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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http: //books .google .com/I -.. -y^s'^^. 1^^^^ ^^^5^ i.-i-"^X:-^ 1." ^^=S=vr-^ -*v« t^-« -jS' k^'i-^ito^" *rt-^^^ ■m'^mm^. B SMITHSONIAN MISCELLMEOUS COUECTMS. VOL. XXIII. ^eparimeni of ihe ^nievior U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETINS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME II ( Nos. 11-16. ) PrBIISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: OOTEBNMENT PBINTINa OFFICE. 1882. (' L-IBRARY ^ 6F TMt LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR ^ UNIVERSITY. f /^..5^V-^ ADVERTISEMENT. The present series, entitled << Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections," is intended to embraoe afl the publications issued directly by the Smith- sonian Institution in octavo form; those in quarto constituting the *< Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." The quarto series in- elades memoirs, embracing the records of extended original investiga- tions and researches, resulting in what are believed to be new truths, and constituting i>ositive additions to the sum of human knowledge. The <)ctavo series is designed to contain re]>orts on the present state of our knowledge of particular branches of science ; instructions for collecting and digesting facts and materials for research ; lists and synopses of species of the organic and inorganic worid ; museum catalogues; reports of explorations; aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally prepare^I at the express request of the Institution, and at its expense. The assignment of a work to one or the other of the two series will sometimes depend upon whether the reiiuired illustrations can be pre- sented more conveniently in the quarto or the octavo form. In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the present series, ea(;h article is separately paged and indexed, and the aotoal date of its publication is that given on its special title page, and not that of the volume in which it. is placetl. In many (^ases works have lieen published, and largely distributed, years before their combi nation into volumes. While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Institution to insure a proper standard of excellence in its puWications, it will be readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements. S. F. BAIRD, Seo'etary S. I. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. — Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States to the end of 1879. By Theodore Gill. 1882. 8vo., pp. 78. Bulletin of the Ka- tional Museum, No,. 11. IL — Contribntions to North American Ichthyology , based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. (Part III. ) A. — On the DIh- tribntion of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina,' Georgia, and Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known species. By David S. Jordan and Albmbert W. Brayton. B. — ^A Synopsis of the Family Catosto- midie. By David S. Jordan. 1878. 8vo., pp. 337. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 12. TTT — The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. By Baron H. F. A. Eggkrs. 1879. 8vo., pp. 136. Bulletin of the National Museumf No, 13. Article IV. — Catalogue of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources and the Fisheries of the United States, exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876 by the Smith- sonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission, and forming apart of the United States National Museum. Prepared under the direction of G. Brown Goods. 1879. 8vo., pp. 367. Bulletin of the National Museum, No, 14. Article V. — Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in con- nection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. By Ludwig Kumlien. li?79. tlvo., pp. 179. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 15. coNTiirrs. KuMUKX, L. Ethnology, mammals, and birds. Bkax, T. H. Fishes. Vkrrill, a. E. Annelides, moUoscoids, and radiates. Dalu W. H. Mollusks. IXSKCTB: EuwABDft, W. H. Diurnal lepidoptera. ScuDDBB, S. H., and others. Hymenoptera, noctarnal lepidoptera, diptera, cole- optera, nearoptera, and arachnida. Gray, a. Plants. TucKKHX AX, E. Lichens. Farlow, W. G. Alga?. • ■ Vll ^eparivneni of ihc 3Snfcrior: U. S. NATIONAL MUSEIBI. — 11 — BULLETIN OP TIIK UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM No. 11. PUBLISHED UNDBR THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHI ADVERTISEMENT. Thin work is the eleveath of a series of papers iDtended to illas- tiittc tbo collections of natural history' and etltnology belonging to the , ITiiitcd States, and constituting the National Moseom, of which the Hriiithsonian Institution was placed jn charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It liiiH been prcparMi at the request of the Institution, and printed by aiitlionly of the honorable Secretary- of the Interior. 8. F. BAIED, Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitMtion. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THB ISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES TJ THE END OF 1879. BY THEODORE GILL. I tm^t I WASHINGTON: TESNUENT PBINTINO OFFICE. 1882. I '' BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FISHES OF THE PACIFIC UNITED STATES. ■i._j PREFATORY. The scientific literatare relative to the fishes of the western coast of North America is of unusaally recent, as well as rapid, growth. Noth- ing exact was known till the present century had far advanced, for the accounts of tbe earlier writers, such as Venegas, intead of enlightening the reader, convey absolutely false ideas respecting the character of the iclithyic fauna. Exclusive of incidental notices, the beginnings of an ichthyography of the northwest coast were first published in 1831 (but printed in 1811) in the ^*Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica '' of Pallas; a few species from British Columbia were described by Richardson in 1836, while the fishes of California remained absolutely unknown till 1839, when a glimpse, but an entirely inadequate one, was furnished by Lay and Bennett in their notes and account of species collected during the voyage of the English vessel Blossom. A long silence then supervened, and, with the exceptions thus signalized, and the addition by Storer of a single species of Syngnathiat in 184G, west-coast ichthyography commenced in 1854 with the announcement, by Professor Agassiz, of tb«» eommooicated to learned societiea la cases of «qaestioD of priority, the rigbt depeoda, of coarse, oa the period of pablicatiOD ; but this is sometimes vitli great difliciiity ascertainable, and motives of cod- venieoce have dictated tbe seqaeace adopted. Perbaps some will be disposed to believe that the compiler has siimed io redoodaDcy rather thao deficiency Iq this bibliographf. The evils of the fonoer are;, however, easily reiueectiog tbe fishes and fisheries of that State; and a onmber on tbe British possessions belong to the same category. Among tbose relative to British Ctdnmbia and Van- couver's Island worthy to be mentioned, but not to be particularized, are the volomes of Wm. Carew llazlitt (l&M), J. Desford Pemberton (ISCO), Duncan George Forbes Macdouuld (ISGi>), CapL C- E. Barrett Lennanl (1862), Alexander Kaltray (IS&J), Com. K. C. Mayue (1862), G. M. Sproat (ISOS), Francis Poole (1S72). and CapL W. F. Botler (1373). The titles of the Government publications are taken from a mnnn- script compilation embracing notices of all the reports published by the General and State governments on scientific explorations, and iniendetl to be more |tarticular than the present wwk. They are retained with the bars ( | ), indicating the disiribnlioa oa tbe title- pag^s of the lines, etc. lowing preceded l^y an asterisk (•) are selected from the remarks pre- &tory to the paper in the proceedings, and those preceded by » dagger (f ) have been composed by the present writer, since nothinfj intelligible precedes the papers themselves. It is to be hoped that the senseless and canseless sin in qnestion may speedily be discontinued. There is no reason why any one should be compelled to read the whole of an article (as is sometimes necessary) to obtain an idea of what the paper relates to; and the '< Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863) m compiled and published by the Royal Society of London" shows how a Wbliography edited under the best auspices may be involved in grave enors by the negligence adverted to. TITLES OF WORKS. iY5Y — Noticia do la California, y do sa conqaista temporal y espiritual hasta el tiempo prescDte. Sacada de la historia maDuscripta, formada en Mexico afio de 1739. por el Padre Migael Venegas, do la Coiupaiiia de Jesas ; y de otras NoticiaH, y Bolaciones aatignas, y modernas. Afiadida de algnnos mapas particnlares, y uno general de la America Septentrional, Asia Oriental, y Mar del Siir iutermedio, formados sobre las Memoriae mas recientes, y exactas, qae se piibUcan jnntamente. Dedicada al Rey N.^^ Seflor por la Provincia de Naeva-Espafia, de la Compafiia de Jesns. Tomo primero [ — Tomo ter- cero]. — Con licencia. En Madrid: En la Imprenta de la Viuda de Manuel Fernandez, y del Snpremo Consejo de la Inqnisicion. Afio de M.D.CCLVII. [80, 3 vols.] [TmoaUued as follows:— J 1 Natural and Civil History of California: containing an accurate descrip- tion oC that country, its soil, mountains,- harbours, lakes, rivers, and seast its animaln, vegetables, minerals, and famous fishery for pearls. The cus> toms of the inhabitants, their religion, government, and manner of living, before their conversion to the Christian religion by the missionary Jesu- its. Together with accounts of the several voyages and attempts made for settling California, and taking actual surveys of that country, its gulf, and coast of the South-Sea. Illustrated with copperplates, and an accurate map of the country and adjacent seas. Translated from the original Span- isb of Miguel Venegas, a Mexican Jesuit, published at Madrid 175^.— In two volumes. — Vol. I[ — II]. = London : printed for James Rivington and Jame.H FK-tclier, at the Oxford Theatre, in Pater-Noster-Row. 1750. [8^, vol. i, 10 1., 455 pp., 1 pi. ; vol. ii.] [The only rofercncrs to fishes are as follows (v. i, pp. 47-48) :— " Knt if the soil of Cali- fornia b© in f^eneral barren, the scarcity of provisions is snpplicd hy tho adjacent sea; for both in the Pacifick ocean and tho Gulf of California, tho niiiltitndo and variety of fishes art) incredible. Father Antonio do la Ascencion, speaking of tho bay of San Lucaa (rx>wer California), .nays*, ' With the nets which every ship carried, they caiUKht a great quantity of fish of different kinds, and all wbolesomo and palatable: particularly holy- basm salmon, tnrbots, skates, pilchards, large oysters, thorn backs, mackerel, barbels, booetos. soals, lobsters, and pearl oysters.' And, speaking of tho bay of Bau Francisco, on the western coast, he adds: * Here arc such mnltitndes of fish, that with a net, which the commoilore ha^l on board, more was canght every day than tho ship's company could make use of: and of these a great variety, as crabs, oysters, breams, mackerel, cod, bar- bels. thornbackH. &c.' And in other parts ho makes mention of tho infinite number of sardines, which are left on the sand at the ebb, and so exquisite that those of Laredo in Spain, then famous for this fl&h, do not exceed them. Xor oro fish less plentiful along the gulf [of California], where to tho above mentioned species Father IMcolo adds, tunnies, aocboTies, and others. Even in the rivulets gf this peninsula are found barbels and cray- fiah: but the most diBtinguishod fish of both seas are tho whales; which induced the •Bdeot coMDOjpraphera to call California, Pnnta de Balenaa, or Capo Whale : and these fish biiagftNUid io amltitiidet along both coasts, give name to a channel in tho gulf, and a •^"ftr.i. pp. 47-48)1 8 1772— Voyage en Califoniie pour I'observation du passage de VSnussur le disqne do solcil, le 3 juin 1769; conteDant los observations de ce ph6nom^ne et la dis- cription historique de la roate de Tanteur ^ travers le Mexiqae. Par fen M. Chappe d'Auteroche, . . . R^ig6 et pnbli^ par M. do Cassini fils . . . 1 Paris: chez Charles- Antoine Jombeit. MDCCLXXII. [4°, half-title, title, 170 [2] pp., plan, and 2 pi. — Sabio.] [TraDslated aa follows:—] A Voyage to California, to observe the Transit of Venus. By Mous. Chappe d'Auteroche. With an historical description of the author^s route through Mexico, and the natural history of that province. Also, a voyage to Newfoundland and Sallce, to make experiments on Mr. Le Roy's time keepers. By Monsieur de Cassini. London: printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, In The Poultry. MDCCLXXVIII. [g<^, 4 p. 1., 315 pp., with "plan of City of Mexico".] Extract of a letter from Mexico addressed to the Royal Academy of Sci- ences at Paris, by Don Joseph Anthony de Alzate y Ramyrez, now a correspondent of the said academy, containing some curious particu- lars relative to the natural history of the country adjacent to the City of Mexico, pp. 77-105. [It is nndoabtedly this work ibat is meant in the statement that has so largely gone the rounds of the periodical press, to the effect th^t the Califoniian viviparoas fishes \rere ob. served dnring ihe voyage for the obsurvation of the transit of Venus to Lower California, 1769. A perusal of the accounts given, however, renders it evident that the fishes in ques- tion were not Erabiotocids but rather Cyprinodontids, probably of the genus MoUienuia, The account by Don Alzate (pp. 89-91) is as follows: — *' I send you some viviparous scaly fishes, of which I had formerly given you an account. What I have observed in them this year is—' If you press the belly with your fingers, you force out the fry before their time, and upon Inspecting them through the microscope you may discern the circulation of the blood, such as it is to be when the fish is grown up.' If you throw these little fishes into water, they will swim as well as if they had been long accustomed to live in that element. The fins and tail of the males are larger and blacker ^ than those of the females, so that the s*^x is easily distinguished at first sight. These fish have a singular manner of swimming ; the mole and the female swim together on two par- allel lines, the female always uppermost and the male undermost ; they thus always keep at a constant uniform distance from each other, and preserve a perfect parallelism. The female never makes the least motion, either sideways or towards the bottom, but directly the male does the same." To this account is added a foot-note (p. 90) containing the following additional informa- tion :— " Don Alzate has sent those fishes preserved in spirits; their skin is coverem an inch to eighteen lines, and they are seldom above five, six. or seven lines in the broadest pan. They have a fin on each side near the gills, two small ones under the belly, a single one behind the anus, which lies between the fin and the single one; the tail is not fuiked ; lastly, this fish has a long fin on the back, a little above the fin, which is under the belly. "We know of some viviparous fishes in our seas, such as loach, &c. most of these have a smooth skin without any scales. The needle of Aristotle is viviparous, and yet covered with broad and hard scales, I have caught some that had young ones still in their womb. Aa to these viviparous fishes, it is a particular and new sort, and we are obliged to Don Alzate for making us acquainted with it. It breeds in a lake of fresh water near the City of Mexico." This is, so far as known, the earliest notice of the viviparity of Cynrinodontids. The mode of consorting together (exaggerated in the account) is common to a number of rep- resentatives of the family, and is alluded to by Prof. Agassiz in a name {Zygonectes, i. e. swimming in pairs) conferred on one of the genera of the family.] 180§— Piscium Camtschaticorum [TerpuA;] et IWachnja'], Descriptiones et i cones auctore [W. Q.] Tileaio. D. 26 Octobri 1808. Conventui exhib. die 2 Nor. 1808. < M6m. Acad. Sci. Pdtersb., v. 2, pp. 335-^5, 1810, viz :— I. Hexagrammos Stelleri, Rossis Terpao dictas novam genns piscium Camtscbatioorum. pp. 335-340, tab. 15. n. DimenBiones piBois, beato Stellero Hexagraminos asper dicti, Rossis Teerpnk ITerpukl i. e. lima (captas d. 20 Maij 1741 iu portn Divi Petri et Paoli poDdtobat poDdero medicinali daas nsqne ad sex uncias). pp. 340-341. III. Hezagraminos Stelleri, qaaanam genera sit interponcndns cuiDam olaasi ordiDiqne sysietuatico sit iDserendns. Labrax Pallassii (rid. ej. MoDOgraph.). pp. 34*2-343. IV. DeBcriptio Stelleri anno 1741 concepta. pp. 343-347 V. Observationes anatomiccc. pp. 347-349. VI. Wacbnja Camtscbatica est Gadus dor^^o tripterygio, Callariis spc- eiaiim Lnsco affinis. pp. 350-353, tab. 16, 17. VII. WacbnisB Camtsobatica) altera species, (Gadus gracilis niihi,) qno^ ab indigenisCamtscbaticis acqne Cactjal, Rossis Wacbnja [ JVachvja'] dicitnr, diroensionibas illnstrata. pp. 354-356, tab. 18. VIII. Stelleri Descriptio piscis ovoIIaHf (p. 176. pi. 4-J. f. 3). 'fiodiu tsocAna (ii. IDS, pi, 4-1). Oodu pv.Tmmu tp. I DO). Oadui ^llll>ria (p. SCO). .il niniDifnr« htxapUrvi {p. tnS). Jmtniiftrtfv irpKpinnif (p.!tn, pL B&iiiXRip>reUia«u|i>, 978, pl.CJ, f. I). Loliroi iimnapUrvjTicu (p. If 1. pi. C3, r. *). Labrax aelogranmtu (ji, 9>°;), pi. 01. f. 1). Salmo tagottplialai (p. ^79. pi. 77. f. ai. Batmopnlnu (p.37pi>clri algnallied m luIinblUoU of ibr f 11 (Tnuialated m fonowt:—] Narrative of a voyage to the northwest coast of America in the years 1811, 1612, 1813, and 1814, | or the first American settlemeot on the Pacific | By Oabziel Franchere | Translated and 4 dited by J. V. Huntington | — | Red- field I 110 and 1 12 Nassau street, Now York | 1854. [12°, 37G pp., 3 pi.] [Tbe calmoD is noticed in chapter 18.1 ISM— Voyage pittoresqae aatoar dn monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d'Am6- riqne, d'Asie, d'Afriqne, et des lies da grand oc^an ; des paysages, des vues maritimett, et plnsienrs objets d'bistoiro natnrelle; accompagn<^ de descrip- tions par M. le Baron Cavier, et M. A. de Cbamisso, et d'obser vat ions snr les cr&nes hnmains par M. le DoCtenr Gall. Par M. Louis Choris, Peintre. — Paris, de Vimprimerie de Firmin Didot, . . . 1822. [Fol., 2 p. 1., vi pp.4-[*]» 12 pi., 17 pp.-f[ii], 10 pi., 20 pp.-fliii], 14 pi., 10,3 pp.-f [iv], 18 pi., 24 pp.-f [v], 19 pi., 22 pp. -f [vi], 23 pi., 28 pp. -f [vii], 7 pi., 19 pp.] [Partie vi.] Cbapean do bois, snr lequel sont peintes divers animaux ma- rina. Plancbe v. Par G. Cuvier. pp. 21-22. [Cnvier coosiders that one of the fij;are8 (h) represents a Diodon^ And such seem» to be the coAe; hut no npeciea of that type hae been found so far northward as Unalashka, where the bat was ohtained. (" £u A. est an JHodon oa orhe 6pincux. qui est pris k la ligno tandis que les grands c6tac6s du reste de co tableau sont poursnivis avec des lances*' (p.i«).l I8S8— Account | of | an expedition | from | Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, | pcrforme«80-A8iatica" noticed at. pp. 200-201.] Histoire Natiin-lle des Poissons, j)ar M. le li^" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes Tome denxicme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levranlt, . . . lrJ2-<. (.>* ('m1. xxi, (I 1.), 490 pp. ; 4^^ ed. xvii, (1 1.), :.7l pp.— pi. 9-10.] Livre troisi««ine. — Des poissons do la fainille des Perthes, on des Percoi- des. [Par Cuvier.] [Xo wostcuast npt'clos Hpocifled.] •■^•— Histoire NaturcUe (U*8 Poisaons, par M. k* !)<»" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- oiennea, .... Tome troisieme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levranlt, . . . , 1829. [8^ cd. xxviii, 500 pp., 1 1. ; 4^ ed. xxii, (1 1.), 3G8 pp.— pi. 41-71.] Livro troisieme. — Des poissons de la famille des Perches, on dvs PercoTdcs. '^•rier.] Aon StelUri, based on Traehinut triehodon Pallas. 1 12 1829 — Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier, . . . ; et parM. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome qiiatri^me. A PariB, cbez F. G. Levraalt, . . . , U329. [8P e3) ; (Adde.'CDA:) OoUwt cutper (295.313), CyprinuH [AbramU) haUtaltug (301), Oyprintu (Leueuteus) caurirus ( )04), Cyprinxu (LexuUcus) crego- nentit CJ05).] Report on North American Zoology. By John Richardson, M. D.. F. R. S. < Rep. 6th meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Aug. 1830, ==v. :>, pp. 121-224, 1837. Pisces, pp. 202-22.3. ABtoria, or. anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. By Washington Irving. [Ist ed.] In two volumes. Vol.1 [—11]. Phil- adelphia: Carey, Lea &. Bluuchard. 18:}G. [2 vols., 8^. Vol. i,285 pp.; vol. ii,279 pp., I map fohled.] [The fiHht»H aud fisheries, especially Rnlmuu, are noticed in vol. 2, cliapt. [8^ cd. IX, 506 pp., 11.: 4^ ed. xv, (11.), 37^ pp.— pi. 307-343.] Livre troisi^me. — Des MiigiIoit<)ire Naturoilo des Poissous, par M. le B"" Cuvier, . . . ; ot par M. Valen- ciennea, . . . Tome d nizieim'. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, . . . , 1837. [li'" ed. xxiv, r>()7 H- 1 pp. ; 4^ ed. xx, 377 pp., 1 1.— pi. 344-35^.] Snite du livre quatorzieme.— Gobioi'des. Livre 05 pp., 1 1. : 40 od. xyii, .370 pp.— pi. 369-.^d8.] ^vi^me — Labroides. ~t fpeoie* noticed.] 14 1839 — Histoiro Naturelle des Poissons, par M. \e B^"* Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes, . . . Tomo quatorzi^me. A Paris, cbez Pitois-LevraaltetC®, • • • » 1839. [8° ed. xxii, 464 pp., 3 1. ; 4° ed. xx, 344 pp., 3 1.— pi. :J89-420.] Suite da livro sdizi^me. — Labroidos. Livre dix-Hcpti^me. — Des Mabvcoptc^rygiens. Des Silaroides. [No wc8t-coa8t species noticed.] The Zoology of Captaia Beecbey's Voyage; compiled from the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, tbe officers and naturalist of the Expe- dition, daring a Voyage to tbe Pacific and Bebring's straits performed in his MijcHty's Sbip Blossom, audor the command of Captain F. W. Beechey, R. N., F. K. S., «fcc., &c. in tbe years 1825, 26, 27, and 28. By J. Hiobardson, M. D., F. 11. S., &c. ; N. A. Vigors, Esq., A. M., F. R. S., &c. ; G. T. Lay, Esq. ; E.T. Bennett, Esq., F. L. S., &c.; tbe Rev. W. Buckland, D. D., F. R. S., F. L. S., F. G. S., &c. and G. B. Sowerby, Esq. — Illustrated with nx^wards of fifty finely coloured plates, by Sowerby. — Published under tbe authority of the Lonls Commissioners of the Admiralty. = London : Henry G. Bohn, 4, York Street, Covent Garden.— MDCCCXXXIX. Fishes ; by G. T. Lay, Esq., and E. T. Bennett, Esq., F. L. S., &,c. pp. 41-75, pi. 15-23. [N. sp. Ohimctra coUiei (p. 71, pi. 23). This volume is interestiag as being the fir^t publication in which any attempt has been made to acioDtilically indicate the fishes of the coast. The "naturalist" uf the expedition was, however, incompetent for the task, and the notes taken evince that he was not sufficiently versed in the rudiments of ichthyoloj^y to know what to observe. Neverthe- less, the notes have an interest, if not of importance, enough to transcribe what relates to the regions in question : — "Off Saint Lawrence Island was caught, in the dredge a fish apparently allied to the genus Liparig, Art. It had the 'ventral fins placed before the pectorals, but united and coutiouons with them; aflat, raisetl, and rough tubercle, of nearly the diameter of an Englinh sixpence, was seated forward between the pectorals, its anterior part reaching as far as the vontrala; this may be of use in copulation : its cceea were pretty numerous.' — C. The roughness of this tubercle renders it difiicult to refer the fish to any known species; but it in probably nearly related to the Cycloptenu gelatiiUHtus, Pali., a Xipam which is known to inhabit the se^is in which this was obtained. The existence uf ectca removes it from LcpadogasUr, Gouan. "Kotzebue Sound afforded a specimen of a new species of Ophidium, L., the Oph. stigfna. " On the coast of California, a little to the northwards of the hsrboor of San Francisco, an Orihagoriscus was met with, apparently the Ortk. mola., Bl. They swam about the ship with the dorsal flu frequently elevated above the surface." (p. 50.) "On the coast of California, at Monterey, Mr. Collie's notes mention the occurrence of [1] a species of Sparus, of two Scombri, and of a Clupea. [H] The flrst of the JScombridce is apparently a Scotnber, Cnv.; it was 'smaller than the macken'l; it was marked on the back with cros3 waved narrow bands of black and greenish blue; its flrst dorsal fin had nine spines, and there were four small pinnules behind the second dorsal and the anal : it had a simple air-bladder of moderate size, and an immense number of cceoa, with a stomach extending the whole length of the abdomen, narrow, tapering to the posterior part, and covered throughout nearly its whole length with the milt. ? Its internal membrane forms longitudinal folds; the intestines have three convolutions.' — C. This fish occurred in shoals. [:)J The second species was met with but once. It is a Camnx, Cuv., of which ' the teeth in the upper maxillary are scarcely to be felt: the pectorals reach nearly to op- posite the an\L8: a double narrow stripe of deeper blue than the general surface runs back- wards on each side of the first dorsal fin to opposite its termination, iho two parts being separated by a broad line of dirty white, which has a narrow, dark-coloured lino along it« middle: there are no distinct divisions in the anal and second dorsal iins: tbe air-bladder is simple, and small, and extends from the /aucM to the anu»; the stomach is much shorter than in the preceding species; the eccca, although numerous, are less so than in it, and the Inteatine is foldtnl in the same manner.' — C From the nature of the colouring of this flsh, as deacribed by Mr. Collie, there can be little doubt of its constituting a distinct species. 15 [4] Alouj; wiUi tbo firStf apecies of Scomber, there occorreil in shoals a small species of CtigMO. L.. *withoat teeth; with the dorsal fin a little before the vontral ; and with the baok dark fcreenifth blae, and having one line and {Uirt of another of rounded blnck spots on Mfh side nearly on a lerel with the eye: the gill membranes contain six rayn, and overlap each other at their lower part ; the stomach resembles that of the tlrst Scomber,- it has also DomeFoaa ea«a ; the air-bladder is small and tapering.*— C. The other fishes observed at Monterey were [5] a new species of Ohimceni, Ciiv., differing esBf^ntialJy from the Chimeera of the Atlantic, and approaching somewhat in the position of its second dorsal fln to the OsOorAyndkut, Cav.; [6J a species of Torpedo, Dam.; and [7J a Kaia '* (pp. 54^5).] lltt-Nairativo of a Jourooy across the Rocky Monntalns, to tho Columbia River^ aad a Visit t^ the Sandwich Ihlaudn, Chili, &c. With a Scientiilc Appendix. By John K. To^wnsend, Member of the Academy of Nataral Sciences of Pbila«lelphia. Philadelphia : Henry Perkins, 134 Chrstnut street. Boston : Perkins A, Marvin.— 1«39. [hP, 352 pp.] [A few incidental popular noiices of salmon and treat are given.] [Reprinted in England under tho following title :— ] Sporting Excursions in the Rocky Mountains, including; a Journey to the Columbia River, and a Visit to the Sandwich IslandH, Chili, &:c. By J. K. Towshend [«ic/], Esq. In two volumes. Vol. I [ — II]. London: Henry Colburn, Publisher, Great Marlborough Street. Id40. [8^. Vol. i, xii [-f i], 312 pp., 1 pi.; vol. ii, xii, 310 pp., 1 pi.] (In vol. i, chap. 7. are given details respecting salmon and tho modo of catching them, and the fruutispiece illustrates a native woman " Mi>o;iring tho salmon ".] iMO-HiKtoire Naturelle des Pois-sons, par M. le B®" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. ValoD- ciennes, . . . Tume quiuzieme. A Paris, chez Ch. Pitois, ^diteur, . . . , 1«40. [tP ed. xxxi, 540 pp., 1 1. ; 4^'^ ed. xxiv, 397 pp.— pi. 421-455.] Suite da livre dix-septi^me.— Siluroides. [No weet-ooMt species noticed.] Narrative of a whaling voyage round tho globe, from the year 1H33 to 18iU), comprising sketch*'* of Polynesia, California, the Indian Aicliipt'la;;o, etc. with an account of Southern Whales, th(^ Sp«^nn Whah' Fish* rv, and the Natural History of the climates visired. By Frederick Debell Bennett, Esq., F. R. G. S., Fellow of the Royal College of Surg«M»us, London. In two volumes. Vol. I [ — Ii]. Loudon: Kichard Ht'iitN'y, Xiw IJuiling- tou htreet, publisher in ordinary to her Majesty. — 18 10. [^^, vol. i, xv, 402 pp., I pi., I map; vol. ii, vii, 396 pp., 1 id.] IW^Histoire Naturelle des Pois-^ons, par M. le B*'^ Cuvier, . . . , tt par M. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome seizitime. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 184*2. l^i^ ed. XX, 472 i»p , 1 1. ; 4^ ed. xviii, 363 pp., 1 1.— pi. 456-487.] Livre dix-huitieme. — Cyprinoides. Zoology of New- York, or tho New-York Fauna; comprising detailed descrip- tions of all the animals hitherto observed within tlu^ Stair of New-Yorl\, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and .iccoui- panied by appropriate illustrations. — By James E. DeKay. — Part IV. — Fishes. Albany : Printed by VV. &. A. Wliite and I. Visscher. 184J. [4^, xiv [1, errata], 415 pp.; atlas, 1 p. 1., 71) pi.] [Tlie letterpress of tho Heptiles and Fishes, each Hoparately paijed. forms one volume, ndth« plates, each SHparateiy namben'd, auothor. Ei^ht cf the DortbwoHt-cuaHt Malnco- •peoies {AbramiM lalteatus, Leucutcus caurinus, Lfucifcug oregoncnaU, Salmo lolflio (Jairdnrrii, Salmo Scx)ulcri, Salmo tguppitch, aud Salmo nitidus) and the traTumontamiJt) cnanaerated by Kichardsou (1^36) are briefly iDdicateb Cuvler, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome dix-septi^me. A Paris, cbez P. Bertrand, . . . , 1844. [8° ed. xxiii, 497 pp., 1 1. ; 4° ed. xx, 370 pp. 1 I.— pi. 487 (bi8)-519.] Saitedu livre dix-huitidme. — Cyprinoides. 184L5 — Descriptiou of a new species of SyngnathuSf broagbt from the western coast of CaliforDia by Capt. Phelps. By Dr. D. H. Storer. <^ Proo. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist., V. 2, p. 73, December, 1845. [X. sp. SyngnathuM cal\fomientis.] 1846 — A Synopsis of the Fished of North America. By David Humphreys Storer, M. D., A. A. S., .... <^Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., new series, vol. ii, pp. 253-550, Cambridge, 1846. [739 nominal apecies from all North America, inclading the West Indiea, arc deaoribad. The descriptions, however, are most inaptly compiled and entirely insnfficient.] A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. By David Humphreys Storer, M. D., A. A. S., .... Cambridge: Metcalf and Company, Printers to the University. 1840. [4©, 1 p. 1. (= title), 298 pp.] [A rep.intf with separate pagination, title-page, and index, of the preceding. According to Dr. Storer (Mem. Acad., p. SCO; Syn.p. 8), " the following species inhabit the northwestern coast of America :— Trichodon stelUri. Salmo solar. Cottus pistilliger. Salmo quinnaL CoUiu polyacanthocephaltu. Salmo Gairdnerii. Cottua oiper. Salmo pau:iidens, Agpidophortu acipewierintu. Salmo ScoiUeri. HemiUpidottu TUeiii. Salmo tsuppitch. Blepiias trUobua. Scdm/o nitidug. SebaaUs variabilis. McUlotut pacifieua. CffprinuH balteatus. Cyelopterits ventricoaud. Leaciacua caurinua. Acipenaer traihsmontaniu."\ Ijtuciacua orcgonenaia. Histoire Natarelle des Poissons.par M. le B<»" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome dix-huiti^me. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 184G. [8^ ed. xix, 505 pp., 21.; 4° ed. xviii, 375 pp., 2 1.— pi. 520-^V>3.] Suite da livre dix-huiti6me. — Cyprinoides. Livre dix-neuvifeme. — Des Esoces on Lacioides. Histoire Natarelle des Poissons, par M. lo B°° Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome dix-neavidme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 1846. ItP ed. xix, 544 pp., 3 1.; 4^ ed. xv, 391 pp.. 2 1.— pi. .^>54-590.] Saitc du livre dix-neavit>me. — Brocbets oa Lacioides. Livre vingti^me. — De quelques families* de Mai ;copt6rygiens, interm^- diaires eutre les Brocbets et les Cliipes. [Xo west-coast species described.] Histoire Natarelle des Poissons, par M. lo B°" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- ciennes, .... Tome vingti^me. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . ; 1846. [8° ed. xviii, 472 pp., 11.; 4^ ed. xiv, 340 pp. I 1.— pi. 591-603.] Livre vingt et uni^me. — De la famille des Clupdoides. 1848— Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile segun documeutos adquiridos en esta re- pdblica durante doce aQos de residencia en ella y publicada bajo los aus- pieios del Snpremo Gobierno. Por Claudio Gay, cindadano Chileno, indi- * The families refe^rrod to are:— Chirocentres (with tbo genas Chirocentrua) ; AIepoc6phale8 (with Ale- poeephalua) ; Lntodeir^tH (with Ohanoa And Qonorhynchua) ; Mormyres (with Mormyma) ; Ilyodontt^s (with Oaieoglotaum. Uchnohoma, and Byodon)-, Batirios (with Albuia = Btttirinu9) ; ^lopiens (with Elopa and Megalopa); Arnica (with Afiua) ; Vastres on Amies f (FottinM); famillepartiouUtofk, on Amies t {H€t9rotia)i ErythroMcs (with Erylkrinua, Maerodon, Ltbiaaina, and PyrrhuHna) ; and Ombrea (with Umbra), 17 vidao de varias socitMlades oientificas Dacionalcs y etrangeras. Zoologia. Tomo segando. Paria, en casa del antor. Chile, en el Museo de Historia Nataral de Santiago. MDCCCXLVIII. [Text, S° ; atlas, fol.] (Peeas, pp. 137-370 and in^ex.— In this work are described several species afterward dbeovered along the coMt of California.] 1MS-Thirti0ih Coogresa— first session. | = | Ex. Doo. No. 41. | — | Notes of a mili- tary reoonnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Missonri, | to | San Di- ego, in California, | including part of the | Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivera. ) — | By Lieut. Col. "W. H. Emory. | Made in 184G>7, with the advanced guard of the "Army of the West." | — | February 9, 1848.-— Or- dered to be {Minted. | February 17, 1848.— Ordered, That 10,000 extra copies of each of the Reports of Lieu- | tenant Emory, Captain Cuoke, iind Lieu- tenant Abort, be printed for the use of the House; | and that of said num- ber, 250 copies be furnished for the use of Lieutenant Emory, Captain | Cooke, and Lieutenant Abort, respectively. | Washington : | Wendell and Van Beuthuysen, printers. | : : : : | 1848. [ho^ g14 pp., 50 lith. pi. not num- bered, 14 numbered, 2 sketch-maps, and 3 maps folded.] (This work bat been so badly edited that the following analysis may prove usefal» and will faeiliute the understanding of the work :— ] CONTENTS. Notes I of I a military reoonnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Mis- souri, to San Diego, | in California, | including | part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. | pp. 5-126, 26 lith. pi., 2 sketch-maps. Appi*ndix No. 1. [Letter on Indians by Albert Gallatin, and reply by W. H. Emory.] pp. 127-134., 1 pi. Appendix No. 2. [Report on botany.] [1. Phanerogams and ferns. By John Torrey. pp. 135-155, pi. 1-12.] [2. Cactacea. By G. Engelmann. pp. 155-159, 14 lith. pi., 2 not numbered.] Appendix No. 3. Table of meteorological observations, pp. lGO-174. Appendix No. 4. Table of geographical positions, pp. 175-178. Appendix No. 5. Table of astronomical observations, pp. 179-385.* Appendix No. 6. [Report on natural history. By J. W. Al)ort.] pp. 3^6-414. Appendix No. 7. [Itinerary of Sonora, Mexico. By P. St. Geo. Cooke. ] pp. 415-416. Report of Lieut. J. W. Abort, | of his | examination of New Mexico, | i.i the years 1846-'47. pp. 417-546, 22 lith. pi., 1 map folded. Notes concerning the minerals and fossils, collected by Lieutenant J. W. Abert, while engaged in the geographical examination of New- Mexico, by J. W. Bailey, professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology, at the United States Military Academy, pp. 517-548, *J lith. pis. Report of Lient. Col. P. St. George Cooke | of | his march from | Santa ¥<', New Mexico, | to | San Diego, Upper California, pp. 549-563, 2 mapH folded. Journal | of | Captain A. R. Johnston, | First Dragoons, pp. 565-614. [A. species of Oila is noticed at p. G2, and illastrated by a poor plate opi>Ohite the text. It Is said: — ** We beard the fish playing in the water, and soon those who wero dis4>n- Rifed were after them. At first it was supposed they were the moantain trout, bat, bcinc; Qoaparatively fresh from the hills of Maine, I soon saw the difference."] Biitoire Natnrelle des Pois/ons, par M. le B°^ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen- • • . Tomo vingt et unii^me. A Paris, chcz P. Bertrand, . . . , l8Ai^. ^ pp.; 40 ed. xiii (+ iii), 391 pp.— pi. (i07-()33.1 "^ages 389-^04 misnambered S09-2S4. 18 Sat to da livre viDgt et anidme et des Clop^ides.* Livro vingtrdeoxi^e. — Do la famille des Salmonoldeo. f No west-ooMt species described.) 1 849^Frank Forrester's Fish andFisbing of the United States and British ProTinoes of North America. Illustratetl from nature by the author. By Etenrj 'William Herbert, author of *' Field Sports,^ '* Warwick Woodlands," etc. New York, Stringer & Townsend, 222 Broadway, 1849. tP, Histoire NaturoUe des PoissoDS, par M. le B°^ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valea- ciennea, . . . Tome vingt-deuxi^tne. A Paris, chez P. Bertraud, • . . , 1849. [6o ed. XX, 532, (index) 91 ( -hi) pp.; 4° ed.xvi,395,(index)81 (+ l)pp.— pi. 634-650.] Suite du livre vingt-denxi^me.— Suite de la famille des SalmonoSdes. [No west-coast species described.] A Monograph of tbe Fresh water Cottns of North Ameiica. By Charles Gi- rard. Aug. 1849. < Proo. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 2, pp. 409-411, 1850. On the genns Cottus Auct. By Charles Girard. Oct. 17, 1849. < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hisl., v. 3, pp. 180-190, 1849. 1850 — Some additional observations on the nomenclature and classification of the genus Cottns. By Charles Oirard. June 19, 1^50. < Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 3, pp. 302-305, 1850. 1851— On a new genus of American Cottoids. By Charles Giiard. Feb. 5, 1851. < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 4, pp. 18-19, 1851. Rdvision du genre Cottus des auteurs. Par Charles Girard, de TAssociation am^ricaine pour Pavancemeut des sciences, niembre de la Sooi^t naturelle de Boston. [1851. 4°, 2S pp ] •^ N. Deuksclir. allg. Schweizer. Gesell. gesammt. Naturw., B. 12, 1852. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. = Contributions to the Natural His- tory of tbe Fresh Water Fidbes of North America. By Charles Girard. I. A Monograph of the Cottoids. Accepted for publication by tbe Smithson- ian Institution, December, 1850. [Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,] vol. iii, art. 3. [4^, 80 pp , 3 pi.] Dencriptiou of a now form of Lamprey from Australia, with a Synopsis of the Family. By J. E. Gray, Esq., F. II, S., V. P. Z. S., etc. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part xix, pp. 235-241, plates, Pisces, iv, v, li^bl. List of the specimens of Fish iu tbe collection of the British Mu-^eum. — Part I. — Cbondropterygii. — Printed by order of tbe trustees. Loudon, 1851. [12^, X, [IJ, U>0pp.,2pl.J [Tbe uaiue of tbe cumpiler in not pablisbed on tbo title-pnge. Iu tbo aaiial iutruductiun, Mr. Gray states: — *'Tbe eharacUsra of tbe geueru of Sbarks and Kays, witb tbeir sy- oon>m!». have priocipully been derived from iho work of Pruft-ssors Miiller and Henle. Tbe bpeciiiious wbicb were not named by tbose authors wben eu;;agrd in their work, or by Dr. Audrew Smith, liave been detormiued by Mr. Edward Gerr.trd.'' The responst- bility of the compilation, however, apparently devolves on JOUX EDWaKD GRAY. The diagnoses of tbe groups, and, for the most part, the synonymy of the species, are, in fact, translated or transcr.bed from Miiller and llenle's great work ou the Pla;;iostonies. •entitled iS follows:— Syr-teraatiacho Ueschreibuug der PIa;;io«tomen von Dr. J. MCLLER, o. .o. Professor der Auatomie iind Pbys.ohigio, und Director des auatomischen Theaters und MuHeoms in Berlin, und Dr. J. UENLE, o. 6. Professor der Auatomie und Director des anatomischen Theaters uud V.aseums iu Ziirich. Mit seuLzi^ Sleindrucktmfeln. ilerllu, Verlag von Veit und Comp— 1841. [Fulio, xxii. 200 pp., 'i 1.. GO pi., mostly colored, uxmumbered.] Anepoch-murkim^work, but witb uonoticoa of Western A nioi icon species.] 'The Notopi^rcs ai« differentiated from the Clupeoi'iej us a very uiatiuvi. family (auofamiiio trte> 4iatinote). 19 Ml — RopplemeDt to Frank Forrester'B Fish and Fishiug of the United States and British ProTinces of North America. . Dy 'William Henry Herbert, author of the '* Field Sports of North Amorica/' '* Frank Forrester and bis Friends/' etc. New York, Stringer A, Towusend, 222 Broadway, 1851. pp. 1-86. IMS—Descriptious of some new Fishes from the River Zofii. By &, F. Baird and Charles Oirard. Jnne 28, 1853. < Proc Acad. Nat; Sci., yol. 6, pp. 368-369, Jane, 1853. (ST. s. sad ip. OUa (n. j^ 36d), Cila ro^utta (389). GUa eUgam (309), OUa graeau (369).J Descriptions of Now Species of Fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. By Spencer P. Baird and Charles Girard. August 30, 1853. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 6, pp. 387-390, August, 1853. (N. mp. OWMfonutf UOifimnLt (388). Oil% Emoryi (388). QHm Grahami (389), Cjfprinodan (389), Hetnwndria oJLnU (380). Heteromdria oeeideniaU* (390).] 32d Congress, | 2d session. | Senate. | Executive | No. 59. | — | Report of an Ex- pedition I down the | ZuQi and Colorado Rivers, | by | Captain Ii. Sit- Sree^refl^ | Corps Topographical Engineers. | — | Accompanied by mapA, sketches, views, and illustratioos. | — | Washington: | Robert Armstrong^ pnblio printer. | 1853. [8^, 190 pp., 1 1., 24 pi. of scenery (pL 1 folded), 6 pi. of mammals, G pL of birds, 2 pL of reptiles, 3 pL of fishes, 21 pL of botany, 1 folded map, all at end.] Title, p. 1. Report of the Secretary of War, cummunicating, [etc] p. 3. [Sitgieaves's report. ] pp. 4-29. Report I on | the natural history | of the | country passed over by the exploring expedition | under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sit- greaves, | U. S. Topographical Engineers, during the year 1851. | By 8. "W. Woodhonee^ M. D., | surgeon and naturalist to the expedition. | pp. 31-40. Zoology. I — I Mammuln and BinU, by 8. W. Woodboose, M. D. I Reptiles, by Edwerd Hallowell, M. D. | FislK^s, by Profl a F. Baird and Charles Girard. | pp. 41-152. Mammals. By S. W. Woodhouse, ^L D. pp. 43-57, C pi. ( 1-G). Birds. By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 58-105, 6 pL (1-G). Reptiles. By Edwaid Hallowell, M. D. pp. 106-147, 21 pi. (l-20-t- 10 o>. Fishes. By Spencer F. Baird and Charlea Girard. pp. 148-152, 3 pi. (1-3). Botany. I — | By Professor John Torrey. pp. 153-178, 21 pis. (1-21). Medical Report | — | By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 179-ia'>. List of illustrations, pp. 187-190. Table of contents. [I 1.] Extraordinary Fishes from Ca1iforni«n, constituting a new family, described by L. Agaiii* < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2), v. 16, pp. 380-390, Nov. 1853 ; also reprinted in Edinburgh New Phil. Journ., v. 57, pp. 214-227; translated in Archiv filr Xaturgeschichte (Berlin), Jab:g. 20, B. 1, pp. 149-162, 1853. (Family named " F.UQiIy Holconoti or Embiotucoido)" (p. 383). N. g. and d. sp. Umbiotoca (D. g., 3c«) :— i. Endfiotoca JaektotU (387) ; Si. Embiotoca Caryi (389).] [This article was trazMlat^d into German as follows:—] Ceber eine neue Familie von Fischen au.s Californien. Von L. Agaaaiz. Silliman's Amer. Journ. voL xvi. p. 380 Ubersetzt. Vom Heraosgeber ^ TfVMohel]. < Archiv fUr Naturgeschicbte, 20. Jdhrg., B. 1, pp. 14t^- r«a 20 [This UuDslatiou was followed by the following: origioal commauicatitw, in wbicb tbe systematio relations of tbe family were definitely determined:—] Uober die system atiscbe Stellung der Gattnng Eiiibiotoca. BeinerkoDg znr Yorigea AbbaDdlaog. Voni Heraupgeber [Dr. F. H. Troflchel]. 4. By W. P. Gibbons, M. D. June 27, 1854. , Oymatogcuter aggregatut (106), CytnatogouiUr minimut (iOG).] Description of new Species of Viviparous Marine and Fresb-water Fisbes, from tbe Bay of San Francisco, and from tbe River and Lagoons of tbe Sacramento. By W. P. Gibbons, M. D. [Read before tbe California Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Jan. 9tb and May 15tb, 22d, and 29tb, 1854.] July 25, 1854. , 43. Argentina pretioha (150), 44. PZeuron0cte««ia<;uIr/«««(155), 48. LtpiMdogatUr retitvlatuM (155), 49. ^.ynsraiaeAtM breviroUru <156), 50. Syngnathut Icpto- rJkyacAttfer var. parvus. Sebaete$ variabilis, Centrarehus maai- hmt.\ tOhsenrations on the development of Anablcps Gronovii, a viviparous linh from Snrinam. By Prof. Jefibies "Wyman. Sept. 20, 1854. < Proc. Boston 8oc. Nat. Hist, v. 5, pp. 60-81, Dec. 1854.* "Remarks in relation to the Mode of Development of EmbiotocoidsB. By Charles Girard. Sept. 20, 1854. vii (Cav. oimI Val.). By Jeffries Wynmn ^ MM. < Boston Jonro. Kat. Hist., r. 6, pp. 4.12-443, pi. 17. Nov. te54. 22 * 1§M — t DesoriptioDs of a new species of cottoid fish, aud remarks oq the American Acanthocotti. By 'Wbl O. Ayres, M; D. Oct. 9, 1854. <^ Proc. CaU. Acad. Sci., V. 1, p. 11, ltf54; 2d ed., p. 11, lrJ73. [N. sp. Clup^oeoUuB rotnutut (= Atpieottua Uiton Grd).] t DescriptioDS of two new species of lJ8h. By Wm. O. Ayres^ M. D. Oct. 23, 1854. < Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 13-14, 1854 ; 2d. ed., pp. 12-13, 187.3. New species of Californian Fishes, by TTVUliam O. Ayrea, M. D. Nov. 1, 1854. 4. < Proc. Cul. Acad. Sci., v. 1, ji. 15, Deo. 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 14-15 1873. [N. sp. A. aeutiroUrig, A, medirottru^ A. brachyrhynchtu.] Characteristics of some Cartilaginous Fishes of the Pacific coast of North Am- erica. By Charles Girard. Nov. 28, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V. 7, pp. 19G-197, 1854. [N. sp.:— I. Oe§tracionfraiui»ei (196). S. TriatU aemifeueiatum <19G), 3. SpiiuufiAemUkiat) SuckUyi (196), S. Raja binoculata (t90) ] Abstract of a Report to Lieut. Jas. M. Gilliss, U. S.N., upon the Fishes col- lected during the U. S. N. Astrououiical Expedition to Chili. By Charles Oirard. Nov. 28, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Na>. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 197-199, 1854. [Gtonns Athtrinoptis noticed, aod tbo MeUUa carulta of Aug. 29, ltC4, t. 7, p. 138, rede- scribed as a ne«r speoies, nader tiie nanits Aloea mtuiez. ] t Descriptions of two new npeces of tish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 4, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. I, pf. 17-18, 18.34 ; 2d ed., pp. 16-17, 1873. [N. f«p. 0$menu dimgahAa, MugtHus /eli» "[ ■ • tDesoriptioDH of two new s.iecies of Cypriuoid '. By 'Wm. O. Ayrea^ M. D. Dec. II, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 18-19, 1H54 ; 2d ed., pp. 17-18, 1873. [S. sp. Cato»tmnu« oeci^entalis, (JtUa ffrandis.] ^ Descriptions of two new Cyprinoid fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 18, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. 8ci., v. 1, pp. 20-21, 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 19-*:0, 1873, [K. sp. Lavinia ffibbo»a, L. compregsa. ] ''Description of a new Cyprino d fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 25, la'M. < Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci., v. 1, pp. 21-22, 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 20-21, 1873. [S. pp. Giia fnierolepidota.] A list of the Fishes collected in California, by Mr. £. Saranels, with descri)*- tions of the new species. By Charles Oirard, M. D. [1854.] < Boston Jouro. Nat. Hist., v. 6, pp. 533-544, pi. 24-26, 1857. i 855— Synopsis of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Pacific Slope of North America, cbiefly from the collections made by the U. S. Exp. Exped. under the com- mand of Capt. C. Wilkes, with recent addit.-ons and comparis.ns with east- ern types. By Louis Agassiz. <^ Am. Jonm. Sci. and. Arts, v, 19, pp. 71-99, Jan., 1855 ; v. 19, pp. 2l5-2;n, March, 1855. fN. g. aud n. sp. Catostomtui ocddentaUt (94), Aeroeheihu (d. g., 96) alutaeetu (99), Ptyeh^ cheUus (o. g., S97), PtycJiooheiluM graeUia (S29), Ptythocheihu mmj^r (S29), MylatheiUu (xk g. itS0){aerraZM231).] 23 f 9^^— *Oa two flpeo^ee of Lipark. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Jan. 8, 1855. < Proo Oal. Acad. 8ci., t. 1, pp. 23-24, Feb. 1, 1855; 8d ed., pp. 21-23, 1873. (K. ^». Xr. pmUkettMt^ L. nmeomu.l t Description of a now geuns (Leptogiin» lias) aod two new species of iishes. By Wm. O. Ayraa, M. D. Jan. 22, 1855. < Pioc. CaL Acad. Sci.^ v. 1, pp. 25-27, 1855; 2d ed.,pp. 24-25, 1873. f l>fS8criptioD of a Lamprey, from the vicinity of Ban Francisco. By "Wm. O. AjTM^ M. D. Feb. 5, 1855. rdkmgbu.\ * Descriptioa of a new Trout. By "W. P. Oibbooa. March 19, 1855. < Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. t, pp. 36-37, 1855; 2d ed.. pp. 35-36, 1^3. (N.«p.telm«irtfiea.J *0u specimens of Gasteroatt^us plebeinH, Oir., brought from San Jos^ by the Rev. Mr. Doaglas. By 'Wm. O. Ayre^ M. D. April 2, 1^^. < Proc. CaL Acae of Blennoids. By 17711110111 0. Ayrea, M. D June 4, 1855. < Proc. Cul. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 5&-59, 1855 ; 2d ed., pp. 58-59, 1873. [N. sp. Cebtdichtbyt crigtagalU.] t Description of a new Carangoid fish. By William O. Ayres, M. D. Jaly 2, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 62-63, 1865; 2d ed., p. 64, 1873. [N. tp. Ckiranx symmetrieut.] t Description of a new species of Whiting. By William O. Ayras, M. D. July 16, 1855. uis Agassiz^ Sept. 11, 1855. <^Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sei., v. 3, p. 204, 1855. ^'A Flying Fish, Exoccoius fawiatm Le Sueur, from the Pacific Ocean, lat. 30^ 06' N.,long. 1130 02'W. [Gulfof Califoruial, preseuted by Dr. Lanszweert." Sept. 24, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 71-73, 1855. t Description of a Shark of new generic type. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Oct. 8, 1855. ps (13A), Oplopoma (n. c.) panrherina (135), Ga«fr- fMfMtfiiiteniMduM (133), Gatterotteut pugetti (135), GoMttf Ntuberryi (136), i^'mbiotcca ar^^y. roMma (136), Gtrrv^onitf Vr<2Iui»iMon< (13G), Platichthys umbronts (13()), Pleurcnichthyt guttu- 'lotet (137), ilmnMNlyCM^MVOiuKitf (137), ShinopUra vegpertilo (137).] Eesearches upon the Cyprinoids inhabiting tho fresh wat«r Fisbi'S of the United States of America, west of the Mississippi Valley, from Hpt>citnens in the Moseani of the Smithsonian Instil nt ion. By Charles Girard, M. D. Sept. 30, 1856. < Pit)c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp. 165- .;13, 1^56. [S. g. sad n. sp. MyloeKeilut fratereulut (1G9), Catoitomus (Acomtw, n. 8. g.) gencrotms (1741, OatoHomuM macroekeiluM (175), Catobtomu* bemardini (175). Algannea (o. g), Algaw MS bieolor (183), Algansea obeua (183), Algmuea /otmatta (183), Lavinia hareugtu (lr4), Aiyyreta nudtfiw (186), Argyreua oneuZta (1(56), Argi/reu* notabUu (186), ^l/^ia (d. g), Agoxia dktyitogtuter (187), ilj|K>«ia m«tal2iea (187), ifeda (u. g.) fulgida (19*2), liichardsoniuti (u. g.) faitercrfM (202), Tiaroga (d. g.) eoM^ (*J04), Tigoma (n. g). 7>>oma 6ico2or (-JOG), Tigoinapur- puTM (-206), THfoma »iitorm«dta (306). lYyoma o6e«a (306), 2Yy(mia Iluniboldti C»OG), Tigoma Umtaia (306), l^^oina graeilit (206), Tigoina nigre*cens (307), IV<70}/raphical | Eugioeerc*, and Lieut. Henry L. Abbo*, Corps of Topographical Engin- eern, in 1855. | — | Zoological Report. — | Washington, D. C. | 1857. | = No. 1. Report upon Fishes collected on the Survey. — By Charles Girard, M. D.— pp. 9-34, witb plates xxii a, xxii 6, xxv a, xxv 5, xi a, xlvi, Ixii, Ixvi, Ixviii, Ixx, Ixxiv. Report on the fauna and medical topograpby of Washington Territory. By Geo. Suckley, M. D. May, 1857. < Trans. Am. Med. Assoc., v. 10, pp. 181- 217, 1857. [FiHhes noliooi at pp. 903-203. ] 1858 — Description of several new species of Salmouidas from tbe north-west coast of America. By George Suckley, M. D. Read December 6, 1858. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 1-10, 1862. [X. sp. Salmo Oibbsii (1), ScUmo truneatu* (3), Salmo gibber (G), Salmo eot^luenttu (8), Saltno eanis (9).] Ichthyological Notices, by Chas. Girard, M. D. Dec. 28, 1858. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philtt., vol. 10, pp. 223-225, Dec. 1858. [$ 1-4, D. ap. " Fario Xewberrii, or else Salmo Newberrii ' (3*2ri).] 27 MS-^DeokwilrdigkeltoD eioer Reiso nacb dem rnssiscbcn Amcrika, imcli Mikro- DQsien and durcb Kamtscbatko. You F. H. v. Kittlitz. — Erstcr DudcI [ — Z welter Baud]. — Gotba. Verlag von Justus PertLes. 1858. [^°, vol.i, XYi, 383 pp., 2 pi. ; vol. ii, 2 p. 1., 463 pp., 2 pi.] 84t-^8d CoDgrefls, | 2d Session. | Senate. | Ex. Doo. | No. 78. | = | Reports | of j Ex- ploralioiui and Surveys, | to | ascertain tbo most practicable and ecoT^omical route for a railroad | from tbe | Mississippi River to tbo PaciAc Ocean. | Made under tbe dirt^tion of tbe Secretary of War, in | 18C3-6, | according to Acta of Congress of Marcb 3, lai:!, May 31, 1H54, and August 5,1854. | — | Volaiue X. I — | Washington : [ Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 18C9. Explorations and Surveys for a railroad route from tbo Mississippi River to the PaciGc Ocean. | War Department. | = | Fisbes: by Charles Gi- raid, M. D. i — I Washington, D. C. | 1858.* = [xiv, 400 pp., with plaies vii-viii, xiii-xiv, xvii, xviii, xxii c, xxv, xxix, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvii, xl, xli, xlviii, liii, lix, ixi, Isiv, Ixv, Ixxi.] [S. g. mad n. sp. (HipceoUut glohicepn (56), Nautichthytt (d. g., 74), Amblodon saturnnn (9^), Pdamp* Unedata (lOfi), Traehurtu boopt (108). Epkipprm zonatus (110). XcoelinuM (:i '/., 1 14). iVdoeimitf Blanchardi (114), Xiphidion (n. g.. 119), Xiphidion mucosum (110), Ophidian Tay- • leri (1%), Paraliehthfn (d. g., 14G), Tigoma egrejia (-^l). Thakichthys (ta f^., 3r>), ThcUichthys Strmutt (3*^), /; graulin naM«« (335), Enffrauli» con prenstu (33G), Tctraodon politu* (340). Hippoeampu* inffetu (34*^), Syngnathus Abboti (31G), Syntpiathus arundinaeetts (34G), Raja Oooperi (37*2), Petroinyzon lindu* (37U), re:iomyzon aatori (3f0), Ammocattcj eibariits (38.1). t Aa this repurt brings np our kuowlcdge of tbo AhL fauna of tbo Pacific coast alope of tbo Uuitcd States to tbo time of it8 p iblicat.on, and lua ks a . epocb in tbo icb: hvogrnpby of tbe region in qufsiioc, tbo Rpocieii dcacribcd aro btrelLbelow ennmt rated. Of tlm MTeral columnp, (1) tbs first contains tbo family name, (2) tbe •• cond tbo generic, (3) the tbir4 tbe specific, and (4) tbo rigbt band one, ibo page wbero tbe npecies are described :— Order I.— ACANTHOPTERI. Percldn Trachinide SpbyrenidsD Cottidi Ambloplites intermptns 10 Paralabrax nebniifer 33 clatbratns 34 neteroflticbns roetratns 30 Spbynena ar;;entea 39 Cbiropsis COII8t('llntU8 42 pictus 43 guttatut) 44 nebnlosuB 45 OplopoTna pantborinr. 