the plot was 13.269 square meters

from the 1327 sampled stems. The five most ecologically important

species included: Melicoccus bijugatus (1.V.=2102.67); Guapira fragrans

(I.V.828.46);? Bursera simaruba (I.V.216.23); Ocotea coriacea

(I.V.m15.38); and Krugiodendron ferreum (1I.V.212.80). Melicoccus

bijugatus an introduced species, makes up 34.22% of the importance value

and the five combined total 58.51% of the importance value.



Each study plot has been located in a critical study watershed as

determined by VIRMC. The study will be long-term (20 years) and will

generate information on the dynamics of secondary forests including

growth rates, basic ecology, phytosociology, impact of previous land use

ABSTRACT - Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 27 (continued)



practices, and the role of exotic plant species. Information gathered

from this study will provide information to develop strategies for

forest management, ecosystem restoration and rare species conservation.

It is hoped that this initial inventory will also facilitate additional



ancillary studies both in the permanent plots as well as in the

watersheds where they are located.

ABSTRACT



Biosphere Reserve Research Report No. 28

GEOCHEMISTRY OF ST. JOHN AND INFLUENCE ON MARINE SYSTEMS



This study was conducted to determine if three

geochemical anomalies in St. John, USVI contribute

significant amounts of heavy metals to near shore marine

ecosystems. Stream water, sea water, marine sediments, and

marine organisms from five watersheds were analyzed for Fe,

Mg, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn in order to determine the

transport of the metals.



Metal concentrations in stream water were typical of

small, unpolluted streams, and only iron exceeded the U.S.

EPA water quality standard. Magnesium was transported

primarily in the dissolved phase, and iron and manganese

were transported in the particulate phase. The streams did

not appear to have consistently lower or higher

concentrations of the metals, but Coral Bay had markedly

higher iron and copper than the other streams.



Annual metal export was estimated for Fish Bay Gut. Mg

and Fe were exported in quantities greater than 100 kg; the

other metals only rarely exceeded this quantity. There was

great variability in annual export rates depending

primarily on the magnitude and frecuency of rain events. .



Sea water samples also had low metal concentrations,

but iron and manganese exceeded U.S. EPA water quality

standards. There was considerable variability in metal

concentrations among the sampling sites.



Marine sediments also had low concentrations and high

variability among the samples. Intensive sampling

conducted in Fish Bay showed that Mn, Ni, and Fe were

horizontally zonated with respect to the discharge point of

Fish Bay Gut. The high concentrations found in sediments

make this sample type the easiest compartment for heavy

metal monitoring.



Snails, crabs, and sea urchins from Fish Bay were

analyzed. Snails and crabs appear to be good indicator

organisms because the levels of heavy metal present in

their tissue is well above the detection limit of the

Standard analytical techniques.



The geochemical anomalies do not pose a serious threat

to the marine ecosystems of St. John island.