40 Opbiodon elnngatuH 48 Cottopsis a«per 51 gulosus W parvus i'4 Olfgocottns niacolosuH 5(> aualis 57 ;;lobiocp9 cm Leptocottas arniatos 00 Leioonttus birundo 62 Scorpficnichthys marrooTatns G4 Aspicottos biKou CO Hemiiepidotas spinosuH fi8 Anedias latoi-ala ■lO . i*|^ lUport apon tbe Zoology of the several Pacific IUiIn>ad Roates. Part IV. ^^ffrtMB (j30), "from twenty miles west of Chcctaw agency", i^ tbe only otber now >'pcci(-8 Order I.-ACANTBOPTBRI-CoDtinaed. Dotoapilotm 29 Order IH.— PHARYNOOGNATHI. Saborder I.— MAUicoFTBUTon. SoomberMocids Belone exilis Saborder IT.— ACAXTUOPTtRTon. 158 Pomaoontridft Glypbisodoa mbicanduB 161 LabidA Labrue palcber 169 Jali» modoMtas 16^ XublotocoldA Embiotoca ' Jaoksoni IC«> CaAsidii 171 Webbi 1T3 lineata 174 omata 176 ponpicabilis 178 0 argyrofloma 180 Damalicbtbys vacca 189 Pbftnerodon fDroatos 184 Abeona Trowbridgii 186 Bhaoochilus toxotea 188 1 Hyeteiooarpas Trasldi 190 Holoonotas rbodotema 193 Ennicthys megalopa 197 Heermnnui 199 Amphisticbne arsenteaa 901 aimilia 903 Order IV.— PHYSOSTOMI or MALACOPTBRL Saborder II.— Abdominalks. uTpriuide Tribt (^ Cyprini. lateral ia S14 fratercnlas 215 MylopbarodoD coDocephaloa 216 • robaatns 216 Tribe of Cato«(omt. Acomua generosoa 221 Catostomoa occideDtalia 224 lablutua 224 maorocheilaH 2-J5 3W6« of Ohoudrostomi, Ortbodon microlopidotua 237 AlgaDsea bloolor 238 obesa 239 forrooaa 239 Lavinia exilicanda 241 barengna 242 Tribe qf Pogoniehthi, Argyreaa dalcia 243 nnbilaa 244 Pogonichtbys inffiqnilobaa 245 ayniTDetricaa 946 argyreioaoa 246 eommania 247 Ordtr 17.— PBTSOSTOUI or UAI^COFTXRI-CaDtiniwd. tBd.banili 31 Order VII.-GAXOIDEI. BtiiTkHiJdA Acipenaer brachyrhjnchns 355 transmoDtiiaaa 356 acntlitwtris 355 medirostris 356 Order VHI.— HOLOCBPHALT. Chimsrida CbimaDra Co!1iei MO Order IX.— PLAGIOSTOMI. Suborder I.— Hquali. Seylliodootidn Triakie ■emlfasoiatiM 3«3 Hoetelids Mufttelaa felis 364 C«etreeiootid« Cestnicloa fraDcisci 385 NotidABiflie Heptanchas macalatua 367 BpinMida Acantbins Sacklil 368 Saborder II.- -Rajjb. Rbinobotidn Rbioobatias prodnctns 370 Torpedioidn Narcioe califomioa 371 Raiidn RiOo oooperi 379 Uniptera biooculata 373 MyliobeUds Rbinoptera vcspertillo 375 Order X— DERMOPTERL Saborder If absipobbancbii «. CTCLOeTOKI. Pe(roinysontid» Petromyzon tridentatas ciliatna lividas 377 378 3:0 • plarabeaa aatori 380 AmmoccDtes cibarina 3t» Explorations and Snrveys for a Railroad roate from the MiMissippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | War Deparrment. | ^^ | Rome near the 38. h and 39th parallels, explored by Captain J. W. GunniHon, and near the 4l6t | parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. B ckwiLh. | — | Zoological Re- porr.» I — I Washington, D.C. | 1857. | = | ' The re|)ort to which the pres- ent article belongs will bo found in Vol. II of ibe series. No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey. — By Charles Girard,M. D. — (pp. 21-27, with pi. xxiii, xlix, liv, Ivi, Ixxiii, Ixxv.) Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the MiHsissippi River to th« Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the thirty- fifth parallel, explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical | Engineers, in 1653 and 1854. | — | Zoological HciK)rt. | — | Washington, D. C. I 1859. I = , No. 5. Report upon Fishes collected on the Survey. — By C. Girard, M. D.—pp. (47-C9, with pi. iii-vi, ix, x, xxi, xxiv, xxv, xxxv, xlfr, lii, Ivii, Iviii.) Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Routes in California, to connect with the routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty-second | parallels, explored by Lieut. R. R. Williamson, Corps of Top. Eng., in 1853. | — | Zoological Report. | — | Washington, D. C. | 1S59. = No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey.— By Charles Girard, ]LD.--5, accordinf; to act of Congress of M!irch 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | —Volume XII. | Book IL I Washington: | Thomas H. Ford, Printer. 1860. Explorations and Surveys for a Riilroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the forty- seventh and forty-n nth parallels, explored by 1. 1. Stevens, | Governor of Washington Territory, in 185:J-'55. [pp. 9-353, 70 pi.] Zoiilogicsl report.— Washington, D. C, 1800. [viii, (1), 399 pp., 47 pi.] No. 5. — Rc*port upon the fishes collected on the survey. — By Dr. G. Snpkley, U. 8. A. (pp. 307-368, with pi. i, xl, xv, xvi, xix, xx, xxxii, xxxiii, xlii, xliii, xliv, 1, li, Iv, Ix, Ixiii, Ixvii, Ixix, Ixxii, Ixxv, viz : Chapter I. R6X>ort upon the Salmon id®, pp. 307-349.) Chapter II. Report upon the Fishes ex^nsivo of tho Salroonidn. pp. ;{50-368. (N. sp. Salmo Matoni (343).] [This volame slao appeared wi h the following title«page and modifications:—] The Natural History of Washington Territory, with much relating to Minne- sota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon and California, between the thirty-sixth and forty-ninth parallels of Latitude, being those parts of the final Reports on the Survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad Route, containing the Climate and Physical G^graphy, with full Catalogues and Descriptions of the Plants and Animals collected from 1853 to 1857. By J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr. O. Suckley, U. S. A., Naturalists to the Expedition. This edition contains a new preface, giving a sketch of the explorations, a classified table of con- tents, and the latest additions by tho authors. With fifty-five new plates of scenery, botany, and zoology, and an isothermal chart of the route. — New York: Bai I li^ro Brothers, 440 Broadway, [etc.] 1859. [4°. xvii,26-|-7'2^^ viii, 399 pp. ( -|-l-4 pp. betw. 368 and 369), 61 pi., 1 map.] tDe^riptions of tho Califoniian Atherini(1;B, with figures of the species. By 'WuL O. Ayres, M. D. Oct. 1, 1860. < Pioc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 73- 77. I860. [Ni. sp. Atherinop»iM ajflnii, Atherinoptii Unuit, with flgores.] t Descriptions of two new Scia^noids, with fij^nres. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Nov. 5, 1H60. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 77-81, 1860. f N. g. and sp. Johnixu nobilis, Scriphus (n. g.) politug.] t Description of new Californian fishes, with figures. By Wm. O. Ayrea, M. D. Dec. 3, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 82-86, April, 1862. [N. g. and sp. Camarina (n. g.) nigricant, Poronotut titniUimuM.] IMl — Observa:ion8 on tho genus Cottus, and description of two new species (abridged from tho forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Sinipsou), by Theo- dore OilL March 20, 1861. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, pp. 40-42. April, lH(il. [N. g. aad d. sp. Potamoeothu (n. g. 40), rotamoeiUuM punetulatut.] Description of a now species of the genus Tigoma of Girard (abridged from tho forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Simpson), by Theodore Gill. March 20, 18G1. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, p. 42, April, 1861. f N. sp. Tigoma 9qxiamat(i,\ BolL N. M. No. 11- — 3 34 tSGl—Notes on tbe described species of Holconoti, found on the western coast of North America. By Alexander Agassiz. March 20, 1H61. <[Proc. Bos- ton Soc. Nat. His t, v. 8, pp. 122-134, 1801. [The namber of specios is reduced to 15, which are grouped under 9 genera. X. g. Tceniotoea > Embiotoca lateraUs; n. sp. Hyperprotopcn ana{{«,— neither described.] t Commnnication on several new generic types of fishes, i. e., PodotheoaS| Hoplopagras, and Stophanolepis. By Theodore Gill. April 16, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13J, pp. 77-78, 1861. (N. g. and sp. Podotheciu (n. g.).] Revision of the genera of North American Sciaeninse. By Theodore Oill April 30, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 79-89, 1861. [N. g. Bhinotoion (85) for AmUodon tcUumtu Grd., 6eniyimmnu9 (87) for Leiottomui KfM- atut Ayres.] On the Liostominc. By Theodore GilL April 30, 1861. <[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13 J, pp. 89-93, 1861. [Remarks on Leiattomut lineatut (93).] Salmonidffi of Frazer River, British Columbia. By C. Brew. <[ Edinburgh New Philos. Jonm., v. 13, p. 164, 1861. ' On the HaploidonotinsB. By Theodore Gill. May 28, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 100-105, 1861. [Remarks on Afnblodon titumus (105).] Notices of Certain New Species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the Collection of tbe N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of I he United States, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist to the Commission. By George Suckley, M. D., late Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army. Read before the Now York Lyceum of Natural Historjs Jnne, 1861. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 306-313, 1862. [N. g. and sp. Salmo Kennerlyi (307), Salmo brevicauda (303). Salmo Warreni (308). Salmo Bairdii (309), Salmo Parkei (30D), Oncorhynehttt (n. p., 312), Snlro Campbeili (313).] Notes on some genera of fishes of the western coast of North America. By Theodore Gill. July 30, 1861. rnieuSt Urohphiu HaUerL] ' Description of the genus Htereolepis Ayres. By Theodore GiU. Nov. 24, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 329-330, 1863. • Description of the genus Osyjulis Qill. By Thoodore OilL Nov. 24, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 330-331, 1863. 1864 -Catalogue of the Fishes ^n the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, . . . Volume fifth. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1864. Also entitled :->Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridffi, CharacinidiB, llaplochitonidss, Steruoptyohidsd, Scopelide, Sto- miatidas, in the collection of the British Museum. . . . London : published by order of the Trustees. 1864. [8^. (IncludiDg general title) xxii, 455 pp. ] Beschreibung des Heterodontus Phillipii Bl. (Cestracion Phillipii Cuv.) mit Riicksicht auf seine fossilen Verwandten. Yon Johaimes Striiver (Got- tingen). Dresden, 1864. [4^. 32 pp, 2 pi.] Com- pany. 1966, [8°, xvi, 696 pp.] Chapter VII. Zoology, pp. 434-501. Fishes. [By J. a. Cooper. M. D.] pp. 487-498. Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Subjects, pp. 668-684. Fisheries, p. 680. (The Uiit of fUhtu wm eTidently prepared by Dr. J. 6. Cooper, althoagh only gec^ral oeknowledgiDeDt for MsieUooe w%e rendered in the prefaoe. It wm acknowledged by Dr. Cooper, ae anthor, in the commnnioation to the California Academy of Scienoee, indi- cated above. Inaamuch aa thia was intended to be aoomplete ennmeration of the flsbet of Gillibmla, the names are reproduced here.] BONY FISHES. Pwoid» Stereolepia gigaa 487 1 Paralabrax nebolifer 487 3 ▲traotopcrca olathrata 487 3* ArchoplitM intermptas 487 3* T^Vy<#|ff^ CanlolatUns aoomalna 487 4 Swl^nfalm Rhinoeolon aatarnns 488 5 Leioatonras lineatOB 488 6 UmbriBa nndolata 488 7 ▲imotoeolon DobUe 488 8 Serlphns politos 488 0 Cbatodonida Parephippna sonatas 488 10 Girella nigricans 488 11 Pomaoentrids Glyphidodon mbicandos 488 IS Chromls panotipinnis 488 13 BmbiotoooidiD HjsttTOoarpas Traskil 489 14 Smbiotoca Jaoksoni 489 15 argyroeoma 489 16 Tflsniotoaik lateralia 489 17 Hypeoma Caryl 489 18 Dmnalichthys vaoca 489 19 Phanerodon fiiroata^ 489 90 Cymatogaster aggregatas 489 31 Bhaohooheiloa toxotes 489 33 ▲mphistiohos argeniens 489 33 « Holoonotos ihodotems 489 24 pulcbellas 489 25 Hyperproeopon argentenm 489 36 aronatnm 489 37 panctatara 489 38 Hypocritichthys analis 489 89 Bpiohyiatias frenatns 489 3D Abeona minima 489 31 labrids Trochooopos poloher 489 33 OzyJaliM modustas 489 33 OHyphMddA Poroootns simillimns 489 34 Scomber diego 469 35 Bepeated. 42 B0H7 FISHES— CanUnuid. Piduij. UOMUtB piellloa. HaUtnctai ikrvlU ■timehan. boop. Boltma am ■iltratH CUzntoDU 43 «^ BONY FlSHSS-ConUnaed. Encyclogobios Dowberrii 492 99 GilHohthys mirabllis 493 100 Q|oiopteriobraDchii, and Leptocardii. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institntion. By Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D. Washington : pablished by the Smithsonian Institn- tion. November, 1872. (Smithsonian MiscellaneoasColleotionB. 247.) [8^, xlvi, 49 pp.] 42d Congress, 2d session. | Senate. | Ex. Doc. No. 34. | Messago | from the | President of the United States, | commnnioating, | in complianee with a resolution of the 19th of January, 18G9, information | in relation to the resonrces and extent of the fishing-grounds of the North | Pacific Ooeao, opened to the United States by the treaty of Alaska. [Washington : Gov- ernment Printing Office. 1872. — 8°, H5 pp.] On p. 2 entitled " The Fisheries and Fishermen of the North Pacific.** By Richard D. Cutte. Preliminary lieport of the United States Geological Sarvey of Wyoming, and portions of contiguous Territories, (being a second [really fourth] annual report of progress,) conducted under authority of the Secretary of the In- terior, by F. v. Ilayden, United States Geologist. — Washington: Govern- ment Printing Office. 1872. [8°, 511 pp.] Part IV. Special Reports. Yll. On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of Green River, Wyoming Territory. By Prof. B. D. Cope. pp. 425-431. VIII. Recent Reptiles and Fishes. Report on the Reptiles and Fishes, obtained by the Naturalists of the Expedition. By E. D. Cope, A. K. pp. 432-442. Prelimiuary Report of the United States Geological Survey of MontAna, and port'ious of adjacent Territories; being a fifth annual report of progresv. By F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist. — Conducted under anihority of the Secn*tary of the Interior. — ^Washington : Government Printing Office. 1872. [8'J, i-vi, 3-538 pp. (with C4 fig.), 2 pi., 5 maps folded.] Part IV. Zoology and Botany. VI. Report on the Recent Reptiles and Fishes of the Survey, collected by Campbell Carrington and C. M. Dawes. By B. D. Cope, A. M. pp. 467-47(5. 1§73— A contribution to the Ichthyology of Alaska. By E. D. Cope. Jan. 17, 1873. < Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., v. 13, pp. 24-32, 1873. [Extras, Maroh 11, 1873.] [17 Hi>eciei) ^nnmerated : n. sp. Salmo tuds$, SprcUeUoides bryoponu, Xiphidium eruortum, O&ntronottuketus, (jhirtubalku, OMrtuorack, and extending from bottom to top, 50 phot, pi.] Chapter VIII. Fish and Fisheries. See. also. 1875. 7l~*Xote on Subterianean Fishes in California. By A. W. Chase. rtsman, V. 4. p. :r/8, Sept. 12, 1874. United Stutes Fish Hatching in California. [Editorial.] < Forest and Stream, v. 3, p. 84 (3 col.), Sept. 17, 1874. Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia. <^Am. Sportsman, v. 4, p. 412, Sept. 26, lb74. The Salmon Fisheries of Oregon. <[ Forest and Stream, v. 3, pp. 155, 172, Oct. 15, 22, 1874. Annual Reconl of Science and Industry for 1873. Edited by Spencer P. Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. — New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1874. [12°.] Shipments eastward of California Salmon, p. 433. Shall in the Sacramento River, p. 449. Shad in California waters, p. 449. Pacific Cod-fisheries of 1873, p. 458. Taking California Salmon with the Hook^ p. 464. R^viHion des espies du groupo des Hpinoches. Par M. B. B. Sftavagis. < Nouv. Arch. Mas. d'Hist. Nat., 1. 10, pp. 5-32, pi. 1, 1874. 49 1ft-*Report of the Commiasioners of Fisheries of the State of Califoniia for the jeaiB 1872 and 1873. — San Francisco : Francis & Valentine, printers and engnven, 517 Clay street ; 1874. [8°, 28 pp.] United Stxites Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part 11. — Report of the CommiBidoner for 1872 and 1873. A — Inquiry into the decrease of the Food- Fishes. B — The propagation of Food-Fishes in the waters of the United States. With supplementary papers. Washini^on: Government Printing Office. 1874. [80, 5 p. 1., cif; (1), 808 pp., 38 pL, 3 maps folded.] Report of the Commissioner, pp. i-xcii. Appendix B. — ^The Salmon and the Trout, (species of Salmo). pp. 89-384. III.* — On the North American species of Salmon and Trout. By Qeorge Snokley, Surgeon, United States Army. (Written in 1861.) pp. 91-160. Tl. — Report of operations during 1872 at the United St-ates Salmon- Hatching Establishment on the M'Cloud River, and on the California SalmonidsB generally ; with a list of specimens collected. By I«iv- Ingston Stone, pp. 168-*il5. XII.— On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake, Salmo virginalis, Girard. By Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. S. A. Lete.]. pp. 363-368. XIII. — Miscellaneous notes and correspondence relative to Salmon and Trout, (pp. 369-379), viz:— D — On the edible quiflities of the Sacramento Salmon. [By 8. R. Throckmorton.] pp. 373-374. £ — On the Salmon-Fisheries of the Sacramento River. By Living- ston Stone.] pp. 374-379. ITS-Salmon-hatchinx on McCloud River. [By Wm. M. Tomer.] Atherinop^xa ajtnit Ayres-J Description of a New Species of Trout from Mendocino County. [Typical specimen in the collection of California Academy of Natural Sciences.] By W. R. Gibbona» Alameda. June 22, 187.5. . I>wm.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 38, Aug. 2(5, 1875. •oas through the volume and not subordinated to the parts. 11 4 50 18Y5— Califoraia Salmon. When to take them with a fly. [Signed "Podgers."] . < Forest and Stream, v. 5, pp. 53, 54, Sept. 2, 1875. Salmon Scores from the McClond River. [By Sir Rose Price.] < Forest and * Stream, v. 5, p. 54, Sept. 2, 1875. Fishing in Montana. [Signed A. B. Keeler.] ^ Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 54, Sept. 2, 1^75. The Speckled Beauties ISalmo fantinalis'] in Colorado. [From "Denver News."] A report on the condition of affairs in the Territory of Ala9ka. By Henzy W. Xniiott, special agent of the Treasury Department. — Washington : Govern- ment Printing Office. 1875. [8o, 277 pp.] Chapter VIII. — Fish and Fisheries. The Fisheries of Alaska, pp. 165-167. [ThSa iseaaentially a second edition of the report of Mr. Elliott, published in 1873.] Deportment of the Interior. — Bulletin of the United States Greological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Uayden, United State's 0eologi8t-in>Charge. 1874 and 1875. Vol 1. — Washington: Government Printing Office. 1875. [8°, xiii pp.-|-28 pp. +77 pp.-|-499 pp. +19 11. un- pagedy 26 pi., 3 maps, 1 woodcut.] [Consisting of the separately paged Bulletins Xos. 1, 2, " First Series,*' and of the con- tinuonsly paged Bulletins Kos. I to 6 inclusive, " Socond Series," furnished with xiii pp. extra (title, table of contents, etc.). The uistinct.on "Series" is not maintained after No. 8, which completes vol. 1.] rirat Series, 1874. No. 2. [SO, 77 pp., 1.] Review of the Vertehrata of the Cretaceous Period, found west of the Mississippi River. By Edward D. Cope, A. M. pp. 5-48. Supplementary Notices of Fishes from the Freshwater Tertiaries of the Rocky Mountains. [By Edward D. Cope, A. M.] pp. 49-51. Second Series, 1875-1876. No. 1. [8°, 47 pp.] On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of the South Park [Colorado]. B> B. D. Cope, A. M. pp. 3-5. La Chasse aux animaux marins ct les p^cheries chez les Indigenes de la cdte nord-onest d'Am, 1875. In six volumes, accompanied by one topographical and one geological atlas. — Vol. V. — Zoology. — Washington: Government Printing Office. 1875. [4°.] Chapter VI. — Report | upon | the collections of Fishes | made in portions of I Neva-32. Appendix. — Description of a Mugiloid Fish from the Mesozoic Strata of Colorado [SylUemns latiirons, Copo], pp. 701-703. [N. up. Apocope eouesiL Ynrrow (p. 048. pi. 27. f. 2), Gila nigra. Cope (p. W3, pi. 30,f. 3), OilaHcminuda, Cope and Tarniw (p. COG, pi. 31, f. 1). Ilt/borftynchxa xideriut. Cope (p. C70, pi 31. f. «,) OUa ardegiaea (p. COO, pi 30. f. 1), Oila Mcminnda (p. 066, pi. 31, f. 1), Pantoateiuf, Copo (n. g., p. 673). Catoitomiu /ecundu* (p. 078, pi. 32, f. 1). "The most extended list is that of the Colorado basin " (p. 699) :— CyprinidiB PLtgoptems ar(;entimimii8 640 Moda ful;;ida 642 Lcpidomeda vittita 642 jarrovii 643 Coratichthys squamilo'.ntns 000 oscula 647 Apocope coacsii 648 ▼entricosa 048 Bybotbyncbai no Put4)Meu baidun «3 473 JDllCDB «T8 «n aw Cortgonn. ta Bnhna plcuritlcui Glnrdlnm MS 1IniilJ» vtwleril Ma ire tho» of Ih« l».h, gf UMh, whrth er flvm brfbn ,700):- Apwop. arrinponU MS heubBTil Tnlwr»U MS Cemllcbthj. lllSllIUlDl an Hjboprf. Ilmpnnogenil* aS4 apo Qlte •ST •SI b;(ln)|>bloi m™i» sss »»t"gl« S8> 53 -The FiBheriee and Sea Lions of California. [Anon.] ^ Forest and Stream, V. 6, p. 387, Feb. 24, 1876. The Natural and Economic History of the Salmonidie — ^geographical distribu- tion and artificial cnltnre. By Philo-Iohthyoa. < Forest and Stream, pp. fi8-e9 (No. 3), 106 (No. 4), 116 (No. 5), 131 (No. G), 147 (No. 7), 164 (No. 8), 179 (No. 9). " Check List of the Fishes of the B^sh Waters of North America. By David 8. Jordan, M. S., M. D., and Herbert E. Copeland, M. S. March 3, 1876. <^Balletiu of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, v. 2, pp. 133-1G4, 1876. • Yiyiparona Perch: [their abundance at Santa Barbara. By H. C. Tarro'^.] < Forest and Stream, v. 6, p. 132, April 6, 1876. Angling for Smelts in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] <^ Forest and Stream, ▼. 6, p. 166, April 20, 1876. A Viviparous Perch. [Editorial.] <^ Forest and Stream, t. 6, p. 180, with fig., April 27, 1876. Noget om Shegten Soulv ( JiunrAicAa^) og dens nordiske Arter. Af Proffessor Japetna Steenatmp. Med en Tavle. < Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1876, pp. 159-202, tav. 3. Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia River. [ JitoN. By Bamet Phillipa. — From Appleton's Journal.] < Rod and Gun, v. 8, pp. 131-132 (5 col.). May 27, 1876, with 2 figs. Bemarks od the Various Fishes [of the family of Scorpffinidas] known as Rock Cod. By "Wr W. LochdngtoiL July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp. 79-82. [K. ipw A6a«lef iLyrvti* proposed as a sabstitate for 8. rosaetut of Ayres, Imt not of Oirard. Notes on Some California Marine Pishes, with description of a new species. By W. N. Lockington. July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp. 83-88. (N. sp. Arff)fr€iomu Paeifieui, MAgdalena Bay. J Ichthyologischo Bcitriige (V.) Vou Franz Stelndaohner. 20. Juli 1876. <8it2b. K. Akad. Wissensch., B.74, Abth. i, pp.— ,1876. [13 west-coast species elucidated: n. sp. ArtedUu pugetentia^ Siphagonus barbatutt Hjfp§agonu§ SuKtnii, Btakea n. g. < Myxodea eltgant Cuoper.] Lake Fishing in California. [By E. J. Hooper. J <[ Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 5, Aug. 10,1876. Fishing this Season [summer of 1876] in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 21, Aug. 17, 1876. Notes on Califomian Fishes. By W. N. Lockington. September 4, 1876. < Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp. 108-110. (K. up. CentropomMM viridis (provisionally named on p. 100) from Asoncion Island, Lower CaUfomiA.1 Connecticut River Shad for California. [By 8. F. Baird.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 7, pp. 6d-67, Sept. 7, 1876. California Shad. [Anon.] •<^ Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 83, Sept. 14, 1876. ^ Big Fkh [Salmon weighing 100 pounds] of Alaska. [Anon. ] < Forest ▼•7«iip»813 yy. 9, 1876. , 54 18 Y6— Annual Becord of Science and Industry for 1875. Edited by Spenoer P. Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. New York : Harper Sl Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1876. [12o.] J. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 405-440. Salmon in the San Joaquin, pp. 4:)0-431. Salmon Trade pf the Columbia River, pp. 431-432. Salmon in the Sacramento River, p. 432. United States Salmon-hatching Establishment, pp. 434-435. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. = Report of explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah for a direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley, in 1859. By Captain J. H. Simpson, Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army [now colonel of engineers, bvt. brig, gen., U. S. A. ]. Made by authority of the Secretary of War, and under in- structions from Bvt. BrijjT. Gen. A. S. Johnston, U. S. Army, commanding the Department of Utah. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1876. Explorations across the Great Basin of Utah. = Appendix L. — Report on ichthyology. By Prof. Theo. GilL pp. 383-431, 8 pL, with 8 1. explan- atory. [This chapter was written in 1861, and not subseqaently revised.] United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part III. — Report of the Commissioner for 1873-4 and 1874-5. A— Inquiry into the decrease of the Food-Fishes. B — ^The propagation of Food-Fishes in t]ie waters of the United States. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1876. [8^, 1i, 777 pp.] Report of the Commissioner, pp. vii-xlvi. Appendix A. — Sea fisheries and the fishes and invertebrates used as food, pp. 1-319. V. — Account of the fisheries and seal-hunting in the White Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the Caspian Sea. By Alexander Schultz. i>i). 35-96. Api>endix B. — ^The river fisheries, pp. 321-540. XX. — Report of operations in California in 1873. By Livingston Stone, pp. 377-429. A— Clear Lake. pp. 377-381. B — Sacramento River, pp. 382-385. C — California aquarium-car. pp. 385-390. D — Overland journey with live shad. pp. 390-402. E— The McCloud River station, pp. 402-423. F — Catalogue of collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution in 1873. pp. 424-427. G — A list of McCloud Indian words supplementary to a list con- tained in the report of 1872. pp. 428-429. XXI. — Hatching and distribution of California salmon. A — Report on California salmon-spawn hatcheance of eminent men of science. -.-New York: Harper A, Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1877. [12°.] I. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 385-410. Biennial Beport of the California Fish Commission [abstract], pp, 401-403. Cultivation of Carp in California, p. 403. Department of the Interior: U. S. National Museum.— Bulletin of the United States National Museum. — No. 7. — Published under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Oovemment Printing Ofilce. 1877. [8o.] No. 7. — Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan- ning Islands aud Lower California. By Thos. H. Streets, M. D. Trout Fishing in Southwestern Colorado. ^ Forest and Stream, v. 8, pp. 189, 190, May 3, 1877. California Salmon Spawn for Shipment. <^ Forest and Stream, t. 8, p. 191, May 3, 1877. Kishiiig in Lakes San Andreas and Pilercitas, California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 270, May 31, 1877. Contributions to North American Ichthyology. Based Primarily on the Col- lections of the United States National Museum. A. Notes on the Cottidie, EtheostomatidsB, PercidaB, Centrarchid'.e, Aphododeridsp, Dorysomatidte, and CyprinidaB. With Revisions of the Genera and Descriptions of New or Little-known Species. — B. Sj'- nopsis of the Siliiridie of the Fresh Waters of North America. By Da- vid 8. Jordan. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1877. [d^, 2 title-pages, 120 pp., 45 plates.] ( Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 10. ) M'CIoud and Sacramento River Trout. [From "San Fnincisco Pacific Life."] < Foiest and Stream, v. 8, p. 299, Juno 14, 1677. Stocking the Barren Waters of the Great Divide. [By J. W. B.] < Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 400, July 19, 1877. California Salmon in Lake Ontario. [By Sam. Wilmot.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 419, July 26, 1877. tdlifomUi Salmon in the James River, Va. <[ Forest and Stream, v. 8, p, ^ Imbr 19,1877. lia. < Forosi and Stream, v. 8, p. 420^ July 26, 1877. 56 1877— The Long- Jawed Gob;?. By ^^. N. Lookington. vernment Printing Office. 1878. (8vo, 237. ) Ran of Salmon in Califomia. Note by A. R. ), v. 2, pp. 348, 349, Oct., 1878. McCloud River Hatching Station. Daily Record of Salmon taken. [Signed LivingBton Stone. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 203, Oct. 10, 1878. California Trout in New York. [By Seth Oreen.] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 20.3, Oct. 10, 1878. McClond River Hatchery. [Table of Distribution of Salmon Eggs during 1878. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 222, Oct. 17. 1878. 59 llTS-Laod-looking tlie Qninnat Salmon. Experiment of H. O. Parker, Commis- sioner on Fisheries for Nevada, in Pyramid and Walker Lukes. < Chicago Fifcld,v.l0,p.l65,Oct.26,1878. [F.M.] Ths Yellowstone as a Trout stream. [ Jnoft.] < Forest and Stream, y. 11, p. S63, Oct. 31, 1878. Another Devil Fish Story. Accoont of devil-ilsh (Ccrataptera) intorfering with a submnrine diver, from California paper. < Chicago Field, v. 10, p. 181, Nov. 2, 1878. [F. M. ] Walks around San Francisco. By W. N. Lockington. No- III.—Lake Honda and Real Bock. 5, Charing Cross, S. W., 1879. [3d ed., 13<^, viii, 353 pp., Iphot. pi., 1 map folded.] Partial Contents. Chap. V. The first introduction of Califomian Salmon Ova. pp. 34-35. Chap. VIL The second^importation of Californian Salmon Ova. pp. 39-38. Chap. VIIL The Californian Salmon, pp. 39-58. Chap. IX. Is tjie Californian Salmon suitable to the Murray River T pp. 59-456. Chap. XIX. The Growth and Development of the Salmonidie. pp. lGO-173. Chap. XXII. The Distribution and Liberation of the Californian Salmon Fry. pp. 193-344. dated Jnne 16, 1879. '•Huioe of this work, in a sli.f^htly different form, nnder the title of 'The "V,* woA originally poblishcil in the Transactions of the Zoological and elsty of Melbourne for the year 1878, and a second small edition V"— From ''Pretaee to the third edition."— See 1878] 62 1879— The Chinese and other Fishermen of California. [Condensed from 8an Fnub- Cisco "Chronicle " by Fred. Mather. ] < Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 291, Jnne 21, 1879. On the Occurrence of Hippop^lossns vulgaris, Flem., at Unalashka and St. MichoePs, Alaska. By Tarleton H. Bean. < Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, v. 2, pp. 63-66, July 1, ld79. Pacific Coast Shad. [Dy William Lang.] < Forest and Stream, v. 12, p. 487, July 24, 1879. Notes on New and Rare Fishes. Read before the California Acad. Science by "W. N. Lockington.] < Scientific Press Supplement, July, 1879; Mining and Scientific Press, Aug. 2 aud 16, 1879. Fish Notes from the Pacific doast. [By Robt. B. C. Steams.] < Chicago Field, V. 11, p. 389, Aug. 2, 1879. [Extract from "American Naturalist."] Curious Facts about Trout [i. c, jumping from flume into water below. By ]|. B. R., t. e. B. B. Redding. ] < Cb icago Field, v. 1 1, p. 404, Aug. 9, 1879. Alaska iu Summer. — Second Paper. [By ^*PiSBCO,'^ t. e. Lester Beardslee.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. f>53, Aug. 14, lr<79, [R(>fcr8, inter alias, to capture imd curin ; of salmon at Port Hunter. 1 Largest Salmon on Record. [ Jnon. ] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 557, Aug. 14. 1879. [" Victoria, Juno 20.— A salmon that weighed 98 pounds when canght has been received here from the Skecna Rlx'cr Fishery by Mr. Turner, Mayor of Victoria. Its length is 5 feet 11 inches from nose to tail.*'] Sbad iu tbe Columbia. [By **S."] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 585, Aug. 28, 1879. [Refers probably to Pomdtobu*.] Trolling for Salmon. [ A non. ] <[ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 588, Aug. 28, 1879. [Relates to Columbia River.] Oregon. [Record of a trout-fisbing expedition. By William Lang.] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 5d9, Aug. 28, 1879. The McCloud River Fishery. [.4«o«.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 604, Sept. 4, 1879. Salmon a Nuisance to Trout Fishers. [ Anon. By Fred. Mather. ] <[ Chicago Field, V. 12, p. 52, Sept. G, 1879. The North Pacific Ccdlisbery. [By W. N. Lockington. Reprinted from *' Pacific Life. "] < Chicai^o Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879. [Notice of Trout passing through flnme under pressure of 376 pounds to the square inch. Anon. ] <^ Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879. [Notice of Catfish — Aniinrus nlbidua? — 5 to 15 inches long, taken in Sausal Lagoon, where planted three years before. Anon,'\ < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879. The Pacific Salmon Fisheries. I Anon. ] < Chicappp Field, v. 12, p. 69, Sept. 13, 1879. [Notice of Catfish — Aminrus albidus? — taken in McCloud's Lake, Stockton. Anon, ] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. C9, Sept. 13, 1879. The Trans-Continental Expedition of the California Fish Commissioners. [By H. A. L. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 645 (3 col. ), Sept. 18, 1879. 63 lUf-EeYiew of the Plcarognectidie of San Francisco. By W. N. Looldngtoiu < Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, v. 2, pp. 69-96, July 2— Sept. 19, 1879. [K. sp. H^ppogfoMcidt$Jordani,p,73i Olyptocephalus Paei/lcutt p. 80; OlffptoesphalusiMehu ' nM,pw8& [Notice of Catfish for Susan River and Eel Lake. AwmS^ <[ Chicago Field, T. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879. The first biennial report of the Nevada Commission. [Notice by Fred. Ma- ther. ] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879. Habits of California River Salmon. [Anon, Extract from '^Sacramento Bee."] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 100, Sept. 27, 1879. Fish Culture Operations in California. [By Livingston Stone. 1 < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 685, Oct. 2, 1p79. [Refien to Salmon.l Why Salmo Quinnat does not take the Fly. \^An(m. by Charles Hallockt , 1879. California Fishing. [By E. J. Hooper.] «etu{oii.] The Tront of Utah. [Notice of irs risiiig to a fly.] Fy C. B. Westem EnlotphcDiu eplhexodoD M Ephlppn* lODMa* 77. 23 Bplof ph«lii> clUMu , a EtythriDOB in KKhKbolU. Dr, Frladr 13 Bnoycloiabliu M uavberril 43 Bnmiciotnmiu U BxoecBlu* eBlUbrDtcu 38, b .FtoDDdfis «f Sun FraooUoo N JForbcB. Eilniinl M Trancliitr, Osbrld. , Ifcll Fnndulua 1 ti patiiptnnli 3). 90,1) G. Gtdoid flshea, sfoapaii ol 37 gener* 87 Osdiu anntUB M donotrlpterjglft S flmbrU 10 motrbiui s pertH»pu« .,,.^. ,.. 40 pntibDiu 21, tj prgniBui 10 Calem euil* (G Oallatin, Albort IT OuUroileua bluuleMu 24 inleimedlui 28,28 micriKUpbuluB 31, !E^ 42 plebdus. Zi,13,W,il liugBttl 2S,M MmWm 24,38,42 WUliamuui .21,28,42 OMtnipby«u pollLiu 44 G»y, CUuiJiUB ' 10 GeDfoumui jl Glbbniu, I>r g aibbons, W.P ao,!3 Qibboiu, W, R 40 3S n* 38,42 GUa.. P»8 .. 17, CODOcepboU , ..,.. CRTegi* tinana 1S.W.A Emorjl !». Jfmrilii i».3». Gnhanil «. hydrcipbloi _.^,.^, DucnilepldatB nlfT* BI, phlcgethontli robuit* »,Mt4l^ ■rminadB «, Gilbert. Cbarln a Gill. Tb«odoT« 3I,SB,«^ GiUicblhra mlimbUl. 38,4* GilllH, Lleat. Ju U Ginrd, Ur. Chartea . .3, 181 IS, 30, 31, 22, 91, IS, M. Girard, Edward GlritnliDn* HiuorlpQili GiroUn nturlttuii GljpblwidOT] niblDondiii ^ W Gt.vpbtocFphntDi paclflinia ucblnu Gobiold t*npr». Goblns unclllB li^fduB Nowbeiryl 9S,28 QoBOrbyocbuB Gaudy. Jobn OnUDiuatiiplr uniB Gray, J. E Gnt'D, Setb U r,rjiL,'« llin.ii(i.B GUDOrlluB oniatua 21,28 Gunnlaon, Capt J. 7 lilititUn AHim S2,3S,a«.a»,3»,40,44 Uvniniiniunthft GyniDololdi GyropltfUroduB ftanclBcl B. nalBlnctiiB rloraolbi HbILm lIulLbot fl-blDg HoJloek. ClmrleB... C4G9,«I1 Hallow, II, Eilward H. A. L n, A. It H»id.-n, F. V 48 Haililt.\yilliam Carey..., II. D H«KbiT, GeoFRoH ncermnnn, A. L. Helniiihtbji lIciDib-pldoliuuibtBU.... K INDEX. 69 • Page. fitnikpidotiu apinosoB 27,42 TUesU 12,16 marmoratos 21 Heaahaw, H. W 50 BepCancbiu maculatua 31 Bicbert, William Henry 18,19 Hnxinga 40 Heteiandria aflinls 19 occidentalis 19 Hcterodontua philipU 38 Heteroatkhoa 21 Toatratua 21,27,42 MtUftotim 16 Baxactwnmiia 9 aaper 0 atelleri 8 HiBoUej, W.M 50 Hippocampna ingena 27, 30, 44 Hippogioaaoidea Jordani ' 63 Hippogloaaoa oalifomicus 32,43 vnlgaria 43,62 Hittel, John S 37 Bolcoiioti 20 HokoAotoaAgaaaizii 20 fiiliginoBua 20 GibbonaU 20 mogalopa 21 polchelluB 41 rhodoterua 20,29,41 Trowbridgii 21 Eokvhinoa 36 Hfilt,aH 60 HoBuJopoinaa 25 Tniwbridgii 25,28 Hooper, E. J 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63 Eoplopagrus 34 Hnbbard, Samuel 36 Huruphrt'yg, A. A 51 Hunlingtoii, J. V 11 Hybopeb bivittatus 52 timpanogoDHiB 47, 52 Hyborhyiichus Hiderius 51, 52 fljdrolagua 36 CoUUi 44 HyoJon 16 flyptrprosopou 20 Aga«t gntciUa LiKniii, Ctpuln Liparta Llpori* ojclopiu lAiklnston. W. K SS, H, 98, N, W. SI, fli sa, M Long. Mai. Stephen ? ^eparimcni of ihc ^niexxox U. & NATIONAL MUSEUM. 12 BULLETIN OP THB JNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ISTo. 12 PUBLISHED DNDEU THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: aOTEBNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB. 1878. 1 ADVERTISEMENT. This work is tbe twelfth of a seiios of papers iateii8ilabia laccra lUfi ^"DQsPlacopharynx 107 I'lacopharynx carinutuH 108 ^nns Myxostoma 110 %xostoma carpio 118 %X08tDma euryops 119 %X(KHU»tna luacrolepidotiim 120 %xo8toma anreoliim 124 ^bxobtoma craHsilubre 126 ^^yxojjtoiua ronus 126 %xo8toma anisara 126 %Xo8tonBa pcBcilura 128 %xoeU)ma ulbidum 129 ^^^xostoma cerviuuni 12^> %xo8toma albnm 130 %Xo!jtoma thalassioum 131 ^^JXostoma velatum 132 **yxo8toiua congestnin ^ 133 %X08t«mapidien8O....*. 133 V %xoHtoina coregonus 134 ^Jv^nstonia papillosum 134 ^^Hfaiytiwiia 13('» 138 5 TABLE OP C0:NTENT8. Page. Genus Erimyzon 140 Erimyzon sucetta - 144 Erimyzon goodei 148 Q«nn8 Cbasmistes ^ 149 Cbasmistes fecandns 150 Genus Catostomus* 151 Catostonins nigricans 162 Catostomns clarki 165 Catostomns insignis 165 Catostomns teres 166 Catostomns macrocbilua .^ 171 Catostomns oceidentalis 172 Catostomns labiatns 173 Catostomns araiopns - 173 Catostomns taboensis 173 Catostomns rostratns 174 Catostomns longirostris 175 Catostomns retropinnis 178 Catostomns latipinnis 178 Catostomns discobolus *. 179 Genus Pantostens 180 Pantostens virescens 182 Pantostens platyrbynchns 183 Pantostens generoens 183 Pantostens plebein% 184 Genus Cycleptus 186 Cycleptns clougatus 189 Genus Carpiodes 190 Carpiodes diffonuis 195 Carpiodes cntisanserinus 195 Carpiodes velifer 196 Carpiodes bison T 197 Carpiodes tbompsoni 198 Cairpio<]cs cyprinus 193 Carpiodes carpio 200 Genus Bubalichthys i>01 Bnbalicbtbys bnbalns HOG Bubalicbtbys urns 209 Bubalicht bys racridioniilis 210 Genus Icbtbyobns 211 Icbtbyobns bubahis 214 Genus Myxocy prinus 217 Myxocyprinns asiaticus - 217 Addendum SJig Cbasmistes liorus 219 Catostomns fecundus 219 Bibliograpby 221 Index ; 231 / CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. No. 3. A.. STHE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FISHES OF THE • ALLEGHANY REGION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND TENNESSEE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES. By David S. Jordan and Alembert W. Brayton. This paper is based primarily on the collections made by the present ^tera, assisted by Mr. C. II. Gilbert, and a party of students from Batler University, daring the past summer (1877), in various streams of Sooth Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. For the purpose of a more oomplete discussion of questions of geographical distribution, the au- thors have brought together, with their own observations, those previ- ously made on the fishfaunsB of the same streams by other writers, specially the observations on the fishes of the Tennessee Basin by Professor Agassiz ;• those on the fishes of the basins of the Santeet (Catawba), Tennessee,} and Cumberland, || by Professor Cope, and on the fishes of the Cumberlaud, Tennessee, Alabama, and Altamaha 'Notice of a Collectioti of Fishes from the Soathero Hend of the TeuDcssee Rivor, in t^ State of Alabama. By L. Agassiz. < American Journal Sci. Arts, 1^54, pp. 207- ♦Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of North Carolina. By E.D.Cope. < Proc.Am.Philos. ^ Phila. 1870. pp. 44S-495. ♦On the distribation of Fresh- water Fishes in the Alleghany Region of Sonth-western ^Bginia. By E. D. Cope, A. M. < Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. new series, vol. vi, t ia, Jumary, 1S69, pp. 207-247. '«M EUMMtomine Perch irom Tennessee and North Carolina. By £. D. Cope. 'O.iR *70. 8 CONTBIBUTIOSS TO NOBTH 4IfBBICAN ICnTHTOLOOY — m. basins by Professor Jordan.* Tbe purpose of tbia papecistogix r^umi of all that is certainly known in regard to tbe icbtbyolog; the seven bydrograpbic basins embraced in its scope, viz, tbe Sao: Savannah, Altamaba, Cliattahoochef , Alabama, Tennessee, and Ci bcrland. For purposes of comparison, a table of distribution of spei is added, which includes, in addition, what is known of the flah-fiu: of the James, Roanoke, Nense, Great Pedee, Aid Ohio. The following is a clasaifled list of the streams which have been amined in each water-basin included in Ibis paper, with a word or I suggestive of the character of each. stream. The collections in ev case were made by one or both of the present writers, nnless otberv LIST OF STEEAMS EXAMINED. I. — SANTEB BASIH. 1. OatAwba River and tributaries in North Carolina. (Cope, 18C9,) 2. Ennoree Giver, near Chick Springs, S.C. {Deep, mnddy, andrap 3. Reedy River, at Greenville Court-House, S. C. (Muddy.) 4. Saluda River, at Fair's Mills, west of Greenville. {Clear and ra[ a fine seining-ground.) It. — SATANKAH BASIN. 1. Tugaloo River, Ilabersham County, Qn., just below month of PantI (Clear, broad rapids.) 2. Panther Creek, north of Toccoa City, Ga. (Clear mooutaio-strea ON THE FI8HES OF THE ALLEGHANY REGION. 9 4. OeuiQlgeo Biver, Macon, Ga. (Collectiou of Dr. T. H. Bean and other members of the United States Fish Commission.) IV. — CHATTAHOOCnEE BASIN. L Chattaboochee Biver at Shallow Ford, northwest of Gainesville, Ga. (Broody shallow^ rapid ; water moderately clear.) 1 SawaDoee Creek, near Suwannee, Gwinnett County, Ga. (Deep, maddy^ and very cold. Contains chiefly Codoma eurystoma.) 3. Peach Tree Creek, just north of Atlanta. (Deep and muddy.) i Nancy's Creek, northwest of Atlanta. (Clear and rapid.) 5. Flint Eiver, in Taylor County. (Collection of Dr. Hugh M. Neisler in United States National Museum.) V. — ALABAMA BASIN. A. — Etotcah River. 1. Pettis Creek, near Cartersville, Ga. (Clear, rocky.) 2. Silver Creek, near Bome, Ga. (Clear, rapid ; a fine stream for col- lecting.) 3. Dyke's Creek and Pond, near Rome, Ga. (Cle^r and cold.) B, — Oostanaula River, 4. Rocky Creek, near Floyd Springs, Ga. (A fine, clear stream.) 5. John's Creek, near Floyd Springs. (Clear.) 6. Lovejoy's Creek, near Floyd Springs. (A small sandy Ptreanc, full of fishes.) 7. Big Annuchee Creek, above Rome. (Clear.) ^- BigDrj* Creek, near Rome. (A succession of weedy rock-pools.) ^' Liitle Dry Creek, near Rome. (Like the preceding.) 10. Waterb's Creek, above Rome. (Muddy and rocky.) 11. Lavender Creek, in Texas Valley, Ga. (A small clear stream.) C. — Coosa River. ^ Beecb Creek, near Rome. (Muddy.) 15- Horseieg Creek, near Rome. (Rocky, clear.) 1^- Little Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, Ga. (A fine-, clear, cold streani. One of the best for the collection of fishes. Abounds in Xenisma Mliferum^ Hydrophlox chrosomuHy Codoma callistia^ and other beautiful species.) 9er, near Montgomery^ Ala. (Collection of Dr. Bean and 10 CONTBIBOTIONB TO NOETH AMKEICAN ICHTHYOLOGT — ^IIL TI.— TENNESSEE BASIN. A.—.Ujpper Course. 1. OliiioU River, tribntartes in Soutliwestern Yirglnia. (Oope, IfK 2. PowoH'8 River, near Cumberlnud Gnp. (Clear.) 3. ludian Creek, neiir Ciimberlunil Gap. (Clear.) * 4. Station Greet, near Cumberland Gap. (Clear.) 5. Uolstou River, various tributaries \a Sonthwcatem Virt (Cope, 1868.) It. Frvtivli Braid River, at Newport, Teno. (Rather deep and ma 7. Frviich Broad Eiver, about Warm Spriogs, N. C, ABheville, - nnd elsewhere.) (Cope, 18C9.) (Rapid, rocky, aod gew dear.) S. U\e I'igeon River, at Cliffton, TeoD. (Rather clear.) 9. Svrnnnumxi River, at foo; of Black Mountaiu. (Clear, cold m aiu stream, with tront.) B.—lAnrcr Courte. ItV OhickdinanfEa River, at Rtuggold, Ga. (Ratber clear aad iwky.) 1 1. Tirilwtarii's of Tennessee Kiver, abool Hnntsville, Ala. {Agi NewmanV ci>llwtion, ISill.) 12. Tribn;ariei> of Tennessee River, nltoDt Florence, Ala. (Storer, 1 FI8HB8 OF THE 6 ANTES BASIN. 11 The Banteei SaTannah, Altamaba, and Ghattahoocheo have been ezuBined only in that part of their coorse which flows over metainor- phie rocks. The three western streams have been studied chiefly in the Kimtooe regions. The litbological cbaracter of the bed of a stream hu fi oertain influence on its fish-fauna, as will be seen hereafter. Gen* enQy limestone streams are richer in si>ecies than those with granitic bottoms. The types of the new species described below are deposited in the Doited States National Museum at Washington, and in the Mnsenm of Bitto Univendtyi Indianapolis, Indio^^a. I.— SANTBE BASIN. Thirty-nine species are ascertaioed to occur in the headwaters of the Santee River, thirty-three having been obtained by Professor Oope in the Catawba Biverin North Oarolina, and tbirty by the present writers it the Saluda and Ennoree in South Carolina. Of these thirty nine ipedes, ten are not as yet known irom any other hydrographio besin. These are : Alvardivs craamsy iTothanotua thalasHnuSj Ceratickthys hhroMUij Ceratichikys zanemua^ Codoma pyrrhomelaa^ Codoma chlorUtla^ fhiftogeais niveus^ Albumops chlorocephaXus^ Alburnopa saludanvSy and M^iBtoma album. The appiirent absence of Luxilus comutus in the Great Pedee, Sautee, Savannali, Altamaha, and Chattahoochee Ba^iusis remarkable, as that species is abiiodant in the tributaries of the Neuse on the east and the Alabama on the west, as in all streams northward to Minnesota and New England. Tke8{)ecies most abundant as to individuals, in the Saluda at least, i* probably KotropU photogenia. Next to this come Codoma pyrrhome- 'fliaud Ccratichthys bigtittatus. Of the Catosiomidw^ Myxostoma cervinum' •eems to be the predominant species; of the SlluridaSj Amiurufi brun- WKi, and of the Centrarchidcdj Lepiopomun auritus. The chief food- flsiies at Greenville, S. C, are the "Mud Cats" {Amiurus brunneua and ptoti/cephalus)y the '* Fine-scaled Sucker'' {Catostomus commerHoni)^ the Eel (Anguilla milgaris)^ the "Spotted Sucker" (Minytreviamelanaps), the ^l^^Tch'" {Lepiopomus auritus)^ the "War-mouth Perch" (Cft(cwo&ry«M« wVWiir), the "Jack" (Esox reticulatus)^ and the "Jump Bocks" (Myxo- i^a cervinum). 12 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AXERICJLS ICHTHYOLOOT — ^UI ETHEOSTOMATID^. Gemis ALVORDIUS Girard, I. Altobdids cbassds, sp, nor. Klhtetloma uamlalum vor. Copk, Proc. Am. Philoa. Soo. 1870, 261, 262, and »S. (Set ttadnpttru* tnanlain* (iirard.) A Hiieciea bvnniig considerable resemblance to A. aspro, but lea diHtliivtly iiinrkei) iiiid more licavily built, tbe form being less gracernl tbut) tl)At of tbe oUier members of tho genus. Bod; considerably com- pifawtl, tbe ilt'pth 4j times in length to origin of caudal (as in all cmh ill this [Ht|H>r). ileud comiiuratively sbort, 3^- in lengtb ; the BDOOt nuHlium, nut ncumimUe as iu A. phoxLcephalua, jior especially obtaw. Kyt> iiKHlentto, h8 long us snout, 4 in head. Mouth rather small for tit gi'nus, uearly liorizuntiil, the upper jatr but little the longer: nppa j«w not im>jei'tiU> : mnxtllury reaching anterior margin of eye. Cl)(H.'kti naked: oiK>ix:les with a fe\r scales above: back and bnnit uaketl : middle line of belly iu some specimens naked : in otben nith eiilarj^M i>lalr&. Seales on the botly nither larger than osaal, about Fin» modomtely develo|KHl: dorsal XII-I. 10, \-nr\ing to XI-1, 11; ail iiH^misp in tho uuwt>er of the spines, as osaal, accompanying * dM'Tvas«> ill the nnuilter of soft rays, a rule apparently not hitherto tKtik'vd. and ix'fhaps nut of gouenil applicatioo. Tbe two donal flu ^8H£S OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 13 Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay. 2. BOLEOSOMA MAGULATICEPS Copc. Mmma maetilaticepa Cope (1870), Proc. Am.Pbilos. Soc. 269 and 450. (Catawba B.)— Jordan Sl Copklamd (1^76), Check List (Bull. Baffalo Soc. Nat. Hist.), lea. (Name only.) Mh maaUaHorp9 Jordan (1877), Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. s, 15. (Name only.) ^fkmma olmstedi Jordan (1877), Add. N. Y. Lye Nat. Hist. 368. (Ocmulgee River.) A single specimen taken in the Saluda Biver at Farr's Mills answers doselj to Professor Cope's description. The npper part of the cheeks kaTe, however, a few scattering scales. This species is a true Boleosoma, Altboagh the type of Bolcosoma has but a single anal spine and B. effuh ^maod B. maculaticeps have two anal spines, the essential character of those spines is the same in both cases, and the genus Arlina^ based on B^efulgens^ is a synonym of Boleoaoma. In Boleosoma, the spines are ill weak and flexible, and those of the anal especially so. In most or an of the other genera of Etheoatomatidce^ the anal spines are stiff and loug, and, with scarcely an exception, the first spiite is the longer of the two. In the species of Boleosoma, with two anal spines, the two spines ireoDeqnal, the second the longer, both extremely slender and flexible; iK)t at all ^' spinel-like, except that they are not inarticulate. This feeble condition of the spines seems to constitute the chief generic character of Boleosoma, Two of the species provisionally referred by Professor Jordan (Bull, U.S. Nat. Mns. x) to ^^Arlina^\ viz, Arlina stigmcea Jor. and A, airipin- »« Jor., have the anal spines well developed, as usual in Etheostomatidce. These two species and their congeners apparently constitute a distinct genas, differing from Diplesium in the toothed vomer and from Notho- w/w ia the protractile npper jaw. For this genus, the name of Vhcentra (Jordan) has been suggested (Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 223), in allQgiou to the development of the spines. Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz 3. NoTUONOTUS thalassinus, «/?. nov. A handsome species, differing from the others now referred to this L 8«DUjiin the entire nakedness of the head. ^T rather, stout, the depth about 5 times in the length, com- the back somewhat arched. Head large, 4 in length, and convex in profile; a pretty decided angle 14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHT^OLOQT — HI. opposite the e;e. Eyes larfi^o, ),jgi] ap^ longer tban the mozzlc, 3 ia bead : ioterorbital space ratber narrow, the eye having some opwat raDge. Moutb mixlerate, sbghtly obliqae, the maxillary n-achiug 1 orbit. Upper ji(\r eligiitly longer than the lower, not protractile, ties eotirely naki-d, both ubeeliB and opercles being destitute of scaler Scales large, 5-il!-5. Uelly scaled: throat naked: ucck anterior naked, but scaly io front of the dorsal : lateral line complete. Flus all large : U, X-1, 10, or lX-1, II, the oiembraoe of the first dc sat continued to the base of the second: longest dorsal spinealitl over balf the length of the bead, scarcely shorter tbati the solt ray the base of the spinous dorsal a little lunger thaa that of the soft ilc sat. Anal IT, 8, rather smaller thaa set^oud dorsal, the first spiue longi and larger than the second. Caudal tin deeply Innate, almost forhe Pectoral and ventral fins large; the former reaching nearly to the veui the latter somewhat shorter. Color, in spirits: Olive, closely mottled and tessellated above witl dark green ; this color extending down the sider*, forming fix or eigbl irregular dark green bars. Head daik green ; a dark green line dom word from eye and another forward. Fins in males nearly plain, Ibc spinous dorsal with a black edge ; females with all tbu tins except tbi ventrals closely barred or speckled with dark green. Two paleoru>e( spots at the base of the caudal. Lite-colors : The colors of a male specimen in life are as follows: Bodj dark olive and blotched above: sides with nine dark blue-green veitiMl nSHES OF THE' SANTEE BASIN. 1 5 Genus ETHEOSTOMA Eafinesque. 4. Etheostoma flabellare Kaf. (CaUmoius flabellatua Aact.) Three specimens doabtfuUy referred to this species were obtained by Ffoteoer Cope in tbe Catawba River. CENTRARCHIDJ]. Genus MICROPTERUS LacepMe. 5. MiOROPTEBUS PALLiDUS {Rafinesque) QUI d; Jordan. Professor Cope obtained this species in the Catawba. We collected iKKiein the Saluda or Euuoree, bat we were told that ^^ Trout '\ as the species of Micrapteruit are universally called in the South, are frequently tikeo there. Genus CHiENOBRYTTUS Gill 4 6. Ch^nobryttus viridis {Guv. & Vol,) Jordan. The War-mouth Perch occurs in abundance in the Saluda, and appar- tttly ID all the South Atlantic streams. Cope says that it is exceedingly conmoD in all the streams of Eastern North Carolina, and that it is known as the Red eyed Bream on the Catawba. This species is very Ately related to C. gulosusy dififering chiedy in the color and in the •wnewhat less robust form. It may be only a variety. Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque. 7. LEPIOPOMUS AURiTUS (LinncBus) Raf. ^ my specimens of this sp^ies from the Saluda have a dusky blotch ^bar at the base of the soft dorsal, a feature of coloration not shown by ^y Northern s|)ecimens. This is a widely diffused species, and, like most **ch| is quite variable. Genus EUPOMOTIS Gill & Jordan. 8. EuPOMOTis AUREUS {Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. ^*^ies8or Cope obtained this species in Catawba River. We have it in the fe! m States. It is probably chiefly con- 16 COHTRIBUTIOKS TO KOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — HI. ESOCID^. Genus ESOX Linneeus. g. Esox BET1CULA.TC8 Le Sueur. Very common. We are unable to distJDguisb tbe Sonthern foi [jgiuiUratm Say, a^n'u Holbrook} as even rarietally distiuct from tl Nortliern reticulatua. 10. ESOX EAVENELI Holbrook. Obt^ned by Professor Cope in tbe Catawba. Its specific distinctit from E. americanus timeliii api>earH questionable. salmonidj:. Genus SALVJ:L1NUS Itkhardson. II. Salveliiv'Ds FONT1NAL1S (JlfJtc/iifO GUI A Jordan. Tbis s[>eciea was found by Professor Cope iu the headnatera of t Catawba Jiiver. CYPRINID^. Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassis. 12. CAMPOSTOMA ANUHALUX {R"/-) ^3- FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 17 talent to the sobgenerio section of Albumops or ^^ Hybopsia^^ called EndioniuB by Oiranl. Body elon^te, but compared with its immediate relatives, hudsoninsj onanu, aod 8torerianu8j short and thick ; moderately compressed, the depth 4| in length : caadal pedancle shortened, 4f in length : head large, 4 times in length, relatively heavy and gibbous forward, the snout roonded in profile, as in A. hudsonius. Eye large, rather wider than interorbital space, about equal to snout, 3^ in head. Hooth moderate, snbinferior, the maxillary not reaching to eye. Scales large, thin, and loose, 5-39-3, about twelve in front of the dor-* Ml fin. Lateral line somewhat decurved in front. Fio8 moderately developed. Dorsal beginning in advance of ventrals, If 8; its first ray nearer snout than caudal. Anal I, 8, rather small. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, the latter not to vent. Color clear olivaceous, nearly white, like the rest of the group, some H>eciineDS showing a faint plumbeous lateral line. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, two or three of the principal row obtuse, not hooked ; ooijone or two of the teeth usually showing a masticatory face. Habitat — Abundant in Saluda River, where it reaches a length of sboQt foar inches. Also obtained by Professor Cope from the Catawba* The peculiar characters of this species have been noticed by Pro- fcwor Cope, who, however, was disposed to consider it a variety of B. amarus. It differs from our specimens of what we consider to be tbe latter species (from Ocmulgee liiver) in the smaller eye, the thicker kead, shorter, deeper bodj-, more decurved front, and shorter caudal i^oncle. In amarusj the eye is 3 in head, the head 4f in length, and tbe caadal i)eduncle 3|. ^e have been disposed to unite, under the generic name LuxilvSy a ^ge uamber of species forming a series the extremes of which bear Kttle resemblance to each othc^r or to the means, but which form a chain "ttonbroken that it is difficult to draw any generic lines among them. ITbat this group may ultimately be broken up into natural genera is very Probable, but the groups thus far proposed have not received very •»ti«factory definition. These species agree (a) in the absence of any special modification, ^ther of mouth, fins, or alimentary canal ; {b) in the dentition, the "^h being in one or two rows, always four in the principal row of "*iiriftl type, and some or aU of them provided with a grinding And io Bometpafli iviysi one edge of the masticatory 18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. surface is more or less creuate, especially in yoang individaals ; (o) the aual fin is always short, containing from seven to nine rays; (d) the dorsal fin is never inserted very far behind the ventrals ; (e) the lateral line is developed and continuous. The species dififer much among themselves in size, nuptial dress, and general appearance, notably in the squamation, the scales of the typical species of Luxilua being closely imbricated and much hight^r than long, while in the gronp called Hudsonius the two dimensions of the scales are »early equal. The scales themselves, in Hudsonius^ are thin and loosely imbricated. Within certain limits, the position of the dorsal varies also. In HudsonitiSy its first ray is in advance of the insertion of the ventrals; in LtuciliM and AlburtiopSy usually directly opposite ; in Photogenis and HydrophloXj distinctly posterior. The form of the mouth varies largely : in L.ooccogeni8y it is wide and ojblique, the lower jaw projecting. In the typical species of Alburnops and HudsoniuSy the mouth is small and more or less inferior. The species may be provisionally grouped as follows, under five groups, four of which may be considered as distinct genera. Those species whose position is doubtful are indicated by a mark of interrogation : — A. — LuxiLUS Rafinesque. (Scales very closely imbricated, much deep- er than long: teeth2, 4-4, 2, entire: dorsal fin inserted directly op- posite ventrals: month terminal: size large: nuptial dress peculiar ; type Gyprinus cornutua Mit.) eomutus Mit. coccogenis Cope. seUne Jor. B. — Photogenis Cope. (Scales pretty closely imbricated, deeper than long: teeth 1, 4-4, 1, more or less crenate (rarely one-rowed 1) : dorsal fin behind ventrals, always with a black spot on the last rays behind : males in spring tuberculate, the lower fins and the tips of the vertical fins filled with satin-white pigment in spring: mouth terminal, the upper jaw longest : size medium ; type P. spilopterus Cope = Cyprinella analostana), analoatnnus Girard. nivetts Cope. galacturus Cope. iris Cope (!). Icucopus J. & B. C. — Hydrophlox Jordan. (Scales less closely imbricated, somewhat deeper than long; teeth usually 2, 4-4, 2, often more or less crenate : dorsal fin distinctly behind ventrals, unspotted : breed- ing dress pecnliar, thema'es almost always red : mouth terminal, I FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 19 obliqae, the apper jaw nsaall}^ slightly the longer : size ver} small; type Eybopsis rubricroceus Coi^i^.) roBeus Jordan. chrosomus Jor. rubrioroeeus Cope. xamocephalus Jor. l^fpinnis J. & B. plumheolu8 Gope. chUitiev$ Goiie. bivittatus Cope. ekalifbcBfis Cope. lacertosus Cope. D.«-ALBnBNOPs Girard. (Scales rather loosely imbricated: teeth 4-4, or ly 4-4, 1 : dorsal fin inserted over ventrals, unspotted : sexes alike: mouth more or less inferior, horizontal or oblique: size small ; type Alhumops blennius Grd.) microsta^Hus Raf. timpanogenais Cope. volueellus Co[>e. cliloracephalu8 Cope. 9peetrunculus Cope. fretensis Cope. procne Coi>e. nuMlus Forbes. tiramineus Cope. blcnn%U8 Ord. iuditanus Cope (t). shumardi Grd. miMurienn^ Cope. illecebrosus Grd. sc^Zia Cope. ^^HuDSONius Girard. (Scales thin and loosely imbricated : teeth 1, 4-4, 1 or 2, the grinding surface often distorted : dorsal inserted in advance of ventrals: colors silvery : sexes alike: mouth in- ferior: body elongate, the head comparatively short: size medium ; type Clupea hudsonia Clinton.) taludanus J. & B. amarua Girard* hudsonius Clinton. storerianus Kirtland. We have substituted the name Albumops Grd. for the earlier name ^iiopna^ as we think that the latter genus was founded on a species of 15. Alburnops chloeocephalus (Cope) J. & B. ^9^>9ptis chlorooephaluB CoPE (1870), Proc. Am. F»hilo8. Soc. 461. 'Hiis beautiful little fish is abundant in the clear rapid waters of the Salada. It resembles H. rubricroccua, but is smaller and stouter- bodied, ^th smaller' mouth. The scales in front of the dorsal are fewer (about It) in number. The teeth are 1, 4-4, 1 (2, 4-4, 2, in rubricroceua). The meebnens are profusely tuberculate on the snout and ante-dorsal ^"^nefoond this species abundant in the clear waters 20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope. 16. PHOTOGENIS NIVEUS {Gope) J. &. B. Eyhop9ia niveu9 Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soo. 4G1. A very pale species, related to Photogenia analostanus and P. galacturus^ rather than to the species of ^^Hyhopsis^^ to which genus Professor Coi^e referred it. My specimens are all very white, with a narrow bluish stripe along the caudal peduncle, which sometimes forms a faint spot at base of caudal. In male specimens, the snout and ante-dorsal region are covered with small tubercles. In males, the dorsal An is considerably elevated. In color, the dorsal fin is largely dusky on the last rays, the most of the fin somewhat creamy-tiuted. The tip of the dorsal fin and the tips of the caudal are filled with milk-white pigment, as in the related species. The anal fin is entirely milky. The teeth are 1, 4-4, I, provided with a narrow masticatory surface. Fhotogenis niveu8 is abundant in the Saluda Eiver. It was first dis- covered by Professor Gope in the Catawba Kiver. 17. PHOTOGENIS ANALOSTANUS (Otrard) Jordan. We did not find this species in the Saluda, although Professor Cope states that it is abundant in the Catawba. It is perhai)S possible that Professor Cope mistook our Codoma cliloristia^ a species which resem- bles it very much, except in dentition, for the true analostanus. The ^*Cyprinella analostana^^ has been a stumbling-block in the classification of these fishes, as to the masticatory surface of Lnxilus it adds the cre- nations of Cyprinella. We are inclined to think that Cyprinella should be restricted to those species whose teeth are without grinding surfaces and are permanently crenate. The relations of Luxilus analostanus^ spilopteru^j galacturusj leucopus, and nireus are much more intimately with the species of ^Codoma than with Luxilus, but the development of grind- ing surfaces on the teeth renders it necessary to refer them to the latter genus, unless Fhotogenis be admitted as a distinct genus. Genus CODOMA Girard. (Subgenus EROGALA Jordan.) Fhotogenis Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Ilist. N. Y. 335. (Not of Cope, whose type, P. apiloptems, proves to be a species closely related to L. analostanus, if not identical with it.) Examination of a large number of specimens supposed to be Fhotogenis 9pilopterus^ from Saint Joseph's Biver, in Northern Indiana, Professor FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 21 '^[>e'tforigioal locality, has convioced ns that the spilopteriiSy the type of the genos PhotogeniSj does uot belong to the group of colored species for which Professor Jordan lately adopted the latter name. The genus PhO' tof^tf (Jordan) being thus left without a name, that of Erogala has beea BQggested (}>, spring-time; ydXay milk, in allusion to the milk-white pig- ment with which the male fishes are ornamented in the nuptial season)* Codoma Ord. differs from Erogala in the form of the head, which is Bhortj blunt, and rounded, as in Phnephales. We do not now think that the two are distinct as genera, and prefer to consider Erogala as a sub- genos of Codoma. The type of Erogala is Photogenis stigtnaturua Jordan. This subgenus is remarkable for its geographical distribution. All of the species thus far kuown belong to the Southern States, and each of the Southern river-basins probably has from two to four species of the genus; not a single apecics, so far as known, being common to two different river- The distribution of the species of Erogala is as follows :— - Santee Basin : pyrrhomelas Cope. chloristia J. & B. Savannah Basin : none known. Altamaha Basin : xcenura Jor. calliaema Jor. Chattahoochee Basin : euryntoma Jor. Flint River : formosa Putn. Alabama Basin : callistia Jor. trichroiatia J. & G. ccerulea Jor. stigmatura Jor. I^^er west their place is taken by the species of Gyprinella having •^f^ated teeth, and farther north by the species of Luxilm^ section Pho- ^^0^, having teeth with developed grinding surfaces. 'Hie species of Codoma are remarkable for their exquisite coloration, ^ostof them being adorned with bright red in addition to the milky pigment The black dorsal spot is present in all the species. 18. Codoma ghlobistia, sp, nov. ^tijf sIm^ and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical, # /I, purrhomelas^ but rather deeper, the depth of adults ' BCeBd rather small and pointed, 4^ in length. 22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY HI. Eye moderate, less than snout, 4 iu head. Mouth rather small, quite oblique, the maxillary not attaining the line of the orbit, the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, especially in spring males. The head and mouth considerably resemble those parts in P. analo8tanu8. Scales*much deeper than long, very closely and smoothly imbricated, more or less dark-edged above. 5-37-3. Lateral line decurved. Fins moderately develoi>ed : dorsal distinctly behind ventrals, its first ray about midway between nostrils and the base of the caudaL Dorsal 1, 8. Anal 1, 8. Nuptial tubercles iu the male greatly developed, covering rather sparsely the top of the head and the region anterior to the dorsal. Iu addition, similar tubercles cover the caudal peduncle and the whole sides of the body« except the space below the lateral line and in front of the ventrals. The tubercles on t^e body are considerably smaller than those on the head, and smaller than in xcenura or pyrrhomelaSj but they cover a much larger area than iu any of the latter species of the genas. Chin tuberculate. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, entire, without masticatory surface. Coloration, in life : General color a dark steel-blue, a very distinct blue stripe along each side of the caudal peduncle, as in (7. ccerulea^ bat fainter : sides of body with fine steely-purple lustre : back clear green : head clear browjiish : iris white: cheeks of a pale violet color: lower part of sides becoming rather abruptly milky-white: dorsal fin with the usual large black spot on the last rays well developed, and the usual milk-white pigment in the tips: lower part of the dorsal fin with ))igment of a tine clear green color, somewhat as in analostanus, but unusually bright: caudal fin chiefly dusky, its tips milky and the base somewhat so; the middle of the fin has a slight reddish tinge: aual fin entirely milky, a faint dusky spot on its last rays, resembling that on the dorsal : ventral fins milky. Female and young specimens are more slender, and the bright colors are usually wanting or obscured. Size small ; length of largest specimens less than three inches. In form, this species resembles C. pyrrhomelasj but the short anal (eight rays instead of ten) will always distinguish the species. Tho coloration of the male is different, being much less brilliant, although ))erhaps more delicate. 0. chloristia resembles in color 0. ccerulea most, but the latter species has a much more slender form. Habitat — Abundant iu the clear waters of Saluda Biver, with C. [ FI8HE8 OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 28 ff^^^i'^ukij Phoiogenia niveusj Alburnaps chlorocephaluSy and other hand* 19. GODOMA PYBBHOMELAS (Cope) J Of. f^f*tHitkpfrrhameUi9 Copb (1870), Proo. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 463. This species, the most ornate of the genns, and one of the most bril- liut sof the caudal fin are milk-white; next to this ootoee adnsky crescent ; a wide bright scarlet crescent lies inside of the hliekaad extends into the two lobes of the fin. The base of the fin is pele. The top of the head and the region in front of the dorsal are covered vlth small pale tubercles. The sides of the caudal peduncle are pro- vided with rather larger tubercles, arranged in rows along the series of Miles. This is the most abundant fish iu the waters of Catawba River, accord- ing to Professor Cope. Genus NOTROPIS Rqfinesque. (MinniluB Rafioesqae; Albumellus Girard.) 20. NoTROPis PHOTOGENis {Cope) Jordan. k''^ pkoiogfniM Cora (1864) Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. 280. ^'^•fifaiu Umeof Copk (1860), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 379, and elsewhere. Hj specimens differ considerably from the typical forms of this spe- • ^ Imt correspond to Professor Cope's '* var. a aa a a^^ from the Ca- ^^ha. It is the most abundant species in the Saluda waters, especially ^iiQiore sluggish tributaries. Two forms, perhaps varieties, perhaps ^iffijTent sexes, occur, the one pale, with deep, compressed body ; the other darker, with the scales dark -edged and the body much more elon- K^ It is difficult to distinguish the latter form from N. ielescopus * (^le). The pale form has the head above and under jaw covered with "^ pointed tubercles. 24 CONTRIBDTrpXS TO NOHTU AUttKlCAM ICHTHTOLOQT — ^Dl. Genus GILA Baird <£ Girard. (Sabgeiius CLINOSTOMDS Oimrd.) 21. Gila vasdoisula {Cue. di Val.) Jar, XwGiwvi MndouHltM C. &. V. (1844), Hint. Nat. Poiaa. xvii, 317. CKi>04t(initt(ajf!MiiGiRAiiD(lR5ti), Ptoc. Ac. Nat. Sc.212. This Bpctiies is cotamon in tbe Saluda waters, as in the Cotawb TadkiD, and otber Soutborn streamn. It seems to prefer still, or eve muddy waters, as wo foand it more abuudaiit in the Beedy Biver tbi iu either Saluda or Enuoree. Our specimena were greenUb orblnii in color, the back mottled with scales of a diSereut hue, as Dsnal in tli {;eDu8. Id the mules, the region behind the head aod above the pc torals and extending backward to tbe nual arc of a brigfat rosy-n brightest just behind the bead. Tbore is no distinct dark lateral ban None of oar specimens were noticed to be tnbeicalate. The oharacte distinguish ing this species from the more northerly Q^ia (G'/jiuwto. Am. PbUoa. Soo. 4T8. This little Sucker is exceedingly abaDdnnt ia the Salnda, Beed; BuDoree. It abounils in rapida and rooky shoals, and is popolarly i as •* Jnmp-rockB", from its habitof leaping (torn tbe vater. It ia not valued, except by Dcgroes, small boys, ami aataralists. The black margiu of the dorsal is a characteristic color-mark. 29. BIyxobtoma papuxosdm (Cope) Jor, FISHES OF THE 8AHTEE BABOt. 27 32. Myxostoma album {Cope) J. db B. PtydMMmrt aVb^ Cops (1870), Proc Am. Phil. Soc. 472. The species — the " White Mnllef — was found by Professor Cope in tbe Catawba Biver only. We obtained no specimens from the Saluda, which is perhaps due to tbe fact that our collections were not made during the season of the migrations. Genus ERIMYZON Jordan. {M7X09ioma Agassiz, but Dot of Raf.) 33. Ebimtzon suoetta (Lac,) Jordan. CfpriMM raceUa LAC^piDS. C^pritM obUm^pu MiTCHlLU This species is moderately abundant in the Saluda Elver. Professor Cope foand neither this species, nor tbe next, in the Catawba. Genus MINYTREMA Jordan. 34. MlNYTBEMA MELANOPS [Raf) Jor. Catottmua melanops IZafixesquu, Kirtland, etc. i/AiMfonki victoria Gikakd. Erimjfzon wulanopa Jordan. This widely diffused species is abundant in tlie mill-ponds, etc., of tbe Saluda River, and is known as the Striped Sucker. It is considerably valued as a food-fish. Many specimens were taken at Bannister's Mills, on the Eunoree, tbe proprietor of tbe mill, Mr. Bannister, having kindly drawn oft' tbe water from his pond, in order to enable us better to examine its flsbe^. Our specimens seem to be precisely like the ordi- nary melanops from tbe Ohio lliver and tbe Great Lakes. • Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur. 35. CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI {Lac.) JoT. The Fine-scaled Sucker is common in tbe Saluda, as in nearly every stream east of the Bocky Mountains. It is especially abundant in mill- pouds. 28 CONTBIBUTIONS TO MOBTH AMERICAN ICBTBTOLOGY — ^tH SILUUID^. Genus AMIURUS Rafitmgm. 30. AuiUBus BBCNNBUS Jordan. JmiKrkt plaigetphalia Cope (li70), Pcoc Am. Philoa. Sdc. 485. (Not PtmOadn, ctjiiiatiui Qnl.) AntUraa brumieui Juhdah (1870), Ann. Lye. Nat Hilt. 366. Tbi» U tlie coiuiDou cat-flsb of tbe Sutada, aud is known as tlie Cat. Adult specioiens roach u length of abont 18 inches, and bear reaemblunee to the yoiitif;, from which the spcisies was first dcsci The adidts are extremely elongate, nearly terete behind, with fiai, bi-oad heads. In color, they iir» of a more or less clear yellotrish-ji more ditttiiicCly greeu than is any other species. The nHine " brum ouly a|iplies well bo the young. The species may be known frui relateil A. platycephalui by the more elongate form, tiie shorter an (10 to 18 rays instead of 20), and by the month, which is some inferior, tbe lower jaw being much the shorter, while in A.platyeep the Jaws are equal. Tbe color is also different in the two species platycepluilHS is yellowish, dark above, aod more or less marbled oi sides with darker, resembling, iu that respect, A. marmorattu. J bi-UHtiei'D, the caudal fin is nsaally nneqaal, the upper lobe beioj longer, and the rudimentary csndal rays are nnasnally nnmeroai siHJcitiien nearly a foot long had the alimenbiry caual fuar timn trSHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. 29 Genus NOTURUS Bafinesque. 38. NoTUBUS INSIGNIS {Richardson) QUI & Jor. SStfmw wuurginaim9 Baud. This species is abandaDt in the rock-pools of Keedy River. It prob- blf Occam Iq all the Atlantic streams as far north as Peunsylvania. ANGUILLID^. Genus ANGUILLA Thunlerg, 39. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. The commoQ Eel is abundant in all the streams of the Southern States 08 far explored. LEPIDOSTEIDiE. Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacepede. 40. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag. This Ash is said to occur in the Saluda, but we obtained no specimens. II. — WATEEBASIN OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER. Fifteen species are ascertained to occur in the water-basin of the ItvaoDah. Of thcHe, two species are recorded from npocimens in the Tnited States National Museum ; one on the authority of Profesj^or Igissiz, the others from our collections in the Tugaloo Hirer and in Toe- M Greek. None of these species are peculiar to the Savannah Basin. the common Cgprinidw are all of Tennessee River types ; the others are 4tber sf^ecies of general distribution, or else are shared with other iootbem streams. ^ Id seining the Tugaloo Eiver, two rather unexpected features were iade manifest: first, the very small number of small fishes, both Cypri- iMr and EtheostomatidcB inhabiting the river. There seem to be very bv species present, and these few are represented by very few individ- Ids. Although the islands below the mouth of Panther Creek fcrnish QSt excellent seining-ground, yet our fishing was a series of '^ water- ▲ fliuBle draw of the seine in the Saluda or the Etowah would cues and more individuals than were secured in 30 CONTBISnTIONS TO NORTH AUEEICAIT ICHTHTOLOGy — n The second )>ecnliarity of tbe Tagaloo faaua is that its oband flbhes are all of ty|>ea abuodant ia the Teuaessee Rirer, but Dot from aay otltor of tbe Atlaatic streams. Of tbese may be men Photogenic gnlaeturvi, Luxilus coccogatu, Hydrophlox mbrieroen Catogtomua nigricans. The close proximity of the sources of the T and tbe Little Tennessee, War Woman Crrek and Little TenneMe< rising on opposite sides of _ Rabun Gap, and of the Tallnlah ai HiaWHS»ei>, may perbups help to explain this auonialy of distribn ETHKOSTOMATIDiE. Genus HADEOPTERUS Affossb. 1. DA.DB0PTSBU8 NiaROFASOtATUS ^ff. A single large specimen was taken in Toccoa Creek, near ' Falls. ' CENTRARCHID^. Genus MICROPTERUS Lac^p^. 2. MiCROPTERUS SALMOIDES (LtfC.) OitL (Var. MbaoUet.) Tbe small-montbed Black Bass or " Trout '^ of Ibe Sontlieni at liiliooflu-c. Al;ili;niKi) differs f i FI8BGB8 OF TtiE SAVANNAH BASIN. 31 bntrked by pretty regalar lines of dark olive-green spots along the aerieiof scales. The lower fins are asnally more or less red, and the khek, yellow, and white coloration of the caudal fin, so conspicnoos iu joiogq)ecimeos of the Northern form — in the Western States, at least — k not Dodceable in the Soathern variety. Ibis species is abundant in the tribataries of the Savannah, where it ii known as the <' Trent ''• • Genus XENOTIS Jordan. 3. Xenotis sanguinolentus {Agassiz) Jordan, kiV>AK (1S77), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. 318. A single 8i>ecimen of this beautiful fish is in the National Museum from Augusta, Oa. It is identical with my specimens from the Etowah, aeotioned in the paper above cited, but it is possibly not the species to which Agassiz gave the name of sanguinolentus. The species of the (eous Xenotis are extremely difilcult either to define or to recognize. CYPRINODONTIDJE. 'Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz. 4. Ztgonegtbs nottii Agassiz. A ^^ Zifgonect^s guitatus^ is recorded by Professor Agassiz from the BaTaonah near Augusta. Professor Putnam informs me, from the ex- imination of the type-specimens, that the species is identical with Z. sottti Ag. SALMONID^.. Genus SALVELINUS Richardson. 5. ^^ILTELINUS FONTINALIS {Mitch.) QUI & Jor. The common Brook Trout is very abundant in the clear tributaries of tte Chatuga and Toxaway Kivers, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. This i*T'ery near the southern limit of the species, although it is said to occur in certain tributaries of the Upper Chattahoochee, farther west. CYPRINID^. Genus LUXILUS Rafinesqiie. 6. LuxiLUB coccoGENis (Cope) Jordan. beAQtifol species is common in the Tugaloo. The numerous '\ pale, and showed only traces of the distibctive red 32 CONTEIBOTIOSS TO KOETH AHEBICAH ICBTHYOLOGT — ^m. Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope. 7. PHOTOGKKIS GALACTUnUS (Ccpe) J. «£ B. BaptUepi* galaclurut CoPB (1870), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. IGO Tbe most aliuDdatit fish iu the Tiigitloo. Our specimens were verf |)ale Hud-diill colored, but tbey nre not otberwiiie differeat from ^cd' mens of F. galactuma t'roDi the Tenuessee aud Cumberland Biven. Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan. 8. HVDBOPQLOX BUBRICBOCBUS (Cope) J. <£ 8. Hyhoptii rtibrierooeva Cope (1663), Joarn. Ac. Nur. Sc £11. ThU Burpaasiiigly beautiful little fish abounds in the rock-pools of tbe smaller tributaries of tbe Tugaloo. lu Toecoa Creek, it is very abniH dunt, far otitnumbcring all otber speeies. We obtained many stieoi- nieua ft-om tliu |iool at tbe loot of Toceoa I'alla. Tbe lile-coloi'H are as follows: Dark steel blue; a dark lateral band of c<>Hly punctuliitiuna, whicb is usually distinct on tbe anterior half vi body, and passes tbrough tbe eye aiouiid tbe snont. All the Bus of a ricli clear red ; the dorsal ratbcr crimson, the eandal pfuk, the lower Bus full bright scarlet. Uend all pale scarlet -iL-d, the lower jaw fluked, M if bloody, a lustrous streak alung the sides, below which ia a distiuefe (•ilvery lustre. Eyes silvery, sumenbat flashed with re<1. In hick coloration, the entire body becomes more or leas red. This red piff- ment becomes more evident when a flsb is Brst placed in alcohol. Ffnl FISHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. 33 ^U species is related to C7. hypsinotus (Gopo)^ bat has a less elevated ^^1 regioD and longer barbels. 10. Cbbatighthts biguttatus (Kirtland) Oirard. Tbe ** Horny Head'' is abundant iu all the small streams falling into ibe Tngaloo. It famishes much harmless sport for the amateur anglers rbo yearly visit the beautiful Tallulah region. CATOSTOMIDJl. Genus MYXOSTOMA Bafinesque. 11. Myxostoma cbrvinum {Cope) Jor. lie little " Jump Rocks" occurs in some abundance in the Tugaloo t its tributaries. Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Suem. {Hylomyson Agassiz.) 12. CATOSTOMUS NIGETCANS Le S. *be Hog-sucker occurs in rapid waters of the Tugaloo and Toccoa. B cot known to occur iu any other of the Atlantic streams south of Potomac. SILURID^. Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque. 13. Amiuuus platycephalus (Oirard) Gill, The original types of this species in the Smithsonian Institution were a tributary of the Savannah at Anderson, S. C. Genus ICHTII^LURUS Bafinesque. 14. ICHTH^LURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor, fbe common '^Channel Cat" is found in some abundance in the T« oo River. ANGUILLIDiE. Genus ANGUILLA Tlmnberg. 16. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. '^van inhabitant of tbe waters of the Tugaloo. 3 34 COKTRIBUllpSS TO NORTH AWEeiCAN ICHTHTOLOQY — in. III.— WA TEE- BASIN OP THE ALTAMAHA BITEB. Ttventy-tbrce Species are known tn occar in tbe water-ba«Q of tl Altamaba, exclasive of tbe Sbad {Ahsa sapidisntna), wbicb afcendsa tbeSoatberD rivers until preventeil by ttiedaios Of these twenty-tbiw four nro known only from tbe Oconee and Ocmulgee, viz, yothtmotu inscriptug, Egdrophlox luUpinnU, Codoma callisema,&ad Codoma xantra Tbo otbers are cbicfly species of general tlistribation. Five species u, apparently of tbis siiecies, from the Ocmnlgee Biver i Macon, Qa. FISHES OF THE ALTAMAHA BASIN. 35 wbieh is somewhat larger than the anal ; the two dorsal (Ids coDDected bjmembniDe. Dorsal XI-1, 11. Anal II, 8. Dorsal spines a little more than half the length of head. Pectorals and rentrals well developed. Color, in spirits : Olive, with an orange spot on on each scale, these fonDJog eontinaoas lines along the rows of scales. These lines are quite ooQspicoous, as in Xenisma catenatum. Three dark blotches across tbe back: one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the anterior dor- ulspiDes; one between the two dorsal fins, forming a similar black ipoton the last part of the spinous dorsal ; and one on the caudal pedun- cle, behind the second dorsal. Sides with about six irregular dark olive blotches just below the bteral line. Second dorsal, caudal, and pectoral extensively dusky- sbaded. Anal unicolor. Head dusky above, a dark line downward, and one forward from eye. A female specimen taken lacked the lines of orange spots, and it was oiore distinctly blotched on the sides. In life, the male specimen had tbe entire anal fin, the cheeks, opercles, and a bar below the eye bright blue. The extreme edge of the spinous dorsal was blackish ; below this bright orange red, and a dusky bar at the base. The colored lines of spots were ferruginous, or scarlet-red, rather than orange. Length 2^ inches. Two specimens only were taken, in the upper waters of the Oconee Kiver, at Sulphur Springs, in Hall County, Georgia. This is one of the most beautiful of this interesting genus. In the «Dooth head, it resembles K. thalassinvsj and differs from the others known. The entirely dissimilar coloration separates it at once from If, CENTRARCHIDiE. Genus MICROPTERUS Lacepede, 4. MiCROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QUI. Var. salmoides, -^bnndant in the Oconee and Ocmulgee. Genus CHJENOBRYTTUS Gill \ GHiENOBRTTTUS vmiDis (C. iiS as the massle, 3} to 3f in bead. Month large, qaite oblique, the maxillary reaching to orbit, the man- iible indaded. Scales mediam, 6-40-^, rather closely imbricated, about 21 in front of the dorsaL Dorsal nearer caudal than muzzle, distinctly behind the ventrals. Dorsal 1, 8. Anal 1, 8. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ven* Uals, the latter not to vent. Color, in spirits: Clear olive; a dark, burnished, plumbeous lateral ' bmd, which extends through the eye and up the caudal fin : whole body bright crimson : fins yellow. . Colors, in life: Clear olive above, with very intense green dorsal and vertebral lines; an intense metallic blackish band along sides; bdow this the sides bright silvery, in the males bright, clear red, the color of red 'berries ; the whole body more or less flushed with red, the bdly especially bright : iris crimson. Fins all bright golden-yellow: silvery space below ^-e strongly ninkei : tip of lower jaw black. T^h 2, 4-4, 2, with masticatory surface developed. Length 2} to 3 inches. Tliis species is extremely abundant in the headwaters of the Oconee, in clear rapid streams. It is one of the most brilliant of the genus. Eydrophlox lutipinnia is deeper-bodied than H. rubricroceus. It has alsoasQialler mouth and different coloration, especially of the fins. From A, eUorocephaluSj \\ differs in the larger mouth, larger size, and smaller scales: the pectoral and ventral fins are also usually shorter. The teeth, also, are 2, 4, instead of I, 4. Genus CODOMA Girard. 11. CoDOMA XiENURA Jordan. J'JwKiM (Pkotoffeni8) xcenuru8 JordanX1877), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 79. This beautiful fish is the most abundant species in the rapids of the Ocmolgee at Flat Shoals. 12. CoDOMA CALLISEMA Jordan. ^S/kmacaUitema Jordan (1877), Ado. Lyo. Nat. Hist. 3G3. This species, one of the most elegant of the genus, is very abundant ii the South Fork of the Ocmulgce. It differs from the other species of 38 CONTB1BDTIOH8 TO NOKTH AMBBICAK ICHTHYOLOGT — lit. tbe genas in the presence of a single row of teeth and ia the more ac rior position of tbe dorsal, which is scarcely at all posterior to tbe ^ trals. It is, however, rather a Codoma tbau an Epiaema. Genus KOTEMIGONUS Bafinesque. 13. KOTGUISONUS auebiganhs (£.} Jor. A'olnttffoMHt itdtaaiu Jordan (1677), Ado. Lj-c. Nst. HUL 364. Very abundant everywhere in the Ucmulgec in still or deep wat4 Adnit specimens have tbe lower flns jellow, tipped with scarlet. Genus CERATICHTHYS Batrd. 14. Cebatichthys BUBBiPBONs Jordan. Xteomi* rubrifron* JoitD-U<' (1^77), Add. Lfc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 330. This handsome little fish was first describetl from the Ocmnlgee Bive where it is abundiinL It is also common in the Oconee. 15. Cebaticbthts biguttatcs (Kirt.) tjirard. Abaadaat in the Oconee; not noticed in the Ocmnlgee. Genus SEMOTILUS Rafinesque. 16. SEMOTILrS COIIPOEALIS {Slit) PutMtm. From a small brook, tributHry to the Ocmnlgee. In the Sooth, tl FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BASIN. 39 SILURIDJ). Genus ICHTH^LURUS Bafinesque. 20. loHTHJiLUKUS PUNCTATUS {Rofinesque) Jordan. Very common in tbe Ocmulgee. Genus AMIURUS Bafinesque. 21. Amiubus mabmoratus (Holbrook) Jordan. A single specimen is in tbe National Maseum, collected by Dr. Hol- bn)okiD tbe Altamaba Hiver. Tbe species occurs in abundance in tbe ^ams aud slougbs of Soutbern lliiuois. 22. Amiubus bbunneus Jordan, Very abundant in tbe Ocmulgee, from whicb river it was first de- scribed. ANGUILLID^. Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg. 23. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. Eels occur in all tbe larger tributaries of tbe Oconee and Ocmulgee. IV. — WATER BASIN OF THE CUATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. Oar collections in tbe Cbattabooebee Basin bave been ratber unsatis- factory, as only twenty-one spt'cies bave been obtained. Of ibcse, tbrce *<^Di to be cbaracteristic of tbe river, and bave not yet been obtained else- '^here; Setnotilus thoreauianu^, Photogenis leucopus, and Codoma eury- *U>ma, Tbe otber species taken are found also eitber in tbe Altamaba or Alabama, or botb. The Chattaboochee is notewortby as being, so far as is at present ^novrn^ tbe easternmost limit in tbe Soutbern States of tbe Rock Bass [^iHhhpUteH rupestris) and tbe Red Horse {Myxostoma duquesnii)^ as tbe i 'ejjterninost limit of tbe range of tbe *' Green Cat " {Amiurus hrnnneus)^ *te War-moutb Percb {Chwnobrytius viridis), and tbe "Jump Rocks" UMpma cervinum). It is also tbe westernmost of tbe series of riv- Baot/ee, Savannab, Altamaba, and Gbattaboocbee — loes not occur. 40 C0MTHIBUTION8 TO NOKTH AMERICAS ICHTHTOLOOY — 111. Four of tbe Bpeck-s here ineiilioDed wen collected sevenil yfr ago by Dr. Hugh M. Neitiler at some point in Georgia, Cfae record of locality not ciTtaiuly prtservfd, but supi>08td to be Fliut Biver, and DOW iu the Museum of tbe SmithHoniun lustitotion. Tbese are Coin ttoma anomalum, SemotUva tlioreauianus, Codoma formoaa ("■ ffrandifi nw"), aud' Apkododerus sayanus [^'Aalernotremia meaotrema "}. ETHEOSTOMATID^. Genus HADROPTERUS AgassU. 1. Hadeopiebds niobofasciatus Agtuaiz. Abandant at the Shallow Ford of the Chattaboochee near GuSae Tille, Oa. CENTRARCHIDiE. Genus MICROPTERUS Lucepede. 2. MiCEOPTEBUS PALLIDUS {Bof.) Q. <£ J. Not very abandant. 3. MiCROPTEBUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QilL Very codhdod. Genus A^IBLOPLITEB Itajfncsmic. FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BlSIN. 41 APHODODERIDJL. Genus APHODODERUS Le Sueur. 7. APHODODBBUS SATANT7S (OiU) DeK. The Bpecimen described in Balletin No. 10, U. S. Nut. Mus., as Aster- wf^nmitLmemiitrema Jor., doabtless belongs to this species. Tlio ^^ genas ^ kfkmoirtmia is probably an immature stage of Aphododerus. CYPEINIDJ;. Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope. 8. PHOTOGENIS LEUOOPUSy irp. nOV. Adender, rather plain speciesi closely resembling Photogenis niveus fron tbe Saluda. Body elougate, compressed, tapering toward tbe snoot and tbe long caodal peduncle. Depth 4} in length. Head moderate, 4^ in length, IttXer than in P. niveuSy rather pointed, wide on top. Snout rather loBgaml somewhat i>ointed. Mouth large, qnite oblique, the intermax- lUaries on the level •£ the pupil : upper jaw slightly longest. Eye ■oderate, rather less than snout, 3^ io head. Scales moderate, rather closely imbricated, but less so than in P. analostanus, G-39-3. Fins moderate, D. I, 8, A. I, 8, tbe dorsal evidently bebiud the veu- tnls. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, tbe latter not quite to ^'cnt. Neither dorsal nor anal si>ecially elevated. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, with narrow grinding surfaces and usually MDowhat crenate. Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery: a rather ineonapicnous dark blotch on last rays of dorsal, as in rehited species. A round black HH)t, Dearly as large as eye, at base of caudal, precisely as in Codoma ^9towa. In life, the coloration is pale ; the dorsal fin is chiefly of a dear yellowish-green color, as though yellowish pigment were mixed with wbite ; tbe upper part is of a pale ferrugineousred and tbe extreme tip milky-white. The caudal fin is ferrugineous, with milk-white tips. The lower fins, especially the ventrals, are milk-white. Tbe snout in oales is tnberculate, and very minute prickles occur on tbe sides of tbe Mdal peduncle. Length 3^ to 4 inches. Very abundant in the Chattahoochee Eiver at the Shallow Ford ; not notieed elsewhere. 42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — III. Compared with P. niveusj P. leucoptLS Las a different form, the dorsal region is less elevated, and the uuchai region less depressed. The month is larger, the maxillary extending to nearly opposite the eye, instead of falling short. The eye is larger and the mouth is less inferior in P. 2ev- capus. The coloration is somewhat different. Photogenis leucopms also resembles Codoma eurystoma^ but that species has a heavier head, larger eye, stouter body, and different dentition and coloration. Genus CODOMA Girard. 9. CoDOMA EURYSTOMA Jordan, rhotogenis eurystoviua Jordan (1^77), Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. 356. This is the most abundant Cypriuoid in the tributaries of the Chat- tahoochee liiver. It frequents especially the cold streams, but does not seem to be adverse to mud. In Suwannee Creek, a deep, cold, muddy stream flowing through the >voods. this was almost the only species obtained. Its life-colors are as foIli)Ws : General color of Luxilus comutus on body, but the sides with considerable coppery lustre. Dorsal fin with a sharp, black, horizontal bar nbout half-way up. In young fishes, this bar is red. The tin above is somewhat milky ; below, it is pale. There is a small, but distinct, round, black, caudal spot. The caudal fin is chiefly ot a rather dull feirugiuous red. The base of the fin is pale, the tips rather milUy. The anstl fin is unniarked. There are gilt Hues along the back and sides. A dark humeral bar is usually present, and the upper edge of the pectoral fin is largely black. The teeth of this species are usually 1, 4-4, 1, as at first described, but we have found several individuals 1, 4-4, 2. This species resembles somewhat Phoiogcnis Icucopus^ but it is stouter every way, with deeper body, larger head, and much larger eye. 10. Codo:ma FOR3IOSA {Putnam) Jordan. (Alburnus fomw8U8 Putnam, Lcuchcus hijpsdopierus GUutber, Photogenia grandipinnis Jordau.) The typical specimens of P. grandipinniH are supposeil iijiwtinlii of lotty laige specimens in tno bours' seioing at Ili> Klmllow Ford. It grow^ to tbe leugtb of about IS iiiclies, atid is idikI valued uu food. It is UHually bnowo as the Mud OaL Genus NOTURUS Rafinesq^- 19. >'OTUBUS LEPTACANTHUS JortJaa. .ViilNiNa Ifplafanthut Juhhan (1c<>7), Ai>u. Lj c. Nat. HUl. N. Y. Si2. Tbi.s siH'di'M wiDt originally described from a single speciuit-u takiiii SilviT UiVfk, a tributary of ibe Etowub. A second H[>ecimeii. Kiinilc rn the Ural, wits taki'U by us at tlic Shallow Ford duviug the [mstsun uivr, and siiu'u lUfii a third, at the same locality as tbt; first. lu i-olu thJH sptTit's is of a rich pale triiii»piin>nt brown, very slightly nintllc with dnrktT. LEPIDOSTEID^. Gmius LEPIDOSTEUS Lacifede. tM. LElMDUSTErS OSSECS (£.} Aff, FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 45 Alabama Basin. These are: Xcnisma steWferunu Zygonecies guttatus^ Zjig(miete$ kieroglyphicusy Hydrophlox xamoccphalusy Hfjdrophlox chroso- ait, Codoma callistia^ Codoma trickroistia^ Codoma coerulea^ Codoma tUpnatura^ yotrapis stilbiuSj Phenacobius catostomus^ Catostomus nigri- mMietovanuSj and Myxostoma euryops. 1 exclude from ibis enumeration OM or two species recorded from the Black Warrior Eiver, as it is likely that the faana of that stream will prove, iu part at least, dififerent. Certain common Northern or Western types, apparently absent in the ttreams hitherto noticed, make their appearance in the waters of the Alalnmai Among these are I/uxilus comutvs^ Notemigonns chrysoleueusj Ckambryttu8 gulosuSj Hyodouj Phenacobius, etc. ETHEOSTOMATID^. Genus PERCINA Haldeman. 1. Pbecina caprodes {Eaf,) Ord. Abondaut: precisely like Northern specimens. Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz. 2. Hadroptebus NiGROFASCiATUS Agasniz. Abondaut: first described from near Mobile. Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan. 3. Ulocentra stigmjea Jordan. Boldnma ftigmcta Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 311. Coinraon in clear water. This species also occurs in the streams of IiOaisiaD,a. Genus BOLEICHTHYS Girard. 4. BoLEiCHTHYS ELEGANS Girard. Abnndant in clear, weedy ponds. This may not be identical with Girard's species, which was originally described from Texas. PERCID^. I Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque. 5. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Rafinesque. ^ liyer-channels of the Oostanaula. We have had no opportu- ^ specimens, and we are not sare that the Alabama fish 46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOU>OT-r-IU. CENTRARCHID^. Genus MICROPTERUS Laci^da. 6. MlCBOPTEBUS PALLIDUS {Baf.) Q. A J. Abaodant. 7. MiCBOPTERUS SALHOIDES [Lac) QUI. (Var. aalmoidea.) Abandant, bat less so than the preceding. The two species known indiscriminately aa "Tront". Genus CH^NOBRYTTUS GUI. 8. Ch^nobeyttub gulosus {C. & V.) QUI. From the Alabama Biver at Montgomery. Genus AMBLOPLITES Rafinesque. 9. AMBLOPLITES BUPESTBIS {Raf.) GUI. From tbc Etowah and Oostanaola; ratber common. Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque. 10. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDCS (Mit.) 0. * J. Abtindnnt in tbc Etowah aod Oostanaala. FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. Genus CENTRARCHUS Cuvier <& Valendennes. IS. Cbntbaecuus raiDBus {Lac.) 0. (ft V. Specimens &^m Alabama lliver, at Montgomery, similar to others ftom tbt! Neuse and from about Cliarlrston. Tljts species bns been fooDd by Prof. S. A. Forbes in Soatbern Illinois. G«nus POMOXYS Rafinesque. 16, PoMOXTs HiGitoMACuLATUS {Le S-) Qtrard. Spfpimens from the Atabikmii Jliver nt Sloulgomery. 17. I'OMOXYS ANMULARia Et^. FmiD Bound Lake near Mootgomery. Genua HAPLOIDONOTUS Rajifiesque. 18. IlAPLOlDONOTUS GBUSNTENS Rafinesque. Abundant in the Ooatananla. COTTID^. GenuB P0TAM0C0TTU8 Om. 19. POTAMOCOTTUB MERIDIONALIS (Qirard) Oill 'MiMMIu canlintt Otu. {1H61), Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist. fItaeaiUMt toplurut JORDiH (1877), Add. Lyo. Kat. Hist. N. T. 320. Bictedingly abandant in all the clear and cold tribotaries of the Ethvah, Oostananla, and Coosa. Many opecimens from the cold waters of the Cave Spring Creek. We are anable to satisfactorily distingDish tho fomiB called zophema, caroUncE, and meridionalU, and, believing them ■IwciQcall; identical, we anite tbem under the oldest name. APHODODERIDJ!. Genus APHODODEEUS Le Sueur. [iphrtdodenu Le 6. ; Stemoiremia Nelson.) 20. APHODODERns 8AYANUS (QilUams) DeKay. SpeefmeDS from Alabama Biver near Mootgomery. Tbe fisb de- Vibed by Professor Jordan from Flint Biver, nndcr the name of A»- VMto mnoPrema^ is andoabtedly a variation of this spedes. 48 CONTBIBDTIONS TO KOBTH AMEBICAIT ICHTBTOLOGT — ^IIL CTPRINODONTID^. Genua XENISMA Jordan. 21. Xenisma STBLLiFBBnM JortUm. Xenitma ilelli/era Jordan (ItOT), Add. Ly o. Nat. Hist. N. T. 322. TbiH inoet exqaisitely colored fish is very abundant in all tbe eh tributaries of thu Etowah, Oostanaula, and Cooaa. It prefers a Haters, and ascends the " spring-runs" to tbeir fouDtuin-headB. Genus ZYGONECTES Affossis. • 23. ZYGONECTES MOTTil Agognz. Many speciaieus iu tbe MuBenm of tbe Academy of Natnral Seienec of Phihidelphia, from near Mobile. This and tbe nest belong to tb group of short-bodied species called Micrittius by Profesiior Gill. 23. Ztqokecteb guttatdb Agastiz. Recorded by Professor Agassiz from near Mobile. 24. ZYGONECTES HIEBOGLTPHIOUS Agostiz. Recorded by Protessor Agassiz from near Mobile. We havenen seen either this or tbe preceding, and donbt if any one will over reoO| uizetbetn from the published descriptious. F.SOCID.E. FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 49 DOROSOMATIDiB. Genus DOROSOMA Rafinesque. 28. DOBOSOMA OEPEDIANUM (Lac.) OiU. (Var. heterurum Raf.) Specimens in the United States National Maseam from Eoaud Lake itMoDtgomery, Ala. OYPRlNIDiB. Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz. 29. Oampostoma anomalum {Raf.) Ag. Var. prolixwn (Storer). Abandant in tbe* Etowah and Oostananla. Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque. 30. LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mit.) Jor. Very abundant in all the tributaries of the Etowah, Oostananla, and Com Bivers. Hy specimens do not obvioasly differ from those from New York and the Northwest. Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan 31. Hydeophlox chbosomus Jordan. Sj^tpfit ckroBomus Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 333. Very abundant in the clear tribataries of the Oostananla, Coosa, aud fitowab. In Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, it is the commonest species tocorring in the clear, cold waters, with Codoma callistia and Xenisma tktti/erum. None of our Cyprinidce excel Hydrophlox chrosomus in deli- Mey of coloration. It is of a clear hyaline-green above; clear silvery Mow: a scarlet band straight from upper edge of opercle to caudal : lorsal, anal, and caudal each with a scarlet bar. In this species, the Booth is rather less terminal than is usual in tbe group called Hydrophloa. 32. Hydrophlox xjbnocephalus Jordan. iti» stwmoeepkaliM Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 334. M preceding, but rather less common. This species bears some B Toong of Codoma callistia. 60 COHTRIBnTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — IH. Genus CODOMA Girard. 33. CoDoau. BTIGHATUBA Jordan. Photogenii ftigmatuni$ Jordan (1817), Ann. L;c. Nat. Rist. N. Y.337. This elegnnt species is vt-ry'^HbaiidaDt in the tribataries of the) wah, Oostauaulft, and Cooan. In tbose streams which are oeitlier i clear Hnd cold nor very muddy, it is Dsaally the most abnndant spei 34. CoDOMA OALLiSTiA Jordan. Phologtuii cuffiMiM JORDAN (1877). Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 337. A large, ornate species, more brilliantly colored than the preced hub U'HH graceful in form. Female specimens are dull dark olive, i Ibo dorsal fln brick-red. This species occars with the preceding, hi rather less abundant. 35. CODOMA TBICHBOISTIA Jordan & Gilbert, »p. not. A smiill, slender species, grnceful in form and elegant in coloral It is most nearly related to C. caltiatia, but may lie readily distinguis Body mthcF slender, considerably compressed, the depth 4J in leo Head rather sktnder and jrainted, 4| in length. Eye of modentei :H in bead. Month quite large, very oblique, the maxillary ezten to opiK>site the anterior margin of the eye, and the premaxilb being on » level with the middle of the pupil, the mouth thus fa< nf .V- HBHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. • 61 eitUy the anterior pait| is of a bright pale vermiUion-red. The caadal fio to chiefly rosyi the tips millL- white. The anal is miUsy, with a decided flush of Tose-eolor. The yentrale are milky. Female spedmene are daller, bat the black fln-marklDgs and the caa- dal spot are similar in all. In the female of C. calliatiaj the dorsal mark- iop are obliterated. In the males, in spring, the head and anterior dorsal region are rather ipusdy taberenlate. The caadal pednncle and the space below the literal line as far forward ns the ventrals are covered with similar tobendes. TMh 1, 4-4, 1, of the nsnal ty|)e, hooked and sharp-edged. Maxi- ■om length 2| inches. C. callistia reaches a length of 4 inches. Ooioma trickroiatia is very abundant in the clear tribataries of the Etowah and Oostanaala. Specimens were taken by Messrs. Jordan and Gilbert in 187d. bat the species was at first confoanded by as with C. mUiitiaj which it mach rambles in coloration. The entirely different Boath will distingaish the two species at once. 36. Ebogala OiBBULEA Jordan. Jordan (1877), Add. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T. 338. This most delicate and gracefal fish has thas far been only fonnd in the Oostanaala River and its tributary, Rocky Creek.- It prefers clear vatere. 37. CODOMA FOBMOSA (Putnam) Jordan. The typical specimens of Alburnua formosvs Putnam and of Leuciscus ^n^dopterus GUnther were obtained from near Mobile. The species tberefore belongs to the fauna of the Alabama Basin. Giiuther's description applies well to ^^Photogenis grandipinnis Jor.", and Alburnns fifno9U9 is probably the same. The following is an analysis of the characters of the species of the Mihgeoas Erogala at present known : — ^Ktion I. ADal fin elongate, iU rays 1, 10, or 1, 11 : teeth 1, 4-4, 1. *• 0OIM1 fio entirely posterior to ventrals, its rays, in males, longer than head, reach- ing nearly to the base of the oandal : body short, mach compressed : back elevated; depth 4 in length: head 4^: mouth large, very oblique, the Jaws eqnal : black dorsal blotch very distinct : a distinct black caudal spot : coloration and tubercles nnknown : size small ; length 2^ in- ches FORMOSA, 1. ii* Doffsal fin slightly posterior to ventrals, its longest rays, in males, shorter than the head, and not reaching nearly to base of caudal : caudal peduncle taberculate : fins with much red : sice medium ; length 3^ inches. 92 90NTBIBDTION8 TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHVOLOOT — ni. t. Body deep, compTeeeed ; depth 3) to 3f in leugtb : floa ftll grektly e1e?ktcdi(be height oftbe dorsal five^ixtbs the len|[ttaof the head: iiiaule,ut«titr part of dotsal fin, and « broad cresceat in the middla of the eandil b bright scarlet: poaterior niar)[iD of caudal blackish; no black «pM it base of caudal prKBBOnLU,! bb. Body more eloagate, leas compresaed, ita depth 4 lo 4^- iu length: finaallnte low, the loageet doraal ra; scarcely | length of head : donal, anal, Hd cantlal fins chiefly bright crimson : no definite daik margin to eaad>l: a faint black caadal spot x.aKtnu,). Section II. Anal fin short, ita rays I.S, or 1,9. 'Teeth one-rowed, 4-4. Dorsal fin ecarcely at alt poaterior to ventrala, Itafinti^ nearer anont than base of oandal: body elongate, compreaaed: omA Bmalliab, obliqae, rather inferior : dorsal fin ijreutly elevated, the laii|Mf ray, io males, longer than the head: black dorsal blotch well oiarlud: dorsal, anal, and caadal fins chiefly of a brjgbt ferraginmu-anafsi a bine streak along alilea : size small ; length 31- inches. . .caixiseu,! ■■ Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1 (often 1, 4-4, 3, in C. exrytfcMMi). 0. Black markings of the dorsal fin not in tbe form of a horimntal bat aenal tbi fin. d. Adult males without red markings on tbe floe, e. Nodiatioot black ordark blaeepot at baeeof eandal: body abort and daift strongly coDipreesed : floe uot greatly elevated, tbe doiMtl largelyoft bright luetrons pale green : black donal mariiiogs distinct : a bloiri streak along sides : males with the whole body tnbercatate, except tbi space anterior to tbe ventrala and below the latersl line : bead poiolad month oblique, the upper jaw projectiug: siie anjall; length 3 is chee cHu>Ki«n*,B «. A rather faint dark blue caudal spot, preceded by a very dininot latat* band of clear blue : aides chiefly blue and silvery: flns dear yelIo*,lh< black markings obscnre : body tiknder : month email : Bna not gnatf} elevatt'd : size Rniall ; length 3( inches cxMCLUft em. A large, very conspicuous jet-black spot at base of candal : body elaofsM) moderately compressed : color pale olivaceona or bluish : sides silTcty: FI8HE8 OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 53 R Genus NOTROPIS Bafinesque. .38. NoTBOPiS LIBUS Jordan. StWnpiM Unu Jordan (1877), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 342. Common in tributaries of the Etowah, Oostaoaula, and Ooosa in still, deep waters. This species is not, by any means, a typical member of the genus. In form, coloration, squamation, and nuptial tubercles, it BBMoibles the species of Lythrurus^ from which it is technically separated If the wont of masticatory surface on the teeth. Notropis matutinus ipptoaches it in the small size of its scales. 39. NoTBOPis STiLBius Jordan. StMnpii 9HUrims Jordan (1877), Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. T. 343. Abundant in the water-basin of the Alabama. The species of this IMrns greatly need revision. Genus NOTEMIGONUS Bafinesque. \ 40. NOTEMIGK>NUS CHBYSOLEUOUS {Mit.) Jor. i [ {Kkmerieana of moet writers ; Dot CyprinMS americanus Linuftus, which is a SoatheaMt- era species— ^otomi^oitiM ischanus Jor.) This familiar species is very abundant in bayous and weedy streams - in the basin of the Alabama. Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope. 41. PHENACOBIUS CATOSTOMUS Jordan. 'UMc^iM cato$tomu9 Jobdan (1877), Add. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 332. This Strongly marked species was found in abundance in two clear ^eams. Silver Creek and Cedar Creek, tributaries respectively to the ^wah and the Coosa. This is a much stouter species than P. uranops Oope; it has less developed lips and is in various other ways dissimilar. Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird, 42. Cebatiohthys winchelli {Oirard) Jordan. n$ wimeMli Girakd (1856), Proc. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 1856, 211. IVifiolCftyf kpalinus Cope (1868), JourD. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 1868, 236. vy eommoD in the Alabama Basin. 0. higuttatug was not obtained uiy of the tributaries of the Alabama. It seems, however, to I bj Gkardaftom the Black Warrior, under the name 54 C0KTBIBUTI0K8 TO HOHTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOGY — IIL Genus SEMOTILUS Bqfineaque. 43. Semotiltjs conpoBALiB (Mit) PtUnam. Commou in the SDinlleretreams. Genus RHINICHTHYS Agassiz. 44. EHiHtCHTavB oBiusus Agtusis. Very common in tbe Bpring-ruus tributary to the Etowob andOottt iiaula. CATOSTOMID^. Genus MYXOSTOMA Bafinesque. 45. Mtxostoma iviAcBoLEpmoitJM DUQUBsmi (Le S.) JardaM. Tbe " Bed Horsu " i» common in tbe Etonab aoU Oostanaala. TU Utchryinale (Cope) also occur i. 40. MisosTOMA ETJEYOPS Jordan. lasaatoma rurgopa Joiidan (IdTT), Alq. Lju. Nat. HiBt. N. T. 3M. From Lovejoy's Creek, a tributiiryof theOoataoaula. The type-tpM' men of this singular si>ecies still remaios unique. Genus CATOSTOMUS U Sueur. 1 *'#;ii#^'' J- , §^ r f f f ,:^ifiili fl^ #» tag AXdiBiiiyL BAsm. il6 0611118 OABPIODES Bafinesque. QO. Oa^piobbs OYPBmus (£0 8.) Ag. A 8iD|^ q[)edincai firoin Bound Lake near Montgomery, Ala«, appa- iCD^ iiiMitieal with PennsylvaDia examples. Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz. 61. BUBALIOHTHTS (TAUBUS) Agossiz. Bwidid by Professor Agassiz from the Alabama. Other species of ''BoflUo Pish'' doubtless oocor in the Alabama, bnt the species have new teen stadied. SILURIDiE. Genus ICHTHiELURUS liqfinesque. 62. lOHTHJEELUBUS PUNOTATUS (Baf.) JoT. Alxmdant in the basin of the Alabama. G^nus AMIURUS Bqfinesque. 63. AHIUBnB NATALIS ANTONIBNBIS (Grd.) JOT. Aboudaut in muddy tribataries of the Etowah and Ooosa. Genus NOTURUS Bafinesque. 54. NOTUBUB LEPTAOANTHUS Jordan. Two specimens, taken in Silver Creek, and a third specimen, from the CiiaUahoocbee, are all that are at present known of this carioas little "pedes. ANGDILLID^. Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg. 65. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. Abundant. LEPIDOSTEID^. Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacepede. 06. Lepidostbus osseus (L.) Ag. ^^Wk the Ck>stanaQla; probably common. 56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ^IIL VI.— WATER-BASIN OF THE TENNESSEE RIYEB. The fish-faana of the Tennessee Hiver has been pretty fully studied, especially as to its Cyprinidod, Thirty-seven species were obtained by Professor Cope in the French Broad, thirty-four in the Holston, and twenty- five by Professor Jordan in tribntaries of the Clinch and French Broad, making in all some sixty different species known to inhabit the upper waters of the Tennessee. In the lower course of the river, thirty- four species are recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Tennesaee River at Huntsville, Ala. ; twenty species were obtained by the writers from the Chickamauga Hiver at Einggold, Oa., and seventeen species from Elk River at Estill Springs in Tennessee. About sixty-eight spe- cies are therefore known to occur in the lower course of the river. In all, eighty-two different species are known to inhabit the waters of the Tennessee. To this number many species of large fishes inhabiting the Ohio at the mouth of the Tennessee might, with certainty, be added; but it is not the province of this paper to record guesses. Forty-six species are therefore certainly common to the upper and .lower coarses of the Tennessee River. The species at present known in the Tennessee Basin, only from the upper course, — the Clinch, Holston, and French Broad Rivers, — are the following .'7— Hadropterus uurantiacus. Diplesium simoterum. Notbouotus zonalis. Nothonotus vulneratus. Notbonotus rufilineatus. Etheostoma flabellare. Salvelinus fontinalis. Alburnops spectrunculus. Ilydrophlox rubricroceus. Hydrophlox lacertosua Episema leucioda. Notropis micropteryx. Notropis atheriuoides. Hemitremia vittata. Placopharynx carinatus. Noturus eleutherus. In all, sixteen species. From the lower course of the river only, the following are known: — ("Etheostoma") cinerea. ("Etheostoma") tessellata. PoBcilichthys jessiae. GbsBUobryttus gulosus. Lepiopomus obscurus. (Lepiopomus) bombifrons. Eupomotis pallidus. Xeuotis inscriptus. Esox (crassus). nyodon seleuops. Pomolobus cbrysochloris. Dorosomacepedianum heterurum. Notropis lirus. Phoxinus flam mens. nBHBS OF THE TENNX68EE BA81K. 57 Qflftflitor. QoMrilttda laoenu Oupiodes biaon. Babaliohthys onis. Amia calva. Acipenser maoolosns. In all, twenty spedea. laonaaed knowledge will considerably modify these lists. It is fnbaUe that the sixteen species in the first list, with the probable OMpCkniB of Noturus eleuthems and Salvelmus JmHnalUj will be fonnd lo inhabit the lower part of the river-basin, if sought for in suitable loeilitiac. It is likely that the tribataries of the Tennessee having their aome in the Oumberland Mountains in Alabama have the same fish- tens as similar streams rising in the Oumberland Mountains in Virginia. About twelve species are at present known only from the Tennessee Bfcr and its tributaries. These are : — Hadioptems aurantiacus. (Btheottoma) cinerea. (BUieoBtoma) tessellata. loOonotas vulneratus. Hbtbonotus rufllineatus. Foeiliohthys jessi». (Lepiopomus) bombifrons. Albumops spectrunculus. Hydrophlox lacertosus. Phozinus flammeus. Bpisema leucioda. Oeratichthys monachus. I As we go from the Alabama to the Tennessee, we note an increased iMemblance in the fish-fauna to that of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi legioD. The following are some of the Northern or Western types added :^ Diplesiumj Etheostamaj PcBoilichthys^ Zabidesthes, Zygonectes (proper), f^nifma, Hemitremia^ OhrosomuSj Phoxinua, Placapharynx^ Quassilabia. COTTID^. Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gill 1. POTAMOCOTTUS MEEiDiONALis (Oirard) Oill. From Ohickamauga River. Also a single specimen from the Oave Spring at Oumberland Gap. Abundant in the French Broad Biver (Cop0) and in the Holston. ETHEOSTOMATID^. Genus PERCINA Hddeman. 2. Pbboina capbodes (Eaf.) Ord. Generally abundant in clear streams. 00 CONTBIBUTION8 TO NOBTH AMBEICAN ICHTHTOLOQT — m. Genus ALVORDIUS Girard. 3. Alvobditjs MAcni^TUS Girard. (f Altordiui tnaciiUtiut Grcl.; Uadropterim maculaiu* Ord.; EliieMtoma UMnioidn Aguu etc.; AirOTCliiu atpro Cope & Jor.) Frotn the Oliucb and French Broad Bivers. Alao abaudant in tb ChickamaQga at Biuggold. Genus HADROPTERUS Affoasu. i. Hadboptebus AUBANTiAOUs (Copc) Jordao. French Broad River {Cope). Genus DIPLESIUM Mafineague. 5. DJPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES {Rof.) JoT. HolstOQ and French Broad Bivers. AIho from Cbiekamaaga Bive I>escnbcd by Professor Agassiz from Huiitsville, Alabama, andff Qi name of Jlgostoma ncKmani. Q. DiPLESiUM siuoTBBDM (Cope) CopeloMd. From the Clioch and Ilolston Bivera. Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay. FI8HE8 OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 59 Genus PCECILICHTHYS Agassiz. 11. PCECILICHTHYS JESSIE Jor. & Brayt. JordiD,HMi. Vert. £. U. 8. ed. 2d, 1878, 237. fiodj fasiforui, rather deep and compressed, the depth 5 to 5 J in leugth, the form of the body similar to that of P. spectahilis. Head rather large, moderately pointed, 4 in length. Mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw slightly longest, not protractile. Eye preltj large, high up, 3^ in head, about equal to snout. Cheeks naked, scaly above: opercles scaly: throat naked: neck above scaly : scales medium, 6-45 to 50-7. Lateral Hoe incomplete, but extendiug farther than in P. varialns and P. spectdlnlia^ on about 35 scales, or nearly to the end of the secoud dorsal. FJDs moderate. Dorsal, Xll—^about 12. Anal II, 9. Color, in spirits, olivaceous, with about nine squarish, bar-like blotches aloDg the sides, and about five dark cross-blotches on the back. Dorsal andcaodal fins faintly barred. Id life, the fish is chestnut-colored above, and the squares on the sides are bright dark blue : the fius are mottled with chestnut. A dark yel- low or orange band across the dorsal. Second dorsal and anal with dark aiKi golden speckliugs. ! Several specimens, each about two inches long, taken in Chickamauga Kiver at Ringgold. The specimens are certainly not fully grown, and the coloration of the adult male is doubtless much more brilliant. It vill be at once distinguished from P. varialus and P. fspectabilis by the ftcaliness of th<* upi)er pari of the cheeks, by the greater development of the lateral line, the more numerous dorsal spines, and the coloration. This species is named for Mrs. Jessie D. Brayton. Genus ETHEOSTOMA llafmesque. 12. ETHEOSTOMA flabeLlare Eofijiesque. Abundant in the upper waters of the Tennessee in clear rapid 8trvam8. Genus ? . 13. (ETnEOSTOMA) ciNEiiEA Storer. Described from Florence, Ala. The description has reference chiefly ^ to the coloration. Neither this species nor the next have been rec- *Qd by any author subsequent to their description. '"'"'IIBOSTOMA) TESSELLATA IStorer, ^t at Florence, Ala. 6U C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHTOLOQT — ^m. PERCID^. Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Bafinesgue. IS. SrizosTKTinuM vitbedh {Cuv. A Jal.) Jor. & Copel. FoQiid by Professor Cope in the French Broad. 16. SlIZOSTETQIUM SALHONEUH Baf. Species of this geons occar throagbout the Tenueasee Basin. I fenaor. Oop» ascribes this species and the preceding to the Fi«i Brand. As we have seen no specimeD, we follow his identificatiMu. CENTEARCHID^. Genus MICROPTERUS Laciphde. 17. MlCROPTBBUS PALLIDCS (Ad/.) 0(7 j (£ JordOH. Not QDOOiuiuou in (he Tennessee Basin. IS. MiCROPTKRVS SALKOIDES (tOC) ffilt Very wnimoii it) (fae Tennessee River. G^nus AMBLOPLTTES Eajmesque. XSt. AHBLOPUTES BrPESTKlS (St/.) OiU. nSBBS OF THE TEHNS88BB BASIN. 61 fron HaDteville, Ala. We are UDable to decidei from the description and a MS. drawing kindly forwarded by Professor Bliss, whether this ipedes is a Lepicpamus or a XenotU. Genus XENOTIS Jordan. 24. Xenotis aANeuooLENTUS {AgoMiz) Jordan. Originally described from the Tennessee Biver at Hontsville. We bive seen no specimens from that locaUty, and are onable to decide vketber Agassix's species is the one to which we have applied the name tngtilMolmituBt or whether it be one of the forms of the S'orthem JT. 25. Xbnotis insobiptxjs (Agaasiz) Jor. Originally described from the Tennessee Biver at Hontsville. Also fimnd by Professor Cope in the apper waters of the same river. Genus EUPOMOTIS GiU A Jordan. 26. BUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS {Agossiz) O.dbJ. Originally described from Htrntsville, Ala. Genus XYSTROPLITES Jordan. 27. Xtstboplites notatus {Agassiz). Originally described from Hantsville, and later foand by Professor Cope in the upper waters of the Tennessee. This species may be a Eupomotis instead of a Xystroplitea. It much resembles the Texan IflitropUtes heros B. & C. SCIiENID^. Genus HAPLOIDONOTUS Bafinesque. 28. HAPLOmONOTUS GEUNNIENS Rof. Abandant in the Tennessee Basin. The form called by Professor ^imiz Amblodon concinntia needs re-examination before it can be admit- M a8 a species. ATHERINID^. Genus LABIDESTHES Cope. 29. LABIDESTHES STOOULUS Cope. Poond by Professor Cope in Goal Greek, a tribntary of the Olinch ttver. 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL CYPRINODONTIDJE. Genus XENISMA Jordan. 30. Xenisma oatenatum {Storer) Jordan. Originally described from Florence, Ala. It is abundant in the E Glincli, and Holston in clear waters. Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz. 31. Zygonectes notatus {Baf.) Jor. DcbCiibed by Dr. Storer from Florence, Ala., under the name of Poaei olivacea. This species prefers still, deep waters. ESOCIDJE. Genus ESOX Linnets. 32. Esox (ciJASSUS Agassiz). A species is recorded by Professor Agassiz under the name of jB^ erassus. The description is insufficient and the species is at presf unrecognized. HYODONTID^. Genus HYODON Le Sueur. 33. Hyodon selenops Jordan & Bean. The original type of this species came from the Tennessee River Chattanooga. Hyodon tergisus doubtless also occurs in the lower com of the river. CLUPEID^. Genus POMOLOBUS Rqfinesque. 34. POHOLOBUS OHBYSOOULOBIS Rof. Abandanc in the channel of the Lower Tennessee. FISHES OP THE TENNESSEE BASIN. SS DOROSOMATID^. ^enua DOROSOMA Rajinesque. 3S. DOBOSOUA OEPEDIANDM UBTBRUBTTM (Baf.) Jof. Tlte "OizZEinl Shud " is abuudunt id the Lotrer Teuiifssee. 8ALM0NIDJE. Genus SALVELINU8 Richardson. 36. Saltklintts P0iNtijjai-I3 {Mitchill) Gill ifi Jor. TbU Hpccieii occiirH in abuitdiince in SwaDnanoa River, at tUL> foot of Bliutk Monutain, and iu all clear tributaries of tbo Freucb Broad in West- M North Carolina. In Southwestern Virfriuist, it occurs iu certain trlb- atariesof the Holston. In Rabun Oount.y, iu yortlieasteru Georgia, it; iboaods in the headwaters of the Little Teuneascc. Professor Copo Sales, OD the authority of Dr. Uardy, of Asheville, that it "ocenrainthe bMdtralem of the Oliattafaoochee, on the south ^loiie of the AllegbaDies, ii Umrgia". CYPlUNIDiE. Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz. 37. Cabtpostoma anomalum {Raf.) Ag. Var. prolixum Storer. Everywhere abundant. In the clear pools of the Swannanoa Biver, ■ttbefoot of Black Mountain, tliis fish is extremely abundant, and the tvge specimens are brilliantly colored, so tbat they appear to be Inmi- ■ou or phosphorescent as one looks down on tbem tbrongb the crystal nter. Genus HYBORHYNCHUS Agassu. 38. Htboehynchus MOTATtJs (Maf.) Agiuaiz. ^amerous specimens from the Chlckamauga River. These are nar- 'o*er-headed than the common Western form (S. aapereiliotua Cope) Ud want the barbel, which is usually distinct on the latter. It is not ^nti»Ue tbat we have two distinct speciea. 64 CONTKIBUnOtlS TO NORTH AHEBICAN lOBTBTOLOOT — DL Genus LUXILUS Re^nesgue. 39. LuxiLUS COBNUTDS {MibA.) Jor. AbandaDt in every stream cxamiDed. 40. LuziLDs cooooaasia (Cope) J&r. AbDQdaot in every stream examined. Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope. 41. PhOTOGBNIS aALAOTURUS {Copt) Jor. AbundaDt ID every stream exnmined. G«nu8 HYDROPHLOX Jordan. 42. Htdrophlox bubbtoboobus (Cope) Jor. Described by Professor Cope from tribataries of tbe HolstoD. It ] fers boisteroas tnouutaia-streams. 43. Hydbophlox LACBBTOstrs (Cope) Jor. Described from the Holston. Genus ALBURNOPS Girard. 44. ALBUBNOPS HICB08T<1M17S (Bof.) Jor. FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 65 48. NOTBOPIS MICBOPTEBTX (Cope) JoT. From tribotaries of the Holston and GliDch. 49. NoTBOFis PHOTOGENis (Cope) Jor. (^Igvolftft pkotogetni9 Cope ; PhoiogetUi leuoops Cope.) AboDdant in the French Broad Biver. 60. NoTBOPis TELESGOPUS {Cope) Jor. Holgton and French Broad Bivers (Cope). Also abundant in Elk itirer. If oar specimens are correctly identified, this is a trae Notropis. f^e dod it not easily distingoishable from N, photogenis. 61. NoTEOPis LiBUS Jordan. This little species abounds in both the Elk and the Ghickamanga. Genus HEMITREMIA Cope. 62. Hemitbemia viTTATA Cope. Described from the Holston River near Knoxville. Genus CHROSOMUS Itafinesque. 63. Ohbosomus ebttubogast^b Raf. Recorded by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Ala. We have seen DO specimens fi-om the Tennessee Kiver. Genus PHOXINUS Itafinesque. 54. PnoxiNUS plammeus Jordan & Oilbert. JofdaD, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, p. 303. A very distinct species, resembling " Oila^ margarita (Cope).bot with the short lateral line of P. neogceus Oope. Body stout, rather more slender and more compressed than in P. meogtrvs^ the form being nearly that of 0. margarita. Depth 4 in length, about equal to the length of the head. Ilfad short and deep, smaller than in n€ogecies, related to Q. elongata and O.pron FI8HE8 OF THB TENNESSEE BA8IN. 67 Odor d«ik olive above, with a bluish lastre, many scales darker, as toonal In this genos. Sides somewhat silvery. No dark lateral band. A broad shade of deep rose color along the sides, below which most of the bdly is bright crimson, the red colors brightest anteriorly. Length of largest specimens aboot 4 inches. Nnmerons specimens fpOB tlie Blk Biver at Estill Springs, and from Stone Biver at Mnr- timbanf. This striking species resembles most O. eUmgata and O.pro- fi§tr. Both those species have much smaller scales (70 to 75 in tbe litnil line in dangatOj 60 to 65 in proriger). The coloration is likewise ■ dilBMit, the two latter species having a dnsky band along the sides, the anterior half of which in elongata is red in spring. O. cUmgaia is much more dongate, as is also Q. proriger. The month appears largest ii 6. e$Mr. Tbe distinction between O. proriger and O. elongata is per- kapa questionable. Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rafinesque. 56. NOTEMIGONUS CHBT8L0LEU0U8 (ilftt) Jor. Common in still waters in the Tennessee Basin. Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope. 57. PHENAGOBIU8 IJEANOPS Copc. Bather common in tbe Elk and Ohickamaaga Bivers. A few speci- loeDs from the French Broad. Originally described from the Holston in Virginia. Genus RIIINICHTHYS Agassiz. 58. Ehiniohthys obtusus Agassiz. (Rhinichthys lunatus Cope.) This species is aboudant in all clear rocky brooks and in outlets of •PriDgs. Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird. 59. CERATICHTHYS MONACHUS CopC. Abandant in Cbickaraauga Biver. Originally described from the DoktOQ. 60. Oeratichthys DissiMiLis {Kirt) Cope. Obtained in Elk Biver. 68 CONTBIBCnONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOOT — QL 61. Oeoatiohtqys winohblli (Qirardy Jordam. {Ceratichthj/a kyalimu Cope.) Everywhere abnndant in TeoneSBee River. Tbia is probably Rybopnr gracilis Ag., the original type of tbe genus SybopHs. Id that cue, it will be necessary to substitute the specific name graeilia for miuMIi. 62. Cebatiohthts BiauTTATus {Kirtland) Qirard. Everywhere very abunOaot. Genus SEMOTILUS«Ba^nes}«e. 63. Semotiltjs cobporalis (Mit.) Putn. Tributaries of tbe Clinch and French Broad j chiefly in flmall mount- aiu -streams. CATOSTOMID^. Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan dt Brayton. 64. Ql'ASSILABiA LACEBA Jordan & Brayttni. IjifoeliiU hfcra JonDAX & Braitok (ItfTT), Proo. Ae. Nat. Se. Phita. Two specimens of this singular fish were taken in the Cbickamansa Itiver ut Ringgold and one 8i>ecimen in Elk Biver at Esdll Springs. lo llio Cliickamauga, we were told that it is quite common, and that it ■■ FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIK. 69 Genus PLACOPHARYNX Co^e. 67. Plaoophaeynx carinatus Co^e. This large species is the common ^' Red Horse " of the French Broad. It Oioch resembles the preceding, but has a much larger mouth and Jipsy besides the different dentition. Genus ERIMYZON Jordan. 68. Ebehyzon sucETTA {Lac.) Jor. Obtained in Glinch Hiver. Genus MINYTREMA Jordan. 09. MiNYTBEMA MELANOPS (-Ba/.) Jw. Obtained by Professor Agassiz at Huntsville, Ala. Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur. 70. Catostomus nigricans Le 8. Very abundant throughout the Tennessee Basin. 71. Gatostomus gommebsoni (Lac.) Jar. Gtroerally abundant. Genus CARPIODES Rafinesque. » 72. Oabpiodes bison Agassiz. fiower Tennessee Biver (Cope.) The Buhalichthyince of the Tennessee River are as yet unstudied. Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassij^. 73. Bubaliohthys ubus Agassiz, Recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Tennessee River, SILURIDiE. Genus ICHTH^LURUS Rafinesque. 74. IOHTH.SLUBUS PUNCTATUS (Baf.) Jor. fat the TenneMee Birar. 70 coNTEiBimoNa to nobth amebicak icHmTOLoav — ^ra. Genus AMIURUS Rofinesque. 75. Amueus natalis [Le 8.) QUI. Yar. cupreua (Raf.). Bather abnodant ia Teouessee Biver. Other species of this geoos are doabtless common ; bat they have not been distiugaisbed. Genus PELODICHTHYS Hafinesque. 76. PELODICHTHrS OLtTABIS (Saf.) Bill & Jor. Abnndnnt in the chacaels of the larger streams. Severul spccimcD* from the Frepch Broad. Tliia species probably occurs in the cbaonels of all the streams men- tioned in this paper ; but, from its habits, it it) iiot easily taken with a small net. Genus N0TURU8 Rafinesque, 11. JJoTDBUS ELEUTHEBOS Jordan. SolHrus cleniheriH Jordan {IUTI), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 372. The type-specimen of this sitecies was from Big Pigeon Rirei-, m Cocke (.'ounty, Tennessee, near its jmictiou with the French Brond. Many other specimens bave since been obtained in Tar River, l!oiDt8. 4. Altordius pnoxocEpnALUS {kelson) Cope & Jordan. From the Camberland Biver at Nashville. SpecimeDS of this inter- e:«tiog species are iu the National Maseum from Marais du Cygne, Kansaa. I bave otbers from the Wabash Biver. Nelson's types were from IlliDois Biver. Genus DIPLESIUM Bafinesqtie. 5. DlPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES {Raf.) J or. Sooth Fork of the Cumberland Biver {Cope). Also from Cumberland and Stoue Blvers. C. DlPLESIUM siMOTERUM {Cope) Copeland. From the Bock Castle Biver at Livingston, Ky. Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan. 7. Dlocentra ATRiPiNNis Jordan. mlr1§immi$ Jordan (1877), BaUetin X, U. S. Nat. MaBeom, 10. if this Bp Tas collected in the Cumberland Biver at iIL 7d COHTBIBUTIOira TO HOSTH AUEBICAH ICHTHTffljOaT— UI. Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassis. « 6. STOTHONUTDB CAUTJBDS {Cope) Jor. Professor Cope's types were fhim the Sontb Fork of tbo ComberiiitiA - Wo have seen others from White Biver ia IndiAoa, sod from Haboiiio^ UlveruDd other strenuiB in Ohio. This species is not identical witt* yotkonotut maeulatiu Ag. [Etheottoma maculata Eirt), as has beco tsap- 1>0I(1. Xothonotiis maculatua tia» a poiDted instead of rooDded snout; lis JuvTB ore (■il ; its mouth is larger, tlie bod; is more compressed, aDd its dormtl Qu moiu devated, the soft rajs wheu depressed reaching to ; the eiiudnl. Hpocimeus in the National Museum, collected in Mahoning River bj I ' 10 lessors Baird and Kirtland, show the following characters : — Body modvriiti'ty elongated, very deep, strongly compressed, the ili'pth i% iu length. Head 4 in length, the jaws equal, the month large. Eye 4| iu head. Spinous dorsal with a long base, larger titan soft dor- sal, the spines high, tint two fins slightly connected. Soft ilorsu I ele- vated, the longest niys when depressed reaching base of citudal, the eiimla! peduucle very short and deep. Caudal fiu short and rounded. Anul somewhat smaller than second dorsal. Pi-ctorals aud ventrals mudunitt'. Hi'ali'K not lar;-i>, 58 to 00 in the lateral line, which is continaons: FISHES OF TH£ CU5fB£RLAND BASIN. 75 9. NoTHONOTUS SAW GUIFLUUS ( Cope) Jor. IVom the Sooth Fork of the Oumberlaud in Tenuessee (Cope). Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay. 10. BOLEOSOMA MAGULATUM Ag. From the Bock Castle Biver. Genus POECILICHTHYS Agassiz. 11. PCECILIOHTHYS VARIATUS (Kirt.) Ag. FroiD the Sonth Fork of the CumberlaDd Biver {Cope). Genus ETHEOSTOMA Rafinesque. 12. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE Rof. Abaudant iu the mountain tributaries of the Camberland. PERCIDJl. Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque. 13. Stizostethicu salmon euh Raf. Ooo or two small specimens from the Bock Castle liirer. CENTKARCHID^. Genus MICROPTERUS Lacefede. 14. MiCEOPTEEUS PALLIDUS {Raf.) O. cfc J. The ** White Trout'', as this species is often called, is commou in the Camberland. It is said that this species and the next were not found above the falls uutil introduced. 15. MiCEOPTEEUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QUI. The " Black Trout'' occurs with the preceding, and is still more abuii- laut. Genus AMBLOPLITES Rafinesque. 16. AMBLOPLITES EUPESTRIS {Raf.) QUI. ■mdant. 76 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AHBEICAN ICHTHYOI-OGY — HI. Genus APOMOTIS Mafinesqm. 17. APOMOTIS CYANELLDS (Bfl/.) Jor. Abundaut iu the Cuatberland Itirer at Naebville. Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque. 18. Lepiopouus PALLlDUB {MiU) Gill & Jordan. Very abiindaut ia tbe Cumberlaod. 19. LEPIOPOMUS OBSCUnus (AgaBsiz) Jor. Collected by Professor Wincbell in tbe Cumberland Bivt^r at "Sax Ttlle. Genus XENOTIS Jordan. 20. XENOTTS MEQM.OIIS {Bof.) JOT. AbuodaDt in tbo Camberlaud River. Genus POMOXYS Rafinesque. 21. POMOXTS niQROMAOCLATUS {Ls 8.) Grd. Collected by Professor Wincbell at Nasbville. 22. POUOXYS ANI4UI.AJIIS Bqf. Fruui tbe Cumberlaud at Sashvitle. FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 77 CYPRINODONTIDiE. Genus XENISMA Jordan. 25. Xbnisma oatenatitm {Storer) Jordan. Collected by Professor Winchell in streams about Nashville Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz. 26. Zygoneotes notatus [Raf.) Jor. From Gamberland and Stone Bivers. Bafiuesque's original speci- mens were from the Cumberland at Williamsburg. HYODONTIDiE. Genus HYODON Le Sueur. 27. Hyodon tebgisus Le Sueur. Abandant in the Gamberland. 28. Hyodon selenops Jordan db Bean. Two or three specimens in the National Museum from Cumberland River. CLDPEIDJ], Genus POMOLOBUS Rafinesque. 29. PoMOLOBUS OHUYSOCHLOBis Rafinesque. Abundant in the Lower Cumberland. DOROSOMATID^. Genus DOROSOMA Rafinesque. 30. DOBOSOMA CEPEDIANUM HETERURUM [Raf.) Jor. Abundant in the Lower Cumberland. cyprinidj:. Genus CAMPOSTOBIA Agassiz. 31. GAMPOSTOMA AM03IALUM {Rof.) Ag. 78 C0NTBIBUT10H8 TO »OETH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT m. Genus PIMEPHALES Bqfinesque. 32. PlMEPDALES FROMBLAS Rafinesque. Collected by Professor WiqcLbH in tributaries of tLe CatuberloniL Genu3 HYBORHYNCHUS Agassiz. 33. HYBonHYNCHUS WOTATD8 (fl«/.}4»?. Abandant everjwbi^re iu tbe CtitnberlaDd. Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque. 34. LuxiLUS CORNTJTUS iMH.) Jordan. Exceedingly abundant everywhere. Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope. 35, PHOTOGENIS GALAOTUBUS {Cope) Jor. Veryabnndaiit every wuereiu tbe Cumberland. Some specimeaRfrom Niitthville Lave tbe eaudal flu palu red. Tliis species does Dot seem tu occur iu tbe Obio. The quotalions from tliat river were I'otinded c orroneoDS ideutificntioos. 3fi. PnOTOGKNIS ANALOSTANUS {Ord.) JoV. From the Cumberlaud at Nashville. riSnEB OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 79 40. NoTBOPis miceoptery:k {Cope) Jor. AboDilant in the Bock Castle. 41. NoTROPis TELESCOPUS (Cope) Jor. Stone Biver at Morfreesboro'. Genus HEMITREMIA Cope. 42. HEMITREMIA VITTATA CopC. Abandant in Big Laurel Biver in Laurel Couuty, Kentucky. Genus GILA Baird <& Girard. 41 OiLA ESTOR Jordan & Brayton. SeT^eral specimens from Stone Biver at Murfreesboro'. Genus CHROSOMUS Agassiz. 44. CHROSOMUS ERTTHROGASTER Ag. From the tributaries of the Bock Castle. Genus NOTEMIGONUS Bqfinesgue 45. !NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOUEUCUS (Mif.) JoT. Common in sluggisli waters. Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope. 46. Phenacodius uranops Cope. Taken in Bock Castle Biver. Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird. 47. CERATICHTHYS DissiMiLis (Kirtland) Cope. From Cumberland Biver at Nashville. 48. CERATICHTHYS AMBLOPS {Raf.) Ord. From Cumbi»rland Biver at Nashville. 49. CERATICHTHYS BIOUTTATUS [Kirt.) Ord. IfU'jrwhefe abundant. 80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHrOLOOr — UI. Genua SEMOTILUS Rafinesqm. 50. SeHOTILTIS COBPOBALIS {Mil.) Put. From Bock Castle River. CATOSTOMID^. Genus MYXOSTOMA Eafinesque. 51. Mtxostoma macbolepidotum duquesnii {Le 8.) Jor. Comiuon in the Cumberlauil. Genus ERIMYZON Jordan. 52. Ebimyzon bccbtta {Lac.) Jor. From the Cumberland at Xaehville and from the Uock Castle. Genus MINYTREMA Jordan. 53. MiNYTBBMA UELANOPS (i?«/.) Jor. From the Cumberland at Nashville. Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur. 54. Catostomus nigbicans Le S. FI8RB6 OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 81 SILURID^. Genus ICHTH^LURUS Rafinesque. 58. Ighth.s:lubus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. Very aboDdant Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque. 59. AanuEUS natalis (Le S,) GUI. CoIIectecl at Nashville by Professor Wincbell. 60. Amiurus nigricans (Le S,) Oill From the Falls of the Cumberland. Genus PELODICHTHYS Rafinesque. 01. PELODICnTHYS OLIVARIS [Eof.) QUI & Jor. om the Bock Castle at LiviDgston, and from the Camberland below ^alls. ANGUILLID^. Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg. 62. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. nroon in the Cumberland. A very large specimen 'taken in the Castle at the mouth of Round Stone River. LEPIDOSTEIDiE. Genus LEPIDOSTEUS LacepMe. 63. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (Z.) Ag. m the Cumberland at Nashville. POLYODONTID^. Genus POLYODON LacepMe. 64. PoLYODON FOLIUM '■'^ LaoP "Vlaod Biver. 82 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH A^HKBICAN 1CHTBT0UM3T — UL EECAPITULATIO:*. Tlie folloffiug tattle sbon-g the distribution of tlie species io the ser riverbasius especially treated in tbiit paper. For ;)urpoae8 of compai son, I have iutrodaced the resnits of Professor Cope's explorations i the Eoanoke, James, Neuse, and Great Pedee, of Prof. Forbes an Hr. NelsoD in the Illinois, und of mjself and others in the Obia j tuv uareriflcd species bave becD introduced, but uU doubtful qnolatira and, in general, all "guesswork" bave been exclnded. Toble showing the Distrib«tioH of the Spec ■es it the Different RiterS«m r < i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 = f 1 1 X i + 1 J J_ a. K. n. HT. W. 1 * + + + "*' + eeroiBOCuptmjM, (Unf.)Gril + + + + ];lj,-.,.T>„|.,,-..,„.|„,„ii ^„r ' ■ DISTBIBUnON OF fiPECIEa. S3 1 II ill 5 4- 4- ■* + + + + + + + + 4 + + + ■«■ + . + 4- + 4- + + + + i + ■ •■■i + +..^ + + + + H + + + 4- ^ + + 4 * + H * lV«^H,aTlrWl»,(C. fc7.)JiiT 1 + l^n«i.IyaB.Ul■^(Baf,H;.*,I ■. ' . + ^ + +].. -. + t 4 + H + H - + + + + + * W. lWmu"l»»iiraii,(AB.lJDr ' - tTilofwiiHlKhyni^J.tS ■ .. + ■ - 4 - - . j ,, , 'ftoimni.ni.rm'liln.a, lUf * + + + + + f W. I^«.M™.lB^Jnr I*tl,liil,r«hl.«l«.Jor 't^I'lBiKrtlrtna, (AcMor 'IianTllinliiaMiBKAi: ' - '■>»lhll.ll«Il«.|A|!.MI.*J b»«iMhuinv|iu<.ila,Ulll&Jar 1- fcrn-Hllmiiiiralan-. rep* + <^>nRhsalrl>nf>. (I^ntC. &r | . Cnir4h'hu»iuiicm[ilttnn, (!-»&» Jnr | 'w»yeK«j ' - . UHI-tlw„rMlu«,Cup. ! . + 4 H s. Vtl. + ■ + -t 4 . + + * + + + + K. s. 84 CONTEtliUTlOSS TO NORTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — III. Talrle ihoving the DUtrihution nf the Specia in Ihe Differail Eirer-Baiimt—CoatioKi. 1 i J 1 1 1 i 1 ^ l s 1 1 j ! 1 L 1 + + + + + + + sw. HI. S, ft K. »■ + + + + + . + . + + + + [ + + - __ * z ... E™ (cr»t..^ Ai) EwiOfpba, Cope + .. ... rrnup>iiE''t^*o*' ^E ■ Sj|r.ltnB« fuDitnnll., (Mlt.) Gill « Jor « + ; ; + + Uoravimno'pcdtaBnTii Mcruram, (Itaf.) .Tor . ■■ . + * ■ DISTBIBUriOH OF SPECIES. 85 AMtkHvlif (b DUMbtlUm «f tie Sprciu U the Diffirail Rtetr-Batint—CoaUiiaed. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * 1 1 J! 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 (Com) Jor + + ;.. .J« i;jdr.ffUMlu[,i,.m,..,,J /.LI Bf4njUeichllklurniCi.|.L)Jii(... M»»bl«>4!;,.,t..[,b.,kl...Iut 'i. - + .: + ■■■' --r-." ■■:i'.:i-ii)JiT i't— !■■■'-...: -.Cn|„.,J^r - ■" + ' i + ■t ■* + ^Mmw :. ,,,.„: ,.',.|„,,Jor + + + + + + X. N«nfU ,^.1 .U,r + j 1 + * + + "1 ■"1 V, ... + ■Wupii lUtntinn*. (i;>>p.-» Jir »*^i*'liri^Jor ■■■'■■ ■ '■•Wwn.™ J.» <:-*«ipyrTb<.BH.t»(rop..)Jor '^*«Bif„ni,««, (Putii.)Jur '■-*«i»wltiK.nw.J.ff '■■•■*m,EhL>r«tl».J.&B ■4 +1 ,|.., ZC- ....... '"««-na«lll.lb..I.,r -■'««« ■ iMr J."^«=^> ' ^'l*mWi«U.O.p.- ^»^-™....i,_, „..C.p. -"••TMWtaiumal^im ... •*»WImol,THto:a.<;,fl«. 5*'nulrRuia hi'itiii Ion. Copf ^'*«»UlM«ll->C*rH,t."r>(»' '"■«ii.t..llaniin<-ufcJur.&a;lllK-n _*'adiH.KJmKlit.)Jor -;i=Sr.::::::::::;::;:::;::;:;:;:; '>U«TiBj,4™l-,. (C. i V.lJor '^<««l»«a.cUr™Jcueu*(Mlt.)Jor .1 '. :i: ■ + ■ 1 - + + - 1 ■f- + + + X. 86 COSTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMEBICAN ICnTnYOLOOT — III, Table slioains Ihe DUtribalion of the Species in 1 ! 1 1 1 i 1 1 2 1 " < 1 fi 1 ri (L(J "li t 1 I Co + h + : + '.'. + t + + - + + ■> +- Y ». . I. ■■ '*' 1 + + + + t- + + H Cunult>bthj»liJTi»Un>tu».Copo + 4- + + + + + + n + + 4 * *■ : . ".'. + ■ SiaDmh\,m\lu>n^\auhyo[hu|iiitlU:[rhyu'biu,(['^f|Glll.... W!-l.™...liu»..Wt iniMiMc«,ir^outi-u«. (Kirt.) Anfc.«[«,,lser.(ll-r) *'n>»nM™hfiaa.i,(GrJ.( - 3j -1- IS *■ J^ * ' 11 ^. w From tb« above table, it will bo sfeu that tliu namber of specicH 'Bliabitiu^ iiiiy ono riverbasiit rapidly iiicreasen as we lutivu tlie ■itlauticstreiiais for tlioso of tho Giiir. Tlie following table sliows tUo *"iin({emeiit of tbe species froiu aiiotlier point of view — ouiittiuf; rt-fer- *w to the raiiRe of tbe npiHjies outside of the thirteen rivera includeil "I tbis table : Kdovu only from the- Ohio ilibama Spucies. Known only from the- Tennesaee llliuois Spucics. C0KTBIBUTI0K8 TO NOBTH AUEBICAK ICHTHYOLOQT — DL Kuown only from the— Santee Altuumlia (Ireut PeUeo Neuse Chattulioochee Known only from the — James CumberlaQtl . Roanoake ... SaraQiiah ... Common to — Ohio and lUiuois Ciiuiboi'lanil and Tennessee Tennessee, Cmubcrlaud, OLio, and Illinois Cumberland, Oliio, and Illinois -Vlabama, Tennessee, Cumboitaiid, Ohio, and Illinois. . .lames uud Nonso TenucssiH', Ohio, and Illinois Ahtbauia and Tennessee &ivannah and Tcnni'ssee Alabama, Tennessee, and Cumberland (Irt'ftt Pedee and Santeo Cumberland and Ohio J^inlrilmtioH of Oeuerti. DISTEIBUTION OS Dixtributum of Qenera- GEKEBA. 1 — (/Uiitiiiiivil. 1 3 ^ 1 1 111 ii: !:l; 5 5 S 1 ItfaaMk + + + + + + f ... + Y + ... + 4 ::::;,:: r + 44 MtaMIM »«»*tt)n 4 4 4 T- + + ... ' 4 + 4 + 4 + + + + + + + + ... . ... + •f + 4- . !,. 4 + — + + ■ "1; r ;- + + + + 4 +. .4--.. + 4 -1 ■ftiiliijun. + + + ■" . + + * + 4- 4- + . . 4 4- + 4- H r 4- + 4 , + + + + + - 4- + + .. ..[,..+ 4. WttrmwiM + + 4- .. 4- + + + + ■- a«w*ii. 4- 4 ... + . -f- ...4-.... . 4 4- , + 4 f 4 l|b*lHW. + + + ... hwf^ "*" l-X^tM hUMn.. . + + + -+ 4 ... 4 4 --. 4 S^iEEEE: ■ + -.+ + -1 ■ 4 - + --. ''"''' '^■»M> . . -f + «•*.« V + 4 +... ... - + ■ . 4 - y ■-■ ■ B»-«^";.:;!;;"";;;r:"";:; """ ^.".. 4 4 -1 * t 4 I ' + Ivliluiluntb* uppar Jaw pnilnntlks anil tb* aoul ■plan Torjr f»nliU. ftiim AvInWMft, wllb "t'fiwo la |lii«i TMpMt*. I( li dliMuffilUViI hj Itin lucoioplnln luMnJ lino. 1l la namwl tnr ■1Luit...fl>»fto,»lliwi Cb.iiv.iiiUly BxiwllMtTOunnuiFpLioftb.-r " 90 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO HOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOY — III. Dutribution of Genera — CoDtintied. 1 1 ji i li: 1 1 i i 1 < 1 1 ! 1 ^ -i liil + + + + + ■ T + t » + -. + i .+ * + + + *■ * + + + t t + + * T . +.. . + -t- + t + 1- * » + + t T + + + + LniUua^niDetl + + ... + ... + ... + ... + + + - + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ... . . + + + ... + + + CodoiM... + ::;.: Kptoenw + + + + + + + ... + + + + + + ■ ■ + + ■* ... + + + + + + ■*■ + + + + + + H CONCLUSIONS. • 91 CONCLUSIONS.* lu the course of the iuvcstigations detailed iii this paper, some light basbcen throwu on the laws wliich goveru the distribution of fresh- vater fishes in general. The writer has collateecia11y the Htheostomatidcej Gentrarchidm^ and Ct/prinidce, Our knowledge of the range of the larger Catostomidce and Siluridce is still very meagre. For the flrst statement of several of the following propositions, we are indebted to Professor Cope, who has ably discussed the subject of the ilistributiou of flshes in his paper on the Fishes of the Alleghany Kegion of Soutbwest Virginia, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1868, pp. 239-247. I. lu the case of rivers flowing into the ocean^ the character ot the fiuiu® of the upper waters, compared one with another, bears no, or very little, relation with the places of discbarge. In illustration of this ve may note {a) the similarity of the fannsB of the Chattahoochee and AlUmaha, as compared with the Chattahoochee and Ahibama. The launaj of Wisconsin lUver and of lied lliver of the North arc vrry similar. II. Itiver-basins having a similar discharge into some largrr river or l-Jke bave a Mmilarity of fauna, due to this fact, and, in general, other 'liinps being equal, the nearer together the places of discharge, if in fn-ih water, the greater the similarity. The almost identical faunae of the Catawba and the Saluda will illustrato this. III. Parallel rivers tributary to the same stream have, other things '^'iiifj equal, more in common than streams coming from opposite direc- lioiis. The Wabash and Miami have more in common than either has ^itlj the Kentuckv. IV. The higher or the older the water-shed between two streams, the ^**^er specii*s are common to both. (This matter needs lurther investi- V. Certain species, not including "species of general distribution", i ^wurou opposite sides of even the highest watersheds. This fact was ^tuoticed by Professor Cope. The occurrence of Luxilus coccogeni^^ qI the remaining part of this paper uppoarecl in the American Natnruiiat *i VSn (pp. 607-613). For this part, Professor Jordan is uloue rospon.sible. 92 CONTEIBUTIONS TO SOUTH AMERICAS ICHTHYOLOGY — HL Uijdiophlox rubrieroeeus, PImtogeais gataclurua, and Catostomtti iiigrka\ botti iu tlie Teiiuessee aDtlBavatinah, will illustrate tbis. Ndtbcroft two fiF»t-iiaiiicd Ni>ccifs are as yet known from anyottier river-bositii VI. H'lien tlio water-bed between two streams is a swamjiy npla iiiHteail (tf ti mountain -range, tbe same species may be found in tbe be waters uf botb, altbougb tbe Ni>ecies inbabiting tbe lower conrses ma; different. In case tbe cue stream Hows nortbward and tbo other son ward, tbe common fauna will be nearetit like tbat of Ibe nortbern Btrei In Xoitbern Indiana, tbe same species arc found in tbe waters of Su Jusepb's, Maiimec, VVubasb, and Illinois Hi vers, altliough tbese strei di:jcbarge tbeir waters in widely different directions. Tbe swampy wa sbed between tbem is often overflowed iu tbe spring, afionliDg to smaller lisbes au easy means of mi^iatiou. VII. In any river-basin, many of tbe sjwcies inbabiting small strei are diflerent from tbose oeourring in tbe river-ebaunela. Among brook species may be mentioned J]ucalia inconxlann, Ptecilickthg» apt bilix, Xenotia lyihrochlorin, Xenitma stelli/erum, Saltvlinus fuutini Ericymha hiiccata, Semoti(u)i corjmratis, Ckronomus eri/throgaster, species of EhinitlUltys, etc. Of cbaniiel spem the Sasquehanna to tbe Great Skilt Lake, while foar other species of the same genus, G. micro- pot/OH, C. monachus^ C, sanemus^ and C labrontt^, are each, so far as is known, contlned to a single river-basin. Xn. In any river-basin, the most abundant species (of small fishes) are asnally (a) those peculiar to it, or {b) those of the widest distribution. In illustration of this, we may notice the abundance of Godoma pyrrho-. mdns and Notrapis photogenis in tbe San toe; of Godoma atigmatura and Luxilvs cornutus in the Alabama; of Godoma eurystoma and Geratichthya higuttatua in the Chattahoochee; of Godoma xcenura and Notemigonua mmcanua in the Ocmulgee. To this rule, however, there are many excqitions and modifications. XIII. In general, the further south any river-basin lies, the more sptHjies are i)eculiar to i^, and the greater the difierences betwc*en its tAQDiiand that of the neighboring streams. In illustration of this, the diftorences existing between the faun® of the Alabama and Chatta- hoochee may be compared with those between the faunoe of the Susque- l^mnaand Delaware. Twelve genera are known to be common to the I'battahoochee and Alabama, and twenty-three to the Susquehanna and belaware. In the Southern streams, tbe process of evolution of specific toiin« seems to have gone on more rapidly. Tbis matter, however, UHjnires further investigation. XIV. Sj>ecies of tbe widest distribution often have breaks in their range wbich cannot be accounted for by any facts now in our posses- »*Jon. LuxUua cormitua^ so a!)undant in all tbe waters of tbe North and ^Vi'st, does not occur, so far as is known, in any of the rivers between ibeXeuse and the Alabama, in both of which streams it is a))nndant. Various species range over several river basins and then ceas(» abruptly. Amiunts brunnena is abundant from tbe Santee to tbe Cbattaboocbee, in tbv hxwv river tbe most abundant food-fish, while in the very nrxt river- '»y«n, tbe Alabama, it is unknown. XV. Many species of wide distribution which are absent in certain '''ivums are there representeeci<»s, which ^v W regarded as modified descendants. Thus, in the South Atlan- ^•cstreaiiis, Gh(vnobryttus gitlosus is represented by Ghwnobryttus viridiaj '9tmigonua chryaoleucwt by Notemigonua amcricanua, Jn tbe South- i%Eupomotia aureua is represented by Eupomotia paUidua ; in the iJMiinii gjfrinus by Koturua aialtaj Noturua inaignia by Noturtia 04 COKTHEBUTIONS TO NOETIl AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — HI. '■xilin, NoturuH eleutherits by Notitrus wii'uriw, iltlanurii pijgmaahy Mt- lantira limi. XVI. Other 8i>ecie8 under similar ciicmusUDcea have no sncli repw- seutativea. Thu case of Luxilua comutim will again Ulastrate, XVII. Certain species have been known to extend their geogiapbicil range Kioce the opening of the ciiuals. Siu-b are more esi>eciiill,v ttu* migratory s[)ecies of probably marine origin, as Dorosoma /idemn, Pomolobus ohrysochloris, and AnguUla vuhjariit. These species sreaon abundant in Liike Michigan and Luliu l^iie. allhoitgh rormerly nuknoirD there. The range of certain Percitla: and Ccntrarchitlw has undouUnlljr been extended by the same meaus. XVIII. The cliaracterisliually American forms of fishes arc, gencrtil; speaking, rare or absent iu the waters of Nvw England and of tttf Pacific sloi>e. This fact has been well stated by Professor Agioisiz, vbo called New England "a zoological isUtnd". About 105 genera of freshwater fishes occur in the waters of lb United Stateci east of the Mississippi Utver. Of th<.nUloii(; or elongate, snbterete or more or ImN nom pressed : dorsal fln nciirly median, short and snbquadrste, irilkj from nine to eighteen developed rnys: ventral fins under the dorsal, on nine or ten rays : anal fln hiph and short, normally of seven rays, ni the base of the eaudal lb:m ihntof (hi- vrnimt Sii»: lips well develope usually papillose or plicate: gill-riikcrs little developed. Genera^ iahia. Placopliari/Ttx, Myxoatoma, Ermyzon, Minytrema, Calostomu», Pantosteus. Ciic!epfinrr.^V,w}y elongate, slender ; dorsal fin fnlcifnrm,of abootM CATOSTOMID^. 99 ated by ibe nnioa of the parietal bones : mouth inferior, with thick pipinoee lips : gill-rakers moderate, soft. Genus Cycleptus, ButaKdUAytfue. — Body stout, oblong-oval, and compressed. Dorsal fin eloDf^te, beginning more or less in front of the ventral fins, and ex- tending at least as far as the commencement of the anal, its rays 20 to 50 in number, the anterior ones more or less elongate : ventral rays onully 10: anal rays 8 to 12: b.ead stout and heavy : mouth moderate or smally with thin lips: fontanelle open: gill-rakers of anterior arch long, slender, and stiff above, growing smaller downwards. Genera Carj^eSj BnbaliekthySj Ichthyobu§, Myxocyprinua. As the chief purpose of this paper is to ascycrtain and make known the proper nomenclature of the valid genera and species of GatostomidcBy I shall omit further discussion of family and subfamily characters, and proceed at once to a catalogue of described species, arranged in chrono- logical order, with the date and my identification of each species oppo- site its name. As is the case in nearly every group of American fishes, the nnmber of nominal species is about three times the number really existing. It will be noticed that the number of species which I h:ive admitted is in most of the Catostomoid genera fewer than has been recognized by previous writers. This seems to me to result not from any pecoliar theories as to what constitutes a species, but from the fact that T havehada greater range of specimens of most forms than any previous writer has bad. I am confident that in the presence of a still greater amount of material, the characters of several other species will be found to melt away. To indicate which these vspecies are, in default of such material, would, however, be an unprofitable task. In this group, as in so many others, the truth well stated b\ Dr. Cones* becomes apparent: — *• We can only predicate and define species at all from the mere cir- cumstance of missing links. * Species ' are the twigs of a tree separated from the parent stems. Wo name and arrange them arbitrarily, in de- faoltof a means of reconstructing the whole tree according to Nature's famifications.'' * Birds of the Northwest, p. 327' 100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT — III. List of Ifominal SpeoUa of Cotostomida, tvith Idemt^ficatioiu. nominal Bpccit-s. Dale. Ideiitiliciilioii. 1773 IHO;! IH03 IBW IBH l«14 1817 IS it' Ifll7 1817 1H17 1H17 lfi|7 1-^17 iyi7 IP17 1M17 IB17 IHI7 IMIT ma \t>iii Erimyeoii HUuettu. (CutostouiUB) roMtrataa. CatOHtuuius teren. EriDi>zon sacetla. Curi"'*'!^ cyprino*. Erimjzon sucbtta. Erimyzoii auoetto. Mjxostonia aureolum. Catostomos t«reB. Cntmiomos longirmtris. CaIo».omn»oiKricans. Cjcluptnu eloDgatus. Enruyzonsucetia. MyxoHtoum macnjlspidoinu. doqa. CalostomaB teten. lubtlifoliua bubal D8. MysoBtotua maerolepidotDm JiwiBi Calostonina nigricaii'*. Riiljniii-Iitbvssp.! C;priuus sui-oLtu Luci^p&ile CutnstnniiiH uif^rioanH Li' Sueur CaloHtoDiuHuiacnliwiisLe Sueur CiilDBtonmsduquesDiil.fSlR-nr CiiliiatuiiiaB bosloiiicDBla Lo Saenr ■ U8T OF NOMINAL 6PKCIE8. 101 LU ^ Samkuil Sjfeeies of CatosicKiidc^ with IdenUficaHons^^omtinuei. Nominal wwtMk Date. Identiflcation. Py|riBM(Catoatoniiia)aQ6arii Rich PrpriBM(Catoatomaa) retiealatiia Rich . OilQitcMBaB oracilla Klrtlaod 1836 1836 1838 1842 1842 1H42 1842 1842 1844 1844 1844 1844 1844 1850 1860 1853 1864 1864 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 ia-i4 1854 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1856 1856 1856 1856 1856 1H.'',6 1896 • Myxoatoma aureola m T Catoatomas terea. CatostoDins teres. ''^ flflgaitt DeKay .....^ ...... .... Erimyson aaoetta. Erimysoa snoetta. lateofliopiia DeKay...... ^^nMnniia mi^a DeKay Myxoatoma maorolepidotQiii. CatoatODioa terea. Cttaftoniia mdlidna DoKav x . x . a ^ . LakeoflloDgatos BeKayi • • ErimvzoQ aacetta. GMoitomiia fiiaoiotoa Le 8oear, M4S . . . . CttoMoama planlaepa YateoGieDnea. .. CttoMonna earpio YalaDoianiiea CitoitoBiia tileaii YalandeDiiea BdBiopiathaa eyprinella YalanoleiiDea. Gtetoona ibntariaonB Agaatis CttoMoama aurora AgaaHia... ......... Miaytrema melanopa. Catoatomoa nigrieana. Myxoatoma oarpio. (Catoatomoa) roatratna. Catoatomoa tarea. Catoatomoa longiroatHa. Catoatomoa latipionia. Babaliobthya oraa. Bobaliohthya ap. Carpiodea biaon. Bnbalichtbys sp. Carpiodes cy prions. Myxostoma ooogestnm. Catostomns clarki. Catostomus insigais Pantoflteiis plebcins. Carpiodes cyprinns. Cutostomus occidentalis. OMoMmbob latipinnia Baird & Girard . . ^^■vpiote Drna Agaatia CvpMft tannia Agaatia CvyMaa biaon Agaaaia Cirpiod«a Titnloa Amasiz Cirpiodee Tacca Agaasiz CMwtoinoa ooDgestns Baird & Girard . . CUoitomiia clarki Baird & Girard Catoitomos ioMgnis Baird & Girard . . . CitQitoinas plebeias Bainl &, Girard. .. Ciipiodes tmuidos Baird &, Girard Citoitomas oooidentalis Ay res Idithvobos rancbii Airassiz Ichthyobns bnbalns. lebthyobos stolley i Agaasiz • Ichthyobns bubalns. Erimyzon oblongus. Carpiodes thompsoni. Bnbalichtbys nrns. Bubalichtbys bnbalns. Bnbalicbthvs nrns. virpiodes thoiiiDsoni Asassiz BvUIiobthys oiger Agaasiz BsUIiohthya bnbalas Agaasiz ^baliehthvs bonasns Acraasiz ^^stoitomas occidentalis Agassiz ^^^tottomiis bkbiatus Avres Catostomns occidentalis. Catostomus labiatns. ^^ttpiodesdainalis Girard ^'^ntottoina clayiformis Girard '"*BQitaina konnorl vi Girard ...... CarpioQT — IIL List of Ifominal species of Calottomida, witk Identifioationg — OoDtin Noiumal biwci^h. Date. Identifieation. ; CatoHtDoius ( AeouiUB) generosiia GitarH Catoatomus (Aoomus) grieuus Girurd . . CutOBtomue (Aeomiis) Iftctariua Girard. CaloatoniDaioacrocheilusGirard 1856 1B56 1856 ieo6 leoe itce 1856 1800 IttOO IW4 1868 1808 18T0 1870 1«70 1870 IrtO laro 1870 IWO 1870 1870 1670 1870 CatoBtomua lon^inutris. Catoatomna nacrocbilan. CatoslomDH chloropteron Ahbolt Bubalichlhya meridioaillB. PlacophsryuncariiiBtDB. Uyiostoma veo-tam. MyxoatoDia pidU'Uae. MynoBtomHi cortgono*. Myioatonia albain. MyxoBtoma tliiiluBaiDuiii. Mysoatoma DiaciulopidotatL Myx. macro lupidu turn lacbrfDa MyxoHtoma cra^HiUbre. Myxosloma. nnitinra. ScloroRnathas me rid ion alia GUather ... Ptychoetoniii8 pappilloans Cope PtjcbostoiDus tlialaaoiiiuaCope PtyoboHtomua lachrjmalis Cope PlychwtomnsbrcvipKiiB Cnjw ■ ANALT8I8 OF GENERA. 103 iMt of Nominal Speoies of CatostomidcB^ with Identifications — Continued. NomiDal species. i Date. MjxoBtoma enryops Jordan ! 1877 Bobilicbtbys babalioas Jordan ; 1877 Uyxostoma pcDcilnra Jordan 1877 Ugocbila lacera Jordan A Brayton 1877 ErimyaoD goodei Jordan 1878 CttMtomas arsDopos Jordan | 1878 Cilostomas retropinnis Jordan 1878 Identification My xOBtoma euryopn. Bubalicbtbys bnbalus. Myxotttoma poBcilura. Qoassilabia lacora. Erimyzon goodei. CatoHtomns arseopas. CatOHtomns retropiDnis. ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF CAT08T0M1DJS. 'Doreal fin abort, snbqnadrate, witb ten to eigbteen developed rays: body oblong or elongate : gill-rakers feeblo. {Catostomincs.) a. Moatn HiDgnlar, tbe npper ]ip not protractile, greatly enlarged, tbe lower lip developed as two separate lobes : opercalam very Hhort : air-bladder in tbree parts: scales large : fontaoelle well developed: laU-ral lioe present: pharyngeal bones and teeth ordinary Quabsilabia, 1. aa. Mooth normal, tbe lower lip entire or merely lobed, either tubercular or plicate. b. Air-bladder in tbree parts: lateral line continuous: fontanelle present : scales large, sobequal. & Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teeth much enlarged, subcy- lindrical aud truncate, the teeth of the upper part of the bene small and compressed: mouth large, somewhat oblique, witb very thick lips Placopiiaryjsx, 2. cc. Pharyngeal bones moderato, the teeth compressed^ gradually larger down- wardH: mouth moderate or soiall, tbe lips usually plicate. Myxostoma, 3. bh. Air-bladder iu two parts. d. Lateral line interrupted or wanting : ecales large (40 to r.O in tbe cuurue of the lateral lii.c) : lips plicate. e. Lateral line incomplete, obsolete in the young, becoming developed in the adult, but always more or less iuternipted: mouth Bmall, inferior. MiNYTRKMA, 4. «e. Lateral line entirely wanting : mouth somewhat oblique.. Erimyzon, 5. dd. Lateral line complete and continuous : scales small, 55 to 115 in tbe course of the lateral line. /. Fontanelle present. g. Mouth very large, terminal, oblique : lips thin, nearly smooth. CHASMIHTES, 6. gg. Mouth inferior, moderate or t«mall, with thick, papillose lips. Catojjtomus, 7. ff, Fontanelle obliterated by the union of the parietal bones: mouth small, inferior, with thick, papillose lips, the lower jaw provided with a cartilaginous sheath Pantostkus, 8. 104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEHICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL ■• Domnl fin elongate, more or lens plf vntoil in front, of »l>oat K or more dcidop"* rays : air bladder in ttro parts. I KnotaDnlle obliterated by the □niou of thir parietal bones: head short stidiiiiill: body elongat*. (Cjcftpfina.) k. Mouth small, inferior, with very thick, papillose lips : tcales small. Ii3 lo 60 id the coorae of the lateral line CvcLEFiti.* HFonlanello well dovelopeil : Lead Inrjfe : body oblon); or ovate : scalen larga, 33 1» 4G in the coarse of the lateral line. (Dubalicktkgino!.) f. Dorsal raya in moderate number {^4 to 33). j. Moatb coDiparutively small, inferior, protractile downirards. t. PboryDgoal bones uurrow, irith the teeth comparatively thin and weak. Carpiodu, I& kk. Pharyngeal bones strong, the leetb oompiuativel; coarse and huge, '» creosing in size down wnrda BtiBAUCHTHT^ II' jj. Month qnite large, terminal, protractile forwards: pharyngeal bone* sad hmoderate: lips thin, nearly smooth IcuTuruBL's, 11 U. Dorsftl fln very long, ofnbuat 50 developed rays MvxocyyiUKt;^ It Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan d Brayton. lasodtila Jord.i.v iIi, Biuvtun. Piuo. Ac. Nat. Sc. Fhila. 280. 1877. (Pieoccopisd ii concbulogy OS Lagtxhilm.) IJuMiilabia ( JoiiDAN &. BRavton) JoxD-tN, Man. VerC E. U. S. ed. 20, 401. 1>478. TyiNJ, Lagoekila loftra Jordan & Bniyton. Etymulugy, guantui, broken or turn; labia, lip. Sucker.-* like Mi/xontima iu every respect exceptiog the structan i mill 1111(1 oiRTciilit. Heai) sliortisb, conical, with lfiit;tiieuedeiK OINUB QUASBILABIA. 106 Bedn burge, predaelj as in MgroitomOj the lateral line well developed nd iMtilj Btraigfat, with about 46 scales in its coorse. AirUadder in three parts. tanal peoaliarities anknowo ; probably little marked. But a riugle species of this gcDus is Icnown. It is a sort of offehoot ftooi the genus MfxoBtama^ bat its uoo -protractile mouth and singular krwtf lip would* seem to indicate some real affinity with the genus Exo- The Dame LagodMua bad been previously applied to a genus of Gas- Jmpods by Blanford, and to a genus of Insects by Loe w. As Lagoehila is lalMCwitially the same word, with the same etymology, and as, if written 4i iMst correctness, it would be LagoiAilua also, its authors have seen IttOMbstitaie the name QuoiSikMa^ and thus to forestall' all discus- ioitt to whether the name Lagotkila should be retained. As this sub- Hitation was made soon after the original description of the genus, and teftn the name LagoehUa had come into any general use, it is to be boped that it will be accepted by succeeding ichthyologists. La80CB1Ia JordttD & BraytoD, 1877.— ** Similar to JffJB0«/ama(Pr^M(omaMAca88iz) «DMpt te tbe strootiiro of ibm noath pnrtB. Dorsal fin short ; lateral Hdo well devel- ii^ ipci; Mtlea large, eubeqoal ; air-bladder in three parte ; foDtaoelle between parietal knei well developed ; pharyngeal bonus weak, with nnmerons small teeth ; upper lip MA aU protractile, greatly enlarged, bnt attmnated, and sirgular in form. It consists of tvo elongated and narrow lobes, separated by a narrow, deep fissure, which extends isvaid to the edge of the mandible proper, which seems to be armed with a rather "M or almost homy plate, about as in the genus PantoateM. Tbe two lubes of the ^ii« weakly papillose. The lower Hp is entirely separated from the upper at the »g^ by a deep fissure. Over this fissure the skin of the cheek lies as a sort of cloak ; t^cresae separating this skin from the mouth, exteuding up on the sides of the muzzle, ^fiwire between the lips extends down on tbe skin of tbe nnd«r side of the head, ^opercle is extremely short and the eye is eutirely in the posterior part of the bead.^ — (JoiDAjf & Brayton, Proc. Ac Nat So. Phila, p. 280, 1877.) QviauLABiA Jordan A Brayton, 1878. — '' When tbe name Lagoehila was firHt pro- R^fbr this genus, its authois were not aware that tbe masculine form, LagochUuH, ^ been already given to two different genera, to one of OasteroiK>dB by Blanford, aLd 1* cue of Insects by Loew. The words Lagoehila and Lagoohiltis are identical in ety- '><^' and in all except terminations, and many writers would consider them innufii- cKBtly distinct, and would hold that the name Lagoehila should be cbanj^ed. At P^'BiBn^Iam inclined to the contrary opinion ; nevertheless, as tbe matter standn, and M the Dame LagoekUa ht^ not yet come into general use, less confusion porha|)s will '*'^ ^toin renaming tbe genus, than from any other oourso. The nani« Quaaailabia (loniaa 4 Bray too) ia aooordingly suggested as a substitute for Lagoehila, considered ^ ^ pnoocnpied in oonobclogy. The etymology is qwunu, broken or torn ; labial lip. 1^ L 106 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMBBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT— OL Tbe CMS is preciself like that of th« Kenng of Dotm, Xtptqpitia 8wiuDM>n, Utdf •*■ .XAmaplila b; Dr. Cooes, on uccoDDt of thepreviooaXipfoplUMof LeMOD."— (JOU' Bull. U. S. Geol. Sun. Terr, vol iv. No. *, p. 4la, 1878.) AMALVeiS OF SFRCIB8 OF QUASaiLABIA. 'Head short, conical, with lengtbeoed aaout, the reftion between tbe Vl» flitU Kod with promioeDt mncoDS ridgot : cheeks and lonoi port of head rather secies of Myxoatoma in its larger and more oblique mooth Hd extremely thick lips. 2. PLACOPHABYNX CABINATU3 Cope. Big-jaictd Smeter. taO—Platophatynx earinaiiit COPe, Proc. Aiu. Phikw. Soc Philk. 467, 1870. FlaeopJtaiTttx earimalvi Joktiax, Fisbea at lod. 221, IH75. (Name odIj.} /■loMptarjrM eariaiuiu Jordak, Msd. Vort. 296, lH7fi. Pladtpkarym earinatui Neuwn, Boll. No. I, IIU. Hns. Nat. Hiat. 49, 1876. Placophatyaz carinaitu Jordan & Copelind, Checlc iJat, IbS, IB7S. (Him only.) PUcopliartiiix cari»aia$ Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Pbila. 72, ttfTT, Plaeopkargwz oariKatiai JanUAS & Oilskkt, id Klipparfa Bept. 53, loTT. (bw P(acopkargmr cariKalu* KuPPART, FiraC Heport Ohio F^tfa CoiuiDinu>D,SG,tiffT. Placvphari)iix cariaatMi Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mdb. ix, 50, Ign. (Name oolf.) FLACOPHARYNX CARINATU8. 109 tbe posterior extremity of this ridgo appears in some Pti/chostomi. Orbit bogitodinalty oval, 4.5 times in length of head, twice in interorbital vidth. Type, fourteen inches in length. ^ Color in alcohol like that of other species, nnifoim straw or whitish •Birery. '^Tbe pharyngeal bones of this species are mnch stouter than those of oCber species of its own and greater size, e, e : scales G-15-6 : dorsal rays 13 ; ^<»v-gi!aen above; lower fins red. 110 CONTBlBUnOKS TO SOfiTH AMEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOT-^L GenuB MYXOSTOMA (Rqfineaque) Jordan. CMMfomn up. Lp. SUBUR, »d(1 of nil irrit«n tilt 1855. Moxetloitia RaI'I.nesquk, Ichtbyologin Obivnsia, 1820, 54. (PrupoMd Bsftral^NQt ilioHBHiieciM of Caioeiomu* with eight ventral raya And the e«id>l kilM eqnni : typo C. aniiitrtti Raf.) Ttreltiliit RAFiNEe<)UE, Iclitbyologia Obieoais, 1S90, &7. (As a enbgeDDa,to lad tliiwu speciea of Caloiloniut with nine veotral rays: no type daaguted— i <>[ tliu species recorded belong to tbe present geons. C. amrtoltu Le Sao lliu Hjiecies first oientioaed, nod to this species nnd its relatives the ■ TcrcdtJtKf w»i8 B^rirardB restrioted by Professor Cope.) PlfdnMlomHn Aoassiz, Amoricuo Jonninl of Science and Arts, I1IS&, p. 203. (Ko (leBifjnnlMl : tbe species men tioned nre F. anrwliu, P. muieral^idotm*, P, d« nfi, and P. mtlanopi. P. aureolui haa been conaidered the type of tbe gem Ttntulut CtirK, Juaro. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 1S68, 236. Uoxoiloma Jiikdan, Haonnl of Tertebrntes, It{7t), 295. Uj/t«*tima Jdmdih, Add. Lye. Nat. HUt. 1H17, 348. (Correeted orthognfdiy.) Etynioliit-y./ibfu. to sack ; vrbfia, nioatb. Type, Latmiomat anitunm RafiDeeqao. Boi^s elongate, sometimes nearly terete, asnally mon leiwc-ompreMscHl. IIoHtl viu-ioimly long or short, its length rangiDg from 3} to 5} in I or thi> IxHly : eye nsnally rather hirge, varying from 3 to 6 times in lcnt;th i>i' the side of the bead, its position high ap and medial rtirliiT )ift.'j:i'rln!': sLi1iiirlilt;i1 buiio^ ft^ry nftrrow. fihvnys much \(n GENUS MTX08TOMA. Ill the teeth rather coarser, stroogly compressed, the lower five or six mach Btiooger than the others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards, each with a prominent internal casp. Scales large, more or less quadrate in form, nearly equal in size over the body, and not specially crowded anywhere, usually about 44 in the lateral line (41 to 56), and about twelve series between dorsal and veu- tiala. Lateral line well developed, straight or anteriorly decurved. Pins well developed, the dorsal inserted about midway of the body, its first rnys usually rather nearer snout than the caudal, the Domber of developed rays usually about 13, but varying in difi'erent species from 11 to 17 : anal flu short and high, usually emarginate in the male fish, probably always with seven developed rays : ventrals in- serted nearly under the middle of the dorsal; their number of rays nor- mally 9, occasionally varying to 10 ; the occurrence of ten ventral rays is probably an accidental individual character, and not a permanent specific one : caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes about equal, except in two 8i)ecies. Airbladdermth three chambers: skeleton essentially as in Catostomus^ tbe vertebrsB in M. carpio 27-14 (Oiinther). Sexual pcHSuliarities little marked, the males in the spawning season ^th tbe lower fins reddened, and the anal rays swollen and somewhat tabercalate. This genus is widely diffused, some of its species occurring in all the Wers of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, excei)ting those of the New England States. Some of the more aberrant species seem to be quite local ; other species are of the widest distribution. Tbe principal species in the genus, although not the technical type, M. ma- f^^idotumy is very widely* diflused, and is subject to much variation. This genua is one readily recognizable by external appearance, its species being known to the fishermen as ^' Red Horse ^ am\ '^ Mullet ^^; tbose of other genera being called rather '* Suckers". Its proper nomen- clature has, however, been a subject of considerable uncertainty. The subgenus Moxostoma was originally proposed by Ratinesque to inclmle C. anisurus Eaf., with the following diagnosis: — *'Body oblong, wniprepsed; head compressed, eight abdominal rays; doisal fm com- nwnly longitudinal ; tail commonly unequally forked." The characters here noticed are either common to several genera, ^ else merely 8i)ecific, and the use of the generic name must de- P^ CD oar identification of the original typical species. By some 1 [co»-1 112 COHTRIBUTIOKS TO NORTH AMERICAS ICHTHTOLOOY — HI. piocess of reaHoniog Dot uow explaiuable. Professor AgaKsiz ideobM ihis with Ibe couidiud Clinb Sucker of the West, a fpecies wliirh 1 BJiler iileatical wirli C^fprinm oblougus Mituhili. Ho thus trauslmt^ muni' Moxonioma frwm the '■ Uetl Horse" lo tbe "Cbab Sucker" jtnwp ': Rafluesqiiti'a description, however, renders it evident tha! his flsb tu\ one of the Ited Horse kind; and n* Moxoatoma ia the first generic iipplied to speoies of th»t group, it muxt be retained iu spite of Ikl incoiiipleteuess-of the original diagnosis. Teretulua Rufinesque was proposed three pages later for "aui-xteiwiw sabgenus, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: C.iti reolut, C. niacrolepidotus, C. lougiroitrum, C. nigricans, C. v'-itatut, It niOCuIoAUS, C nucetta, besides tliu C. teret and C. oblongVK of Mitvbi&il To these he adds his own spi'uica. C melamtpn, V. tnelanotws {= Camit' atQiHU), C. fa«c!olaria, C. erytbrurva, noil C. Jlcxuotus. This '■mniUNnffr themm" receives the following diagnosis: — "Body elongate e>liDilhal or somewhat quadrangular, 9 alMlominal mjs, dorsal tin coumioiily si tail equally forked." A niime proposed for a group of this kind, in Ihe opinion of Ibe [m» ent vrriter, should not be set aBide, but should be retuined for o: more of the species originally rcferreil to it, and when any niM adopts snch a geuns, be shall liave the right to select any of the as its type, nnd the name should be considered thereafter as npptji^ to such typical species only, not to be revived in cime sncb rypictd be afterwards lound to have had a prior genei ic name. GENUS MTX08T0MA. 113 and lipa, althoogh the species of Minytrema was iDadvertently ioolnded JDit. The most important generic featare, the tricellalar air bladder, WM flret noticed as in Cdtosto- ■w proper. Th«^ g«*neric name of this type is derived fiom this character of the lips Tbehetd is Hborter and stouter. The dorsal is longer than it is high, bnt hi the mules, UiRlon;»er in proportitm than in the females. The anal of the male is alto broader tbuitbat of the female, and its lower margin lobed, while in the female it is trape- zoidil und narrow. "The tcaU's urv as large on the anterior as en the posterior region of the boo>terior than upon the lateral and anterior fields ; the radiating furrows few, ^lyoneor two in the i>08terior field and one on each side limiting that field Ironi the **^n\ fields; tho^e t»f the anterior field are more numerous, and yet not crowded. ToUfof the lateral line arising in the centre of radiation or farther back upon the P'Wterior fiehl. "The pharyngeals are strong, their entire edge spreading like a wing, and that • ^pl^iog margin is separated from the symphysis by a deep omargination. The twth increasing rather rapidly in size from above downwards, are more apart from one Ball. N. M. No. 12—8 114 CONTBIBUnOSB TO KOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOr — OL anotberthBD in the preoediDgK^Dera, and >rcbed inward ■■ in HoxMtonuktlMiDHi edge of tbe lower ones aqnare, its inaet maripti rlaiog into « broad cdbp in (fa« uU Mid upper tcetb."~( JiwricoM Joam. Sci. Arlt, xii, p. 803.) TERETt-Li-s Cope, 1868.— "Tbe euentiitl cbaracter (rf thia gfiaaa is tbe dividw the nstatOT}- bladder into Ibreechambera, wbileCatOitomnsBtid allCypKoidAeili'l bat tiro. Tbis fe«tnre ii aceompsuied bj plicate lipe, aa AfiaMiz baa indicatfd,i ulnenja to tbe veotral fin, already pointed out bf BafineaqaB. Tbe apecie* »n 1 largsat acaled of tbe tjpical sDCkera. Le fiuear and Vatenciennn bave poinled i tba KMWric featnreH in the P. niacrottpidotiu ; Prof. Baird infonnB me that it dm In PL jlorealiiRd., and I fiud it iu Ft. onYimu and Pi. duqueaiiL It no donbtu ^ao in tbe PI. atriDlai. Other species ilescrilitd by Baird and Ginird from tbeSw weal probably posaees it. "It is diBlcnIt to amlKn a name to this eenns. Ralinesqno propoaea it npon qbi able cbaracteta, and ioclndea with it species of Mozoatiima and Catoatomns. kp pnrRedit of tbeaec]emeutii,but did not exprcxa its ceeential cbaivcter, apparently c Ing oa the plicate lips. 1 have lalten the older name, leaving for otbera Ibe 1 deoiaioD."— (Journal Acad. \al. Sci. Phila. tSW, p. '/36.) PrrcHosTouuB Cope, tSiO. — '* Tlie development of the lips furniab important J noatio indications in this genns. !□ tbo^ mcst urarly allied loMoxoatonia, tbe iDh lip reaembles that of tbat genua in bein<; narrower and devply incised, euiai;^: poateriorly forming a bgnre V ivith tbe apex forwards, at tbe same time the sapt lip is very thin and often narrow. Such species are nhorter, and tend to a i^al velopment of doTsal fin. Otbeisof tbi^ t,vpe are more elongate. Somespeoiesofl are distingoisbed by their rerj' prominent conic muzzle and miunte, inferior nw reminding one of the Ciu-piodes. In oneBpeciesthelipsarepapilloaeiDeteadof plii Id some species, the month is very projectile, in others scarcely so at »ll. " Bafinesqiie proposed a genus Tcretului on tbe characteristic pecaliaritj' of nine ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MTXOSTOMA. 115 ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MYX06T0MA. «dittiDetIy plicate. mrer lip foil, its posterior edge trancate) not infolded and '' /^-shaped ''. t. Species with the body distinctly compressed, the depth 3} to nearly 5 in length. h. Dorsal fin largely developed, its rays 15 to 18 in number : head rather large, 3} to 4^ in length, broad above : month large, with fall lips : eye rather large : body deep, strongly compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the depth abont 3} in length : dorsal fin high and large, larger than in anj other species of tho genus, the first ray about as long as the base of th& fin : scales 5-43-4, quite large : coloration very pale and silvery, the lower ilns white carpio, 3. M« Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14 in number. c. Scales large, 41 to 50 in the course of the lateral line. d. Caudal fin normal, the two lobes about equal and similarly colored, e. Head singular in form, much shortened, the muzzle very abruptly de- curved, descending almost perpendicularly in front of the eye : the head wedge-shaped from behind forwards, and less so from below upwards, its sides subvertical and the lower cross-diameter of the head greater than the upper. /. Eye very large, more than one-third tho length of the side of the head (in an individual of sis inches in length): lips thin, very faintly plicate : width of head through the oporcles greater than the thickness ot the body : head 4^ in length ; depth abont the same : dorsal rays 13 : scales 6-43-5 : body shortish, closely com- pressed, the back somewhat elevated, and the caudal peduncle unusually long in proportion : color smoky-blue ; lower fins white : size probably small euryops, 4. ««. Head normal in form, not as above. g. Mouth moderate or larp^e, not very small, nor very much overpassed by tho muzzle : lips thick, strongly plicate : body stoutish, vary- ing to moderately elongate: dorsal fin medium, its developed rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number : scales large, about G-45-5 : lower fins in the adult red or orange. K Head comparatively elongate, 4 to 5 in length : mouth large : size very large, reaching a length of two feet or more mackolepidotum, 5. X. Head quite elongate, 4 to 4f in length : back little elevated: body rather elongate, not greatly compressed : scales pretty large, 6-42 to 49-5: back bluish or olive ; sides brilliantly silvery, with bright reflections ; dorsal fin dusky above ; lower fins bright red duquesnii, XX. Head a little shorter, 4^ to 4i in length : form of the preceding: scales distinctly smaller, 7 or 8-48 to 50-6: back with much smoky ■hading lackrynuile. 1 1 6 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IlL *Ll|i»[h 3(: muzzle coDiracted : scales large, i>--14s) ; dorwl rayii oBolg Vd : 14: largv: eoloralion smoky above, some scales diwfcj M ^ AHAL78I8 OF SPECIES OF HYX08T0MA. 117 itinoily plicate — CootiDaed. i& Seales Teiy small for the genos, about 9-^6-8 in DDmber : body moderately elongate, the depth about 4 in the length. M. Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length : eye large : dorsal fin bmall, with about eleven rays, the last rapidly shortened (characters of month unknown, but probably similar to maerdlepidotum and ptBcUmra; it is said to be '* much larger thau in F. congestut") albidum, 11. peoiea with the body elongate, little compressed, broad, the depth about 5 in length, not very much greater than the thickness. j. Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards, about 5 in length : cheeks subvertical : mouth rather large, with thick lips, which are strongly plicate, the folds some- what broken up : eye small : fins very small, the dorsal rays 10 to 12 : scales rather large, 6-44 to 49-5 : color green- ish-brown, a pale blotch on each scale, these forming con- tinuous streaks along the rows of scales : back with more or lees distinct brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not much red ; the dorsal blackish at tip : size smallest : length less than afoot cervinum, 12. r Up thin, not infolded and ^^A'^^^P^ ''» forming a narrow, crescent-shaped ^rder around the mandible. k* Head small, 5 times in length: muzzle prominent, but less so thau in M, evregonvs : mouth moderate : back a little elevated: depth about 3^ in length : dorsal rays 12 to 14, its free border often incised : scales 6-45-5 : colora- tion very pale ; lower fins white : sizo large ; reaches a weight of four pounds or more album, 13. kk. Head stout, as in M. velatumy rather long, 4 in length, flattish above, muzzle truncate, not very prominent: mouth moderate : back elevated : dorsal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays : sea-green above ; white below ; lower fins white THALA88INUM, 14. : lip infolded, A'^<^P^ when viewed from below, with a distinct median crease, in which the two halves of the lip meet, forming an acute angle : mouth smalL 2. l>orsal large, with IG (15 to 17) developed rays. m. Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the depth 3 to 4 in length : head short, heavy, flattish and broad above, thick throngh the cheeks, 3f to 4^ in length : eye rather large, midway in head, 4 to 5 in its length : mnzzle rather prominent, bluntish, overhanging the very small mouth : fins very large : dorsal long and high, its height five-sixths the length of the head: pectorals nearly reaching ventrals* color silvery^ Hnoky above; lower fins red: size laqpa... velatum, 15. 118 C0NTE1BCTI0N8 TO KOETH A3IERICAN ICHTHYOLOGT — lit. •Lip« dirtinctly plicate — Cootinned. II. Dorsal modersb;, tritb \2 w 14 ilevuloped n;«. n. Head compuutively latKe, aboat4 in leogtb: dnul rays aaually 12. 0. Head sbon anil very wide tbrongb tbeopcrtiA Oat aboTe: body Htoat, ibe back tumeibt elevaUid, deplb 4 in leogtb : muzzlv tciblniS' Gftle, sliKbtly iirojeutlng : acalw &-40-5 : olln- ceous, silver; l>elon-; dorsftt Sndnsky. ^" oo. Head rolber long, 44 in leDgth, flivlti«ll •h«l iMidy elouitate, more nearly cyhnilricat, til com pressed: luaizlc tmucatu: olivaceuiu,Ni limes wilb roHs of faiDt spot* aluug ibean of ii'4ile.i t dorsal uatl caudal fiiia bUck-«d(i4:J Bii« qnite small: resembles If. ccrctHiix. bntttl moDtb entirely different PCDlEN^li, IT. NH. Head very amall, about 5 in leogtb : muizle t moch projecting beyoDil the vvrj small nu bod; broadly tusirorm, niDch compressM, lb* bsck eletithsd and orcbed : dorsal rajs 14 : oIm silvery, nitb plumbeous slindes aboi'c; fliiH while: bIzobdiuH coRKOHXtA, U * Lips fall, HtroDgty papUloee, mnch as in Ibe sobgeDae Bjipailttiaai. p. Body comparalively stoat, Ibe dorskl ngM Bomeivbat elevateil and rouoded, tlie dlfi being aboat 4 in lengtb, tbe bead aboot Nl MTXOBTOICA KUBYOP8. 119 JTiMiiMM Mnyte Jordam, Mao. Yert. 896, 1876. Amfiiliw cnyfo Nklboh, BoU. No. 1, Ilia. Has. Nat. Hist 49, 1876. nrfteiM ocfyfo JosDiir 4b Copbland, Cheok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) JfaMlMM mrfh JORDAK 4b GiLBKRT, Id Klippan'tt Bept. Fish Comm. Ohio, 53, 1W7. (Kama only.) MpemUmm evpio Jobdait, Man. Yert. £. U. 8. ed. 8d, 312, 1878. HabitaTw— Qieaft Lake Beglon and northward. Also in the Ohio Btver. Tbia s|)eoieB is apparentiy not very common, and its distribution is frobsbly diiefly northward. I bave obtained but one living specimen, i Im large one, from Lac des Buttes des Mort8, in Northeastern Wis- ooMiii. This speoimen in life was extremely pale and silvery, its fins kiTing none of the orange coloration common to most of the species. 1. Mtpjo is related to If. fnaorolepidotumj bnt the much greater develop- ■ent of the dorsal will always distinguish it. Spedwieif in VMM Siaiet NatUmal Miuemm. lOnO CIneinnati, Ohio J. W. Miliier. Ilil4 Alpena, Mich. (Lake HuroD) J. W. M liner. 19170 Cincinnati, Ohio J. W. Mihicr. IWl Cincinnati, Ohio J. W. Milner. 1»I3 Cincinnati, Ohio } J. W. Miluer. Marietta, Ohio i Prof. Andrews. 4. MYXOSTOMA EURYOPS Jord^tn. SnuthnoBed Sucker. ^^TerttmlM evryops Jordan & Copkland, Check LiHt, 157. (Nauio only.) }ijfjo*toma euryops Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hint. N. Y. xi. 348, 1877. Mjfiimioma euryops Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 312, lt;78. Habitat. — Alabama River. ^18 Bpecies is still known only from the type 8|)eci men obtained in I^^fjo.v's Creek, a small tributary of Oostanaula Kiver, a few miles oorth of Rome, Ga. The species is most nearly related to M. macroJepi- ^otumy and it is barely possible that the type specimen is a monstrosity ^ that species. The peculiarities of the mouth, and the fact that the ^es of the head seem to be normally develoi)ed, lead me to consider it A distiuct species. 120 CONTEIBIJTIOHS TO NORTH AMEEICAH ICHTHTOLOGI-^n. 5. MYXOSTOIIA MAOEOLEPIDOTDM {Le Sueur) JprAm. ! Common Eed Borse MuUet. WhiU Sucker. Largt-toaled Suelur. ,a. Sabspt'ciLB maerolepidotut. 1617— C'afMfomiu macrolepidotug Le Suecr, Judhi. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. i, 94. Caloetomiu macroJrpidolus DeKay, Nen Yoik Faaoa, part iv, Fishei,SOII;lili Catoitoati»macrotrpidotatC\:vicn & VAi.BKCiKXNEB,Hiiit. Nat. desPoiiH>u,iTii, 447, 1844. Caioetomu* macrolepidolut STOitER, Synopsis, 4ti0, 1846. Ptuchottomm macrolfpidotm AOASKiZ, Am. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 8d Berics, lii, W, 1835. Ptychotlomvt nacroJrpidoluM CoPK, Proc. Am. Philoa. 8oc. Pbili. 47ri, IHTO. PtychoitomHt nuuTolepidotai Jokdan, Fiahes of Jnd. 221, 1^75. (Nitne nnljr.] Mozottoma maa-alepidotuni JoitDAN, Uan. Vert. 39C, 1676. Teretalut macroltpidolum Nki.8on, Bait. No. I, Ills. Hus. Nat. Hist. 4'J, 1476. Catoslomue macrolepidotut Uiilku & LVGOKit, Fishes of Marj'Iand, 140, 1W6. Tirctului macralepidotue JouD\!i &, Copkland, CbeokLlat; z, 157, 1(576. (Sib ODly.) Moxoatoma macrolfpldota JoituAK&GiLBEHT, iDKIipparl'aBept.&3,lri7ti. (Nw MnioilOttia nuKToUpidola Jouvas, Mau. Tert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, 313, 1678. l6i2—Catoito lu oneida DeKat, Kiw York Fann», part iv, Fiahea, 196. Caloelon a onrida Stokku, Sj'iiupsiH, 425, 1M6. Fl eloslomus ojteida CoFR, Fnic. Am. Pbiloa. Soc. Philo. 476, 1670. IfiiO— / tj ftojfomim rohugtmi CoFE, Froc. Am. Pbiloa. Soc Pbilu. 473. TrreiuUt robuilnt JoKbtN &. Cupeu.nd, Check Ltat, 1!>7, 1»T6. (Name 011I7.} Ip7G— Pi iichottomus eongeitue Cope & Yark(iw, LieDlOQADt Wheek-r'a Espl. W. lOO HTXOSTOlfA MACBOLEPIDOTUM. 121 Miw dmqwnU Cuvdbr & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, L844. mtu duqunnil Kirtland, Boston Joarn. Nat. Hist, v, 268, 1645. mus duquesnii 8tobbr, Synopsis, 423, 1840. itomtu duquitnii Aga^siz, Am. Jonm. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855. MM duqiieaMi Gt)NTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 18, 18G8. M duquetnei Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 23G, 1868. itoflMM duqueani Cops, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 476, 1870. iomus duque$nei Jordan, Ball. Bnfialo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876. 7Ma duqueanii Jordan, Man. Vert. 295, 1876. mu8 duquunu Uuler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1876. M duqueanii Nelson, Ball. No. 1, Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876. K« duqueanii Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) oma duqueanei Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876. (Name ) oma duqueanii Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 349, 1877. oma duqueanii Jordan, Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, 37, 1877. * 7ma maerolepidota var. duqueani Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2d, p. 313, 1878. mua erythruruSj R\finesque, Am. Month. Mag. and Crit. Bev. 354. mua erylhrurus Rafinesque, Icb. Ob. 59, 1820. mua erytkrurua Kirtland, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838. Uomua eryihrurua Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 474, 1870. \tamua eryihrurua Jordan, Fishes of Ind. 221, 1875. (Name only.) M eryihrurua Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) melanurua Rafinesque, Ich. Oh. 51. -Ohio Valley. Upper Mississippi River and southward; most abundant liu to Georgia. tiou of a very large series of "Mullet" and "Red Horse'' J8 parts of tlie country has led me to tbe couclusiou, at first xpected, that all the various forms iiicluded iu the above belong to one widely diffused and somewhat variable species, illef of the lakes and of Eastern Pennsylvania appears gen- lififer iu the more elevated and compressed body, shorter, id, and brownish or brassy rather than silvery coloration, sents the general tendency of ^^xaT. macrolepidotum^ } but of ^^duquesnei^ can be found which will match the average 7tum in each of these respects. The form which I have iden- Professor Cope's lachrymale is to some extent intermediate, e additional peculiarity of smaller scales. In this respect, K^asional individuals, both of duqucsnei and of macrolepidotumy *^ which approach it. the waters of the eastern and northern parts of the wrolqndotum. It is a^^ AAmnionly as a food- 122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOGT— m. Hsb in tbe winter and Hpring in the marlietB of WaBbingUm and PtdltM [)liia,aB ivell us in tbe markets of those oities in tbe W>.-8t which an a^ plied by tlie flsheriea of the Great Lalies. It ia iirobahly mooh man nbiiiiduiit ill Lake Erie tbao M, aureolum is, and it baa been freqoeittj j coufouiideil with the latter Hpeci(.'s. I unce obtained two apecinM, ' rnuh of neitrty twelve pouuds weight, in tbe Fox BAver in WiscooHL lu ibe Ohio Uiver and its tribatariea, and hi the riven of tbe Sooth- west geuendly, the var. duqtKsnii is tbe prevailing form. This I'uirti is more di'liuately colored than tbe other, tbe silvery laMre of tbe sella in mure otroiigly marked, and tbe red of the fins is rutlu'r iooie virii This form, too, is valued somewhat as a food-flsb, although tbeflok,; likH that of all tbe Suckers, is comitaratively coarse, tattteless, and falltf' boiivs. The variety duqueenei is everywhere known by tho cariolltn^■ uncnliir iiimie of "Ked Uorse'', a name possibly to be accounted Corby the eolor of the fins and the form of the head. This variety also gtta tou large size. Tbe variety lackrymale I otily know from specimens obtaiued iu iiM- wall River, Gettrgia, iu company with the variety duquetnei, NotbliV distiurtive wiis noticed in regard to its habits. Tbe Hed lloi-se prefer nitber deep, clear water, seldom asceDdiDgfOf small streams, and then ebiedy iu tbe spawning season — in Mitf— A wbieb time (bey may be found iu gr«it aboodance in any rapid rf ft river or a erei'k, or below a miUitond. They are generally caagUiV nets, traps, or suaiva, bnt will freqiieutly bite at a book baited vitkft MTZOBTOMA MACSOLBPIDOTUM; 123 thlMMgi and I am uiAble to distingaiah it from typical maerokpidotumj ihhoigh the moath is rather emalli more like tbat of aureolum. I hate identified certaiD apecimens with Professor Cope's P. laekrynuUe with a little donbti as the points of differentiation which I notice are not thoie emphaaised by Professor Cope. The original types, which I believe US DOW lost, were Item the Neose Biver in North Oarolina. In describ- iif this ^Moiea, Professor Oope remarks, ** This species is qnite near the ImI (P. erffikrwruM) and may at some fhture time be shown to be a local Tviety of it, bnt in this case P. maorolepidotus mnst follow also.'' Ihs ayoonyms of var. duquesnei may now be noticed. Of thesCi the ODly one of importance is that of Catostamus erythrurus Bafinesqnei neoitly reoogoiaed by Professor Cope as a species distinct from P. Ihe presence of ten ventral rays in duquesniij us contrasted with nine vntnd raya in erytirunu^ is the chief point on which Professor Oope reli« to distingnish the two species. He also finds the mouth rather ■ore inferior in duqueanii^ and the scales rather smaller, 7-48-7, instead In regard to the number of ventral rays, my experience is that in every Vedeti of the genus the normal number is nine^ but that ten-rayed iadividnals occur in the proportion of about one in twenty in any of the Wttm. I have seen specimens of duqueanii with nine rays on one side wi ten on the other. I have therefore discarded all consideration of the Aomber of ventral rays as a specific character. In regard to the nomber of scales in the lateral line, the usual number in most of the ipeeies is 43 to 44; but of every species in which I have been enabled toeiamine a large series of individuals, I have found a range extend- ing firoin 42 to 49. I have seen ten-rayed specimens of duquesnei with Ivge scales, and nine-rayed erythruri with small ones. Within the limit <>f i3 to 50 I therefore do not consider the number of scales as a perma- i^t specific character. The greater prominence of the muzzle in duqttes- ^ss observed by Professor Oope, is perhaps accidental or individual. At all events, it is too uncertain a feature to base a species on. The Ri^tiliis melanurua of Bafinesque is, as I have elsewhere shown, Probably a young Bed Horse, with a dusky-shaded dorsal and caudal, vhieh that acute, but superficial, observer mistook for a species of Dace. 124 CONTBIBUTIONS TO ffOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHYOUMT— OL ^cctmau i» Vtiied SUtU* A'climal MammwL. • HtautM. L.«:Oil>-. CodMM. Tsr. tKocrolepUatiii. \ofa\ Potouu Hiver J. W. UilM. llMOfl) Potoinno Rivur J.W.MilM. liioti PoUiiDttoKivur J.W.UilDK. vmt\ PoUimiiD River J, W. Milur. isaiT I'ulunino River J. W. MilDtf. 13:111) I'ctomM BivtT J, W. Milnec. a. B. OoodB. J.W, Mib« IMAI I'lilimiaoBirrr 909-JO Bliick Itivpr, New York 8. F. B«ird. aoips '■nrooklyu- J. C. Bwi-oort. ■ MTX08T01CA AUREOLUM. 125 CsiotiMtM aureoiui Btorxr, Synopeis, 420, 1846. (kaottomui OMrtohiB Aoassiz, Lake Soperior, 357, 1850. P^fdUfttomuM amrfolm9 Aoassiz, Am. Joofd. Sc. Ar's, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855. PtfelMfoMM aMreolu9 Putnam, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863. PifdtO€Umm» aureolus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8c. Pbila. 285, 1864. C«toffomi(« aureoluB GCntheb, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, 16, 1868. (In part; deMriptioD apparently copied acd confased.) Ptjfek0st4mM8 aweolua Cops, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 187C Moxo§tama awreolum Jordan, Man. y<;rt. 295, 1876. Ttnimltu aureolum Nelson, Ball. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876. TattuluB aurtolusJoKDASf & Copeland, Cbeck List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) Mc9o»fcma aareola Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Kept. 53, 1876. (Name only.> Mfxottoma aurtola Jordan, Man. Vert. £. U. 8. ed. 2d, 314, 1878. 3-C«lo0'oHMw Unfwrii Richardson, Franklin's Joamal,772, 1823. ^CfprimmB {Catottomua) Bueurii Bichardson, Faan. Bor.*Am. Fisbes, pp. 118,303, 1836. Cfftot/OMiM tueurii Cuv. &. Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 465, 1844. CatoBtomuM aueuri DbKay, New^York Fanna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842. C^iotrlomnu Buturii Storbr, Synopsis, '125, 1846. PtfdMiomuB ButuHi CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 477, 1870. TtrttulmB Btieurii Jordan Sl Copeland, Cbeck List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) ti^CatoftomM macrolepidotus GCnther, Cat. Fisbes Brit. Mas. vii, 18, 1868. (Exol. •yn. part. Not of Le Saenr.) Habttat. — Great Lake Region, Upper Missouri and Ohio Valleys, and northward. This species is very closely related to the last, and m*ny possibly be a iriety of it, as specimens of var. macrolepidotum often occur which are ilh difficulty distinguished from it. lu general, however, the smaller ?ad, smaller month, and deeper body of aureolum sufficiently distin- lish them. This species is less abundant than macrolepidotum^ and is j)arently more northerly in its distribution. It has been well figured DeKay. Ihe synoDymy of this species needs no special remark. It seems >bable that (7. lesueurU belongs here, although the statement that he muzzle projects an inch beyond the mouth" in a specimen 19 hes long, if correct, would indicate difference. The name " le sueurii^ 5 first given, and afterwards changed to ^^sueurii^ on the ground that article ^' le^ is not an integral part of Le Sueur's name. 126 CONTBrBDTIONS TO NOETH AMEBICAS ICHTHYOLOQY— lU. Speoimrva in United Siatee Sational ifunnn. 11074 111(^1 12207 Carlisk-,Pa Sandusky, Obi o Saodusk;, Oliio CLDcinnntt, Oblo CmclDDati.Obio Ecorf*.Mieli Boot River, WiHcoDsiii-. 8.P.Bwri. . J.W.UibK. . J.W.Ullw. . J.W. llJlMt. J. W. UilMt. . J.W. HilM. 7. MYXOSTOMA CRASSILABRE {Cope) Jordan. Thii^k-lippcd Mallet. 1870— /'/.i/c* Jordan & CoPEL.isn, Cbeck List, 157, 1976, (Kaoif odj.f Mgioaloma cnaiUabHii Jordan, Man. Vert, e«I. M, 314, 1H78. Hahitat.— Nenne BJver, North Carolina. Thin R|iecies ia kuown only from Professor Cope's de^criplioti. B Bppenrs to be distinct from M. aureolum. which is probably its relntirp. Nothing has been noted in regard to its habits. 8. MYXOSTOMA CONCS (Cope) Jordan. . imOSTOMA ANI8UBA. 127 XBTO— fljyciwtowin Irwiapg Copb, Proo. Am. Philos. Soc. Phil*. 47a ftwhito Inrtimw JoRDiir A Copblamd, Cbeok List, 157, 1876. (N«iiie only.) Jfawiipw Irgpfoyt JosDAK & GiLBBBT, in Klippftrt's Rept. 53, 1876. rName onlj.) Jordan, Boll. U. S. Nat. Mob. 9, 50, 1677. (Name only.) B AinAT.--Ohio Valley and Great Lakes. This species, first described by Bi^nesqae Id 1820, has been entirely loBt ligbt of by succeeding writers, and I, doubting the existence in the Ohio Biver of a species characterized by the marked inequality of the csadal lobes, have hitherto followed Dr. Kirtland in using the name mbum for the fish recently named ooUapnu by Professor Cope. Some Vedmens lately examined by me from the Ohio Biver have shown the oiiteDoe of a fish corresponding very closely to Baflnesqne's account, aid which really has the inequality of the caudal fin, on which he lays mh emphasis, and which suggested the name anisurus (unequal-tail). This llsh appears to be the same as that to which Professor Cope has gifm the name of breviceps. Professor Cope had, however, but a single ipedmeny in poor condition, and did not notice the fsloatiou of the Mdal, or, more likely, that fin was not preserved intact. I have, some tiae since, examined Professor Cope's type, preserved in the Museum of flie Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, and believe it to be identical with M, emisura Eaf. The form of the head and body and of the mouth are similar in the two, and the dorsal in both is simi* lady falcate. This species resembles aureolum in every respect, except that the dorsal fin is shorter, and elevated or falcate in front, the free border being deeply incised, and that the caudal fin is similarly elongated, the upper lobe being much the longer and greatly attenuated. The following are the measurements of three specimens: 10,788, from Sftndnsky, and 12,267 and 12,294 from Cincinnati. The fractions iudi- eate percentage of the length to the base of the caudal : — 128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOT-— m, MeaMremmti of (Ar«» qwdnen* of Myxotloma aa{«¥nt. 10766. VSSl. UX Lenjrtb, inoliee 'ii Depth ■ .sa LenKtbofliPiul.. ■ IS Width nf intcroTbltal area OB Length of snout 07-^ Era (B Lengtb of baseof domat l&i Heiglit oflongi'St ray of dorsal 23 Height of la«t ray of dorsal 10 Length of upper caadal lobo 31 LeDgth of loner caudal lobu S8 Length of middle caadal rays 13 Donal rayfl 2,13 ScalM G-4tW. £.li It in perhups barely possible tliiit this flsli is Ibc iduIp of own at a certain ago, but it seems to ine dL'citledly improbable. Ttio tvM| blance between tbe two is, however, very strong, and, except for tt fins, tbey could hardly be disliognished. Specimme in Tnif-fd Stale* Nalionnl Muipum. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM. 129 Specimen9 in United States National Museum, limber. Locality. Collector. nms Taniripaboa River. Loaisiaiia - Fred. Mather. 11. MYXOSTOMA ALBIDUM (Oirard) Jordan. Small'Scdled Bed Horse. B^PtpekasUmus albidus Gikard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 172. PrjfcAottoMMt albidus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sarv. Ichth. 36, pi. xix, f. 5-8, 1659. Tvretulus albidus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) Mfiostoma alhidum Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. 315, 1878. HiBiTAT. — ^Rio San Jaan, near Monterey, New Leon, in Mexico. Tbi0 species is kDowu only from Girard's figure and description. No oeoant of the lips is given, bat the month is said to be a " great deal vger" than in M. congestum. The description is trivial, but tbe figure, Stan correct, represents a species quite unlike our other members of 16 genus ; the chief character being tbe much smaller size of the scales, kkh in the description are merely stated to be '^ smaller than in con- tfvt". The species may possibly belong to some section of the genus lier*than the one in which it is here placed. The original types. No. 0, U. S. Nat. Museum, from Rio San Juan, near Monterey, New Leon, i DO longer to be found. 12. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM {Cope) Jordan. Jump-rocks, Jumping MuUeU ^■^Teretulus cervinus Cope, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 236. Ptjfchostomus cervinus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 47^, 1870. yioxosicma oerdnum Jordan, Man. Vert. 296, 1870. Teretulus cervinus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) 2fpxostowui cervinum Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 365, 1877. Myxostema cervinum Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, 315, 1878. i — CaUmiomus duquesnii GCntiier, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 483. (Not of Le Soenr, nor ot p. 18.) UUTAT. — Rivers of the Soath Atlantic States, from the James to the Chattahoochee. is a strongly marked and very abundant species, tbe smallest of pmns, and one of the smallest of the Catostomidw. It occurs in tbe *Two specimens, types of the species. . H. M. No. 12—9 130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMEEICAN ICHTHTOLOGY — ^m. greatest abiiudance ia tlie swift streams of tlie South, freqaeatug I especially tlie rapids or "shoals", and olten throwing itself from tbt 1 water in its eudeavora to reach some higher rouk-pool. It ia too ei and the flesh spoils too quickly to bo much viilued for food, hat gnat numbers are caught for "fun" by negroes and boys. The largest sped- nieua which 1 have seen were taken in the Chattahoochee, andarcalioal ten inches iu length ; ordinary individuals are four to six inches long. Spedmeni ill United Stalo' Xational Mu'ciim. „„„^,. Loo all tf. CoUertM. 1 1 E.D.Cop^ T CliallaliMOheo Rlv J. 13. MYXOSTOIIA ALBUM [Cope) Jordan. WkUe ilulUL ISrO^PISclioitamvg albm Cope, Proc. Am. Pbiloa. Soo. Pbila. 472. Tifrelu!ui athua JuitiiiiK & CopeljIn*i>, Check List, 13^, ISTG. (N»d Msimtoma alba Jurdan, Man. Vert. eii. 2(1, 31G, ISTB. HiWTAT. — Catawba and other rivers, of Eftstcru North Cnrulintt. lfn08T0MA THALASSimniL If ^ hM tpMlmaw ^ Myxatioma aXbuM. 181 Lngtbiliioliis IkpCk (paccentoge of lenitth to baae of e«ndal) IuBctli tf bMd WUth of Interarbital area LeBgih of mont DiiMter of orbit LeBgih of baae of docsal BM^ht of doml.....« •••• •••••• «••.•••.....•. Hri^oriMtny of dorMa....f: Lngihof OQteroaadalrftysJ , Lngih of middlo oaadal rays Lngthof peotonli laibir of doiHd nyt SealM. The form is elliptical, not maoh compressed, bat rather elevated, MMDewhat as in EHmyzon sueetta. Head short and stoat, blautish^ broad, vA roanded above; moatb somewhat inferior ; the plicsB of the lips few and rather broken ; dorsal fln high, its free border somewhat concave; Mdal strongly forked ; color lastroos white, with greenish reflections. This is one of the largest species, reaching the weight of fonr ponnds or more. Professor Cope states that it is mnch valued as a food-flsh by pecple living in the neighborhood of Catawba Biver, where it is known fls the White Mullet. • Specimens in UniUd States National Museum. Kamber. Locality. Collector. 10632 North Carolina G. B. Goode. 14943 KiostoD, N.C G. B. Goode. 14990 North Carolina G. B. Goode. 18535 KioBton, N.C J. W. Milner. 19450 North Carolina '- G. B. Goode. 14. MYXOSTOMA THALASSINUM (Cope) Jordan. Green MuUet, ie70^J*tyekostomus thalassinus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 472, 1870. Tsr^ulms thalassinus Jordan & Copbland, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.) Jff jDotfona thalassina Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 316, 1878. HASrrAT.^Yadkin Uiver. 1 32 C0NTBIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT— IIL I hove not Been tbis species. From Professor Cope's descriptioti, it woaki fippear to bo allied to M. album, but distingnishable l>j tli longer head. It is a large species, ubuudant in the Yadkin Biver, vhen it is used for food. 16. MYXOSTOMA VELATUM (Cope) Jordan. Smalt-moulhed Bed Horse. 1645— CatMtOMM ofiJiww KutTLAin), BohIou Joaru. Nat. Uist. v, 2fi9 (villi iilitr^ (Nut of EaSneaqne.) Calottomut aaisura* Storkr, Sj'nopais, 421, 1640. Ptsvhaioittui unituntt Jokdxs, Bull. BufTub Boo. Nat. Hist. 94, 1^6. (Nhu ouly.) Moxontatna animmu JuitUAN, Man. Vert. S95, 1S76. Terel, Cbeok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) JffBDMfOMtf eomgmia Jobdax, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 187& IfiT^PyrelotfosiM hueeo Cofb, Hayden's Geol. Sanr. Wyoming, 1870, 437. llr0lMim§ ht€» Jordan A Copblakd, Chcok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.) Habhat.— Kansas to Texas. The original type of congeHuM^ No. 171, fi*om Bio Salado, Texas, col- lected in 1851 by John H. Clark, seems to have disappeared from the HnaeQin. No description of the month has been given, except that it is "^ery smalP. The species, therefore, probably has a month similar to that of ffelatum^ and, if so, is probably identical with the species since dttcribed as P. huceo by Professor Cope. I have not seen the type of f. hueOf and, therefore, can only suggest the probable identity of the two; bat, as the matter is likely to remain long nusettled, it seems best Pfovidonally to nnite them. "P. congestm " Cope & Yarrow is certainly iM>t this species ; more likely a form of M. macrokpidotum. 17. MYXOSTOMA PIDIENSE {Cope) Jordan. Mullet qfthe Great Pedee. ^^l^Pt9eko$tomu9 pidiennB Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 471. TeretuluM pidieiuis Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.) MfpBotUma pidim$i» Jordan, Man. Vert ed. 2d, 317, 1878. Habitat.— Great Pedee River, North Carolina. This appears to be a slender species, resembling '^P. cervinus in color, Ann, and size''. Professor Cope obtained it in the Yadkin Biver. I lave not seen it. No specimens are in the National Museum. 134 CONTBIBUTIOHS TO NOBTH ABCEBICAN ICHTHTOLOQT— m. 18. MYX03TOMA COBEOONUS (C<^) Jordan. IWO—PtydiMUmw coregtmut Cofb, Proo. Am. Philaa. Boo. PhiU. 472. Terttulu* cortgoniu Jobdan A. Copbland, Cheok List, 158, 1S76. (Nmim enl] JfifXMfoma eoregonu* Jokdan, Mao. Tert. ed. 3d, 317, 18TS. Habitat. — C&tawba aod Yadkin Biven, North Carolina. I have not seen tbis species. Professor Cope states that "it u exceeds a foot id lengtb, and is very abandant in the Catawbi i TadkiD Bivers. It is caagbt vitb tbe preceding two Bi>ecie8 ani used Tor food, bat is tbe least valued of all tbe species. It ia eailo Morgaoton, Blae Mallet" There are no specimeoa in the Katie Museam. 19. MTXOSTOilA PAPILLOSUM [Ct^) Jordan. PapilloM MMlltU ISnO—PtgdioelomiupappiUotn* Cops, Proo. Am. Pbiloa. Soo. Pbila. 470. TeraiilaapappHlo»¥» Jordan &, Copbuank, Check Liit, l&O, 1876. (Kams* itgxoaUma papiUotnm Jordan, Add. Lyo. NaL Hist. N. T. xi, 366^ 1877. (Oa gee Biver.) Jfyxoitinwi popUlMH Jordak, Han. TerL ed. Xd, 318, 187eL Habitat.— North Cuolina to Georgia. MTSOBTOMA PAPILLOSUM. 135 convex, Bometinies concave. The following are tlio meaaiiremeDts of Iwo specioieus: — »oe9. 18S36. J6i .29 .26 .10 .13 .05 .19 .»( .10 2,1* 6-46-5 iNlo.. . Id color, this species is smoky above, tbe sides silverj', the lower flas Vhite. Proreasor Cope says that "they attaia oue foot in length, aod do not Uceed one ponud in weight". I have specimeus a foot and a half loog ud of three pounds or more^ weight. In the Ocmulgoe, tbe species is next to M. cervinum the most abundant. Mil is ciitk-d the White Mullet, or Sucker. Professor Cope found it qniW abnudant in the Catawba anil the Yadkin Rivers, where it "is lii|;bly vnlned by the inhubitants as an article of food. It is regarded wtlie best of the Catostomi for that purpose. It is less frequently taagbt on tbe hook tban some other species, but in the autumn, they nme upon the weirs in considerable numbers. The fishermen call it tiie 'Shiner'." Spectmeiu in Iht United Slaltt Ifalional Muanim. »Wb«. Looalitf. CoIlMtor. nam \&36 Kinstoii, N.C J.W.Milner. mQ Kiiuton.N.C J. W. MilDBr. ISWO KinatoD, N.C J.W.Milner. OoiniilK«eBiver, qa. 136 COSTEIBUnOSS to KOETH AMESICAH ICHTHTOLOOI— «l Genus MINYTREMA Jordan. Mingtrema Jokdak, M*n.Tert. ed.3d, 31S, 1378. Calonomut, J'ludKMtmniu, JUoxoitoMa, and Erimi/ioii »p., AUTHORS. Tyiw, CalottomaM vutaiupi Bafineaqne. Etymology, iiivvc, redocetl ; Tp!//ia, &pertiire, ia allaeioa to the ImpetliMtioiM of luMnil line, SpccJea with the form, sqaamatioD, and geDeral appearance of Jf stoma, but with the air-bladder Id two parts, as io Erimyutn, and lateral line imperfect — in the very youog eotirel; obBolete, in half gr Npceimuns ahuwing as a soccesBioD of deepened fnrrovs, in the a with perfect tubes, bat iuterrupted, these tubes being wanting on b t>r llio Hcnlea, eripocially posteriorly. Head moderate, rather broad above; mouth moderate, inferior, Izontal, the upper lip well developed, freely protractile, the lower ra Kmull, infolded, A-sbiiped in ontline, plicate, with 12 to 20 plicse on i aide; lower jaw withont cartilaginous aheath ; eye moderate, ra high Dp, plueed abont midway of the bead. Suborbital bones coi eiitbly develi)i>ed, not very much narrower than the fleshy portic (lie check Iwlow them, the posterior suborbital coucavo-coovez, a twlei> ns loMK us deep, sometimes divided, the anterior somewbatde than lunfT, otteu divided into two, sometimes nniled with the preorli whieh ia well developed and much longer than broad. The Dumber GENUS MIKTTREBiA. 137 iiely 8 or 10. Anal fin high and short, often more or less emarginate I males. Gaodal fin moderately forked, the lobes about equal. Air-bladder with two chambers. Hales iu spring with the head covered with many small tubercles. Bat one species of this genus seems to bo known. It is widely dis- ributed in the waters of the Western and Southern States. This genus has been recently separated from Erimyzon^ on account of be peculiarities of the lateral line. The form of the body, the form of beooath, and the character of the squamation differ considerably in the 10 genera. Gtfnerio CharacterizaiionB, IbHTTRRMA Jordao, m78.->'* YooDg specimeDS of this epeoies (melanops) have no rMeof a lateral line, as in Erimyzom. Older ones (6 to 8 incbee) show a deepening of keforrows along the median series of scales. Adults of 12 to 18 inches f>how a serien f eonpletely developed tubes, which, however, are wanting on some of the scales, espe- liDy behind. As Erimyzon never shows any traces of the tubes of the lateral lino, these •etnUahties may be held to indicate generic distinction, and the name Minyirana is ivs proposed for E, melanopt," — (Jordan, Man, Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.) ANALYSIS OF 6PKCIK8 OF MINYTKEMA. *Btdy obloog, little compressed; the young nearly terete ; the adults deeper-bodied ; tbe dorsal region not elevated : depth about 4 in length, varying from about 3 in idolui to 4| in the young : head not very large, 4^ iu length of body (4^ to 4f), not specially depressed: mucous poiea rather strong: eye sninll.G to Gin head: BBoath qaito inferior, horizontal, rather small : scales large, firm, regularly and MBoothly imbricated, iu 46 (44-47) longitadinal Beries aud 13 (12 to 14) transverse Mries, tbe scales net crowded forwards: fin-rays usually, dorsal 12,* aual 7, veu- tnl8 9. Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch behind the dorsal fin : each Ktle along the sides with a small, more or less distinct blackish spot at i's base, tlMw spots forming interrupted longitudinal lines along the rows of scales. Tbeae lines are usually very distinct, < specially in the adult, bat yonug specimens often show them faintly: sides and belly silvery, with a coppery lustre: scxaal peculiarities moderately marked; very old males with the head covered with small tubercles in spring : no great changes with age, either in form or coloration : size large; maximum leugth about 18 inches mklanops, 20. K__ . . *Ab in all cases in the present paper, the number of developed raya is here understood, leooe, two, or three rudimentary rays not being counted, and the last or double ray 'the dorsal and anal being counted as one. ]38 CONTBIBDTIOHS TO NOBTH AUERICAH ICHTBTOLOOT-^n. 20. MINTTEEMA MELANOPS (Eaftnaque) Jordan. Striped SHektr. StmdSMiier. VSSO—Caletlomvt melanopt Rafinesqck, leb, Ob. 57. CafojfoniMt wuJanoprit Eirtlakd, Zool. Ohio, 168, 1636. Caloalomut melanopt ElBTUND, Boaton Jonm. Nat. Hiat. v, 271, 1B4S. Catoatomiu nelanopt STORED, Synopali, 424, 1846. P(ycAMlomtumel(iiuip«AaAasiz,Aiii. Jonm. 8c. Arte, 9d ■eriM,xix,904,lKS> Pti/ehottimtu metanopt Copb, Pioc. Am. Pbilos. SocPhUa. 478, 1870. Erimsioa ncfanops Jordan, Bull. Buffalo Soo. Nat Biat. 95, 1876. Erittii/zon mflanojM Jordan, Mail, 7011.294,1876. EriMsiim mtlanopi Nel-w.s-, Boll. No. 1, Ills. Mdb. Not. Hist. 48, 1876. Erimseon melanopf Jordan & Copelan-d, Cbeck LUt, 157, 1676. Erintt/zon niclanqpa Jordan, Aqd. Lye Nat HUt. N. Y. xi, 347, 1677. Minytrema vtelawopt Jordan, Uao. Vert. ed. Sd, 316, 1678. ie44--Cato(fomiu /aicialui (Le 8UEim M8S.) Cuvieb &. Vaixncikxkis, Hilt, M*t.i PoissoDs, xvii, 449. Caloitomiufaidaliu Storer, S.VDOpaU, 426, 1646. CeloiUHKiu/tXKiaiu* OUnther, Cat Fiabee Brit. Utu. vh, 19, 1668. 1856 — Uoxoatoma ridoria Girard, Proc. Ac Kat. Sc. Pblla. 171. 31oiotU>ma viclorinGiaARV, V. S. Mex. BoddiI. Sarv. Icbtfa, 3§,pL xx,f. 1-3,1S! 1856— Pf^Mlomu* haydni Girard, Pioc Ac. Nat. Re. Pbila. 172. Ptschaatomua hagdeni Girakd, U. 8. Pac. R. B. Expl. x, 220, pl.zliz, 1 1-4, US& Trretul«» liagdeni Jordan &. Copeland, Cbeck LUt, 157, 187G. ISn—Tererulttt tiicctia Jordan &. Gilbert, in Klippart'e Bept. Fiah Commr. Obw, (Supposed to bo C. fuceifa Lacfpfede, as it was perbaps In part the Cn MINTTBEMA MELANOPS. 139 lir-bladder in all cases was bicellalar, as in the geuas Erimyzon. At ;hat time he had never seen any specimens with a developed lateral line uid then nnqnestionini^ly referred the species to Erimyzon. Later, Mr. I^elsoQ noticed the occasional partial development of the lateral line, uid lecentlyi by the examination of a fnll series of specimens, the vrriter has been enabled to trace the stages in its growth. This fish inhabits all the Western streams and lakes, usually in com- pany with Erimyzon sucetta. It is fond of clear sluggish waters, and ibonnds in ponds and bayous. It is used for food, and is pretty gooil for a ''Sucker", which is not saying much. This species is more than Qsoally tenacious of life, and young specimens are rather interesting as aqoariam fishes. The synonymy of this species needs a few words. It was originally described by Bafinesque as a species with a lateral line. This first description is quite indifferent, but the account of the coloration, and the name. Striped Sucker, enabled Dr. Kirtland readily to identify it, but the latter writer found the " lateral line obsolete ^, Later, Valenciennes described it under Le Sueur's MSS. name of fasdatuSj and found a lateral Hoe. As Le Sueur's specimens were from the Wabash, there can be no doobt of their identity with mclanopa. Later, Dr. Girard described and figured Texan specimens without the lateral line under the name of Jfoxoatoma Victoria:^ and specimens with the lateral line from the Upx>er Missouri Begion as Ptychostomus haydeni. The types of neither of these species are preserved, but no distinctions from melanops are noticed in either case by the describer, and the range of melanqps certainly includes the Missouri river and the waters of Texas. The name sucetta has been once or twice employed by me for this ^^ies, erroneously, as I am now convinced. I found this species in abandance in South Carolina; and Le Sueur, apparently quoting from Lac^pMe, says : — " Sides silvery, with brown spots at the base of the Kales," Nevertheless, on inspection of Lacdpfede's description, and especially of the colored figure which he gives from a drawing by Bosc, it becomes evident that the Cyprinus sucetta Lacdp5de is the same as (^fprinus ohlongus of Mitch ill, a species equally abundant in the same •aters. Bosc's drawing, although not giving the details of structure ■inately, represents the general form and coloration of the body and *■• ^nd ibis figure can only represent the Cyprinus oblongus. As the mtMta Lae^p^de is based entirely on information derived from be retained for the species which Bosc had fig- ] 40 COKTBIBUTIOXS TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHTOLOaT — UL ured. As for tbe espression, " brown spots at the base of the tak if really originatiiig wit!) Bosc, as appears to be the case, it may bi ari^Q from the coufasion of aucetta with melanopi, which species iob its the same waters, or it may simply refer to the obscare doskinen tb(« bases of tbe scales, commoo to both species. I bare examiued many specimens of Minytrema weUnu^ from i Great Lakes, from rarioas places in tlie Mississippi Yulley , and from 1 Teunessee, Alabama, Santee, aud other Soatbern rirers, and can t DO differences of any importance. Indeed, the species seems to be ti little variable for one so widely distributed. Spfeimttn i* ike United Slatet A'aftoKal 7694 TiGd 8134 11030 1 1 144 1U4S 17tai 3fti75 Sandunky, OLio Sandusky, Oliio S.in(1iieky, Oh [o Rauduaky, Ohio Round Lakp, MoDtgoiuery, Ala . Henitwtead, Tei VrbiteSivur J, W, Jlilncr. J.W.Milner. J.W.Milncr, J.W.Milnw, KmnliMi&Br) Kutolien dc £• Dr. Kenrten. D. 8. Jordan. GENUS ERIMTZON. 141 obUqae In podtJon when the month is closed, the month thns similar to that of JeAttfotei. Eye moderatOi rather high np, placed abont mid- way of the head : raborbital bones considerably developed, not very mnoh nanower than the fleshy portion of the cheek below tbem, the poaterior suborbital ooneavo-eonvezi abont tmte as long as deep, some- times dividedi the anterior somewhat deeper than long, sometimes divided into two, sometimes nnited with the preorbital bone^ which is well developed and mnoh longer than broad. Opercular bones moder- atdy developed^ scarcely or not ragose. Fontanelle evident, rather large. Gill-rakers rather long, abont half the diameter of the eye in leDgth. Isthmob moderateljr developed, atK>nt the width of the eye. Pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth quite small, slender, and weak, rapidly diminishing in length upwards, each tooth narrowly compressed, witk a cusp on the inner margin of the cutting surface, and some ine- qtulities besides. Body oblong, rather shortened, heavy forwards and considerably com- presMd. Bodes rather large, more or less crowded forwards, sometimes showing tnegalarities of arrangement, the longitudinal radiating furrows much ttnmger than usual, the scales rather longer than deep, but so imbri- tated in the adult that the exposed surfaces appear deeper than long. Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales in the longitudinal series from 1^ to base of caudal 35 to 45 in number ; scales in transverse row from Inw of ventral to dorsal 12 to 18. Dorsal fin rather short and high, with from 10 to 14 developed rays, the namber usually 11 or 12. Beginning of dorsal fin rather nearer snout than base of caudal. Pec- toral fins moderate, not reaching ventrals ; the latter not to vent. Ventrals under a point rather in advance of the middle of dorsal ; ^irrays normally 9, but occasionally 8 or JO. Anal fin high and short, more or less emarginate or bilobed in adult JDales; caudal fiu moderately forked or merely lunate, its two lobes •bout equal. Air-bladder with two chambers. ^is genus has a very wide range, one of its two known species I^^bly occurring in all the streams of the United States east of the Boeky Mountains. ^ existence of this genus seems to have been first noticed by DeKay, wIk^ however, erroneously supposed it to be identical with the Afri- 142 CONTBIBUnONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTBTOLOaT — ^m. can gcnns Zabeo of Cavler and Valenciennes. Its essential cbu-aeter tbe absence of tbe lateral line — was first noticed by Professor Aj^ vbo identified its typical species vitb CaU>stom%» {Moxottoma) ommt Uaflnesqae, and tberefore erroneously called tbe genns Moxoilom Tbe application of tbe name Moxoitoma to tbe Bed Horse gronp vi pointed out by tbo present writer in 1876 ; tbe name ErimjpoM \tai tben suggested for the group now under consideration. Tbe ase of tbe name Teretulua for tbis genus bag been lately an gested by Professor Cope, its species being among those ennmented t Itafiue^que as composing bis " omnium mthenan " to wbicb tiie dib Teretu/uswns applied. If we subtract from tbe original group Terttalt the ditferviit component genera in order of time of proposal, the li one left would be Erimyzon, or rather Minytrema. But tbe name Ta tulua bas already been restricted by Professor Cope to tbe Bed Hor group, the principal component of Itaflnesque's Teretulw. In my opi ion, it should remain there, altbongb tbe earlier name Mgxoatoma rende it but a synonym. We cannot afford to reconsider our use of theseo collective generic nomes whenever a new genas is proposed. Tbe **n of excliiHiou", if stiffly adhered to, would require the substitolioB < Acomva fur Pantosteus, inasmuch as a species of tlie latter genoa «i referred by Uirard to the former. This qoestion is further disooN under Myxostoma. Gmrric ChamcUrisaliotu. Larro Di-Kn^, I84S, — "Doraal long. No spines nor barbels. IJp« flMlif, Hdft GENUS EBIMTZON. 143 eld are also much broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and tlda. The acalee are smaller upon the anterior portion of the body than Idea. Another remarkable pecnliarity of this genns consists ii\ the great there is among the adolte in the form of their fins in the several sexes. The • differ strikingly from the adalte both in form and coloration. . • . • of Moxoetoma is elongated and somewhat compressed, though stouter of Ptjfdko$tamu8 and CatoaUmiu9 proper. The greatest depth Is over the ad is small ; the small month opens obliqnely forwards and downwards ; I the lower Jaw is qnite prominent. The lips are small and transversely e lower one is slightly bilobed. The dorsal is over the ventrals ; its length ly exceeds its height in the males ; in the females its dimensions are more al. The pectorals and ventrals are more pointed and longer in the males ) females. The lower margin of the anal fin is bilobed in the males, while ales it is simply emarginated ; in both sexes, the anal when bent bRkwards Bcandal. laryngeal bones have- a greater resemblance to those of the genns IchthyobuB ly other of the tribe of Catostomi ; the symphysis however is shorter, and ire neither so miunte nor so nuraerous; they increase also more rapidly in above downwards, and are more strongly carved inwards, the innermost I into an acnte point, which is more prominent in the middle and npper 1 in the lower ones.^' — (Aoassiz, Am, Joum, Sd, Arts, 1855, p. 200.) DMA Girard, 1656. — " May be circnmscribed by characters more natural than ing ones. And the most striking of these, it must be conceded, is the ab- lat lateral line possessed by almost all fishes. The body is elongated and i ;,tbe head small; the mouth small also, opening obliquely forwards and s. The lips being small and transversally ridged ; the inferior one being lobed. The anterior margin of the dorsal is situated in advance of the inser- I ventrals. The dorsal fin is either higher than long or else its length is ts height, varying somewhat according to the sexes, as well as the anal, towever, always deeper than long. The shaft of the pharyngeal bones con- rery open curve, the convex margin of which is regular and entire. The iselves are very much compressed, strongly carved inwardly, and much riorly than superiorly." — (Girard, Proc, Ac, Ifat Sc, Phila. 1856, p. 171.) DMA GQnther, 1868. — '^ Scales of moderate size; lateral line none; fins, Is and pharyngeal teeth, identical with those of Catostomua in all essential 5UNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit, Mu8, vii, p. 20.) >N Jordan, 1676. — [Name suggested as a substitute for Moxoetoma Ag., the *xostama Raf. (Catostomus anisurus Raf.) not being a member of this genus.] — Bull Buff, Soc. Kat. Hist, p. 95.) 3H Jordan, 1876.^^^ Dorsal moderate ; air-bladder in two parts ; no lateral osnally plicate.^' — (Jordan, Man, Vert, ed. Ist, p. 292.) ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ERIMYZON. becoming gibbous with age, the ante-dorsal region more ilMadiiUs; the depth 3^ in length, ranging from 2f in adults 144 CONTBIBUnOKS TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHTOLOGT— to 4 ia yonng: head stent, short, aboat 4} tn length (4 to l^itbe h apace wide nod deprcBsed, Ibo lower porta narrower, eo that it isBomewl ■haped downwards : eye not large, 4) in bead (4} to5|) : montli protrac wards and forwards, tbo mandible oliliqae : scales nsnoUy closely Imbrl more or less crowded forwards, bat often showing Toriossirregnlaritiesi incut, aboDt 43 (39-45; in a loneitudinal series and 15 (14 to 16) in a trai ries between the ventrala and tbe dorsal. Fin-rays somewhat varfablek with 11 (10 to 13) developed rays, the anal with 7, and the ventn (rarely 8). Coloration varying witb age ; Devet distinct serlee of black spota olonf of scales; young witb a broad black lateral band bordered above by some spucimenit l>oni dear water, this hand is of a Jet-black color onj tinot; In others, it is dnller; later this band becomes broken Into a ■ blotcbes, wbicb often assnme the form of broad transverse bars ; in ad mens, these bars disappear, and the color ie nearly nniform brown, dos pater below, every where with a coppery or brassy, never silver?, lastre are dnaky or smoky brown, rarely reddish-tinged : sexnal difFerenees at males in spring with nsnally three large tubercles on each side of the i Willi the onal fln more or less swollen and emarginate : adnlt speclmene b'ack gibbons and the body strongly compressed, in appearance quite t yonng. Maslninm length about 10 inches sr< "Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more com prcMi the preceding, tbe greatest depth in advance of the dorsal fin being abont 3| times in tbo length ; nape less gibbons than In meetla; head q and short, tbe large eye l}cing almost exactly midway in its length, its in that of the body; eyo41^1n head; interorbitalspoco rather narrow, atrot versely convex, less than half the length of the head: month small, proti ERIMTZON SUCETTA. 145 Erimffzon Buottta Jordan, Man. Yert. 295, 1876. Erimyzan woeita Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157. 1876. Erimjfsou suceUOf Jordan, Man. Verfc. ed. 2d, 319, 1878. 14-Cjfpriiiaw obhnguB Mitchill, Lit. & Phil. Trans. New York, 1, 459. Cafoftomif ob!,I». 148 C0KTBIBDTI0N8 TO HOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — lit Spectmciit in UnUrd Slain yaHoadl VKKan— Continued. Number. Locality. CoUwU*. lOfiai Potomac River J. W. MUncr. IIOM <"> Do. do nras do Do. niw do Do. Do. HB77 Potoman Kiver 0. B.Goad0. imo do J. W. MUoet. \tmi do Do. xmn do Do. Do. Do. 1«M4 do 17!ar6M«], dont ^ ont presqne tous la t6te alougde, lisso et nue, et le museau uu peu produiiuent, n^isila n'ont pas leurs barbillous, et la dofbalc manque de raj'ons <$pineux et dentelds. Lj^boucho est situde sous le museau ; ello est sans deuts, et les I^atcs, dlargies, lobdes, caronculdes, niais sans prolongueiueuts fili formes, serveut in, constituer uue sorto do ▼entonse au moyen de laquelle ces poissons peuveut adherer ou sucer. Les pbaryngieus •ontgrauds et arquds, presque en demi-cerclo ; tout lo bord iuterue est garui do dents coinpriindes, ^ couronue stride, un peu plus largo que la base; toutes ces deuts dd- CToissent regulitireraont depuis les iuferidures jusqu'aux sujjdiieu resale nombro eu varie Belon les esp^ces ; elles forment un peigue sur le corps I'os. Les opercules sont grauds ; ^^ Darines ont cbacune, couimo h rordinaire, deux ouvertures rapprocbdes; les yeux **^z Urges, sont ellipticiues, et ont I'iris ordinairenient jaune ; les dcailles sont eu g*D^ral petites sur la nuque et pros de la tote, et elles vout eusuito en augmentaut a ™^re qu'on s'en approcbo de la queue; elles sont' plus ou moius rhomboldalcs et •tri^ ou frang6es. 156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ni. '* Les viscbres rappellcDt ceax dcs cyprino!de8 en g^n^ral, mais I'mtestin, ik caiue d» 868 Qombroax replis, a eccore plas d^iStendae. . . . Le foie se rdsoat bientOt en huile; la vessie adr^onne est commun^ment divisd en denx et commnniqne avec le Laot de TcBSophage comme dans no8 cyprins." — (Valenciennes, HisLNoL dea PatstoMi xvil, pp. 423-424.) Uylomtzon Agassiz, 1855. — "The name of this genns is a mere translation of the Ternacular name of its type, the Mud-Sncker of the West, framed in imitation o^ PetromyzoD, but expressing its habits of living in the mud. The body is stoat and heavy in front, and tapers off rapidly from the shoulders towards the tail; behind th» dorsal it is nearly cylindrical in form. " The short quadrangular head is broad and flat above, its sides are vertioal. Th» eyes are of moderate size and elliptical in form ; the snperorbital ridges are eXevated above the general level of the bead. The mouth is inferior, and encircled by broad. fleshy lips which are covered with small grains or papillod. The lower lip is bilobed. The dorsal is over the ventrals, and nearer the head than the tail ,* its height and length are nearly equal. The pectorals and ventrals are broad and rounded, the anal fin is slender and reaches the caudal. The scales are largest on the anterior portion of the body. They are slightly longer than high, the ornamental concentrio ridges of the posterior field are broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and anterior fields; those of the auterior and i)Osterior fields rather remote, abont equal in number. Tubes of the lateral line arising froui the centre of radiation. *' The teeth are compressed, so that their sharp edge pn>}ects inwards ; at the same time they are slightly arched inwards and inserted obliquely upon the pharyngeal bones. They increase gradually in size and thickness from above downwards. The masticating ridge of the teeth in transverse, compreHsed iu the middle and sharp; its upper aud lower edges are rounded and more projecting, the inner point, however, mora projecting than the outer one." — (Agassiz, Am. Jouni. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 205.) Catostomus Agassiz, 1^55. — *'I Lave retained the name of Catostomus for the typo to which it was originallj' aiiplied by Forster. The body is elongated, fusiform and slightly compressed. The snout is short and blunt, and projects but little beyond tho mouth, which is inferior. The lower jaw is short and broad. The lips are fleshy and strongly bilobed below ; their surface is conspicuously granulated or papillated. The head is considerably longer than high. The dorsal is large and mostly in advance of the ventrals; its length is greiAr than its height. The anal fin is long aud slender, and reaches the caudal. The sexnal diti'erences, so conspicuous in the genus Moxostoma and Prychostouius, are hardly to be noticed in this genus. The other fins are of moder- ate size, and more or less pointed. " The scales are much smaller on tho anterior than on the posterior portion of tho body ; nearly quadrangular, with rounded angles, but somewhat longer than high ; the ornamental concentric ridges of the posterior field broader than those of the lateral and anterior fields; the radiating furrows more numerous than in Hylomyzon and Ptychostomus, and encroaches ui)on the lateral tioUlH, where, iu some species, they are nearly as numerous as upon the anterior and posterior fields. Tubes of the lateral line wider than in Hylomyzon aud Ptychostomus, extending from the centre of radiation to the posterior margin. ''The pharyngeals are stout and compact, the outer margin not so spreading as GBVnS 0AT08T0MU& 157 in Tt^tibatUmnmi the teeth ere blunter and laiiger compftratiyely than iu any otftMT gjmoM of the tiibt^ inoreadDg more rapidly in sixe from above downwards, so tbanfc thoee of the middle of the aroh are already of the same cast as those of the lower part of the eomb; their oiown is blont and the inner edge rises into a blnnt cusp."— (AO^AMZ, Awl Jmrm. 8e. Art$, 1655, p. 807.) MnoMUS Girard, 1866.— " We propoee to include under the head of Minamui, such apaoies aa aie ohaiaoteriaed by an elongated and fusiform body, a head longer than deep; a donal fin eiUier higher than long, or with both dimensions eqnal. The lipe beUnff Inberoolated, moderately bilobed. The pharyngeals not expanded laterally, but semaideraWy bent Inwardly. The teeth compressed, decidedly bicuspid, but the inner frqfeetiea more developed than the outer. The scales being nearly of the same size, bat alightly smaller anteriorly than posteriorly.'' (Includes C. kuignii, C, pUMuM^ and C. el«r«i)— (GiRABD^ PhM. Ao. NaU So. Fhiia. 1856, p. 173.) ■ AooHua Giracd, 1656^— ^And then giving the name of Acomua to those species in trbioh the head is very elongated, the dorsal higher than long, and the scales much nuUlsr upon the anterior region of the body than upon the posterior. The lips being jsplllsted and veiy deeply deft. The pharyngeals are gently arched and not expanded ; the tssth compressed and bituberoulated, the inner projection conspicuous; the outer obsolete, though existing." (Includes C./ortleriaaiff, C. aurora, C. 2a^ teries of numerous compressed teeth, the teeth becoming larger and broader **^Mds the lower end of the series."— (GCnther, Cat. rtbhea BHU Mua. vii, p. 12.) Caiostomus Jordan, 1876.— "Air bladder in two parts ; lateral line well develoi)ed; ^Pl pspillose ; scales much smaller anteriorly than posteriorly ; interorbital space ••▼«; body sub-terete.''— (Jordan, Man. Vert. 1876, p. 292.) RTTiirnBLiUM Jordan, 1876. — '*Air bladder in two parts ; lateral line well devel- 1*ii lipe papiUoee ; scales about as large on front part of body as on tail; body 168 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AlCESIOAV ICHTHTOliOGT-— m. tapering npidly from Bhoalden to tail; Interorbital spaoa oimoavo; kngthof ffraater thaa depth of body.''~( Jorbak, Man. VerL 1876^ p. 902.) Oatostomus Cope A Jordan, 1677.—^ Body oblong or elongate, with m ahorty qnadrate donal fin ; air bladder in two parts ; lateral line weU developed ; ftnl diatinci."— (JoRDAK, Fne, Ac NoU So. PkOa. 1877, p. 81.) Hypmwtmjum Jordan, 187^^** Body oblong or elongate, with a ahort aabqnadiai^^i donal ; anal rayt nniformly 7 ; month normal, the lower lip nndlTided or deeply lobecJB. lips tnberonlate ; lateral line well developed ; fontanelle dittinet ; no maadlbnlar^ aheath ; aealca moderate, not crowded forwards, abont eqnalover the body ; body loo^^ and little oompressed ; head transversely concave between orbits^ long and flaftteoody the physiognomy being therefore peculiar; ventral rays 9."— (JosDtjar, Jfin. Fsrl ed. 9d, 1878, pp. 900-310.) Catostomcs Jordan, 1878.— [As in the preceding ezoept] ^Sealea smaBf aaMller anteriorly and much crowded; head transversely convex between orbits; ventnl rays normally 10."— (Jordan, Man. Vtrt. ed. Sd, 1878, pp. 900-310.) Dboadacttlus Jordan, 1878 (as subgenus).— <' Lateral line with 00 to 65 aealei; snoot comparatively short"— (Jordan, Man. Veri. ed. 9d, p. 310.) CATOflTOMUS Jordan, 1878 (as subgenus).—" Lateral line with abont 100 aeales; snout much produced."— (Jordan, Ifoa, Vmri. ed. Sd, p. 880.) The three sabgenera here recognized are characterised below. The single species of Hf/pentelium is foond only eastward of the Booky Moantains. Catostomas and Decadach/lus each have representatives on both sides of the mountains. It is a carioas fact that the Sonthwestem representatives of each, as a rnle, have the npper lip more developed, and with more namerons series of papillse, than the Eastern ones. In this respect as in others, these Western species approach the genus Pan- tosteuSy a group exclusively Western in its distribution. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CAT08T0MU8. * Scales moderate ; not crowded anteriorly, nearly equal over the body ; 48 to 55 In the lateral line ; 12 to 15 in a transyerse aeries from dorsal to ventrals : bead flattened above, transversely concave between tbe oi^te,*tbe frontal bone thick, broad, and short, the phy- siognomy being therefore peculiar: ventral rays normally 9: upper lip very thick, strongly papillose, with a broad, free margin, which has upwards of 8 to 10 series of papillie upon it. Lower lip greatly developed, strongly papilloee, oonsiderally incised behind, bnt less so than in Catdetomm proper : f ontanelle shorter and smaller than in DeoadadyluB : pectoral fins unusually large. {Hypentelium,) X. Depth 4i to 5 in length ; head 4 to 4^ ; eye rather small, 4i to 5 in head : color olivaceous; sides with brassy lustre; belly white; back brown, with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arranged, these becoming obsolete in old individuals ; lower fins doll red, with some dasky shading : sise large ; maTimnm length about two feet niobxoaii8| 94. GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 159 Dorsal with 11 developed rays : scales 7-50-5 : head rather longer, 4 to 4i in length : pectoral fins rather longer : colors relatively dnll ; no distinct whitish stripes along the rows of scales. niffricana, Donal with 10 developed rays: scales 6-48-5: head rather shorter, 4^ in length : pectoral fins rather shorter : colors hright«r ; black- ish above; belly abruptly white; a pale spot at the base of each scale, these forming conspicnons whitish streaks along the rows of scales etotoanua, fS smally rednced, and crowded anteriorly more or less ; 58 to 72 in the lateral line and about 20 to 25 in a transverse series from the ven- trals to the dorsal : snout moderate or rather short. (Deca' dactylus,) *er lip comparatively thin, with but few (2 or 3) rows of papill®. 3oTBal fin with but 10 or 11 developed rays ; scales but little reduced in size forwards. Body moderately stout ; depth 4} in length ; head very small and short, about 5 in length; eye moderate; fins all notably small: scales small, subequal, 9-70-9, larger on the middle of the body than on the caudal peduncle : body with scattered, dusky, nebu* loUS spots CLARKI, 25. ^, Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders and tapering back- wards, the depth about 5 in length ; head moderate, about 4^ in length ; mouth comparatively small ; lips moderate, the upper narrow, with about two rows of large tubercles : scales little crowded forwards, 58 to 63 in the lateral line, 19 in a cross-series : a series of dusky spots along each row of scales, as in Jdinytrema melanopa ; the sxK>t8 sometimes obscure. INSIONIS, 26. . Dorsal with 11 to 13 developed rays : scales much reduced and crowded ante- riorly, c Body moderately stout, varying with age, subterete, heavy at the shoul- ders, the depth 4 to 4} in length : head rather large and stout, conical, flattish above, its length 4 to 4| in body (3^ to 4^ in young) ; snout modera'tely prominent, scarcely overpassing the month ; mouth rather large, the lips strongly papillose, the upper moderate, with two or three rows of papillte: scales crowded anteriorly, much larger on the sides than be- low ; scales 10-64 to 70-9 : coloration olivaceous ; moles in spring with a faint rosy lateral band ; young brownish, more or less mottled, often with about three large confluent lateral blotches, which sometimes form an obscure lateral band. TERES, 27. ^ ftlck and full, with several (5 to 8) rows of papills : scales crowded flMTwards* 160 C0STEIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AMEBICAM ICHTHTOLOOT HI. t Fnntanelle well developed x lips withont evident ovtilaginoiu -TimHi d. Donal fin comparatively long, of 12 to 14 nfa. e. HoDtb qaite large, with very large lip*, tbe Dpper Itall acd pendent, with 6 to 8 rowB of Mtodh papiDn : head Iwge, 4} in lenctb, rather narrow, qaadrangnlar, tbe aooat pr^Jectiiif: cje large: dorsal fin moch looger than high, its t%ja klmot 14: acolea 12-72-10: coloration rather dark; > diuky latoal stripe MACROCHILCS,^ w. Hoath eomparatlvelf HmaJl, aioaller than in C. Urtt; tbe npper Lp thick, with 5 or G rows of papllltB, which are moderatdj large : heitd mnndeil nbove, 4^ ip 1«nEtb, tbe pro61e MWI** thao in C. tirres, tlio SDOut more poiultd, tli» two siAes of Itw bead more coDvergent forwards: eye small : dorsal fie locgef Iban high, its rn.;B 12 to 14 : scalcB 13-72-10. dd. DoTBul Qd abort, higher Ihao loDg, of abant II developed rays : head 4 Id length, rather bluntish: moath moderate, the labinl paptD* . largely developed, tbe upper lip full, wilb aboot 5 ranxf large but rather Bparsa papillu^: scales 12-74~1^: color dark aborc; siilcs cloodcd with black aud yellow. ..LABiATca,X tt Fontanelle very small and narrow: bctb jawB with a weakcartitagiaotis slit body elougate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4^ Ia 4{ in len^ ; head email, couical, 4} ia leD»tb; month quits large, with fiill, tbiek lips, tbe npp«T very wide and pentlest, with about 6 rows of very strong papilts : tower lip I lobed, Blmilarly papillose: interorbital space wide, cod t< eye elevated, pcielerior, qoite small: lias moderate; dUMl OENUS CAT08TOMU8. 161 the course of the lateral line and about 28 in a cross-Bories from dorsal to ventrals: coloration very dark; fins dasky; scales everywhere finely punctate. Size large. . tahoensis, 32. gg. Body elongate, snbterete, the depth 4^ to 4f in length : head quite long and slender, 4^ to 4} in length, depressed and flattened above, broad at base, but tapering into a long snout, which considerably overhangs the large mouth : lips thick, coarsely tuberculate, the upper lip narrow, with 2 or 3 rows of tubercles: eye rather small, behind the middle of the head: scales very small, much crowded forwards, 95 to 114 in the course of the lateral line, and about 29 (26 to 31) in a cross row from dorsal to ventrals : dorsal rays 10 or 11 : males in spring with the head and anal fin profasely tuberculate, the tubercles on the head small ; the sides at that season with a broaalI..DLSCUBOLnifl :'4. t'ATOSTOMUS MGKICANS Lc Sueur, ll-j Smtrr. Hog .Vulltl. Ilof Mal'g. Crt,a-l^.tolum, .S(ob« BoHer. Slon OAT08TOHU8 KIQRICAK8. 163 WjfMttiimm ui§flmM Irmnun il rciriT iTm. Phnrlr Tilnt. Ififi. IfTTn CulMl$mw9 «%riMM Jobdjji, Ann. Lye Nfti. HUt. N. Y. zi, 345, 1877. Bn^midimm wigrkmi JoRiUN A Oilbsrt, Id Klippart'f Bept. 63, 1876. ^ffmMUm «%riMM Jordav, Boll. U. 8. Nat. Hna. iz, 34, 1877. JjywUHMw M§rkmm9 Jordan, Mui. Vert. ed. Sd, 319, 1878. lOff-CMtiHMif waenlogiit Zis Bdsur, Joarn. Ac Nat. So. Phila. 103. CrittliMi naoalotiit DsKat, New York Faana, part i^, Fishes, 203, 1842. CsitsliMt wwrfotm Cuvna & VALEKCiKimEs, Hist Nat dee Poles. zvii,454, 1814. Ortssfeemt mmimlanu Storbr, Synopsis, 422, 1840. CtOatUmnu wumUonu Uhlbb db Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1870. lOf-finDfflostiMi WMonpterum Rafinssquk, Jonm. Ao. Nat 8c. Phila. 420. BffmUUmm m€enpt&rum Rafinrsqub, loh. Oh. 68, 1820. Sjgfmi§Umm mmenpUrum Eirtland, Bept Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838. JBsdfiessnw wuteropterum Cu vier Sl Valbncixkkes, zvii, 480, 1844. Aif loetiMi maenptemm Storer, Synopsis, 488, 1846. UBMSttotlMiiit xanlkopua Bafikesque, Ich. Oh. 57. WM GilfftoMiis f wkegaitomma Bafinesqub, loh. Ob. 59. (Most likely mythical. ) IMi-*Gi«otfMHis jifanloppf CtrviER A Valekcixmneb, Hist. Nat. desPoissons, zyU, 450, pL5ia GtlMloaisfp/aaioqM Storbr, Synopsis, 426^ 1846. aa, Sabepeeies efowaNM. ttn-Crttiemas nigrioana var. etowmnu Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat Hist N. Y. zi, 345. HABfTAT.— New York and Maryland to North Carolina ; west to the Great Plains, ▼tr. etemniM in the Alabama Bi ver. Most common in the Central Mississippi Basin ; not ^Mwn ftom the streams of the Sooth Atlantic States, ezcepting the Ssyannah Biver. This specie^ is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of oorSackers. It abounds in rapids and sboals, especially in tbe larger streams, and its singular, almost comical form is familiar to every icbool-boy in tbe West. Its powerful pectoral fins render it a swifter ^ in the water tban any others of its family. Its habit is to rest BOtioolesson tbe bottom, where its mottled colors render it difiScult to ^Df^sh from the stones among which it lies. When disturbed, it darts away very quickly, after tbe manner of the Etheostomoids. They 0^ go in flocks of eight to ten. I have never yet found tl^s species m really niuddy water, and when placed in the aquarium it is one of tkc very first fishes to feel the influence of impure water. In my expe- ^^oe, it is a fish as peculiar to the clear streams as the species of ^^^^Mama or Uranidea are. Professor Agassiz speaks of it as the Und Sucker, and has named it Rylomyzonjin allusion to its mnd-loving Mta. It is fortunate that that name has become a synonym, for it is ctttainly a misnomer. ^hk Booker reaohes a length of abont 18 inches. It is not mncb valued 164 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEEICAN ICHTHYOLOGY HI. as food, bat is often oaagbt by boys with a spear or snaie. In companj with other species of Catotowus and itgxostoma, it aaccnAa allonr WeM- em atrciims in April for the. purposo of dpjiositing its spaivo. The Soiitliern form, wbicb I have dosiguated as viir. etowatim. Is nioR inteusely coUired and differs in some minor resiiects. It fregiienli great abundance, tbe clear tributaries of tlie Etowah, Oostanuiil», and Coosa Rivers, ia company with Potamocottus meridlonatia (jopAcriM), i species to which the young of the Catostomvs bears much rcseiublauce as seen iu the water. The synonymy of this species has been well worlied out by PiofraM Agassiz. The variations iu age and appearauw have given ri«e toli number of nomiual species, most of which have, however, already \m disposed of. The oldest Fpecific name, niffricam, has beeu the one dm generally employed. The generic name used de]>endB ou whether 1 cousiOer this si)ecies geneiically distinct from tlie ty|)e of Catoalomtn not. It would seem — if we umy tto spealt — as if Mature bad iulradl Hypentelium for n distinct genus, but not being an expert in geucff ehanicters, had failed to provide it with any which can Btaud our The name Rylomyzon, being a simple synonym of Ht/pcntelium, o\ caunot be used. Baflnesque^s accouut is much inferior to that of P> fessor Agassiz, and the figure given by him i.s one of the vnnl published, still his typical species is readily identifiable, and hia i for it cannot be set aside. CAT08T01CU8 INSIGNI& 165 2S. OATOBTOMUS OLABEI Baird & Girard. CUurV§ Swsktr. ttSMMflMMt olmrkH Baiiid Sl Girard, Proo. Pbila. Ao. Nat. 80. 27. Ca»Mtmmu$' aUarkU Aoassiz, Am. Jonni. 8c ArU, 2d eeries, xix, S06, 1656. Mkimmm»0larm Girard, Proo. Ao. Nat. 80. Phila. 173, 1856. Jfia— Mi olmrkU Girard, U. 8. Hex. Bound. 8arv. lohtb. 38, pi. xxii, f. 5-8, 1859. Ct«00foMtit oUarJM Jordan Sl Cofblamd, Cbeok List, 166, 1876. Habttat.— Bio Saota Cmz in Arizona. Hothiog is known of this speoies except fh>m the figure given by Oinrd and the descriptions published by Baird and Girard. The ttigiusl lupes of the. species are not to be found in the Museum, and there are no specimens of recent collection which appear to belong to it It seemsi however, to be a valid species, related to 0. itrngnis. Bi Hps have not been figured, hence I can only infer that it belongs to tke gioop with a narrow upper lip. 226. OATOSTOMUS INBIGNIS Baird & Girard. S^tM Shaker, UM-CilofftoimM inHgnii Baikd & Girard, Proo. Philn. Ao. Nat 8c. 28, 1854. Minomu9 inHgnU Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8c. Pbila. 173, 1856. Mimmua iniignia Girard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. 8nrv. lobtb. 37, pi. xxi, f. 1-4, 1859. Cal09tcmu9 inMgne Cope & Yarrow, Wbeeler's Expl. W. lOOtb Mer. v, Zool. 676, 1876. CalotfoMiftf intignia Jordan &, Copelamd, Check List, 1.56, 1876. Habitat.— Tribntaries of the Rio Gila. The original types of this species, from the Eio San Pedro, are now lost The specimens collected by Dr. Rotbrock in Ash Greek, Arizona, •Dd referred to this species by Professor Cope, undoubtedly belong 1^^ The species is a well-marked one, both as to form and coloration. The genas Minomusj of which it was made the type, appears, however, to have no tangible existence. Spedmena in United Statei National Muaeum. Jtumber. Locality. Collector. ie:s6 Aab Creek. Arizona Dr. J. T. Rotbrock. 166 CONTBIBUTION8 TO NOETH AHEBfCAlT ICHTHTOLOGT — ^IIL 27. CATOSTOMUS TERES {MUekitt) Le 8umr. Comaio* Swka: fFhit« Sudcer. Brook Saclxr. Fime-tealtd Satlm: 16IB— X4 Cgprin ooniiurMMicii LActp^Dis, HiaL Nat. des Foim. v, 503, GOSL Caimtamiu wmmcrwBff Jokdak, Maa. Vert. ed. 2A, 380, 1878. 18 Csprina* ealMimua Pbck, Hem. Am. Acad, ii, pt. 2, p. 55, pi. S, t*. (Rot I FoTster.) IBU— CjipHnM (ere* Hircmu., Lit. and PhiL Tniu. New York, i, 45& CataaUmut tera Lk Sukdr, Joam. Ac. Nat 8c. Phila. 108, 1817. CobMfaMH* («nM Thompson, Hiat. Vt. 134, liNZ CatoalimiM (n-n Covibr & Tai.ekcieknes, xii, 468, 1844. Catoitonuu lera SroRKR, Synopsis, 493, 194C. Catotlonua tern Aqabsiz, Am. Jonm, So. Art*, 3d wries, xix, SO^ I8BE. Caio*iom*t lert* GUmthbk, Cat. llshee Brit. Mdb. vH, IS, 1868. CatMUmuu Utm Cope. Pioe. Am. Pbiloi. Soc Phila. 468, 18T0. Cotoilonx tern Jordan, Fiahea ui lad. 221, 1875. Catotiomua lera Jobdaji. Man. Veit. 293, 1876. Cnhxtoniw leva Nelson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Kan. Nat. Hist 48, 1876. ' Catottomiu tera Jordan St, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1878. Cato»tomtu Itret Jordan & Gilbert, in Elippart's Bept. 53, 1876. CatotfomM tertt Jordan Sl Gh^BERT, 1q Klippart'a Firet Beport Ohio Flth Oi niesiOD, 84, pL xii, f. 18-19, 1877. Calottomut tera Jordak, Bull. U. 6. Nat. Mas. ii, 37, 1877. 1817— CafostoaiM comniHiiu Le Sueur, Joarn. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. i, 95. CaCottimiiM wmniatti* DkKay, New York Funoa, part iv, FisfaM, 196, ISM. Calottonmt comanati» CuviER St Valencibnnks, Hist. Nat. dca I 4S6. 1844. LAXIi, Rii^lriji Jiiurn. N'at. Hial. v,2C5, 1315. CATOSTOMUS TERES. 167 XS3l^-'Cato$Uimu9 prsdAt Kirti«and, Bept. ZocL Ohio, 168. 183H— CfUoftoMiM nigriooM Storrr, Rept. Ich. Mass. 86. (Not of Le Snear.; Catoatamua nigrioaii8 Thompson, Hisf. Vermout, 135, 1642. lBi»-Cat08tomtt$ paUidiu DkKay, Now York Faaoa, part i v, Fisho >, 200. Cat09iamus pal1idu9 Storbr, Synopsis, 426, 1646. Wi—Caio$tamm8 aureolua Cuvier & Valknciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 439. (Notof LeSaear.) CatmUmus anreolms Gt^NTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, 16, 1868. l^Sf^—CatoBtamus /or$Urianu8 AoA88iz,Luke Superior, 358. \^S&-Cato$tamuafar8terianu8 Aoassiz, Am. Jouro. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 208. Awmu$for8teriaRU8 Giilard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phi la. 173, 1856. \956-Cato8tamH9 mcklU Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 175. CotottoHUM tueklH Girard, U. S. P^. R. R. Expl. x, pi. li, 226, 1858. Cato8tomu9 $ucklU Cope, Uayden's Geo]. Surv. Wyomiog, 1870, 434, 1872. CatoatamuB suckUjfi Jordan & Copeiand, Check List, 156, 1876. \XfO-f C€io9tomua texanus Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 473. f CatostamuB texanut Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1876. I960— CaiMfamiM cklaropteron Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 473. Ca^OftomaM chJoropierum Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 85, 1865. CQto8tamus ohloropterua Jordan & Coprland, Check List, 156, 1876. \^Si^--Cata9iamM alticolui Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v« Zool. 677. OUostomus aliioolus Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1876. ld76-ifozMfoma triBiffnatum (Cope) Cop£& Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, ZooL679. ErimjfMon trisignaius Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. Uabitat. — All streams from Labrador to Florida and westward to the Rocky Moaot- MM. Everywhere abundaot. The most widely distributed of the Catostamidce. This species is the commonest of all tbe Suckers in nearly every 8ti««u east of the Rocky Mountains. In Canada, in New England, in the Great Lakes, in tbe Mi8sissii)|>i Valley, in South Carolina, in Georgia, »n Alabama, it is everywhere tbe commonest Sucker, and it certainly occurs in Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas, tbougb bow abundantly I am unable to say. Thi8 species is everywhere tbe one to wbicb the name of "Sucker" primarily belongs, the other species, tbougb often called '* Sucker", as asort of general term, receiving tbe special names of Red Horse, Buffalo, Mallet, Chub Sucker, etc. This species is subject to considerable variations in different waters. 'd Bhaded brooks, it is dark-colored and rather slender. In open or niaddy waters, it becomes pale. In tbe Great Lakes, it often reaches a wnsiderable size and a proportional stoutness of body. The adult is Mttally uniformly colored above. Young fishes IJ to3 inches in length ^ often variegated, and sometimes show three or four lateral dark f 168 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH UfEJUCAM ICHTRYOLOOT— blotches, wbicb are fwrnetimes couflaeDt into an irregular doal Such little fitihes asuully have the lateral tine im[»errect. Od 8 noQiinal species Maxoatoma trMgnatum was based. The male fishes in the spring show a more or less diatinct pi roe; lateral baod. The males and femalea asceod the small sti the spring for the purpose of depositiug tbeir spawn. The coii of their times of migration with that of sooae of the early settlet Dots, who used to come up from New Orleans in the spring, n in the fall, has K'^en to the natives of that State the slang "Suckers", as aatives of Michigan were called " Wolverenes"; o sota, "Uophers"; of Wisconsin, "Badgers'^; of Indiana, "Hoosi Ohio, "Buckeyes"; and of Missouri, "Pukes". I have elsewhere adopted the name '• eommtmoni" for this inasmuch aa there ia little doulit that it is the "Cgprin eommeri of Lac^pede, as has long since been noticed by Yalenoienues. Dr. Giiitther quotes, in the syuoDymy of Catoib)mut teres, "< co»iffl£rj»tomut texaina AbtwtU deacribed from a dried specimen, is leas clear, botwhat there is flf ii;»ecifl(; cbsiracterizalioD iii tlie deacription points to C.terea. The 4trwil cariuutiou is frequently observed iu stuffed fittbes id vbioh some 1bbI] is Ifft iti tlje back to sbriuk in drying, tenvingtbeback "carinated". I have examined several of tbe types of Catostomua altioobuGoye. Aey are all mr&II fishea, not oue-fourth ^romi, and, as usnal in yoang lAcs, tbe bond appenrs proportiounlly large. I see, however, no rea- n for considering Ibem different from Valostomus terea. Moaoatoma lrifvii'ir«iN I have already referred to. The aliaeuce of the lateral line lldQe to tlioir youth, not to tbeir belonging to a different gena& Ute three largo tatenil spots, " not seeu in any other of the order," are j-lmiid on young spovimens of Catostomim generitlly. I have examined .Iketjpea of ^^Moxottoma trmijuaium^, itnd bave foaod apecimeDS of 'irinllar size, Kltuilarly colored and without lateral line, from Hichigau and , (rhb other Western States. I would nndertnke to mutch them from any l^ttnamin the West. Tbe reference of these speoiuens to 'Moxoatama Wf^tipnti,) wad probably tbe result of a, very hasty examiaatioD. ^W Loc(Uit7. CollMtor. Dr. Eennerlr. •»m HBri«tta,Obio "awtt 7706 *707 ■aTTT aaie • B«l BM tm fonHito.C«iwl» 1 70 CONTBIBUTIONS TO HOBTH AHBBICAN ICHTHTOLCK SpeemaiM in Unilei BlaUt NalUMal Mutemm — Coationed. Number. Locatity. 8689 B e:-2a Huron Hlvof, MicbigM S m&9 8834 Oswego, N. T -.... H870 Alabamii &m mei Miaaouri {!) B B C, 1M!46 Bluck River .... J. J. 1114^ Saiirtiinky, Ohio ■ CAT08T0MUS HACBOCHILUS. 171 ill United States T(aUonal iftf«eiim— ContiDued. Kunber. S0241 wm a02S6 99266 20267 20260 20316 20344 20377 20382 20454 wm Locality. PiermoDty N. T Ifailiaon, Wis QaeUec, Canada Fox River, Wisconsin Sing Sing Boot RiTer, Wisconsin Potomac River Potomac River , Platte Valley I Nebraska Wilkesbarre, Pa Etowah River, Qeorgia Salada River, Sonth Carolina Fort Bridger, Wyoming Collector. S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. 8. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. Goode & Bean. Hoose. L. H.Taylor. D. S. Jordan. D. S. Jordan. 28,* CAT08T0MUS MACROCHILUS Oirard. Large-lipped Suo'er, ^^^^Cat0»tomu$ macrocheilu8 Girakd, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Phila. 175. ColottamuB macrocheilua Girakd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 225, 1858. (ktoitomus macrochilHS GCntukr, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 20, 1868. (ktottamuB macrockilu8 Jordan & Cofeland, Chvck List, 156, 1876. Hamiat. — Columbia River. Only the original type of this species is known. It is an adult spe- tttteo, well preserved. Althongli this species seems closely related to ^* (occidentalism I am disposed to consider it distinct, as tbe mouth is ^<^bly larger than in any occidentalis which I have seen. Tbe exami- Ution of a large series of specimens may, however, render it necessary to QDite them. Spedmena in United States National Museum, Haber. Locality. •^ Oregon (type macrockilus) Collector. Lieut. Trowbridge. s/ecundus Cope & Yarrow, see Addenda, p. 219. 172 C0NTR1BDTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT ffl 29. OATOSTOMDS OCCIDENTALIS Ayres. ' If'ailerH Sacker. 1B£4— CnlMlonua ocddmtalit Avrbs, Proo. CaL Ac, Mat- Sc. i, 18. CaloalomiM oceideHtalU AOASSIZ, Am. JoaTa. So. Ails. 2d avnet, lii, W. W- (CuHcribed OS uqiiit B|>ecioB.) CtKoaloRiiu occidrnialit Gikajid, Prcw. Ac. tinl. Sc. PhiU. 114, 1856. Caluatonni iKxideiitalit GlKSJlt), U. S. Pac. R. R Eiiil. i, -224, IffiS. Cafoaioniiu occiilenfalii' GD.ntqer, Cat FUhos Brit. Mus. vi:, IT, 1S6S. ' Catoatomaa otxidmlalU JORDAN A CopsuiHD, Cbeck Ltat, 150, ISTri (Xu' OQly.) 185(i— f t'aiiMlmiiH bimardiHi Gibahp, Ptae. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 175. t Caioalontua btvitardini GlltARU, U. S. &Iex. Bonod. Ichth. 40, pi. 23, t. \-i, Oi- t CaKaloniig bernar^ni GCktiibic, Cat. FiHiies Brit. Mas. v. 7, 17, Ir/EH. Habitat. — Stri^nms went of tbo Rockj Mountains, [inibatily gponrallj' distnlin"^ TtiU species was ili'scribed almost MmultaoeouHly uodiT ilic fion uame by Dr. Ayrea and Profossor Agassiz. Sioee then it baa bv#u litilt noticed by iulittiyologistH, ani) its distributiou bus rcmainetl uiioerUtii' The few specimens in the National Museum indicate, bowerer, distribuliuD. I bave here united Calontomus bemardini Gir.inl loC. occidcntalin. The single specimen made rbe type of C, beraardi so that we can probably never know exactly for what the author *!!■ tended the name. The size of the dorsal and the form of the moathw given in Girard's figure indicate a species of Catostomuit iatli«r ttui GATOeTOMUS TAH0EN8IS. 173 90. OATOSTOMUS LABIATUS Ayrw. Tktdt'Vpped Sadler. I 1865--GilMlMMit IMmiM Aybxs, Proo. Cal. Ao. Nat So. i, 32. CffOftoMttt UMtam$ QiRAKD, Proo. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 175, 1856. CUottoanif IMaiiu Qirard, U. S. Pao. B. B. Expl. x, 224, 1858. dtottomif loUatHf Jobdak A Cofbland, Cheok List, 156, 1876. Habitat.— StreMM of Ora^n (Klamath Lake). I have seeu only the specimeii from which -Girard's description was takeo. Like nuteroehilus^ this species afipears distinct from occidentaliiy but the examiDation of a larger series of specimens is uecessaiy to proTe it At present, it appears to differ from maorochilus and ocoiden- teKf in the Bmaller size of the dorsal fin. S^eohmwa in United SUkUb yatUmal Mueenm. Hnabv. Looality. S39 KUmath Lako, Oregon , Collector. Dr. John S. Newberry. 31. 0AT0STOMU8 ARfflOPUS Jardaiij sp. nov. Hard'keaded Sucker. ^^^^--CotetUmme ontopue Jordan, MSS., Wbeeler'n Report Sarv. W. 100th Mer. (ined,). This species represents C. discobolus in the section Deccbdactylus, Its ^^ narrow fontanelle and sheathed lips indicate its close relation to ^aatoaf^eux. The specific name is from apaioq^ small, thin ; o;r^, hole or •pertore. The typical specimens were from Kern River, California. Spedmene in United States National Mhaeum, Knabrr. mo7 17103 Locality. Collector. Kern River, Cal. (type) H. W. Hooshaw Careon River, Nevada H. W. Henshaw. 32. CATOSTOMUS TADOENSIS Gill & Jordan. Sucker of Lake Tahof. ^^^^Acomue generoeun Cooper, CroiiiBe^H Nut. Wt-alth Cal. 495. (Not of Girard.) l^T^CaftMfomM tahoensis Gill Sl Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xi, p. — . HABiTAT.—Lake Tahoe, Nevada. ^e Suc;ker of Lake Tahoe is closely related to Catost&mus longirostris^ bataeems to differ constantly in the shorter head and moro contracted 174 CONTHIBITTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHXnYOLOQY — 111. bmly. It it^said to be very abundant in LakoTaboe. "Tbeyarctuigbt it) uelH and souietimea witb tbe book, but like all this family are tatte poor as tooil" {Cooper). Acomus generosun of Giianl, with which thii species bas bueu ideutilled, ia a very diflfereut spec.k-s, l>eli>ui;iiig la I diffurcDt g«^nus. Spticiineiu in UtiUfd Stale* Natto-Mt JfuMum. Locality. 5240 Luke Taboo (typi-s C. tahtmatii) .. 17109 LakaTohou Collrfltor. J. G. CouiM. H. W. HniilMw. 33. CATOSTOMUg ROSTUATUS {TUesiits) Jordan. Siberian SHclxr. 1&13—" CgpHnat roatraitu TiLBSius, M^m. Ar. Sc. St. F^t«rBboiin;> >*■ p-464, Ub.1^ flgB. 1-2, leij," Cspriniia roalmtiu PAI.1.A8, Zoofir, Bo«MvAHiat. iii, 308. Cspnu$ rmfrotiM GOntbkr, Cut. Flshea Brit. Mns. sii, 13, 1668. (AndoaWU RpecLPH of Calostomu.) im—CaloiKmai tileaii CuviHR &. Talkncikniiks, Hist. Nat.dM PoisaoiM,S SDslis et candalibns extremis fere ex tribns compositis cemitor. In doraali et nail pinna radii valde distant, peotorales ventrales et analis pinnie anreo-mbescentes. rt ad baain prominentea, pectorales adeo tnberose, yentralinm radices per mem- ^■aaoiam laminam triangnlarem sqnamatam obtegnntnr. Anna oanfls propior. In- taa Don exploraftvi. Characteribns cietemm generia cyprinacei ore nimimm edentnlo, doDtibotpost branchial iboB, nienibrnua branchiostega triradiata utiinqne instmotns «t A c«leberrimo Mtrck plnra speciroa ex siccata ex CovymeD fluvio allata Hunt, |iaiM>inin» Tsebokutschan debignata sunt. Annotavit simal idem, 'piscem in Lena ^ Indigirca ejavqne collaterali lapidoso Dogdo flaviis copioBam essu sed propter tttiooisvelocitatem captn difflcilem eese et non nisi in cosois flaininnm ranjis hamo ^ ftragatim et Telocissime natare, sapidissimum cssterom, exceptu vere, cum, ova ■ptfgDDl nee aristis impeditam pisoem esse, attamen ab accolis Covynio) et lodigircA (qnictpot tantem in deliciis habet, reliqna canibns cedunt) non multnm SBstimari."' — ffuia, Zooffraphia Bomio-Jgiaiioa, pp. 308-310.) 34. 0ATOSTOMU8 LONGIROSTRT8 Xc Sueur. Long-noted Sucker. Northern Sucktr, Red'Sided Sucker, I^T^^CipKNiM caio$iomu$ Forsier, Philos. Trans. Ixiii, 155, tab. (>, 1773.'' C|fpHiitr« cata»UmM$ Schneidku, ed. Blocb, 444, 1802. l^--CBltofOfliM« longiroBirum Lk Sukur, Jonm. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 102. CatoitomuB longiro$trum Thompson, Hist. Vt. 135, 1842. (kOottamus langiroeirU DrKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1848. Catoetomus longiroitrum Cuvier Sl Valenciennes, xvii, 453, 1844. GalMlomiM langiroitrum Storrr, Synopsis, 421, 1846. Gifatfomss lomgirostrum Jordan & Copei^and, Check List, 150, 1876. GrtPfftaitts Umgiroitrit Jordan & Oilubrt, in Klippart'a Ropt. 53, 1877. ^-Caliildaiaa Mimmlm Lb Subur, Jonm. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 107. L 1 76 CONTBIBUTIONS TQ NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTBTOLOGT — UL Caloitomut budioniui CuviRR &. ViLKKCiKHNKa, HlBt.Tfat.de«PoiM(nw,XTS,' 1644. CalMtoniat hudtiyniui gTOREn, S;DopsiB, 419, lti46. Catoatonui hudmmiva Agabbie, Aid. Joam. 8o. ArU,Sd uriea, xiz, 908, 166& CaloilomaK hadiofiat GOnthkh, Cat. FUbes Brit. Htu. vil, 13, 186tl Caloftnmui hadminiai JuMixtN, Man. Vert. 293, 1874 Caloetomun haiiaoniui Nblson. Bull. No. 1, I[1b. Mds. Nut. Hint. 46, 1876. Iel23— rodwfonnj forsUrianut Hicn*ui)aos, Kranklin'i Jonrasl, 720. Catoitomii' /onlerianus Richardson, Fanna Bor.-Amer.lii, Fishes, 116, IB3& Caloilamut /ortlerianui DeKay, New York f'aaiM, part Iv, Fiahee, 303, 144!. CaMtomut fortteriantu CnviRR &. VALENCiENMca, Hist. yst. dM Poimxir, x i(a, 1444. Caloilontue forelcrianva Sturkh, Synopsis, 419, 1H46. Acomna foratiria»ii> Giiiarh, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Pbila. 172, 1856. Caloilamua fontrrianat Pctnam, Bull. Miis. Cotnp. Zuol. 10, 1H63. Calottomua fonlerianaa Jordan &. Copei.and, Check List, 106, 1676. 1^,0— Catoatoama aurora Agabsiz, Lube Superior, MjO, |il. 3, f. 3-4. Jcomiu aurora OinAIU>,Pnjc.Ac.Nal.S<-. PLila.lTS, IH^A. Catoalemua auroi'a Putn'am. Bull. Mns. Cutnp. Zuol. 10, 1863. 1856— dcomuf griaena Girari>, Proc. Ac. Nal. Sc. Pbiln. 1T4. Jeomuii gritrna QiRAiti>, U. 8. Poc. R. R. Ezpl. 1,32-2, pi. xlis, ISSa CaloatomHa griami GONTtlBR,Cnt. Fishes Brit. Mns. vii, 14, 1868. Catoatomaa griaeum Copr, Hu.vdcci's Gcol. Snrv. W.vomiQK, 1(170, 434, l>iii. Caio'iomua griama Jordan & Copklani>, CIifcIi List, 150, 1676. Ifm—Caloflomiia laclariwa GiRAftn, Proc. Ac. Nut. 8c. Pbila. 174. Aromat lactariua GlRAltD, U. S. Pac. R. R. Eipl. x, 923, It^. Catoatomna lac'ariaa JoBDAN & Copeland, Clicck List, 156, 1676. CAT0ST0MU8 L0NGIR08TBIS. 177 e to this species the name of aurora, in allusion to the red breeding DTs of the male. Western specimens were still later described by «rd as two distinct species, griseus and lactariuSj apparently witboat Dparison with the Eastern forms. riie examination of the large series of specimens noticed below, to- her with others from the Great Lakes and Upper Mississipin, has iriDced me that all belong to one species, variable to some degree, \, not more so than is Catostomus teres and less so than Erimyzon tUa. Some of the Upper Missouri specimens referable to C. griseus d« have on an average rather smaller scales (95 in the lateral line itead of 100 to 110) ; but I am unable to distinguish a t^mgible variery. « original types of C. lacf^rius Girard are not now to be found, but « description indicates no difference from C. longirostris. Sptdmens in Unitid States Xational Museum. SvBibcr. 1054 c:o9 T04: 7640 7993 813G 8437 8305 SOlO 9116 9175 mi2 11213 12910 »G75 20191 »m SttSS SQ»7 LociJity. Lake Superior • .. Pagct's Soood Platte River, Nebraska Yougbiogbeny River . . Lake Winnipeg Xalato, Yoncon River, Alaska. Essex Connty, New York Qoebeo Great Slave Lake Pole Creek, Nebraska ... Saint Micbael's, Alaska An Sable River, Michigan An Sable River, Michigan An Sable River, Michigan Racine, Wis Xorthem Bonndary Sar vey, Dakota Rocioe, Wis Lake Saperior (Probably original types of griseus; the old nnrnber and locality obliterated.) • Wtct, Nebraska Collector. J. W. Milner. R. Kenuicott. Capt. Simpson. Prof. Andrews. R. Kenuicott. W. IL Dan. S. F. Baird. R. Kcnnicott. Lieut. Wood. Dr. Bannister. J. W. Milner. J. W. Milner. J. W, Milner. Dr. Elliott Coues. S. F. Baird. J. W. Milner. Bowman. 178 COKTBIBUTIOKS TO SOBTH AUEBICAK ICHTHTOLOOT — m. 35. CATOSTOMDS EETBOPINNIS Jordan, ep. nov. 1878— CalottomiM retropinni» Jordan, BqII. Hayden'a Oeol. Sarr. Terr, lined.). This fine species combioea tbe moDth of C. latipinnia with tbeSm nnd genera! characters of C. hngiroxtria. The type is No. 21,197, « lected by Dr. E))iott Gooes in Millt Biver, Montana. It is a male spei men 16J inches in length. A specimen previoaaly examined fh>mPltt Valley was identified as probably the female of C. latipinnii, bnt 8 discovery of this large mate specimeo forbids such a suppoaitioo. A?wim«n« in Iht United Stattt Kational Miutam. Nnuiber. Locality. CollMtor. 36. OATOSTOMUS LATIPIEfliriS Batrd (6 Oirard. Grtal-finned Swdxr. IKiS— CalMfomii* lalipiKwiM Baued &. Girard, in Proc. Ac. Ifat 8c. Phil*, vi, S .iamia Jatipimnit Girakd, Proc. Ac Nat. 6c PhiU. 173, 1S5G. JtvmH* Utipinnit Girard, U. B. Ucx. Boand. Surv. Ichth. 39, pL ixii CAT08TOMU8 DISCOBOLUS. 179 tkm also is pecaliar, and the form of the moath is aulike that of any other species. These featares are all well shown in Girard's figare of tiie^eeiea in the Ichthyology of the Mexican Bonndary. The distribation of the species has not been well made oat. I have MO bat one specimen, an adalt male from the Gila region, apparently fee one from which Girard's figare was made. Ihe tyiie of Cataatomua ffuzmaniensis cannot be found. The figare was Mde from a yoang fish, and the distinctions between it and latipinnis issQch as often distingaish a yoang fish from an old one. It is better, berefore, to anite the two than to admit an insafficiently characterized KNDioal species. 8pedmen$ in United States National Museum. fomber. Locality. Collector. SOOTS (Type of latipinnis nndonbtedly, bat the locality, Rio San Pedro, tributary of Bio Gilo, and old number, 254 7, oblit- erated.) J. H. Clark. 37. CATOSTOMUS DISCOBOLUS Cope. Large-lipped Sucker, f^—Catastomus discobolus Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyo. 1870, 435. CatostoMus discobolus Cope & Taiirow, Wheelcr^s Expl. W. lOOth Mer. v, Zool. 677,1876. Caiostomns discobolus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 15G, 1876. BABrTAT.-^Idaho to Arizona. This iDteresting species is a Pantosteus in all but the techuical char- ter of the open fontanelle, and in this respect it is really intermediate, the foDtanelle, in the adalt at least, is reduced to a narrow slit. The aracters given in the analysis were taken from the Snake River spe- oeD, 20|475, larger and in better condition than most or all of those amined by Professor Cope. Professor Cope's original types came from eeo Eiver in Wyoming. 180 CONTBIDUTIOKS TO NOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOT— IH Spcdinen* in Uniltd Sialet Xalionat li laTltl ZuDi.N.Mex Arlzooa Snake Bivur, Idaho NewbeiTj. TuTow &■ HensbM- C. O. Newbeny. F.V.Hard«n. Genus PANTOSTEUS Cope. iUnomuB Cope, U.S. Oeol.Surv.WyoraiDg. 1870, 414 (1872). (Not of Oitmrd.) ranlmtem Cupk, Lioiit. Wtieulur's Espl. W. lOOtb U«r. t, 673, 1876. Catonloniit, Juamu« el Minamut sp. Girard. Tyi«', Hinomaa ;iIafyrfti/inAin Cope. HtyuuiloKy, iritr, all ; oaTiov, booo (rrom tho closing of the footaoelle b; bone). riviKl iiuHlcmtP or nitlier suiall, 4 tD 5 tiiDes in len^ of body, fi4tti mid nitber brond nbitve, anteriorly somcwbut pointed ; fje rather bid: iiauully boliind tbu iiiiddlu of tlic liead : suborbital bones Darrov, ai Cattmtomm ; l>ones of bond mtber thivl:, tbe tivo parietal bones fin tiuihHl, eutin'ly oblitcratiiig tbe foutanelle. Month ratbor l»r{>n>, entirol.r inferior; each juiv with a morewli develoitod cArtiloiiiiioiia sbeutb, separable in alcohol, eBseotially u CKondrostoma, Acrochitu«, and related ^euera ; upper lip broad, papillo GENUS PANT08TEUS. 181 cliate between that of Catostomus proper and that of the sabgenns Decadaeiylua, Tho genus was first indicated by Professor Cope iu 1874^ nnder the name of JIf tnomutf, he supposing at the time that Catostomus insignis, the type of Girard^s MinomuSj was a species with closed fontanelle. On obtaiDing specimens of C. insigniSj it became evident that such was not the case, and the new name Pantosteus was proposed for the genus. TantoHteus runs very close to Catostomus^ two species referred to the latter genus (C. discobolus and C. arceopus) being almost intermediate. Generic Characterizations. MiNOXCS Cope, 1872. — "I have proposed to adopt as valid (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc lB70,4dO) seven genera of this family. I will now add an eighth, which embraces 8{Mcie8 which combine with the characters of Catostomus proper, a complete union of tbe parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle so universal among the tocken. The only other exception is seen iu CycleptuSy Raf., as I have already mcn- tioDed. In all the members of the family where I have examiued it, this fontauello is quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and nowhere reduced to*the slit so often wen ia SiXurida. In searching for the characters of Girard's so-called genera Minomus udioofliM, I find that the type of the former, MAnsignis^ B. G., presents the character above mentioned. I therefore adopt his name for the new genus, and add two new species, Jf. ddplunus and M, tardus. Whether bis two other species, M. plebeius and M. rftrtti, belong to it is uncertain as yet, but they have the same physiognomy." — (Cope, Baiiaes Qeol. 8urv. Wyoming for 1870, p. 434, 1872.) Paktosteus (Cope) Yarrow, 1876.— " Professor Cope, in 1870, purposed to adopt as vilid seven genera of this family; but in 1872, be stated bis belief that an eighth ^boQld be added, wkich should embrace species combining the characters of Catostomus pn»per, u complete nuiou of the parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle, so uni- versal among the suckers ; the only other exception being seen iu Cycleptus, Raf., as ho has already observed. In all the members of the family that he has examined iu this re- Rard the foatanelle has been found quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and is Nowhere reduced to the slit often seen in the Silurida?, unless it be in tho Catostomus ^i»coboltu. In searching for the characters of Girard's so-called genera Minomus *il the chin and fins red, and acrtnieon lateral band QXitEBu0a,A tt Scales subeqnal over the body, not mncb reduced forwardB : tipper lip rslkcta* lovnot pendent ; cartilagiuons sheath on jaws obsolete (f). b. Body comparatively stout, the caudal peduncle short and thick, tbe hackM*^ what arched, the depth 4} to 5 in length ; head bhort and wlde,l)attiskaMl 4| to 0 in length : scales 14-64-15: dorsal rays 9 toll; Teotralr^alOiUMk isb alMve, with one or two dark lateral shades ....PLKBim.tti 38. PANTOSTKl'^S yiRESCENg Cope PAHTOBTEUS GENEBOSUa 183 SO. PANTOSTEUS PLATYRHTNOHUS Cope. Flai'headcd Sucker, ]ff4-JffiMMift plaljfHIjfiieftM Copk, Proc. Am. Philos 800. Pbila. 134. JlnfoifeiM jplafjrrftjffiekM Cops A Yakrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. y, 2ooL e73, pL zzix, £3, 3a, 1876. FnUmieui platyrhpuikut Jobdan & Copkland, Check List, 156, 1876. PMlMfeM j>2aljfrA]nic)^« Joadan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. xi, p. ^, IBTS. Habrat^— Utnh Lake and tribntariee. The specimens which I have seeu of this species are all small and in poor coiiditioD. Their remarkable slenderness is doubtless in part due to their flabbioess. The species as noted by Professor Cope much ravmbles Catostom^M discobolus. It is also very similar to PaiUosteus fwrotiMy bat at present I consider it distinct. Bpeoimmu in United States IfatUmal Mu$ekm. iuber. 1S906 16103 Locality. Collector. Utah Lake Utah Lake Yarrow &, Henshaw. Yarrow &, Henshaw. 40- PASTOSTEU8 GENEROSUS (Girard) Jordan. Tarr(np*8 Sucker, ^f^B^CatoBtomus (iifoomtw) generoaua Girakd, Proo. Ac. Nat. 8c. Phlla. 174. Aoowute genero»M8 Girard, U. S. Pac. R. £. Expl. x, 221, lti5ti. Cai09Ufmv8 generosus Jordan & CorKLAND, Check List, ir>6, 1676. 1874— iftiKMRtitf ^'arrovii Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 35. PanlasUua jarrovU Copk Sl YAJtROW, Wheelei's Expl. W. 100th Mer. y,Zool. 674, pi. xxix, 2, 2 a, 1876. Pamtotteua yairotci Jordan &, Coprland, Check List, 156, 1S7G. Habitat. — Rio GrandA, Colorado Basin, and Great Basin of Utah ; very abundant. This species is the most cbarncteristic and most widely diffused of tbo Suckers of the Great BaBiii. It was first* described by Girard in 1S56, under the name of Catostomus gc7icro8us. Girard's description, unaccompanied by a figure, was so very loose and irrelevant that it has liitberto remained unidentified. I have, however, had the opportunity of examining Girard's original types, and of comparing them with the ^irpttof Pantosteus jarroviL They seem to me to belong to the same ipeeies, and I am therefore compelled to substitute the name generosus 184 CONTHIBUIIOSS TO NOETH AUBBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — ^IIL for tbat of jarrovU. If I Jiat) not been uble to compare getterotia « jarrovii, I should never Lave saspected tbeir identity. Sptmi»e«> in UiMtd Statt* Katiotial A Nnmbcr. Locality. CollMtM. 15802 Zuni Eiver, Now Moxico (types ot JarrovU) H. W. Heulww. Torrow JtCops. 41. PANT0STEU9 PLEBEIU9 (Batrd & Girard) Jordan. Plain Stitker. 1854— Catoffomuf j>Ieinu» Baird & Oikard, Ptoc Ao. Nst. Sc Phila. 3& CaloftoMui plebiiig Agkssiz, Aid. Joam. Sc. Arts.'id serlM, xix,S09, IfSS. XinoniHt pUbdua Girahd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 173, 1^6. ilinoMut ph-beiua Girakd, U. 6. Mqx. Bound. Sarv. Ichtb. 38, pi. xxii, 1 1-4, U6 Catotlomua phJHJui GCkther, Cat. Fisbea Brit. Jlns. vii, 15, 1868. Calottomua plthrjui Jordan & Copbland, Check List, 156, 1H76. Pantoalfiu iilebciiu JonoMi, Bull. U. 8. Sat. Mna. xi, p.—, 1878. lr«;3— JliNoma* drlpAJmu CoPi:, Hayden'a Oeol. Siitv. Wyoming, 1870, 435, 1S73. Fantwfeii* delphinia CuPK &. Yarrow, Lieut. Wheeler's Bepb ExpL W. UN PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIUS. 185 and form of body, Panto«fei£« plebeius seems to resemble Catosto- tignit and O. elarhiiy and to diverge from the type of discobolus^ i», and platyrhynchus,^ 988or Cope (in lit) dissents from the ideotification above made, maintaiDing klpkimu and P. hardw8 are at least specifically distinct from each other, ^'hat- 7 be the relation of either to P. pJeheiua, As I have seen none of the three qiestioD, I let the above stand as I had written it, and quote the original de- is of the three nominal species: — f us PLSBEiUB Grd.^" Body snb-f asifonn, compressed. Head elongate, snbcon- ning the fifth of the entire length. Mouth of medinm size. Eyes large, sub- \, their longitudinal diameter being contained about five times in the length of lead. Dorsal fin subquadrangular, its anterior margin being equidistant be- le tip of the snout and the first ludimentary rays of the upper lobe of the The latter is slightly concave posteriorly, and the lobes rounded off. The he anal is contained nearly three times in its height, and when brought back- s tip extends to the mdimentary rays at f ho inferior lobe of the caudal fin. The are inserted under the posterior third of the dorsal ; bent backwards, their tip ; reach as far as the anus. The pectorals are of medium development, sub* Mteriorly acute. scales are of medium size, considerably largest on the peduncle of the tail, eight to thirty rows from the base of the ventrals to the dorsal fin. About 1 the lateral line, which is not discernible as far back as the base of the caudal color as preserved in alcohol, is dark brown on the upper regions, faintly mot- ti blackish patches. The sides and belly exhibit traces of orange in some of imens, in others it is pale yellowish. Tbe fins are unicolor ; the dorsal, caudal, orals, blackish brown ; the anals and ventrals yellowish." — (GiitAKi), Ich, U, 8. , Bcundarjf 8urv, , p. 38, figs. 1-4, plate xxii.) IU8 DELPHINUS Cope. — "The subequal size of the scales of this species would indifferently to the true group Catustonius of Girard, or his group Mioomus, e did not distinguish clearly, Tbe preceding species would enter bis Acomus, , however, only an undefined group of species, to which, by tbe way, the tyjie tomns, C. teres, belongs. This species is especially distinguished from those re described by the shortening of the caudal part of tbo vertebral column, and eqaent posterior position of the dorsal fin. Add to this a short, wide head, and dy, and its physiognomy is expressed. dorsal outline is arched, tbe head flat above, but elevated behind^ and much dn- on the muzzle. The muzzle is wide and does not project beyond tbe upper lip, i appressed to its lower face and bears four rows of warts ; its smooth com- 1 part is narrow. On the lower lip the tubercles advance nearlj' to tbo cora- ; this lip is deeply emargiuato posteriorly ; the eye enters the length of the • timea, two and one-half times measuring tbe muzzle, and twice tbe inter- ■«> Head four and two-thirds times in length to end of caudal basal scales. ritndinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins ; ventrals remark- 186 CONTBIBOTIONS TO KOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTIITOLOOT— DL GenuB CYCLEPTUS Bqfinesque. Cj/clrpluiTtAgiSEaQVB, JouTDal d« Phj-siqae, de Cbimie et d'HiBtoireN4tiireUa,Fiii^ 18l9,p. 421. IlhgtUoitomvi Heckel, Fisobo Syriens, Bnsuegger's EeiRen, 1842, p. 1023. Cetotlomtu el Stlerosnathu* Bp, AucT. T;po, Cgclcplat nigretoeM Bafloesque,^ CalotComm elongalaa Le SneuT. Etyniolugy, nfrirAof, roDDil ; Afirr^, small. "The Dame meanfl Bmall, loODd ttotA' ^llajinetque). Head very Bmall, short and Blender, its length contained 6 to 7 tinM I in that of the body, its upper anrface ronnded ; eye quite amoU, iwiitf ; median, not very high np, its length C to 8 in that of the eide of tka ' head ; suborbital bones rather small and quite narrow; foutauelle (*- tirely obliterated by the union of the parietal boues. Moutli small, entirely inferior, overlapped by the projecting toaO, tho upper lip thick, pendent, covered with 3 to 5 rows of tubercles, tfc» outer quite large, the inner small; lower lip moderate, formed km- nbly oliuTt, «xt«Dding little more tban half way to vent, origiDUiug under porinV third of dorsal. Pootorals veil srparated. Istbmae nido. "Color iibove blQckisb, nitb aetroDg iDfenormargioal shade on tb« lower part rftl* sides, iiud tlie ligbter tiot above; abrovn spot jnst above axilla, is cut off fraaitV a band of the yellow color which covers the belly aod head below. "Tbuoiily s|)ccies coDcemiDg which any doubt can arise in thenomeiiclatnncf tUa one isCirrnardiNt of Girord. That writer states that tho latter pooMssea 15 IXnMS tbis, n-ilh the ascription of a slender form and other pecnliaritiec, will alwajl w^ GENUB CYCLEFTU8. 187 irluik u in CaUmiamM8f bat leas fall, incised behind ; jaws without card- lAsinooa abeath ; maciferoas system not greatly developed ; opercular apparatas not greatly developed, the opercalum smooth and narrow. Latimins moderate; gill-rakers moderately long, soft ; pharyngeal bones ft^rong, the teeth stoat, inci^easiug in size downwards, rather wide apart. Body elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the caudal pedande long, the greatest depth contained 4 to 6 times in length. Scales moderate, about equal over the body, not closely imbricated, with wide exposed surfaces, the number in the lateral Hue from 55 to 00, and about 17 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrnls ; edges of acales serrate; lateral line well developed, nearly straight. Fins rather largo ; dorsal fin beginning in front of ventrals and ending jut before anal, of about 30 rays, strongly falcate in fh>nt, the first and Mamd developed rays in length more than half the length of the base of the fin, the rays rapidly shortened to about the eighth, the length of tis remaining rays being nearly uniform land all short ; caudal flu large, vldely forked, the lobes about equal; anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays, scaly at base ; ventrals moderate, with 10 rays; pec- toiftls elongate, somewhat falcate. Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked; the males in spring with black pigment ; the head then covered with small tubercles. Air-bladder with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior riongate. Bat a single species of this singular genus is as yet known. It is fooDd in the waters of the Mississippi Valley, and, although not a rare fldi, it is by no means as generally abundant as are many others of its fcmily. Oenerio Charaoterizaiions, Ctclkptus RafineBqae, 1819.—^' Cycleptus, (abdominal). DifTdrent dn gonro Catos- ^01. Denx nageoires dorsales, bouche petite, roude, aa bout da maseau; 15vro8 c^Kcolaires. Famille Cyprioidiaf C, nigrescetis, noirfttre; ventre blancb&tre, bouche >BtRma»de ; queao fourcbiSe. Parvient ii deux i)ied8 de long; ti^s bon j!i manger, raro ^ rObio et le Missouri.*'— (Rafixksquk, Joum, de Phya. etc 1819, p. 421.) Ctcleptus Bafinesixae, 1820.— '* DilFerence from the foregoing genus [Ca/o«tomiM]~ ^donal fins, month round and terminal.''— (Rafinesque, Ich, Oh. p. 6.) * BHrriDOSTOMUS Heckel, 1842.— '^ Dentes pectiniformes CO-GO. Pinna dorsalis basi ^Ssta; radio tertio vel quarto longissimo. In reliqnis cum genere Catostomo con- Wt"— (Heckkl, Fische SyrienSj p. 33, or Russeger's i?et«en, p. 1023.— Species referred to ^tCBQiis, Cjfprinua catoaiamus Forster and Catodtomua elongatus Le Suenr.) CrcterTUS Agaaalz, 18&5. — **As in many other instances, Railnesque has named, bat ^h» defined nor oharaoterised the genus to which I now call attention. He has not 188 C6NTBIBUTI0K8 TO KOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHTOLOOY 1 hiiniclf even wen tbe flab npon irhicli tbe g«nDS is founded, uid nfen to f{eiiiiB B BpecieB nblcb caniiut be separated frooi tbia. UoToaver, the cbaracte: tbe KeniiB, as given bj- RaSaesqae, are Dot trne to natare. Y«t, natwitb«t«ndi objoctions, I do oot feel at liberty to reject his generlo uamr, since it fa poi IdoDtif)' tbe flub be meant by tbe vemacuUr nanie nnder wbicb it U know Weat. Tbere is nootber leason why Ba6nesqDe's description of oot weatei ontibt to bo careruUf considered and ever; possible effort made to identify bii nnd spcelee, tbe fact that be waa tbe first to ioTcstigate tbe fishes of the Ohio tribntarlea upon a large scale, and that notwithstanding the loaeeneaa iritb whid formed tbe task aiid tbe lameolable iDoccnraciea of his tooafaort desci)ptionB,bJ boar almost upon every page the imprint of bis keen perception of the natural ■ of B)>eoIes, aud Ibcir intlmnte Telationa to one another ; ao mncb so, that even i haa failed to assign liia generu any characters by wbicb they may be recognii vhen the species upon which Ibey were fonnded can be identified, we Dsaally 6 there ale f[ood reasons fur considering them aa fonniog disUnct generk. "Tlie tronblo with lUQneBque is, that be too often int rod need in hia worlu which be had not olwuys seen himself, and which be referred almost at mndoir bis genera, thns defacing his well characterised groups, or that be went so f foiiDd geuura npon siieciea which he had never seen, overlooking perhapa that already described sucb types under other names. "Tbe genua CfclepUt affords a striking example of all tbeae mtat«kes ec logrlhcr. In bis rvniarkabio paper upon the genns Catattomiu, Lesoenr deacri IIrutvs one specie* from the Ohio River, snder (be name of C. tlomtalat, pea its elongated cyliadrleol body, and fur its long dorsal fin beginning half way 1 tbe pivturala and ventrala, and extending as far back as tbe ioseitiou of t The Biiri-ieB Katlni«qne introduct's in his SQbgenas Drmelyliu among the geoi iMlMii. wilhiiat itVTceiving that it belongs to bis own genus Cgd^u*. This arlaea nndouhtnlly (h>mbis Iwlief that in Cyclrptiu there are twodona]s,wl>iet OTCLEPTUB SL0NQATU8. 189 ''ThepliftKyiigeal bones an rtrong, their aoterior surface being flattened anil the gwtsst diameter being the transvene one, as in BuhalickikyM, and not laterally com- piesaerl and thin as in Carpiodm and IdUkffobuM. ^Tbib sjrmphyisls ia short and its pednnole flat and sqnare, separated from the cnrved anh bjT Adoep ssmieirealar emargination* The teeth are also stronger and stooter thsa ia Cmjfiwki and Iehikjfobu$f as is also the ease in Bubalichthjftf and they are grad- isUj inereasing in rise, and relative thickness from the upiier part of the arch to the «jBphyriS| bnt they are mnch fewer and farther spart than in the latter genns. Their loitf edge is transveiM^ rather blnut, though the middle ridgo is somewhat project- iqg; the lower teeth are so shaped that their inner hngle is hardly higher than the mtatf while in the middle and npper teeth it is gradaally more projecting, and from theaiddle of the arch upwards forms a prominent point arched outwards. ''Tbesoalesareeonsideralily longer than high, with a rather prominent posterior msr- gta; nnmerons radiating furrows upon the anterior and posterior fieldSi some across tke lateral fielda; the concentric ridges of the posterior field are not only broader than tkn of the other fieldsy but instead of running parallel to the margin of the scales ^ sie enryed in concentric gothic arches between each two radiating furrows. BmkA mentions this genns under the name of BkjfUdoBtomua, but Rafinesqne's name QMvtet baa the priority. Froiierly it ought to be called XfptofltyelM, according to its H|Mlogy, (see my Nomenclator Zoologicus ; Index Universalis, p. 109,) but under thii taiBobody would recognise it as Baflnesque's name. I shall therefore not urge the cksp."— (AoAsaiz, Am. Joum. ScL ArU, 1B55, p. 197.) CtCLBFrcs Copo 6l Jordan, 1877. — " Body mnch elongated, snbcylindrical forwards : tall elongate, falciform, of 30 or more rays ; fontanelle obliterated by the union of tke ptrietal bones ; mouth small, inferior, with papillose lips." — (Jordan, Proo, Ac M&.PM(a.l877,p.81.) ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CYCLEPTUS. *D^th 4 to 5 in length : head 6 to 6^: eye small, 6 to 7 in length of head: longest donol rays a little longer than head : pectorals rather longer than head : dorsal nys 10 ; anal 7 or 8 : scales 9-r»6-7 : coloration very dark, the males almost black ; nie large; length of adalt H to 2ifeet eix>ngatu8, 42. 43. CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le Sueur) Agassiz. Black Horse. Gourd-seed Sucker, Missouri Sucker, SuckereL lS17-.Ca(Mtomtf« elongatus Lr Sueur, Joum. Ac. Nat. So. Pbila. 103. Catostomus elongatus Rafinf^que. Ich. Oh. 60, 1820. Coiostomus elongatus Kiktland, Rcpt. Zool. Ohio, 16S, 183S. Catostomus elongatus DeKay, Now York Faana, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842. Catostomus elongaius Cuvikr &, Valenciennks, Hist Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 455, 1844. Catostomus elongatus Kirtland, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, v, 267, 1845. CalMomus elongatus Storer, Syn'}psi8, 422, 184G. Cgdefius eUmgalus Aqassiz, Am. Jonro. So. Arts,2J series, six, 197, 1855. Mriyna/Aaif tlonffOiuB QCnther, Cat. Fishes Brit Mus. vii, 23, 18C8. ] 90 CONTBIOUTIONS TO KOBTH AHBSICAN ICHTHTOLOOT-^IL CgeUpUi tlottgatut Jordak, Fisbes of lad. 232, 1875. Cgclrplui ilongalui Jordan, Bull. BnfFiilo Sac. Nat. HiaL 65, 1876. (Huwa^>] Cuclfpiua elotiQalat Joudan, Mod. Vurt.298, 1876. Cgetrplat tlongatui Kelson, Boll. No. 1, IIU. Has. Nnt. HistSO, 187& Cpdeptas dongatua Jordan &. Copeumd, Cboelc List, 158, 1B76. (Naow oalj.) Cgeleplut floagalaa Jordan A Oilbkbt, Id Ellpparfs Espt. 63, 1876. (Nsm<4r.) Csoleptiu tlongeta» Jordak, Ball. U. S. Nat Hos. tx, 38, 1877. CgeltpM* tJongatiu Joiidak, Mna. Tert. ed. 3d, 1878. 1818— CjwItpfM nigreicen* Rafinbsql'K, Joanial de Pb7riqDS,4Sl. Ciclrpln* nigrttamt Rafihbs<)ce, Icb. Oh. 61, 1820. II aditat.— Mississippi Valley, in alt the lorf^r streams. Tbia 8[)eoiea is found Id some abundaDce in tbe larger streams, il tho Falls of the Obio, it U taken in nets, and meets a ready sale. It 1^ however, muob less abundant than the Buffalo fishes are. Fron ttl freneral use of the name " Missonri Sacker ", its abandaooe in the SUM uf Missouri may bo inferred ; but, as to tbe facts in the case, I am nri informed. This flsb is as sharply distinguished from tiie other Sackoiii ita appearance as in its anatomy. Tbe dasky colors and the small da of the head attract attention at once. Uut one siHH;ies is yet kuonu. That being the case, the ayDonynif el tbe siteeies i)c»ds DO discussion, its oldest name being the one in ootf mon use. GENUS CARPIODES. 191 the fleshy portion of the cheek below; fontanelle always present, well developed. Month always small, horizontal and inferior, the mandible less than one-third the length of the head, the lips thin, the upper protractile, narroWy the lower quite narrow, /y-shaped, or rather Q-sbaped, behind; both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth, the plicsB often more or less broken up; jaws without cartilaginous sheath; muciferous system moderately developed; opercular apparatus well developed, the sub- operele broad, the operculum in the adult more or less rugose ; isthmus moderate ; pharyngeal bones remarkably thin and laterally compressed, vithashallowfurrowalongthe anterior margin on the inside, and another more central one on the outline of the enlarged surfaces; teeth very small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine comb-like crest of minute serratures; their cottiug edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point. Gillrakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above, becoming reduced downwards. Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the ventral outline more nearly straighti the depth from half to one-third the length, the sides compressed ; the back notably so, forming a sort of carina; caudal peduncle short and deep; scales large, about equal over the body, their posterior margins slightly serrate ; lateral line well ores. Pharyngeal teeth comb-like, iiner and |oal than those of the Catoatomi. The air-bladder is divided into two large be anterior is large and rounded, with a slight depression at its superior fuce : •nd conica], twice as long as the iirst and followed by two small lubes; the sec- amnnicates with the oesophagus by an air-pipe." — (Storku, .1/cm. J;;j. Jc. *1»7« lc^6, p. 427 ; essentially a translation from Valcncienues's account.) roDES Agassiz, 1855. — ** Tho bod^- is very high and strcjngly compressed, the ridge on the back forming tho outline in front of the dorsal in very niucli arched, alarlv continuous downwards with tho rather steep piolilo ef iLo head. head is short, its height and length diiler but little. The snout is short and The small mouth is entirely inferior, and surrounded by narrow thin lips, re more or loss transversely folded. The lower jaw is short and broad. Tho eal bones of Carpiodcs are remarkably thin, compressed laterally, with a shal- low along tho anterior margin on the side, and another more central one on tho flC the arched surfaces ; the teeth arc very small, compressed, equally tliin aloDg tw inner edgo of the bone, forming a line comb-like crest of minute serraturcs ; Ming edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent X)oint. lobe of the long dorsal is slender, its third and fourth rays being pro- ba faUovring ones into long iilaments. The lower (ins aro all pointed, . IL Ko. 12—13 1 194 COSTBIBUTIOSS TO NOBTH AHBBICAN ICHTHTOLOOT— 41L rather small, and hence diffurent from one another. The Tenlial ridge of the Wii* flat. The scales have maaj uarrow, radiatlog tanowo apon tbe iuit«tioc field, Mid u* mote deeply marked, !□ a straight liDe, across the lateral Qelila, or limiting tbe bKtil and posterior fields, bardl; any upon the BDteiior field, the waviDg of tbe bnU« ooncentrio ridges prodociD^ □□!; a radiated apiieorance npon that field. Tube of lit lateral line stiaigbt and simple, arising in advance of tbe centre of ndiation, nbiekii seated in tbe centre of form of the scales."— (AoAsaiz, Am. Johtu. So. AtIm, 18j&, p. 13.) CABnoPBS Otlntbor, 1868.—" DistiDgaished from SulrTCgnaihiu (i. e. BtbaiiAlkft vk Ichthpobiu) by its very thin, compressed pharyngeal hone«, which are armed with tj comb-lilie eetiee of nearly eqaally aiuat« compTessed leetb."— (QOnthkb, CaL FtAa' JJ.(I. Mm. vii, p.21.) ' Caiipiodes Cope & Jordan, 1877. — "Body oblong oval, compressed; doraal elottfri^ elevutcd in front, of SO or more rays ; fantaneile present ; pharyngeal booea naini*, with tbo teeth relatively thin and weak; month siuall, iofeiior, protnetUe dew» ■wards." — (Jordati, Proc Ac. Kal. Sc. Phila. 1677, p. &S.) ? SfECIES op CARPIODSS. * Dorsal fin with the anterior rays yery mnch elevated and attenaated, eqaalling M more nsnaliy exceeding tho length of tbe base of tbe fln. i Mnzzle very abrap.tly obtose, almost vertically truncate in froot. a. Mnzzle exceedingly blunt, bo that the anterior edge of the mandible is In llH with tilt anterior rim nf tliu nrliit, aiul Ibo maxillary rencliMS tn tbe antoW eilgo of the pupil : auterior euborbital dcopt^r Chun long: hcud 4^ in Icactti eye quite large, ^i to 4 in bend : body nrcbed, tbe depth ^Dmewbat iett tbn half tbe length : first my of dorsal nearer muzzle than l>ase of canddl sealea 6-35-1 : D. a4. A. 8, V. 9 DtPVonMM. 4 ■an. Muzzle notably blunt, bnt less so than in the proceiling: anl-erior edgfof iM ninndible in advance of the orbit, and tbe maxillary jost rescbing lbs lit! CABPI0DE8 CUTISANSEBINUS. 195 U, Hemd intermediate, its length contained abont 4 times (3f to 4^) in that of body: anterior n^ of dorsal not thickened at base. & Body stonti short, the back mnch arched, the depth 2i in length : head 4 to H in length, the mnzzle moderately xK)inted : dorsal rays considerably ele- Tated, two-thirds as long as base of fin : eye small, 5^ in head : tip of lower Jaw mach in advance of nostrils ; maxillary reaching line of orbit : anterior suborbital large, deep, roundish : origin of dorsal abont midway of body : ■eales rather closely imbricated, 8-39 to 41-6 : D. 27, A. 7, Y. 10. THOMPSONI, 47. eo. Body elongate, not mnch elevated, the depth 2| in length : head 3f to 4, the muzzle prominent but rather bluntish : front scarcely concave above eyes, the profile forming a somewhat uniform curve: eye small, nearly G iu head : anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated, nearly three-fonrths the length of the fin, the first ray nearly midway between snout and base of caudal: scales 6-37-5 : D. 24 to 27, A. 8, V. 10 cyprixus, 48. hbh. Head comparatively short, its length contained 4^ to 5 times in the length of the body : body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, but not • much arched, the depth 2} to 3 times in the length: anterior rays of dorsal short, notably thickened and osseous at base, the first ray nearer the end of the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin : eye small, anterior, 4^ iu head : muzzle short, but projecting much beyond mouth : size largest of the genus. CARPIO, 49. 43. CARPIODES DIFFORMIS Cope. Deformed Carp Sucker. \0-'Carpiode$ difformis Cope, Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 480. Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Man. Vert. 297, 187G. Carpiodet difformU Jordan & Copkland, Check List, 158, 1876. Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 72, 1877. Carpiodea difformis Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart'a First Report Ohio Fish Commission, 86, pi. xiii, f. 21, ldi7. C^urpiodes difformis Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 9,50, 1877. Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 187H. Habitat. — Ohio Valley ; less common than the other species. The only speciraeQ which I have seen of this species was from the Tabash Eiver, iu which stream Professor Cope's original types were Elected. No specimens are in the United States National Museum, hich, indeed, at present contains very few of the Carp Suckers or lafialo-fisb. 44. CARPIODES CUTISANSERINUS Cope. L Long-finncd Carp Sucker* QuiUback, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 481. Jordan & CopslanDi Check List, IftS, 1876. 196 CONTBIBUTIOMS TO NO&TH AHBSICAN ICHTHTOLOOT— 10. Carpiode$ cut'uaiiterlnu$ Jordak, Bnll. U. S. Not. Has. B, SO, 1877. Carpiodct calieantcriaaa Jordan Jt Gilbert, iu EHppBrl'ii It«pt. S3, UK. Carpiodtt eatieanterinat Jotinks, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 1978. IBiO—Carpiodr* Hlene Cope, Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 491. Carpiodet teiene Joudan Si Copbland, Cbeok List, 158, 1876. Carpioda teUne Joudam &, QiLBBnT, in Klippoil'e Bept. 63, 1870. Corrode* ttUitt Jordan, Man. Vurt. ed. 3d, 321, 1978. l&Q—mOisobM iijformia Nblso.n-, Bull. No. 1, U. S. Nat. Moi. 49. Habitat. — MisBisBippi Valloy ; generally abandont. This Species is closely related to C. cel'/er, but differs io the abni| truncate snout, that of velifer being conic. I am unable to recogi C. actene as a distinct species at prei^eut, the form of the anterior i orbital being the only (listtnguisbiog I'eatare of much importauGc, that probably not a constant one. C. cutisanscriHus is as abaudao the Ohio as C. veli/er, and I have seen many spcciiaeng from the Illi Eiver. Sptelment in United Stattt national Maiaan. Number. Locality. CoUm SO033 45. CAPPIOr)KS VT:LlFER [Rnfinenqvc) Aginsl::. CABPIODES BISON. 197 '^^^-—SeUrognaihMt cyp^inus KirtlanDi Boat. Jonra. Nat. Hist. vol. y, 275. (In part; DofeofC. d&y.) Habitat. — Wettem streams and lakes (Caynga Lake, New York, to MiBsissippi Biver). This species is qnite abandant in the Obio Biver, and I bave seen specimens not evidently distingnisbable, from Lake Erie and from otber waters tribatary to the Oreat Lakes. Indiscrimiuutely with C. cutis- anserinuSy it is known to the fishermen as Quillback, Skimback, etc., the lower-finned species being called ratber ''Carp". Most of the RyDODjmy above qnoted includes several species, the true veVfcr being fir8tdi8tingoished by Professor Cope. Kafinesque's anisopterus I bring iDto the synonymy of this species, simply to refer to it somewhere. It 18 really nnidentiflable. Kirtland's Sclerognathtis cyprinus refers most to this species, but his figure represents no known fisb. The head is too small, and the form, etc., incorrect. Specimens in United States Xational Museum* Namber. »277 LfOcality. Cayuga Lake, New York Collector. There are also several otber specimens in the collection, but without locality. 46. C^UiPIODES BISON Agassiz. Long-headed Carp Sucker, ^^^^Carpiodes bison Agassiz, Am. Jouni. Sci. Arts, 356. Carpiodes bison Agassiz, Am. Joarn. Sci. Arts, 190, 1855. Carpiodes bison Copk, Proc. Am. Pliilos Soc. Phila, 463, 1870. Carpiodes bison Joi:dax, Man. Vert. 297, 1876. Carpiodes bison Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. Ickthifobus bison Nklson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876. Carpiodes bison Jordan &, Gilukrt, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876. Carpiodes bison Jordan, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mns. ix, 50, 1877. Carpiodes bison Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 322, 1878. "ABiTAT.—Missisftippi Valley (Osage River, Agassiz; Mississippi River, Wabash **^*^ TeDoeesee River, Cope). ^hat the fish is to wbicb Professor Agassiz gave tbe pame ^^buon^ cannot be ascertained from tbe publisbed descriptions. Professor Coi)0 lias described tbe present species under tbat name, and we accept tbe 198 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AHEBICAK ICnTnrOLOQY — IH name bison on bis authority. Tliis species is not geaerallycoiniiioiii so far as my cxperieDce goes. I liaro, however, Beeu ooe or two (aa the Ohio Itiver. I found uo specimcDS iu the Nutional Maaeam. 47. CABPIODES THOMFSONI Agauiz. LoIk Carp. 184Jt— Catottomu* cypriRui Tiiompsom, Hint. Vt. 133. 18S — CitTpiode* Ihomptonl Agassiz, Am. Joarn. Sc. Arts, Sd series, xix, 19L Carpiodet Ihompaoni Copb, Proc. Au. Nat. So. Pbilo. 385, ISM. Carpiodtt thompmHii Coeis, Proc. Am. Fhilos. iSod. Philo. 483, ltS70. Carpioda tkompioiii Jukdan, Mao. Vert. 397, 1876. Ichthyobiu Ihompaoni Nelson, Ball. No. 1, lite. Mas. Nftt KM. 49, ia». Carpiodea tkotaptoiii Jordan & COfSLUtv, Check List, 158, 1B76. Carpiodta thomptonil JORDAN & OU.BERT, ia Klippact's Bept. 03, ISA. Carpiodet Ihomptoai Jobdam, Mao. Vert, ed. Ud, 322, 1678. . IIabitat.— Orent Lake region ; abundant. This Species occurs in more or less abnodauce throughout the CM Lake region. It is Ihe shortest and most arched of all the specio. & dorsal fin is about intermediate betn'een that of velijer and tbitl earpio. 1 have examined very many specimeus of this species, ul< fiud little variation among them. This fish reaches a length of mM thing over a foot, and is Bold by the Lake fiahermcn as ** Carp". SpcdmcTu fn Pnitrrf Slaitt ?>'nli'07ifll Mnmm. CARPIODES CTPBINUS. 199 CwfMim egpHwu GOmthkr, Cat Fiahes Brit Mas. vii, 24, 1868. C§rpi$im qtspHu m Ck>PB, Pioo. Am. Fhilos. 8oo. PbiU. 484, 1870. CSnyMn cjipHiMt Jobdak, Kitthes of Ind. 202, 1875. GsrpMn ^lEprtavt Jordan, Man. Vert 297, 187C. CupMe$ egprimwB Uhlbr A, Lugobr, Fisbes of Maryland, 140, 1876. Gtrjiiocln egprinmi Jordan & Copkland, Check List, 158, 1876. Carpiodea egprinMi Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878. 1IIS4— Csrpioclei vaeoa Aoassiz, Am. Jonrn. Bci. Arts, 356. 18&4— OMpMat UmidM9 Baird & Girard, Proo. Philo. Ao. Nat 8c. 2& Idhbiu Umidm$ Oirard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Sorv. Icb. 34, pi. xiuc, 1 1-4, 1859. JefttftyodM fwaidift Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. ISoS^CnpiMlft damallM Girard, Proc. Ao. Nat. 8c. Phila. 170. CtarpiodM damalit Giraicd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 218, pi. xlviii, f . 1-4, 1858. (krpiodea damalii Cofk, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sc Phila. 85, 1865. (krpiodta damalU Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 155, 1876. ISfO-GBrpiodcw gragi Copk, Proc. Am. Pbilos. 8oc. Phila. 482, 1870. CvpiodiB ffrajfi .Jordan «Sl Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. GtipjodM gragl Cope A Yarrow, Wheeler'tt £spl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool. C8l, 1876. HabitaT^ — New Englazd to Alabama ; thenco to Mexico and north to the Upper I have elsewhere already united the Dominal species grayi and tnmi- fa) for the following reasons: — Giranl's ^'Ictiobus tumdna^ is eortainly ^Carpiodea, as is plainly shown by the published ii^^mv, the mouth be- ing represented as small and inferior, beneath the projecting siiout. I have nnmeroQs young specimens of a Carpiodcs from the Kio Grande, at Brownsville, Texas, the original loculit v of Ictiobiis tumiduit. But my specimens do not disagree in any important respect Iroui Carpiodcs grayi^ from the same river, nor am I able, on examination of authentic speci- QteDsof the latter species, to point out any differences between them and ^y Brownsville specimens. Therefore, if tumidua and grayi are really *liffereut, the differences have escaped my notice. It is of course possi- '^lothat my Brownsville specimens, although from the original locality of tumidua^ ma}* not be that species; but, as the types of tumidua have ^Kieu lost, I do not see how the question can ever be settled. I am furthermore unable to separate tumidua as thus characterized from damalia Grd., and the close relationship existing between damalia and c^rinua has already been noticed by Professor Cope. As 1 now '^dievo that cyprinua^ tumidua^ damalia^ aud grayi were all based on mem- 1^ of a single widely diffused species, I unite them in the above •ynonymy, ^Riia species is the common Carp Sucker of Pennsylvania and the 2U0 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AHEBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT — m. Middle States. I have no specimens referable to this species from tbt Great Lakes, nor from the Miwisaiiipi or the Ohio. If ej/priHia, tn» dua, and damalk are identical, however, one of tno thiogs must be tnn Either C. cyprinjig really inhabits the whole Mississippi Valley, bnt bu beeD overlooked or confoaiided with otbeit, or else we have a ver}' curi- ous auotnaly in the distribution of the 8[>ecie8, it beiof; aa iohabitani of waters of two widely separated areas, havinj; little in common. Ths former supposition tteemii the most probable, and I accordingly looktir BpecimcDS of C. cyprinus in the Miattissippi Valley. Spedaitti* in Vnittd Siatt* Saiional :»550 13012 iseai 90109 Locality. Kuund Lake. Montgomery, Alabama . . Fort Pierre, Nelir. (typea of Cdamalit) BepablicuD Biver Rio Grimdo. Now Mexico (Vrratrj) Nebriwku " U. S. Mi'z. Doaodftry SurTcy" (typea of rnnJdjHf}, Bronoanllo, Tex Knmliei) ft '. Dt. Evmiu. Wood& Dr. O. Loot. 49. OAKPIODES CARPIO {Rajinetque) Jordan. i 1690 — CotcMironiis earpi Big Carp Sucktr. Olirt Carp Smitr. I ILlKlNESIjCE. Ith. Ob. ^. GENUS BUBALICHTHTS. 201 doubt that Bafinesqae had the same fish \n miDd as his C. carpioj and I have accordingly adopted the latter Qame. Spedmena in United States National Museum. Komber. Locality. 12291 12292 Obio River, Cinoinnati do Collector. J. W. Milnor. Do. Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz. AMdkfAyt Agassiz, Am. Jonra. Scu Arts, 1855, 11^2. SdengiMi3iUB Gf mthbr, Oat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, p. 22, 188a CvMiamwi et Carpiode$ sp. of authors. Type, Carpiodea urus Agassiz. £tyiiiolo|(y, ^ipUXoCt bnffalo ; Ixf^C* fisb. Head moderate or rather large, deep and thick, its superior oatliac rapidly rising, its length a'bout 4 in tbat of the body : eye moderate, median or rather anterior in position ] suborbital bones comparatively iiaiTowj fontanelle always present and widely open. Mouth moderate or small, more or less inferior, the mandible short, Mttleoblique,ortypieallyquiteborizontal, the mandible less than one-third ^^ length of the head, the premaxillaries in the closed mouth below tbe level of the lower part of the orbit ; lips rather thin, thicker than in ^<^hthyohuSj the upper protractile, narrow, plicate, the i)lica) j^ouietimes broken up into granules; lower lip comparatively full (for a Buffalo- ^!*b), faintly plicate, the plica', biolten up into granules, the lower lip *^aviDg the general n- shaped form seen in Cai'inodes; jaws without car- tilaginous sheath ; muciferous system well developed ; opercular appa- ^tu8 well developed, but less so than in IchtJnjobus, the operculum ^^rongly rugose; isthmus moderate; pharyngeal bones triangular, with '^'"ge teeth, which increase in size from above downwards; teeth com- l^J'essed, their grinding edge blunt, slightly arched in the middle, and Provided with a little cusp along the inner margin, which ir liardly ^^tached from the crown, and does not rise above the surfaces : gill-rakers ^^ anterior arch slender and stiff above, growing shorter downwards. Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the sides ^^ the body compressed, the ventral outline curved also, but to a less ^^gree: scales very large, about equal over the body, their posterior 202 COMTBIBDTIONS TO NOSTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOaY — ^UI. outlines soiuewbat nerrate; lateral line veil dcveloi>ed, nearly stniig; n-ilh 3i> tu i'J scales, 12 to 14 in a crobs-serieti froiu vcotrata to lionu doiiitil tiu bcginoiug Dear tbe DiidOIe of tiie body, somewfaut in adtiiu of the rotitnita, its nateiior rajs elevated, tlieir bvigbt aboat equal t half tbe base of tbe fin, tbe number of -rays iu tbe dorsal fia raogin from 25 to 32; caudal &u well lorked, the lobes about equal, not la cato ; anal flu comparatively long and rather low, of 8 or 9 develoi* rays; veutrals moderate, lOrayed ; pectorals ratbcr sbort: sexual peci liaritios, if auy, unknowu : cotonttiou dull dark brown, nearly plaiu, h silvery i flus olivaceous or more or less dusky. Air-bladder with two chambers. Size quite large. lu general appeftrauce, the species of Bi^lichtkya bear a considerab' resembhiuee to those of Cai-piodea. Tbe form is, however, coarser thi that of any Carpiodes, tbe dorsal fin is lower, and tbe coloration darker and duller. The species reach a larger size than dotboni Carpiodea, but whether larger or oot than tbe sjtecies of Icktkifobiu 1 1 ouable to say. In exterual appearance, BtdMlichtlii/9 is ioternieilii between Carpioda and Icktkyobitt, tbe oue species, btibaltu, resemblii Carpiodtg most, the other, vrui, being most like Icktigobiu. Ourkuowledgeof the species of this genus is very incomplete. Uai species were uamed and indicated by Professor Agnsdiz, but witb ra fragmeutiiry descriptions that not a single one of tbem is oeitaia known t>y any one. I have, however, been able to identify in spediM GEErrS BUBAUCHTHYS. 203 deaeriptions poblUhed by Professor Agassiz are olinost worthless for the distioetioii of species. It has accordingly seemed best to me, as a tem- porary arraogemeut, at least antil more than two species are shown to oeeor in cor waters* or antil some one is able to show from examination of Professor Agassiz's types what he really had in mind, to disiribnte Us nominal species in the synonymy of the two which w^ know. I havo accordingly considered each of Agassiz's species and made it identical with either the small-monthed or the large-monthed species, as the description seemed to indicate. A third species, from Central America, which I suppose belongs to this genns, is added from Dr. O&Dther's description. QtneHo Charaoierlg€Uioii$. BmuLiCBTHTS Agaasiz, 1855. — ^'At the time I viDdioated the propriety of restoring MM of the genera eetaUiehed by Bafinesqne among Cyprinoide, I did not snepecfe that aigBnos CoiyMefy as I then represented it, still contained two distinct type«, tbongb Ibtd Botioed that some of the species had tbe anterior margin of their dorsal greatly pNtengsd, whilst in others it hardly rises above the middle and posterior of tbat fin. Bifing sinee examined tHe pharyngeals of all tbe species of this tribe wbich 2 havo Im sble to secure ih>m diffiurent parts of tbe country, I find tbat those witb a bigb tall wbich constitute tbe genus Carpiodei, bavo, in addition, very tbin flat pbaryn- |nli with extremely minute teeth, wbilst those witb a low dorsal have triangular ikayiigBala with larger teeth, increasing gradually in sixe and tbickness, from tbe >9pir Baigin of tbe bones towards tbe symphysis. Tbe difference in form of these ^osfli arises ftom tbe circumstance tbat tbe slight ridge upon tbe outer surface of tbe veh io Carpiodet is transformed in this second type into a prominent edge, dividing tbe cater surface of tbe arcb into a posterior aod anterior plane, meeting under an Mote Angle, Tbis structural bomology is satisfactorily traced by the difference of tlie external appearance of these two planes, the posterior one being fall as the posterior half of tbe flat outer surface of tbe arch in Carpiodea^ whilst the anterior plane is ^Miaely porous, indeed studded with deep pits unalogoas to the porous character of theoDterior half of tbe enter surface of that bono in Carpiodes. The teeth themselves ^oompressed ; their grinding edge is rather blnnt, slightly raised in the middle, and pvorided witb a little cnsp along the inner margin, wbich is hardly detached from the cioviiy and docs not rise above its surface, as in CarpiodeSf Ichlhyobu8 and Cycleptus, "In tbis genus tbe bnlk of the body is not placed so far forwards as in CarpiodeSj tbe fcttest height being between head and tail. The upper outline of the body is less *^gly arched in advance of the dorsal ; the head is longer than high, and the snout ^ more prominent than tbe mouth. The mouth opens obliquely downwards and Awards, tbe lower Jaw being nearly as long as tbe upper. The lips are small and fivialated. Tbe anterior rays of the dorsal are not separately prolonged beyond tbe 'vtof tbe fin, though its anterior margin is higher than its middle and posterior por- ^^ Tbe lower fins are as in Carpioda, '*Tbe scales have many narrow radiating farrows upon tbe anterior field, none across ^ Itteral fields, and few upon tbe posterior fields, converging to the centre of radio* 204 CONTRIBUnONS TO NORTH AMSRICAN ICUTHTOLOCFT — IIL tioD, to which tho tabes of the lateral line extend alio. For this new gmm I the name of Bkbalichtk!f§, intending to reoall the name of Bofiilo flahv eoni applied to thia species. To this genus belong the species I haw deasribad aa i una fiom the Tennesaed River, C ttuurua from Mobile River, and C* wUmUu from Wabash, and also the Caio9tomu$ niger of Raftoesque and Caldsloaiat kiMat for the common Baffalo, tboagb Rafinesqne, who tint named the fish, never saw it, if he saw it mistook it for his own bubaluSf aod though Dr. Kirtland, who correct describee and figures it, names it C. bubalua, for such is the natural result to which history of the successive steps in our investigation of these fishes lead. Bot oar dil culties here ore not yet at an end. Among the splendid collections I received fh>m Ranch, I found two perfectly distinct species of BubalichthpSy one with a large monc ^^ and the other with a small months and ono of IchthyobuSf living together in the Miss ^S^^ sippl River, in the neighborhood of Burlington, Iowa ; and the next question, prol biy never to be solved, will be, if they all three occur also in the Ohio, whether nesque*s C. niger was the big mouthed or tho small mouthed Bubalichihge, Judgii from the figure given by Dr. Kirtland in the Boston Journal of Natural History, voL pi. fig. 2, 1 believe his C. bubalus to be the small mouthed species. I myself have,ho! ever, seen only one specimen of the big mouthed species from the Ohio, and that rather an indifferent state of preservation; for which I am indebted to Prof. Baird, lione of the small mouthed species. Should, however, all three, as is possible, occur the Ohio as well as the Mississippi, to avoid introducing new names, I will call big mouthed species B, niger, preserving for it Rafinesqne's specific name,-^he k GENUS BUBALICHTHYS. 205 moathed, B. hiihalu$f retaining for it the name which Dr. Kirtland has given it, oven lliODxh the speoies oflchthifobM most bear tho samo specific name, being that origin- mlly applied by Bafinesque. It may be that either my B. vitulus or my B. urua is iden- tical with Dr. Kirtland's C huhalus, but until I can obtain original specimens of this vpeeieey this point most remain undecided, as it is impossible for mere descriptions to inatitote a sniBctently minate comparison. The specimens from Osage Hiver I sbuU call B, hma9u$. "Compared with one another, these species differ as follows: B. niger^ (the big- moathed Boffalo) differs from B, bubalua (the small-monthcd Bufialu) by its larger BKmth, opening more forwards; its more elongated body, tho first rays of the dorsiil riMDg immediately above the base of the ventrals, and its anterior lobe being broader, mod the anal fin not emarginated ; B. bon^isua differs from B. bubalua and from B. niger iia having the month larger than the first and smaller than the second, and from B, hmbaluM by its less emarginated dorsal, which renders its larger lobe broader, anal fin ii<9t emarginated, opercle larger. A farther comparison with the Southern species could only be satisfactory, if accompanied by accurate figures.^'— (Agassiz, Am, Journ.Sc. ArtSy 1365, p. 192.) 8CLEROGNATHC8 GUuther, 1869.—'* Scales of moderate or rather large nize. Lateral IxDe ronoing along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin much elongate, with about 30 or SKicre rays, none of which xfre spinous. Anal fin short. Mouth small, inferior {Buba- Wi^Ukjfs) or snbterminal {Sclerognathu8)f with the lips more or less thickened. Barbels Qill-rakers long, stiff in tho upper two-thirds of the first branchial arch, niodi- into low membranaceous transverse folds in the lower third. Psendobranchiie. rngeal bones sickle-shaped^ armed with a comb-like series of numerous, compressed increasing in size downwards.^— (Gt^NTnER, Cat Fishes BHL Mus. vii, 22, 1^.) BuBALiCHTHYS Copo Sl Jordan, 1877. — ** Body oblong oval, compressed ; dorsal elon- l^iftte, elevated in front, of 20 or more rays ; fontanello present ; pharyngeal bones s^v^Dg, the teeth comparatively coarse and large, increasing iu size downwards; mouth inferior.'^— (Jordan, Froc, Ac. Kat So. Phila. 1877, p. 82.) ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OK BUBALICHTHYS. •fiody considerably elevated and compreksod above ; the dorsal region siibcarinatt^ : belly thicker; depth 2^ to 2} in length ; axis of body above the ventraU below the lateral line and nearly twice as far from the back as from the belly: head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4 in length: eye eqnal to snout, 4 to 5 in length of head, much larger than in Z/. nrus : mouth quite small, notably smaller and more inferior than iu B, urus : maudible about equal to eye: dorsal fin elevated in front and rapidly declined, the highest ray rench- ing much beyond the middle of the fio, the seventh ray about half the length of the third or longest; anal rays rapidly shortened behind, tho micdle rays much shorter than the first long ones: scalis 8-39-G; dorsal, 29; anal, 10; ventral.s, 10 : coloration paler, tho lower tins slightly dusky bl'Balcs, 00. ^ody much less elevated and less compressed than intheprecediug.thebackuotat all carinated ; axis of body above ventrals about at the lateral line, and but very lit- tle farther from tho dorsal outline than from the ventral ; depth 3 to 3^ in length : head very stoat, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger, and lees pointed 206 COSTBIBOnONS TO SORTH ASIERICAN ICHTUYOLOGY— in, Ibftn In tho next, aliuiit 4 in Icnglli : iifc nboiil eqaal to anont, S} In bfnd.nQck amaller Ibnn in B. hubalui: nidnlb largo, conalilerably oblitiae,apotiing wvllfM- warilR : niatKiiblu louf^er tbau ejc : dorsal Gd lower ami less ropidl; di tban in tbo uvit. Cbe longeBt ray ecarcelf half tbe longtli of tbo base of theSoi anal Jin rnauilcKl, its tnys cot ra|)iil]y Bhorteiied, th^ middle ones not macb «bonet tban Ibo louRcat: coIotb very dark; &aa all block: eeaXn* B-H-7; donil.JIt; anal, 10 crcs, *** MoQib Hinall. idfurior, Blifjbtly carrugatrd: depth 3( to 3^ in lengtli » bead 4 la □ot luaoh longer than biffh : eye rather amall, one-liftb of the leocth of ibebo^ und i thntot ibo mioiit : anlwrbitnls narrow. Anterior raya not tnnth prodnred, ahorler than ihv bead; caudal foikod. Origin of TCntral vertically belavtta fonrth dorsal ray. Pectoral Ha not extendiog to venttali- There * lon);[itudinal attrica of Bcalee botweou the latcrn! liue and tbo root of the venD*!- Coloration nnifoiQi, Scales 7-3i*-3 ; doraalSO; anal 10 MEitiDiONAU-sX 50. BrTBALICHTHYS BUBALQS Agassiz. D- bubaUa Kuitland, Rept. Zool. Obio, 1G3. (Not of Haaneaqle.1 Calottomut bahalat Kirtlaku, Boiton Jouro. Nut. Uist v, 266, lt)45. Caiattomaa biibalat Storbr, Synopsin, 424. lS4li. Buhallchthga bHbalus Acarsiz, Am. Joain. Sc. Artn, 3d serios, xiK, 195, ISSow Bubalidtlhga bubalue Jordan, Fisbea of Ind., 33S, Wb. Bubalichlhsa babalus JiinDAX & Copelaxd, Chock List, 108, 1976. Babalidiths* babaUi JonDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.74, 1ST7. Biibal'ultttsi bahalut 3otcD\s Si. Gilbert, in KlLppaTt'aBept.53, 1ST7. 1^4~r f CarpSodmi laumt Agassiz, Am. Jonrn. Soi. Arts, 355. { Not idt-ntifiable.) BUBALICIITHYS BUBALUS. 207 Ibis 18 probably the most generally distribated of the various species owD popularly as Buffalo-fish. The question as to its proper nomen- itore is even more complicated than that of the next species. It \j be that this is the true Imbalus of Bafinesque, as supposed by Dr. rtland. But as that species was the type of the genus Ictiobusy the ntiflcatioD of Rafinesqne's species with the present one would lead changes in nomenclature far from desirable. The name IcMliyohus lid then belong to Bubalichthys and the genus Ichthyolym would Hve a new name. As this can never be proveu, it is best to consider issis's identification as correct and that of Dr. Kirtland wrong. The t mention of this species was that of Dr. Kirtland as Cato8tamti8 bu- tf. The name buhdlm, however, was given through an erroneous itification, and must be passed over. Next come Agassiz's names fH9 and vitidus^ both possibly belonging here, but just as likely be- ;iug to tcrtM. Both of them, from the exasperating insufficiency and levance of the descriptions, are practically unidentifiable. Next is issiz's huhaluSy noticed below. The next name in order is that of hyobus cyanellus NeKson, wl^ich was based on this species, as I have TUiined by examination of his type. This is the first tenable name jin!y belonging to this species, unless we adopt the name bubalus. t comes Nelson's altus. A specimen answering Nelson's description til respects, and as evidently belonging to the species now under iideration, is at present before me. It is a fine adult example, tly comes my own bubalintis, intended merely as a substitute for the le ^'' bubaliiH^^ not then considered tenable as the specific name of species, having been given to it originally by an error in identifica- . The adoption of the name bubalus by Agassiz after the knowledge his error may, however, be considered as a proposal of a new name, original descriptions of iaurusj vitulusj cyaneUuSj and alius are hete joined. arpiodes taurua Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 355. — '* From )ile River, Alabama. The form of the body is intermediate between t of C Cyprinus and 0. Urns. The gill-cover has the same form as ?. UruSy but it is larger and more strongly arched behind. The hind 'gin of the scales is waving, owing to a somewhat prominent mid- aoglo. The anterior rays of the dorsal equal in length two-thirds tkal of the base of the fin. Anal not lunate behind. The ventrals '^eh to the anal opening. Caudal not so deeply furcate as in 208 CONTBIBin-IOXS TO KOBTU AMEBtCAN lOHTnTOLOOT — ^HI. Carpiodea Titulus Agaseiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 1865, p. 356, — "Fna tlio WnbiisL Kiver, ludiaDa, Tbis seems to tw a smaller species ibu the preceding ones. The form of the body resembles that of C Tiam, bat the eyes iiru smaller ; the operule U more broadly rouDded bebiad} the Riiboperelo has its posterior and free border regalarly arched aban and below, aod oot emarginate as in C. Taurus. Tbe directioa of At uamiTotit) water-tabes on tbe bead and cheeks also differ. Tbe nppv and lower bonier of the scales are nearly straight. The dorsal doetnol exti'nd quite so fur forward. I am indebted to Uol. Btchard Oveaof New Uiirmouy for this species." Ickthjobus cganellvs 'SelsoJt, Bnll.Ills. Mas. Nat. Oist i, 1877, p. 49.- " BIno BuQ'iilo. A number of specimens of this spL-cies aro in theibti collcciioD, from tlio Illiooia liver, and in Prof. Jordan's collection, fn» the Mississippi at 8t. Louis. The following is the description, (stei from several specimens, measuring from S to 9^ inches is length :— " Head about 3^ in length. Depth 2^ to 5-6. Bye 4^ to 5^ in hetd. Dorsal I, 30. Anal 1, 8. YentniU 10. Lat I. 38. Longitodinal nrni 7-5 to l-G. Body compressed, high. Anteriorly broad, oomptenti behind. Longest ray reaching 18th ray. Pectorals shorter than n» tmis, both shorter than head. Anal scarcely reaching caadal; bead Yery short, high and thick ; its thickness ^ length, depth 1} in lenfA Uonth quite small, oblique, and overlapped by a slightly projeetiK SDont. Mandible short, 4 in head. Opercle becoming wrinkled rttt lU-,ii\ ^;il.l]!, sliort .iml tliic!; ; mazzli.' oliliiso, conic, not tw BUBALICHTHTS URU8. 209 ^ Lateral line perfectly straiji^bt from upper edp^o of opercle to caudal. ^ Scales, 8-35-5. Dorsal 1. 25 ; A. 1. 9. ^^Golor in spirits, dull yellowish olive; fins dusky. '* Type specimen 12 inches long, iu Ills. State Museum, from Cairo, ioois.'' 61. BUBALICHTHYS URUS Agassiz. Big-moutked Bvffalo, Black Buffalo, Mongrel Buffalo, 8— f f Amblodom niger Bafinesqiie, Jonrnal do Physique Phila. 421. (Entirely uo- recognizable.) f t CiUostomua niger Bafinesque, Icbth. Oli. 56, 18*20. (Unrocoj^nizablc ; more likely Cycleptua elongatua.) BahaUchthga niger Agassiz, Am. Jonru. 8c. Arts, 2d series, xix, 195, 1655. BMbalickthga niger Jordan, Fishes of lud. 222, 1875. Bubaliehthgit niger Joudan, Bull. Buffalo Soe. Nat. Hist. 95, 187G. Bmbalickthgii niger Jordan, Man. Vert. 29d, 1870. Btihalichthga niger Nki:kon, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mns. Nat. Hist. 50, 1876. Bnbalickthga niger Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. BmhaUckthgs niger Jordan, Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 75, 1877. Bnbalichtkga niger Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876. Buhalickthga niger Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. is, .34, 1877. Buftalichthgn niger Jordan, Man. Vort. cd. 2d, :^i 4 — Carpiodea uruB Agassiz, Am. Journ. So. Art^, 355. Bmhaliehtkg$ nrus AOASSiz, Am. Jonrn. Sc. Arts, 2d sor'es, xix, 193, 1855. Bnhalichthgs urus Putnam, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zuol. 10. 1863. Bmbaiickthgn nrua Jordan, Fishes of Ind. 222, 1875. Bwbaliekthyn urun Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. h—Bulfalithtkyii honaaus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d seiie^^, xix, 195. BmbalitkthgB bonanuM Jordan 6l Copeland, Check List, l.')8, 1876. Ubitat. — Mississippi Valley, in the larger streams. rbis is an abundant species in the Mississippi and its larger tributa- 8. It is very distinct from the preceding, almost intermediate between AalichthyH huhalm and Ichthyobm bubalus. It may indeed be necessary unite these two genera on account of this species. fhe question of the name which elionld be borne by this species is a 7 difficult one. Inasmuch as Rafinesque's C. niger was known to him ly through the accounts of Mr. Audubon, a gentleman known to have ijed. several practical jokes on the too credulous naturalist, and to led bim thereby to describe and name several impossible animals, lamoch as no real description whatever is given by Riifinesque, that the name niger can be used only on the authority of that of Ba '^bat being the case, the name 210 CONTBIBUTIOKS TO NORTH AHEBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT — m. uriM of AgasBiz, which nnquestioDably belongs to this species, hu year's priority over niger, and is really the first tenable name applied I any species of BubalickViys. Tbeoriginol accontit giveii by Bafloesqiwi his Catostomu* niger auA that by Professor Agassiz of his BubalidA urva I bere append. Agassiz'd descriiitious of B. niger and B. boun have been previously given nnder the head of the genos. Catostomiu [Ictiobug] nigar Raf. Ich. Ob. p. 56. — "Eutirely black; Ii era! line straight; 1 have not seen this flsb. Mr. Andabon describea as a pecniiar species founerangletolk posterior angle of the interopercle. The anal has its iMmterior Bir|l QEHUS lOHinTOBUS. 211 Ughtly oonrogated. The height of the body is contained thrloe and M third or thrice and one fourth in tlie total length (without caudal), • he length of the head four times or four times and a half; head not iteh longer than high. Bye rather small, one fifth of the length of the Mid and two thirds of that of the snont; suborbitals narrow. The mturior dorsal rays* are not much produced, being shorter than the ^Md. Oaadal fln forked. The origin of the ventral fin is vertically Mow the fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral fln not extending to the ventral, there are five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and fte root of the ventral. Coloration uniform. Pharyngeal teeth very Domerous and small, increasing somewhat in size downwards. ^'BioUsamaointa (Guatemala)." Genus IGRTBY OB\J 8 Bqfinesque. RAinnuQUX, Joarnal de Physiqae. de Chymie et d'Histoire NAtaielle, Pwrii^ 481,1819. (Part.) hMu Hafikbsqub, Icb. Ob. 1880, p. 55'. (As sabgenoB of CaUMtamum,) Mi§tkM A0A8SIZ, Am. Joani. Sol. Arta, 1855, p. 195. Trpe, AmJUodon NMm Rafineeqae. ^^TBology, IjfiiKf fisl^ ; /Sovf , boll or bnffalo ; i. e., baffalo-fish. Head very large and strong, wide and deep, its length 3^ to 3| in that efthe body, its upper surface broad and depressed; eye moderate, vbolly anterior in position, the middle of the head being entirely behind it;8Qborbital bones proportionately narrow; fontanelle large, well o[)en; <^percQlar apparatus largely developed, the subopercaium broad, the N Rafinesqae, 181'J.— " 16. Ambix)i>on. (Abdominal,) Diff<6reDtda genro «. Macboire iDf^ricare pavde de dents osseuHes serr^es arrondies, h cooronne gales. — Lea poiasons de ce genre, qui abondent dans VObio, le Missoari et le >i, BODt distingu^Ses par le nom vulgaire de Boffaloe-Fish (Poisson boaffle) n^oia de la Louisiane les nomment Piconeau. II y en a plusieurs esp^ces qui nt soQvent 4 nne tr^ grosse taille. Les deux suivants habitent dans TObio. i/iM. Brnn oliv&tre p&le dessous, joncs blancbfttres. D. 2d, A. 12, P. 16, A. 9, A, niger est enti^renient noir; tous deux ont la li^^ne lat^rale droite, queue *te tronqu^, etc. lis sout tr^s-bons h manger." — (Rafinesqur, Journal de flc p. 421.) 'S Rafinesque, 1820. — *' Body nearly cylindrical. Dorsal fin elongated, abdom- Brith nine rays, tail bilobed, commonly eqnal."^RAFiXE8QUE, Ichthyologia ». 55.) OBVS Agasaiz, 1855. — ^* In tbe form and position of tbe fins, as well as in tbe itline of tbe body, tbis genus is very nearly related t<> Buhalichihya, bnt in the 9f the p:irts of the head, it is quite dissimilar. The mouth opens directly aod is large and ronnd. Tbe lips are small, smooth and thin ; the upper one cker than the intermaxillary itself, and tapers to a narrow edge. At the 1 of the lower jaw, which is larger than in any other genus of this group, the is hardly more than a thin membrane connecting its small lateral lobes. e is small, and the o{)ercul iv pieces very large. smies have many narrow radiating furrows upon the anterior field ; none lateral fields, few upon the margin of the posterior field and these not ex- » tlie centre of radiation. Tubes of the lateral line straight and simple, vfy ttt tke middle of tbe posterior field. ll taMi anneither flat as in Carpiodea nor triangular as in BubalUhthya, I * 214 COSTBIBUTJONS TO NOBTH AMEEICAH ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. but prcseDt an iotecmediale form ; Ibc outer suiface of Ilia tktcb sttmdiog oiilvirii and pregeutiug a porous outer margiu. Tbtt peduncle of Ibe Bympbj'His ia marli Joi proporliooaltj and [uori> poiuted tbun iu Carjiiod^t and Dabalichthgt. The Uelb in vBcj Dumeroun, bhiqII, thin aud couipressed bb in Carpiodti, but tbe loner anet an gradiiall; larger tbnn tbe upper oues. Their inner edge is slautinu outwards, UdM uniforuil; arcbed ae iu Bubalichlhi/ii or trunciit« as iu Cfdeptiu, tbe innernicBt ] riainK sompwbat in tbe shape of a piojecting cDsp."^ — (Agassik. Am. Joan. ScMy 1855, p. I960 IcHTRVOBUS CupeA, Jordan, li^.— "Body oklongOTitliCompruMed ; donalcdcnkl JD front, of 20 or more rays ; fontanelle present ; pharyngeal bones narrow, wi leetb relatively thin and weak; mootb laige, Bubtertuiual, protractilo foiwai^'- (JoRDA-v. Proo. Jo. ATflt-ScPiila. 1877,p.lfi) * Body Tobnst, uioderalelj comptesned, tbe ontliue Bomewbat elliptical, bat tbe iai rather more curved tbau the belly ; depth 21 to 3^ in length : head very Urgs U thick, ^1} in leugtb of body : opvrcniur uppiiratUH very atroog, the oporculDm iImI forming nearly half tbe leiigib of tbe bead : scales very large: developed nj*' thedonml 27 to 29; anal riiys U; ventrals 10: scales 7-37 to 41-6: coloraliondri browniHb-olive, not silvery ; fiiiit dneky : size very large, rescbt-s a length ofuMt three feet awl a weight of 20 to 30 pounds Bi'MIWifl 63. ICHTHYOBUS BCBALCTS {Rafitte»que) Agtutiz. Aeil-mOHik Buffalo Fiii. Largt-moulkci Buffalo. 1818— JmiWon bubatiia BAFt!lES, 1820, ICHTHT0BU8 BUBALUS 215 leikj/obtu rmuekU Putnam, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863. IcAjfO^MM rauckU JoEDAJS & COPELAXD, Cbeok List, 158, 1876. Iethjfohu9 rautMi Jokdan & Gilbekt, ia Klippart's Ri*pt. 53, 1876. idklAyo6iM rmuokii Johdan, Mod. Vort. ed. 2d, :^, 187^. B&— /cfAfofrM ttoUejfi Aqassiz, Am. Journ. Sc Arte, 2d serios, xix, 196. letkpohmB ttolUjfi Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. V7^Ieikjfobms itchyrtu Nrlson, MSS.— Jobdan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 72. Ictkjfobut itekifruB Jobdan Sl CoPkland, Check List, 158, 1876. Ictkgobma UckgruB Jordan Sl Gilbert, ia Klippart's Bept. 53, 1876. IdUkifabHt itKkgrua Jordan, Moo. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878. HABiT^r. — Mississippi Volley ; geoerally abaadant ia the larger streams. Au exaiDiDation of a large series of wide-mouthed Buffalo fishes XHD the Ohio, Wabash, IlIiDois, and Mississippi Bivers has conviDced le, ooutrary to my previous impressious, that all belong to a siugle pedes. It is do^ absolutely certain what Bafinesqae's Caiostomua lAalus was. It is perhaps as likely to have been a species of Bttba- ifiUkjftf, as supposed by Dr. Kirtland, as an Ichthyobus, I however dlow Professor Agassiz in identifying it with the present species, rhick is, at the Falls of the Ohio, where Kafinesque's collections were lade, probably the most abundant of the Buffalo-fishes. Neithei' Ufiaesque nor Professor Agassiz has, however, recognizably described he K()ecie8. In my Manual of Vertebrates, in 1876, 1 gave a short ceoant of Ichthyobus 2»K5a2u«, drawn from two large specimens taken in •Vabash River at Lafayette. Besides these, I have numerous smaller peciiueus, obtained in the Mississippi at Saint Louis. As these differed 0 the greater compression of the body and higher flus, I have identi- 4^1 them as belonging to IchthyobuH rauchii Agassiz, an identification •bich I still think correct. In 1877, Mr. Nelson described an Ichthyobus tkyruSj Irom Mackinaw Creek, a tributary of the Illinois Itiver, near 'eoria. His typical specimen was very stout and deep, and at the time I lought with him that it was probably distinct from I. bubalus. Lately I i\e been enabled to reexamine the type of J. 2«o/t^rt//f in the State Museum ' Illinois, and to compare it with a numerous series from the same cality. I found it possible to establish au unbroken series among em, connecting the nominal species which I had termed bubalun^ uchiij and iachyrus, the differences separating them being, in my opin- I, due either to difi'erences of age or to individual peculiarities. iVe deticription of any importance has been published of I. stollcyi^ J lode it as a synonym of 7. btibalus. I know nothing whatever con- )g ik IditkjfobuM cyane'lus Nelson, as below stated, is a species of 216 CONTBIBHTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — HL Buhaliclifhjs. The description of SckroijiialUM cyprineUa ValeiicieDnM rofera principally to the peueric features of these fishes. It agr*t«fn!lj with /. bubulus, except in the uaniber of scales above the UterBlline, A (liSerente doubtless due to ti diSereiice in the place or the oidtiuec of making The count. AsnospeciUcchaructera are known, and aa the Jdk ihiob:ij< bubaliut doubtless abounds in the Loiver as in the Upper Mim- sippi, [ lei^tT I.cyprineHa to ibenvnonymyoi*/. &u6a jus. ilio original tm having; probably been a young siicuimeii of that sjiecies. This (tt>«ci»l perhaps Ihe largest of the CatoHtmnida, ivaeliiug a weight of liOwSI pounds iiiidaleDgth of more than two leel. Tbeyouiig(-'McA$^'')*K sold in the Illinois markets uixler ifae naoie oC Ited-uioulh BafialA the adult l^eiDg called simply BufiiLlo. A species which I supixMc tote the pi-esent one [ have seen lukeu in immense niimlH-is, by uieau*/ Hemes, in ihn Mississippi River at Bmlinglmi, Iuw;i. The tlesh in cood, although not first-rate. It is lalher (Kiarse, and is lull of small bun(«. For purposes of comparison 1 here add the oiigiiial deseripliouii offt egprinella, I. ravchii, I. utolieyi, anil /. iscAyrux : — ScLKMOCKA-l uus CVPIIIMCU^ ValuuoieiiDcs.--" Riva ce me semble. ne JaoLADOM imi^paratiou deitBolrirogDalbeadii ^eiire d«t Catostonii^s i]qh I'ltpiice doni Jb val*ildM Mi Ift d*<»ci liitioD. Aveu QQi- bonubc, fomi^o comme ccUc du Scirrogmallm* efpnmM,!lll yojoaa I'ouvei luce purt^o aa bout dii museau, la Idvre inr6rieare plGa longm qM' Mlp£nt>iiie, ul pur couiifqiit-Qt il n'j' a pluH je poBail)ilil^ d'emplojiBr la buueba J» MTXOCTPRINUS A8IATICUS. 217 rroBUS 8TOLLXTI Agftssiz.^'* Body higher than in Ichthfobus rauchii, profile And hence anont blnnter, opercnUr bones larger ; fins proportionally of the xe. From Osage Biver, Missouri.'' ITOBU8 I6CBTBC8 Nelson. — '*This is a very stont and heavily bnilt species: I in length ; head extremely broad between the eyes and but slightly convex ; th 3( times in length of body ; snoot short and rounded, opercular apparatus lepih of head 1^ in its length ; width of head H ; eye 6| iu head. If in suout, 4 orbital space ; caudal peduncle a little deeper thdh long ; scales 7-37-7, nearly t, a little crowded anteriorly, finely punctate ; fins all small ; dorsal 1, 27 ; anal iah olive above; yellowish below ; fins blackish.'' SpeeUnetu in United Sialea XtUional Museittn. BT. I Locality. 74 Illinois Biver at Peoria (very large ; typical of hubtUus) Collector. 8. A. Forbes. Genus MYXOCYPRINUS Gill. piiatitf Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, p. ir)74, 1878. m ef Sderognathiu sp. Blbkkkr, GDniuer. , Carpiode$ oHatUms Blocker, lology, ftviaUf to suck ; tcOirpivoCi a carp. \ gcnas i8 known to me only l-oin Dr. Bleeker's descriptioa of ita 1 species. Whether it diflfers from its relatives, IcJithyobus, Buba- », etc., in any other character than the obvious one of the great se in the number of its dorsal rays and the smaller scales, I do low. In any event, however, its right to independent generic rank aestionable. Generic Characterizations. >CYPRIIIU8 Gill, 187{^. — *'' Mjfxocyprinus is a name proposed for the Carpiode$ t of Bleeker, which is dibtingnisbed by the multiradiate doimil and anal fins 52; A. 13)." — (Gill, Johnson's Cyclopadiay Appendix, p. 1574.) W. MYXOCYPKIXUS ASIATICUS (Bleeker) Jordan. 'arpiodcs asiaticus Blkeker, Nederl. Tydt»chr. Dierk. ii, 19. clrroffnathus asiaticus GUntiiuk, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 23, 1868. FAT.— China. only knowledge of this species is from Dr. Bleeker's original de- DD, which I here subjoin : — BV Attanccs BIkr. — Carpiod. corpore oblongo compresso, altitudine H^ ■a absque, 3^ circiter in longitudine corporis cum piuua caudali, 2J8 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AHBBICAM ICHTHTOLOOT— m. done vulde elevato maiime compreBao ; latitadiae corporis 3^ oiiciter in cjoa illilt- diue; capitis obtaao 5 feroia loDftitodiiie coiporis abeqneiaintiler in loDgilsdiDecor poria com pinna cBuduti J ocalis in media capitis longitadine sitiB,dittinelro 5 droto in lougiiudine capitis, diametria 2| circLter diEtantibDa; linea roatio^onali vettinet ADDtedeclivl roctiu8cu]a,roetTO voldeconvexa; oftribtu oibitfs appnutimatis, poM*- Tioribos valvula clandendis ; roatio obtnao tmncatinacnlo rald« oorooan aatt ricWi pTomineDte ; lablis vald« caraoais papillatia, inferioi^lolii* pamiu prodnctia; oMeub- orbitali nnteriore aat longe >nte orbitam sito, aoaphBafbiini, duplo circitar knipoia quam alto apice acato aDbiaranin apectante; oeae saboibitali i^ obliqne tetngoaa sqae alto circiter ao longo; OBsib!>s Baborbitalibna ceteria (^cilibns ocoli lHamrtW quadrDpla circiter bnmilioribna; opeicnlo duplo citx:iter aItioraqn4xni lato laaTgiaibai poateriore et ioferiora coovexo ; oene acapulari valde brevi et obi nao ; oaubna phura- gealiboa couiprcaaia sat vaiidia attioribna quam latin, dentibiia 30 ad 50 o corona vultjo uuitubercutalis; squstnis dimidio libeto et ditoidio ba •triatta, TiO in liuca lalerali, 24 in aerie (ranaveieali abbqae ventroliliua inSmia qavu 12 lineam lattraluDi ioter et ioitiam piptia! dorsalia; sqnamm linea laterali pwtiM medio emargiuatis ; linea iateralia aiugulis isquauiia tubulo simplioe marKlnam mpai manim liberiini attingente sotata ; pinuis dorsuli ct anali basis vagina atioaomalB' olusa, dorsali baHi uou didUo plua cjno 2 iu longitudiuu totina coiporia, loDge aoH pionoa TCDtrales incipientc, antico valdo elevata corporo vix hmsiliore, acuta, nUl emarginata, lutdio et poatice co: poro qnadruplo circiter bumiliore radio pwtico ndk anali poslicosubop|H>ailo; pinuia pecU)ralibns tomuilak-a capita loogiotibaa, vMtM lea noDattinK^utibnai venlralibua acute rotouilatiB pectucalibua non mnlto bravioiibM mnateui uon atiingeulibua; atiali corpore minaa duplo bumiliore, duplo altionqnM baai tonga, acutiusculu rotundata uou emargiuata ; caudali prolnude emarginata M* acutia 4} corciter iu lODgitudiud corporis ; colore corporo [n»c«8ceDt»-oHvaceo, piDK fuaco vel fuKcu-violaceo. "B. 3. D.4-49. P.I-17. V.2-I1. A. 3-11 vel 4-10. C. 1-16-1 et Utbrev. Big-mouUied Sucker of Ulah Lake. • 'Jkan»i9te$ feeundua Ji>rdan. Ball. Hayden^H Qeol. Snrv. Terr. \y, No. 2, 417. (Not Cai&^omu$ fecundua Cope &, Yarrow.) TkanUeUs fecwndue Jordan, p. 150 of the present work. 06 pages 149-151 of the present work were in press, I bave care- recompared Cope and Yarrow^s description and figareof their Cato- ifecundusj and my notes on their typical specimens, with the speci- on which the genas ChamnisUs was based, and I have come to the tsion, hinted at in the text, that the Chasmistes is a species distinct G. fecunduBy and thus far undescribed. The specific name liortis smooth; Spo^^ border) is therefore proposed for it, in allusion to looth lips. 28(6). OATOSTOMUS FE0UNDU8 Capedk Yarrow. • Sucker of Utah Lake, Momomme fecuMdue Cope & Yarkow, Zool. Lioat. Wheeler's Exp'. W. lOOtb Mer. 678, plate xxxii, fig8. 1,1a. Oaioeiomnefecundue J oliDAV & Copelakd, Cbeck List, 156, 1-76. (Name only. Not CetloaUmuefeeundua Jordan, Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi ; nor Chaemistesfeoundua JordAD, Ball. Hayden's Geol. Sarv. Terr, iv. No. 2, 417.) rrAT.— Utah Lake. Stated above, I at first identified Chasmistes liorua from Utah with this Bi^ies from the same waters, the two being very sim- I to scales and fins, and the form of the month and snout in the 220 COKTBIBDTIOirS TO KORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQX— If tioal key to the spedee of the geuus. IT tlie upper lip is narroir, vS tlb few rows of taberdes, it will uot be eass to separate /Mtintf us fiuiu fef-^«- If the lip is broad, with man)' series of tubercles, it n ill be approximat ^e*i to C oCtffdmCalWf differing, buwever, iu the larger senles (nbout 00 in the lateral line, instead of 72). 1 therefore quolc the original ilescrft lo- tion, and leave the relations of the species to be BDally settled at soi^ue fiitnre time : — "It Ua tca«CI«tottoaiiM haTiog tlie parietal foDtanelle veil nmrkinlaud K-idelyop^n. Tbobewleiitenlii enUra length 5 Mmes, tbe diaaietorof Iba ocliit 6 tinjus in greule^C l^tifHl of tide ol bMd. Tbe InMrtiun of t lie dorsal fin ante riocly is nearer I u flierx* IneartltHi of eaad^ : tbe^ on elo&gaio hdiI wtagoDal, BDiallcr on dorsal region, bx>«3 Iwgw on Tentntl. Bodrelongmted, tmbfuuifoTm. It differs from C. {Janaus) amena^M^, Otl^ In tnwiy pftrtiODlW*, M KIB7 bi.^ seen fivm the (oIluwiDg uompariwins. "Ginrd'eqteateahaeiio fimtanellL'; ia shorter and carroner; tliediametur of url>lt •atere gteateat length of ride of bead 5 limts iuatead of 6. Tbo atitertor Insertioa of doiMtl fin U eqnldUbuit betweeo tbi.- end of the suout aod the insertion of tho cuniM aa-l . while in C.fecundui, it is nearer the olid of ihc scioiit than iiiecrliiiii of .■umlnl, X*He veatrala in Cgraerosas originate nnder tbe poaleijor third of tbe donel; in C. >!»•»*■■»• under the a iii die tbird of the doraal. Tbe redii in C. poMnmuare: D. 10, A 2,7^ F- 1G,V.10,C.27; in C./ecandtu; U. 12-13, A. 1,8,P. 17. V. II. "Thie ei)«ci*iH ie aliundaut in Utah Lake, and ia called 'Sacker' by tbe settl^**^ They run well up the rivers to spawn in June ; feed on the bottom and eat «paiM» ^^ better fish ; spawning beds on gravel ; bite at hook sometimee ; are extremely niiu***^ one, and are considered a nuisance by tbe fisbermen, bat tbey meet with a z«ady W^** in winter, at on average price of 2} cents a ponnd."— (Cofi &, Yarbuw, L o.) Bpadmm* in Unilei Staiei yalional Unteum. Number. Locality. CoUeolor. BIBLIOGRAPHY ThefollowiDg list comprises all tbe works known to the writer iu which Dew si)ecie8 or genera of Catostomidcc are indicated, or in which original dMcriptioDS are given of genera or species previously known. In general, I Imve endeavored to include all papers in which anything of importance VI8 added to or wbtracied from the sum of our knowledge of these hhes:— PORSTBR (John Reinhold). [Descriptiou of Cyprinua catostomw Foroter. ) < Philo- Mpbical TrannactioDB, vol. 63, London, 1773. LACfiPtDB (Bernard Germain ^tlenne de la ViUe-sur-Illon, Comtede). Hietoiro Natarvlle des Poissons par lo Citoyen La C(^p^e, membre de I'Institnt national, «t Prof(f8i>ear du Museum de biHtoire nnturelle. Tome premier ^ cinqai^me. A Paris, cbez Platuian, imprirreur libraire, Rne d(i Cimetibre Andrd-des-Arc^, No. 10. Uan VI do la Rdpublique, — ITUrf [— L'au XI de la R6publique, i. e. Ie03]. • IDMcriptioiis of Le Cjprin catostooie, Cj/prinus eatostomus Forster, Le Cyprin coiumersonien, Md LeCjprin sacet, Oyprinus sucetta Ldc6p6de.J BLOCB (Mark Elieser) and SCHNEIDER (Johann Oottiob). M. E. Blocbii l^orisMedtcintB Berolinen8i8, et societatiboH literariis multis adscript i, Systema IcbthyologisD iconibatt CX illustratum.— Post obitum aactoris cpui* incboatum abtolvit, correxit, int«rpolavit Jo. Gottiob Schneider, Saxo.-Berolini, samtibas Aoctoris impresanm et bibliopolio Sanderiano commiejsum, 1801. (Dfaeription of Cyprinus caio^tomu9 Forster.] "I«B8n78( — ). '*Pi8ciiim Camtscbatcicornm descriptiones et icones. , 1817. < Journal ^^^^*i Ac-demy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, 1817, pp. 88-90 and l^^Ul. _|*^tCTihe8 Catcttomw, pjen. nov., and thr follnwin;: new species, most of which are fipureU :— C id pMotiur, O. tuberculatum, C. macrolepidottui, C.aurcolua, O.eominunui, iWongirontrum, C. eUmgatua, C. vittatuJt,C. duquetmii, C. boktonienaia, and O. hud*oniya. C. (Mitch.), and O. aucetta ( Lac. ) .ire also d< ncrilMxl. Thin paper ia no ezcel- ^ with most that has tince beeu written on tbld groap.] 221 222 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^UI. RAFINESQUE rConstantlne Samuel). Discoveries in Natural History maAn during a Jonrney thron;;h the Western Region of the United States by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Esq. Addressed to Samnel L. Mitchill, President, and otiier members of ilie Lyc«>nm of Natural History in a letter dated at LonisTiile, Falls of the Ohio, 20th July IdlS. < Amei ican Monthly Magazine and Critical Reviow, New York, September, 1818. (Description of Catostomtu bitbalus and Catostomui erythrurtu, ^p. nov., md notloe of the dlMor. ory of the "Carp'* " Gatoitomus maeroptertu'' and the "Sacker" CatoHomtu dugumnri,] Description of three new genera of fluviatilo Fish, PomoxU, Sarckirut and Buh gloBHum. By C. S. Rafinesque. Read December 1st &, 8th. o Ohio". Catotitomvs gracilis, sp. nuv., also Catostomus *****»•«. not deeciibed in tho previous paper, here described and flpurecl.] ^0ia>8ON(Zadcck). Fishes of Vermont. =Chapter V, (pp. 127-ir>l). lreiutti Meiobre de I'Acodrimte royal» dus SciuDces de Berlin, de la ScxiUti Zootaxiq Loodrvs, etc, Tonm ilil-HBptiiSme. 1842. (Cr/pritio'ida.) [DoKrIpIlaDS of Coliiitiiniui Autlnmiut, O. /ortleriantit. O.nuM, O.gltbamiM, a tiik'Mli tKOcTatrpiaUat, O. autmlat. O. awimunit, O. timijirotlnim, Cnigriant, O.f C. riimiui. 0. 4uqutmii, O. ioitonieaiit, O. lent, 0. eUm^ui. C. fatcialv* <*p-M cypriiuUa (ap, our.). uJ fzsirlomTii tnacraptomm. Tb» Tolanis wu irriUes aftat tb* 4[ tuvicr by VuleucieoBM.] DBKAT (Jamea B.) Zoulog; of Neix Tork, or the Sov T»rk Faitii»; Minp detaili^i! dtscripcionsof all the animaU bilberto absvrv»d nithin the State at York, Willi Doticea uf Lboae occBHionallj- fonnd near its borders, and mmodii b; a|ipro[iriatH illimtraliuDH. By Jauiea E. Dakay. Part IV. Fiolim. Al printBd by W. & A. Wbited: J. Visscb«r. ld«. {D«orLplioiiB of Labto AfQan, (ap. iiot,>« Labeo Mttngat. Labto effprinat. Labet ^Mw Aopuf {ap. iiov ), CatiMomiu comtitunui^ Qt/«(oinu imtida lap. nur.), CitOklomtu Itdtn Cata-toiHtu paUidas (up. iiov.l, Cataitemut annelut. Calottamtu nijriaitu. C.U>ttaii.ai ma dotiu, villi Dutjct's of olber apicitn. In Ibe Apprudii. Ibo numo Labto clonyatai in n^fM (Johaun Jakob). AbbilduDgHU uud Bescbrdbuugen der Fisvhe S; nebKt ekur iiuuua ClaimiQ cation and CbaracterJBlik Etiniratlichcr Gatlaagt Cyprii un von Johaini Jakob Heckel, iDBjM-ctor am K. K. Hof-Natamlienb in Wieii, melir. eelt-brt. GeHellscb. Mit];lied. Stuttgart, E. ScbweiteiUt VerlaK»lmndluDt;. 184:1. pp. lOD. (=pp. ■191-lUUU, RDBw-gguHa BeiseD.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 225 3RBR (David HninphreyB). A History of tbe Fishes of Mossachasetts. By Dftvid Homphreys Storer. < Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sdaoees (Boetoo), new series, ( 1853 to 1H67). [DeiilpthiiM sad ezoellent flgnres of Catottomtu boiionieruU aod C. fphbowt.] (Louis). Notice of a collection of Fishes from the southern bend of the Tennessee River, in the State of Alabama; by L. Agassiz. < American Journal of Seieooe and Arts, second series, xviii, 1854, pp. 297-MieA/Ay» bonasus, lehthyobus rauchii^ Ichthyobus stoUcyi, Moxostoma tenuc, and Catostomus MBMoOotu.] •^^ARD (Charles). Researches upon the Cyprinoid Fishes inhabiting the fresh ^»Ufr««f the United States of Araericu, west of tbe Mississippi Valh-y, from speci- B>«D« in the Mufc^cum of the Suiithsouiau Institution. By Charles Girard, M. D. ceedingaa Natural Sciences of PhiladHlphia, 18GI, pp. 6-U. [Cbancleriua (be idlwRler ErtntogittMi, eqainleDtto " tbe tn» Cyprlno ODtIaeUilDtbejaira.ud«llb lanEcrikiritrni lnvcr pbarjrneHl buHs". Ilil into foor bmillet.— fioaMlspUrvidii. Cobitaiite. (^ipiwwidK ud CtafuiniHi. Cgdtptau*, uU J FUTZTAM (Frederick Ward). List of the Fiahci sent by tbo Mo! iDStitatioas, in Bxchaii);e for other Specimens, with Annotations = BalIeliii of the Mnsenm of Comparative Zoology, Caniti BIBLIOGRAPHY. 227 (Albert). Catalogue of the Physoetomi, containiDg the families Hetero- pygiiy CjrprioidiBy GonorhyDchid», Hyodootids, Osteoglossidoe, Clnpeidss, Chi- roeeoiridn, AlepocephalidsB, NotopteriJ®, Haloaanridse, in the collection of the British Museum, by Dr. Albert Oiinther. London : Printed by order of the trnst- eea. Id6d. = Catalogue of the Fishes of the Biitish MoHeni by Albert Giiother, M. A^ M. D., Ph. D., F. B. S., F. Z. S., etc., etc. Volume seveoth. [CoBtaina deacriptions of twentj^four spcciea, besides twenty-one doabtfol species merely wniDcnted, mrrmngwl in tout genera, OatoUomui^ Moxottoma, SeUrognathut, and Carpiodes.] IPB (HdwBTd Drinker). On the Distribution of Fresh Water Fishes in the Alle- ghany Regioo of South- Western Virginia. By E. D. Cope, A. M. < Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, new series, vol. vi, part iii, Jtnaary, 1869, pp. S07-247. [DesoriptioD and fl^nre of Tentuhu eervintu, sp. nov., with notes on T. duqtumei^ Oatostomua wi§noami^ and <7. communit. flnUUR (Albert). An Account of the Fishes of the States of Central America tnaed on Collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, E^q., and O. Salvia, Esq. By Albert GUnther, M. A., M. D., Ph. D., F. R. S., F. Z. S. < Transactions cf the Zoological Society of London, vol. vi, 1869, pp. 377-494. IDMcripiion of BubaUcKthyt msridionalit, sp. nov.] MPB (Edward Drinker). Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of Konh Carolina, by Edw. D. Cope, A. M. < Proceedings of the American Philo- wpbical Society of Philadelphia, 1870, pp. 448-^95. [BncripUons of riaeopharyfuc cariTuUug (gen. et sp. nov.), Ptyehottomtu papiUonu (sp. noT.)f P. wtaflH (qk nor.). P.eoUapnu (sp.nov.). P.pidientit {»i>.nor.),P.coreg. [Description of Myxostoma paecilura, up. nov.] GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Johnson's Now Universal Cyclopaedia; a scientific and iwpular treasury of useful knowledge. Illustrated with maps, plans and engrav- ings. Editors in chi«-f, Frederick A. P. Barnard, S. T. 1)., LL. D., L. IT. D., M. N. A. S., President of Columbia Cc)llei;e, New York; Arnold Guy^it, Ph. D., LL. D., M.N. A. S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geograi)hy, College of New Jersey. Aswciute Editors — [29 persons, among thi m Theoendix. (Testimonials at the ^odofthe volume.) Alvin J. Johnson *SL Son, 11 Great Jones Street, New York. ^DCCCLXXVIII. [CoDtaics a dcRcription of tho family Cutastoinidn', .i Ust of tho genera, and a diagnosiH of Myxo- 'yprinut, gen. nov.] ''ORD^jy (David Starr). Mannal of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, •aciuding tho district East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina •od Tennessee, exclusive of Marine Speoies, by David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M. D., '•^feMor of Natural History in Butler University. Second Edition Revised anil Survey, vol. iv, No. 2. WadhingtoD, May 3, ItCH. [Hj-aonj-m; mid Date on Carpiodri (unii'dui.} A Cnfnliigne of tbo Fisbes of lUinoiH, liy Prof. David S. Jordan. Giiltuiv, li<77. Volume XIX. IndLaDapolts. lS7a (Twertjtwo iptcji?* »BQin*niipd. ri-ferred in ten gfntn.] JORDAN (David Stan) and BRATTON (Alembert 'Wlntbrop). On tb*n ITlbntiou of tbe Fisbes in tbf Alle^-bnoy Region of Soulb Caroliua, Gwrsill^ Twinfiw™, wilb IVwripli"!!" of Kew nr l.itllp Known SpnArD8(Hybop8Uhu(l80Dia8) 36 Ambloilon 211,213 Ambloplites 40,46,60,75,89 amblops (Ceratichtbys) 79 AmblyopsU 89 •nericaDa (Perca) 83 *»Dericana (Stilbe) 53 *niericaDu» (Noteuiigonns) 24, 38 A*nia 70, 90 •^ttiula 70 ^^uitua 28, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90 AmiiiocceteH 90 AiDiDocrypta 88 •*>*loatanu8 (Photogeuis) 20, 78, 84 •^^ffiilla 29, .33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90 '^'^gUillidiD 29, :W, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81 **^»^pteni8 (Cato8tomu8) 100, 196 •**««ura (Myxo8toma) m, 100, 102, 116, 126, 128, 132 •^Utmi8(Cato8tomu8)...100, 110, 126, 132 ^*»iaiiru8 (Moxo8toma) 132, 146 •^imras (Ptycbostoraus) 132 nrna (Teretnlu8) 132 uroni (Moxostoma) 132 Page. aDDularis (Pomoxys) 47, 76, 83 anomalom (Campo8toma).. .16, 43, 49, 63, 77,84 antonieDsis (Amiaras Datalis) 55 ApbododeridsB 41, 47 ApbododeroB 41, 47, 89 Apomotis 76, 89 ars&opus (Cato8toma8) 160, 173 ardeUB (Ly thmrus) 78, 85 argenteus (Ainuiucastes) 87 argyritis (Hybognatbaa) 16, 84 asiaticos (CarpiodeB) 102, 217 asiaticuB (My xocypriuuB) 102, 217 aapro (Alvordius) 58 Atberinidae Qly 76 atberiDoides (Notropib) 64, 78 atrilatus (ZygoDectes) 84 atripinni8 ( ArliDa) 73 atripiDnis (Ulocentra) 73, 8i atroDabas (Rbiaicbtby8) 86 aurantiacu8(Hadropterii8) 58, 82 aureola (Moxostoma) 125 aurcolum (Moxostoma) 125 auroolum (Myxo8toma)..100, 101, 116, 124 aureoluB(Cato8tomus).. .100, 124, 125, 167 aiireoluB (Ptychostomus) 1:25 aureus (Eupomotis) 15 auritus (Lepiopomus) 15, 36, 40, 83 aurora ( Aconius) 176 aurora (Catostomus) 101, 17R bairdii (Potamocottus) 8d bardus (Mioomus) 184, 185 bardu8(PaDto8teub). 184 beroardiui (Catostomus) 102, 17«2 biguttatus (Ceruticbth^s).. 26,3:^,38,43, 68, 79, 86 bison (Carpiodes) 69, 86, 101, 194, 197 blenniuides (Diplesium) 58, 73, t^ blenuioides (Etbeostoma) 58 Bolbicbtbys 45,89 Boleosoraa 13, 34, 58,75, 89 bombifrons (Lcpiopomus) 60, 83 bouasus (Bubalicbtbys) . . 1 . . . 101, 209, 214 bostoDiensis (Catostomus) 100, 160 breviceps ( Moxostoma) 127 breviceps (My xostoma) 127 231 232 INI btericepfl (PtycbaatomiiH) 109, 137 brevicepN (Turutulim) Vit bruvipinue (Boleosomn} 58 braoiK^iiB (AmiuraH) r>B, '^H, 44, 87 BubuliobtbfmiD IS l)ubulli:bthrH..55, C9, 90, 104, 201, 203, ?05 bubollDUH (DnbalioblbjB) lOJ, SOG Ijubolus {AmblodoD) 211,214 bubalHs (BiibiUieht.by«)..101, 102,aff5, 20(i bubnluR (CiLtOHtomuH} 100, U)(}, m4 biibalii8(Ii;htbyobiiH).sn, 100, 101, 102,214 biicca;a(Erlcyi>ibtt) 84 buovo (Ftyoboatomui)} 103, IffJ buuou (Turetalua) I3J UulluriH (SeinotiluB) m onlliBOiim (CcHiomiil ...'JT.SS ciJIiBOinn (Eiilnemii) a? cnIlislitt(Corciiia) 45,57,i:),ea cnrinftlni. {PlacophRryni). .69, 8li, 102, 107, 106,109 carplcT (CurpiiHles) .... Mi, 100, 103, 19&. SOD oarpio (CsKwtoniUB) 100, t0t,ItF<,UUO oiiipi» (lubLbyobiiBj VOO {PtycboBtomos) 1 (Teretiilus) lOll CbiBQobrjttnB 15, 35. 4(i,i% CbiutmiHtea 103,140,150,1 cbirLllcua(Bydroiibloz) fhloiiatia (Codaai&) fl, cbloTOOcpbolos (Albarnopa) 19, cblarocepbalaa (Hybopsis) cbloropUroD (CaiiMt«iaas) ta£, Chotogiuitur . CbriwotuuB ISfi,T9 cbrusomiia (Hybopsia). obroaomoK (Uydrupblox) 49 chrymicliliiriH (PifuiulubiiB} ut, 77 cbrysoIeuciiB (Notciuigonus} K),U9. cbryBopB (Ruocua) ciuerea (Etbeoeloma) SO ctiuki (CuloBtoiaas) luO, clatki (Miuouiua) c lav i form ia (Ecim; SOD > clavU'onula (UoioatoDia) 101, ClinoBtamaB 'H ClapuiUra (B ouvcogeuia (Laiilus) 3t, M Codoma SO, 37, l^se Of Tulea (Codona) ...... ciBraliia (Erog^lla) oollapauH (Ptjoboatoiiiila) 101, (Cahiatouiub). ..fU, 1X1,9, lOB, (LoCypriu) IM comuiDtiU (CaluaMntua) SO, lU^ eougdstu (Myxosloiiiii) INDEX. 233 TtLgt. I (Amiaras DaUils) 70 wrinos (Carpiodes) 80, 86, 102, 194, 195, 196 iM(Apomati8) 76,83 BsCBabalichtbys) 86 OB (lohthyoboa) 102, '^06 IDID 98 UB 80,90, 104, 186, 187, 189 E«)x) 84 Blla 90 lUCIchthyobos) 214 lla (SclerognatJias) 214, 215 ids 16, 31, 36, 41, 49. 63, 77 odootidoD 31,48,6-3,77 ne 140 t9 (Carpiodes) 55, 86, 101, 102, 195, 198 18 (Catoetonin8) 100 is(Labeo) 193 w (Sclerogoathas) 197, 198 »(Caipiode8) 199 ^lo8 151,154 Mstylos 151, 15i, 159 108 (MioomuH) 102, 184 108 (PantostoQs) 184 Doa (Fnudnlas) 84 18 (Carpiodes) 86, 102, 194, 195 118 (IcbtbyoboH) 196 8(Notropi8) 85 18 (Notropis) 85 am 58,73,88 »ln8 (CatoetomnH) 102, 162, 179 ma 49, C.J,77, 90 fnalldffi 49, 6i,77 (Zygooecfes) 84 His (Ceraticb thys) 67, 79, 86 mii (Catoetomos), 100, ICO, 121, 129 mil (Moxostoma) 121 iDii (Myxostoma maorolupido- ) .../. 80, 100,121 mil (Myxostoma), 43, 54, 6?, 80, 115, 120, 124 mil (Ptychostomas) 121 mil (Teretalos) 121 ma 89 • (BoleichtbyB) 45,83 t8 (CatostomoB) 146 » (Labeo) 101, 145 eras (Not uroB) 70,87 lU(Gila) 85 (CatoetomuB)..: 100, 189 (Cyeleptoa), 80, 86, 100, 189, 190 '%•©> 101, 146 -•••• •« • 189 89 Page. ebs (Boleicbthys) 83 Episema 64, 90 EricoBiua 88 Ericymba 90 Erimyzon, 27, 38, 43, 54, 69, 80, 90, 103, 136, 140, 143 Erogala 20 erytbroga8tor(Cli;*o8omus) 65, 79, 8'> erythruroB (CatoBtomus) 100, 121 erythmruB (Ptycbostonins) 121 erytbruras (Terotnlus) — ' 121 Esocidffi 16, :16, 48, 63 esopas (CatoBtomns) 146 CBopns (Labeo) 101, 146 eBtor(Gila) 66,79 Esox 16,38,48,62,89 EtbeoBtoma 15, 40,59, 75, 89 E theoBtoinatidtD .... 12, 30, 34, 40, 45, 57, 73 etowanam (Hypenteliiim) 86 etowanoB (Catostonnis uigricauB), 54, 159, 163 Eacalia 89 Eapomotifl 15,46,61,89 enryopB (Myxostoma), 54, 86, 10;i, 115, 119 euryops (TeretaliiB) 1 19 enryBtoma (Codoma) 42, 85 eurystomua (PbotogeDiH) 42 evides (Ericoema) 82 exilis (NoturuB) 87 ExogloBsnm 90 fasciatUB (CatoBtomus) 101, 138 fasciolariB (CatOBtomus) 100, 145 fecauduB (Catostooius) 102, 150,219 fecQDduB (Cbasmistes) 102, 150 flabellare (Etheostoma) 15» 59, 75, 8il flabellatas (Catonotns) 15 flammeuB (Phoxinus) 65, 85 flexuoBTiR (Catostomus) 100, 166 folium (Polyodon) 71, 81, 87 fontinalis (Salveliuus) 16, 31, 63, 84 formosa (Codoma) 42, 51 formosus (Alburuns) 42 forsterianns ( Acomus) 107, 176 forsterianus (Catoatomus). ..100, 101, 167, 176 freteusiB ( Albnrnops) 85 FnnduUiB 89 furcatu8(Icbtb{elunia) 87 galacturuB (HypsilepiH) 32 galaetnrus (Photogeuis) 32, 64, 78 Gambusia 89 generosns T Acomus) 183 generoBUB (Catoatomus) 102, 173, 183 generoens (PautoBteus) 102, 182, 183 gibbosos (Catostomus) 100, 145 g!!)boniB(L»l»M> 145 Oils 24,60,79.90 Qirardluna 80 goodei (ErlmyzoD) 103, 144, 14» gracilis (CatootoinuH) 101,167 i;raDd)plDDi8 (Pbolugeuia) 4'2 Bvayi (Curpiodea) 102,199 BrisenB (Aconian) 176 grannienB ( llaploidonotna) 47, Gl , 7Q golosOB (ChienobryUas) 46.80,83 galtalna (PeicapHis] 84 gnttfttnn (Zygonectat) 4*j, ^4 iafAcoians) 17S is (CaUMtonmi) 102, ITH Hadropteras. . . . i 30, 34, 40, 45, 5tj, 68 Haploidonotiifl 47,01.76,69 lisydeni (Pryabostooiua) 101, 138 tftydeni t) 133 Pimupbalra 7rt,t)0 pinoiger (Euueacantlius) Si PlaaupUur;iiK liU, 90, 103, 107 pluaicepe (Cuuetomua) l&t plUfcepbaliu (Aminrua} ^, 33, tiJ platycephiklaii (Fimuludas) Sd plikt)TbjrncbQS(,Uinouiaa) 102, l&t platytbfDcbua(I>iiutaHteDB}..IHO, 162, 183 plulyrbjDcU«B(Si;Bpbirbyaohopa).. 87 plutyBtoumH (LBpiilottleiis) 71,87 plebeiUB (C.auMtumiia) 101,184 plubeiuaCMiuomUD) 184 p]«b<^iii»(PiiuLusteiia} 103, lH-2, 184 jiJebtJaa (.CittusUiiiias) .- 184 I'tBCiliubtbja 59, 75, 89 tHBciluTU (Myxuatoma) 103, 110, 1^ Polyodou 71, SI, 90 PulyodaDtidn) 71,81 Pumolobns &i,^^,90 puiuotia (Acautburcboa) 83 Pumoxya 47,78,88 PoMmocottuu 47, Si, 73, Ba prolixum iCjinpiiatoiiia auumiilum ) IG, 41), C3 promelaa (Piinephales) 78.84 rubellna (Xolropia) rubiouudua (Acipenser) 71, Tubricroeeua (Hybopaia) rabrici-uceua Ulyiliupbloit) 32, M, rabiifroua (Ceraliobthys) -t^ 30, robrifroHB (NooomiB) X., rabrifroDB (Notropia).. . ,. rufilioeatuH (NotboaotuB) tS mpeattiB (AmbloplitM) .. .40, AS, ao, iS Bulmuidtti (Uict()ptiTaB)..30,;lG, 40, M, n Balm. (giimMtoibium)...45,G0,7S Balnaoueus (EanK) Sat noil id ai 16,31 anlailMiaa (AlbarDopa) U SftlveliDna 16,31,63 Bangaifluua (NoiboDotOB) To BanguiuuloDtns (Xi;aoliB) 31,40,61 suyauua (Apbododenu) 41,47 scabHcepB(EplB?mu).. ............ ScapbirbyDtbopa 8citeoid» 47,19 Soleroguatbua 190, 193, :i01, SOii, scopiferus (PbeDacobiim) seltiiie (CarpiodeaJ KM; BcluDopa (Iljodouj 48, Si, 77 Semot.lnB 2»,38,43,54,(itl,ri abauiBnlii (linoaCuina) aicculai (Labideathea) SI Silurulai is, SI, 39, 43, RS, « eimoterum (Diplcsium) S6,ti aiiuutaus (HeiuiopliteB) .... ihijUHiolepi:*).. INDEX. 237 )ii8 (Alboraope) 85 CatMtomos) 125 [CyprtDos) 101 CypriDos (Catoetomas)) . . . 1^ Ptyohostomus) 125 TeretoloB) 1 125 8 (GsioatomaB) 161, 173 h 88 Bolialiohthys) 55, 206 Carpiodes) 101,206 M (Notropis) 65,79,85 lozostoma) 101, 146 Grimyson) 146 ito6toiuo8)..100, 101, 102, 159, 166 18 110. 113, 114, 140 1 (Phenacoblns) 86 (Hy«KloD) 77,84 a (Etbeostomu) 59,83 Dopferas 89 (Catofttomus) 102,167 la (Myxoetonia) 131 mm (Myzoatoma) ....86, 117, 131 inn (NothonotuH) 13, 82 iQB (Ptychoatomus) 102, 131 iM (Teretnlas) 131 nl (Carpiodes) 101, 195, 198 Di (Icbtbyobns) 198 aims (Setnotil uh) 43 loR 89 ratoHtomug) 101, 174,218 ^tia (Codoma) 50, a") i* 8rt :um (Eriiuyzon) 163, 167 tnin (Moxofttonia) 102, 107 atu8 (CatoacoinuH) 100, 145 (CurpicKlfB) 101,199 (IcbtbyobaB) 199 itbys 89 ■a 45,73,88 * 88 (Ph«nacobiu8) 6r, 79, 86 ibalichthys) ..69, 87, 101, 206, 209 rpiodea) 101, 201, 209 erogDatbuB) 206 Page. vacca (Carpiodes) 101, 199 Vaillantia b9 vandoiBula (Gila) 24,85 vandoisnluB (Leaciscas) 24 variatuB (PoecilicbtbyB) 75,82 velata (Moxostoma) 132 velata (MyxoBtoma) •. 132 velatutu (MozoBtoma) 132 velatam (MyxoBtoma) 26, 68, 86, 102, 117, 132 velatnm (Teretnlus) 132 velatuB (PtycboBtoniiiB) 102, 132 velatUB (TeretulQB) 1«J2 velifer (Carpiodea) 86, 194, li;6 velifer (CatoBtomiw) 100,196 velifor (Ictbyobas) 196 victoriiB (MozoBtoina) 27, 138 viresceDB (PantOBteDB) 102, 182 viridis (CbteoobryttUB) 15, 35, 83 vitrea (loa) 82 vitrenm (Stizostetbiani) 60,83 vittata (Hemitreaiia) 65, 79, 85 vittatuB (CatOBtomoB) 100, 145 vituliis (Bubalicbtbya) 206 vitulQB (CarpiodeB) 101 vulgariB (Anguilla), 29, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 87 vulDerntuB (Notbonotos) 58, 82 wincbelli (Centrarcbus) 53, 68, 86 wiDchelli (Hybopsis) 53 xtenocepbalus (Hydropblox) 49 xoiUoctipbaluB (HybopsiB) 49 xwiinra (Codoiua) 37, 85 xiCDuruB (MiDiiiliiB) 'RA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, WEST INDIES. By Baron H. F. A. Egoers. i the east of the island of Porto Eico, between 18^ 5' and 18o 45' K and 640 5' and 65° 35' W. long., stretches a dense cluster of some er and numerous smaller islands for a distance of about 85 miles, !h are known by the name of the Virgin Islands. The principal ids are Vieques and Culebra, belonging to Spain, St. Thomas and St. , belonging to Denmark, and Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada, Dging to England. The superficial area of the larger islands is only 1 10 to 40 square miles, whilst the smaller ones are mostly uninhabited 8, or even rocks, some of which are nearly devoid of vegetation, the It-line of them all being sinuous, and forming numerous small bays creeks. The whole group is evidently a submarine prolongation ot mountains of Porto Eico, showing its tops and higher ridges above level of the sea, the depth of which between the various islands and ^o Rico is only from 6 to 20 fathoms. The declivities to the north the south of the ridge on the reverse are very steep, no bottom hav- lMH»n found 25 miles to the south in 2000 fathoms, and 80 miles to the h the Challenger Expedition found a depth of about 3850 fathoms, g:reatest ever measured in the northern Atlantic Ocean, le greatest height in the Arcliipeiago is attained in its central part, Clioraas reaching up to 1550', Tortola even to 1780', St. Jan and :in Gorda teing a little lower, whilst the hills in Vieques and Ciile- to the west, are only 500'-G00'high, and Anegada, the northeastern- t, is, as its Spanish name, the inundated, implies, merely alow or half- oerged island, elevated but a few feet over the level of the sea. The ral islands, therefore, present the appearance of a steep ridge, pre- ously sloping to the north and the south, and cut up by numerous DCS, which during heavy rains are the beds of small torrents, but jh generally are without running water, and which at their lower end 91 into small level tracts on the sea-coast, often forming a lagoon on modf ohore. Between these level tracts the coast is usually very BidL Vftt Mos. No. 13 1 t 2 FLOfiA. OF ST. CHOIX AND THE TntOm ISLABM. Iwld and rocky, forming abrupt promoDtories of consideroble bei|^ and picturesque appearance, the hills aod ridges on the other bud being more rounded and of a softer oatUne. The wbole group of islands, vith the exception of Auegada, wliidii built up of a tertiary limestone of very recent and probably pliocM date, belongs to the cretaceous period,*8howi»g as the principal iwi » breccia of felsite and scoriaceous stones, the cementing part of idnA probably consists of decomposed hornblende, and having ita cantiH conmionly filled with quartz or calcareous spar. Besides this prindpil' rock, which is often fouud distinctly stratified, and which is called Uluebit by the inhabitants, who generally employ the stone for buiI the same time allowing the fertile strata to i-emain on the surface ; wUK. in the other islands the heavy rains as a nile will wash the Ioowcotw. ing of the ground down to the sea. i From viuious facts observed in Anegada and Virgin Gorda bj Sif fc' Schoinburgk,* a« well as by Mr. Scott, in Vieques, at Porto Fi-rro Bi|d it appears that at the present period the whole chain of islands i rising, so that perhaps in a geologically speaking not verj' distiuit ti most of the islands may becnn>e connected reciproenlly and wilh I i FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 3 the idand, reaching in some places as high as 1150' (Mount Eagle), but avenging 60(y-S0(y only. The rock of these hills is nearly the same as in the above-named gnwp, although the Bluebit of this latter occurs more rarely, and is sub- stitated by a fine, greyish, stratified clay-slate, without vestiges of any ofganic remains. Tlie strata of tliis slate are often very much disturbed, 80 as to present an exceedingly broken and overturned appearance. The greater, western part of the island forms a large, slightly inclined plain, dopbg towards the south, and interrupted in^a few places by low, short, isolated ridges only 200'-30(y high, and formed of a tertiary lime- stODe of the miocene period. This limestone is covered by a layer of detritus and marls some feet thick, but shows itself at the surface in nnoQs places, and contains several fossils, partly of still existing species of moUusca. Along the coasts are found some new alluvial formations, often enclos- ing lagoons, some of which are of considerable size. These lagoons are bring gradually filled up by vegetable matter, as well as by sand and stones washed down by the rains from the hills; but whilst in the Virgin Idands many similar lagoons have been raised already several feet above the level of the sea, and laid completely dry, no such thing has been observed in St Croix. This seems to indicate that no rising of the ground is taking place in the latter, as is the case in the former, as mentioned above. From its whole structure and formation it mav be inferred that the soil is more fertile in St. Croix than in most of the Virgin Islands, Vieques excepted, the sugar-cane being cultivated to a considerable ex- tent on the island. TMiilst thus the geology of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands presents some not unimportant dift'erenees, the climate may, on account of their similar geographical position, as well as elevation above the sea-level, be ^d to be materially the same in both. Inacconlance with the geographical position of theislands, the tempera- ture is very constant and high, the yearly mean average being 27.2° C, ^vided nearly equally over all the months, the coldest, February, show- ing 25.60, the warmest, September, 28.9o, a diflerence of :i.3o only. The *^e uniformity is observed in the daily variation, which scarcely ever ''^'passes 50, the thermometer rising gnidually from 6 a. m. till 2 i). m., ^d falling Just as gradually during the rest of the 24 hours. lus tlie difference of temperature at the various seasons of the year * too Bmall to aflfect the life of vegetation to any very i)erceptible ex 4 FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISUIID8. tent, and it is tberefore the variable degree of moistaie at difleient timn whicb chiefly pnxlnces any variation in the development of vegetabfe life at the difTerent seasons. The lowest temperature observed at the sea-level, in the ahade, isl8J°; the highest, 35.5°. In the sun, the mercury will Boinetimes rise as hi^ as 51°, but as a rule does not surpass 40°. Obsen'ationB made in St Thomas by Knox* and myself show a decrease of alwnt S^fOTuielen- tioD of every SOO', which gives to the highest ridges la St. Thomas tai Tortola an annual mean teiuperature 3 j°— 1° lower than that of the coait, a difference sufficient to produce some variation in the flora of thea piirt». The northern sloiie of the hilts, from being the greater part rf the year, viz, from August to May, less exposed to the rays of the m, are generally also somewhat cooler and more moist than Hie soatbm ones, the consequences whereof are also felt in the life of plants toaoo*- siderable extent. An equal regularity, as obser\-ed in the temperature, manifests itadf with regard to the pressure of the atmosphere, the daily variations rf the barometer being only about O-ftV, and the maximum yearly dilfir- ence only 0.'2". It is only during strong gales and horricanes that fli barometer is more seriously aSected, it then falling sometimes as noA as 2". Tlicse hurricanes, as a nde, occur only daring the mnnthn bM August to Octolier, at whirh jieriod the trade-winds from fhe uortluMt, ■ which otherwise blow most i)art of the year, generally become nnst FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 5 nin, fidling chiefly in the form of short, rapid showers of only a few mmntea^ dnrationy and it is not till the warmer part of the year that htAYj and general rains become possible in these regions. During this litter time, the trade- winds become irregolar and slight, or are even entirely saspended, as stated before; hence the moisture generated by tte daily evaporation from the ocean is not carried off as soon as formed, Imt iB allowed to gather into rain-clouds, and finally to precipitate itself ■gain as rain nearly on the same spot where it was formed. From observations made in various islands for a period of more than kventy-five years, the annual mean quantity of rain seems to be about tte BBone in all the islands, averaging 42''-44''; the eastern parts of all, M being more exposed to the direct action of the winds, always show- Eig a considerably smaller quantity than the central and western ones. Although no month of the year is without rain, yet from the above it ■tH be easily concluded that there is a remarkable difference between fte various months in this respect: the driest, February, having only an irerage of 1.5"; the wettest, October, of 7.0"; and to this difference, at ike various periods of the year, it is chiefly due, that notwithstanding k uniform temperature all the year round, yet some variations in the ■pect and intensity of vegetable life are observed in the various sea- Both the annual and the monthly quantity of rain are subject to vary aoBsiderably, one year showing 23", or in some places 18" only, another Igun 70" or 78". A still greater difference may be obsen- ed between Bfe eame months of different years: thus, February having had one year Iil9" only, another, on the contrary, 3.75"; May 0.47" the one year and UiW" the other. These excessive variations must, no doubt, materially Iftct vegetable life, indicating at the same time a considerable degree Ifbardiness in respect to drought in the perennial plants indigenous to &e islands, and as alluded to above, acting upon them in a similar Avay fei the variations in temperature in colder climates. The number of days on which rain falls averages for the period from 185^73, 161 a year, giving a mean fall of rain of 0.27" p(»r diem : April ftowing the lowest nunber, 9 ; October the highest, 16. From what has heea said before, it is evident, however, that the small monthly quantity "in during the dry i)art of the year, viz, January to April, divided over a great number of days (so as to amount to 0.14" or 0.18" 9\m CBia be of no great importance, as it is precipitated in a short Bk for penetrating into the soil, and so is very soon 6 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN I8LAND8» evaporated again by the action of the snn and the trade-wind oombined. It is not till May, when the iucreased quantity of rain is snfficieiit to penetrate the parched soil, that its influence and effect upon vegetation makes itself felt by renewed life and activity in ail the various branches of the vegetable kingdom in general. Looking at the vegetation of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands in its generality, and without entering into details, we may consider it to be identical, as a whole, showing the same main features, and natoiaDy divided into four distinct formations, as in most other West India Islands, viz. the littoral, the shrubby, the sylvan, and the region of cultivation, connected, of coui*se, here and there by intermediate forma- tions, but on the whole \irtually distinct from different biological con- ditions. Beginning with the littoral flora, we find along the coast in shallow water a multitude of Alga3, among which are found some marine Phane- rogamse, especially the common Thalassia testudinum and Cfpnodocea manatorumy and in less quantity the beautiful little HcUophUa BaiUonUj a recently discovered Potamea, with oval delicate leaves, and growing gregariously on the bottom of the sea in coai'se gravel. The vegetation of tropical seashores is of ii very uniform character all over the world, the physical conditions being similar on them all, and the niigratiou from one shore to another l)eing exceedingly facilitated by the sea as well as by birds, storms, and the action and intercourse of the inhab- itants. Thus, the same species of littoral i)lants are found on nccorly all the West India islands, many of them also inhabitants of far dLstnnt shores on the African and Asiatic continents, — belonging to the cosui*>' politan and transoceanic si)eei(^s, a list of which was first prepared by liobei'l l>rown, and afterwards angmented by A. DeCandoUe, and whicli seem to i)ossess an extraordinary faculty for migration. According ^^ the different character of the c*oast, as sandy, rocky, or swampy, tl^^ vegetation on it also assumes a ditlerent aspect. On th(^, sandy shore, which is composed of a fine white gi-avel, co^' sisting principally of iiniumerable pieces of broken shells and coni-^J and thus forming a thick hiyer of carbonate of lime, we see a luxmio"*^ flora of trees, shrubs, and minor x^l^'its, which all, on account of 1>^^ underground water collecting from the hills above, generally havc^ ^ gi^een ai>pearance all the year round, even when the hills of the iuter^^^ present a withered aspect from want of rain. Among the trees grc^^ ing here the most prominent are the Hippaniane Maywinella, the CoC?^ FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIHQIN ISLANDS. 7 loba uvifer4iy ChrygobaJanus IcacOy and Canella alba^ besides the Cocoa nwcifera^ which is planted and naturalized, especially on the low sandy seashore. Under these taller forms appear many kinds of shrubs, such as EooMtcphyUum Browneij Toumefortia gnaphdlodeSy Borrichia arbores- ocMy Emodea UtoraliSj Suriana maritima^ Erithalis fruticosa^ Colubrina fermgnuMOy OuUandina Bonduc and BonduceUa^ and several others. Still lower shrubs and sufiOmtesceut herbs are Sccevola Plumieriy Tourne- forUa gnaphdlodeSy Sesuvium portulacdstrunij Heliotrqpium curasaavicumj Pkilaxcrua vermiculatusj CaJcile wqualia, as well as several grasses and sedges, as Sporobulus UtoraliSj Stenotaphrum americanum^ and Cyperus hrunneusy as also some remarkable creepers or climbers, such as IponuEa peS'Oaprw and Lablah vulgaris. Most of these species disappear on the rocky cliffs, where they give room for others, mostly shrubs of a low growth, and with thicker or more coriaceous leaves, that are able to resist the force of the wind, which often bends the whole plant into a dwarfish individual, the branches of which are cut off at the top in a western direction. The most common of these shrubs are Jacquinia armillariSy EUcodendron ^locarputHj Plumieria albay and Coccoloba punctata^ as well as some nKmocotyledonous plants, such as Fitcaimin angmti/oliay Agave ameri- WM, and a few Cacti, principally the stout Mehcactus communis. Still more different forms apx)ear where the coast becomes swampy from the presence of lagoons. Here predominates the Mangrove fonna- tion, comi>o.sed chiefly of lAigunastnre or cnltivaliei with sugar-cane or provisions, the former On a large scale in St Croix and Vieques only, the latter everywhere on the islands where the BcSi seems i)roper for the purpose. This last section I tenn Ihe culti\^ted region. Considering first the Croton vegetation, we find here a number of plants which in various ways have become enabled to resist the deteriorating effects of the dry climate, and to exist on the barren rocky soil alway* found where the moisture is not sufficient for decomi)08ing -the natur^ rock of the surface. Thus, some of these plants, as the whole of tb^^ genus Croton, already mentioned above, have small leaves, which, lil^* the stem, ai'e covered with scales and tomentose hair, cx)ntaiuiug besid^ aromatic oil, all which contrivances tend to diminish evaporation as mu< as possible. The most common species of this remarkable genus are flavuH^ astroitca^ bicolor^ and hetulinu.H: Other fonns obtain the object by having \evy small, partly deciduons leaves and their stipu^^ transformed into prickles, especially the Acacias, such as A. FametiiM ^ macracnntJWj tortuosaj and samientma. Others, again, are rich in milt-^ juice, as Euphorbia petiolarisj Bauwolfixi LamarcJciij and the naturaliz^^ CaJotropis procera^ or merely in aqueous sap, as the Oacteie, the comm est forms of which are Melocactus commnni^j Cereufi floccomis^ and Species of Opuntia. Others, such as Bromeliaceae, on the contrary, FLORA OF BT. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 9 f diy straGtare, and a dense cover of scales for protection, whilst s again, Buch as Anona squamosa^ whicli are apparently without teans to resist the efit&cts of dry weather, have no other remedy left to shed their leaves daring a part of the year, and thus preserve existence at the temi)orary sacrifice of their vegetative organs, the forms mentioned above are of very slow growth, and, with the tion of a few that are used for burning charcoal, of scarcely any tance either to man or animals, for which reason the districts oc- 1 by them as a rule present a very desolate and uninviting appear- ere the climate becomes sufficiently moist, and the soil in conse- © thereof more decomiK)sed and fertile, the forest appears in place Croton vegetation, on the uncultivated lands, especially in ravines m steep declivities, which do not allow of cultivation or grass- ig. As nearly everywhere in the tropics, the forest here is com- of many different species of trees mixed together, a gregarious h being very rare. From the forests of moister tropical countrieSy rer, the woods in these islands are distinguished by possessing a ity of forms with thin, herbaceous leaves, which for this reason here foliage during a part of the year, thus combining the appear- tf the woods of colder climates with the dark evergreen forms of itertropical countries. Some of these species with deciduous & have two periods for flowering: one precocious in the first IS of the year, when the small quantity of rain seems iusufiicient duce both leaves and flowers at a time, and another later in the when both foliage and blossoms are vigorously developed by the ijed moisture of the summer. The evergreens for the same reason a less fixed and more unlimited time for flowering, and seem to their reproductive organs whenever the quantity of rain becomes ent for producing them besides maintaining the already existing 3. Among the great variety of evergreen forms of trees and 3, I shall here only mention as the most common several species ona; of Guttifene, such as CalophyUum Calaba and Clmia rosea; potace;e, such as Sideroxylon, Chrysopliyllum, Lucuma, and Di- ; of Rutaceaj, as Zanthoxylum and Tobinia ; of Lauracete, as Nec- I and Oi-eodoxylon, as well as many others, for the details of which to refer to the systematical part of my treatise. Others are pos- ttf aSriid roots by which to a£&x themselves to the stems of trees MtMnrenil species of Ficus; others again are vines, such as . Goaani% and Gissus. 10 FLOBA, OF ST. CSOIX AND THE TIBGIB ffiI.AHD8. Interspersed between these evergieens are seen varioas spedeatf arboreous plants with decidaous leaves, the miiuber ofwhidi, hovem, seldom is large enough to seriously change the general aspect of tt« forest as being uniformly greeu all the year round. The time for ghed- (liiig their foliage iu these forms is generally from January to Apil, most of tliem, as stated before, Suweriog precocioosly st this tiiiie,ii the moisture iu the ground is uot suflicieut to allow thwn to retWD tbrir foliage together with the producing of the flowers. It appears evidtnt that this is the reasou for the shedding of the leaves, ttom the fiict ab- sen'ed by me Id several species (such as Fucidia Erytkrina and othoijr that individuals which, from being too young or for some other reaM* do uot dower, do uot shed their foliage, but evidently find moistim euongh iu the soil to i-esist the drought, not having to spend thor resourees uu the production of dowers and fruits, as others of their kind. The most pronuuent among the trees and shrubs with a deddDoa foliage are ^poudia^i lutea, SchmideUa occidentals, the enormous Irit- dcttdrott an/ractuosum, Hura crepitans, Casearia ramiftora, Sabinea^rUt, aud si'voral othera, which uU more than the evergreens contribute tl«r slinrc to the fonuiugof a layer of leaf-mould under the taller forms. IK this layer is but scanty in most places, and from the want of it, asnO as from the dense shade produced by the evergreen trees and sbnH the minor tonus covering the ground arc comparatively scarce, n' chiefly conttm-d to some i*iperaeese, Acanthaces, and Graminec, « ■■■H as !i fi.y f.-riis and mo...Srs. ^iiumi- wliivl, n,:>n<„.;i:. ;»;J..„ir,i. fr/rii FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 11 The part of the island inhabited and cultivated by man of course rep- resents the least of interest in a phyto-geographical sense, as nature here has been modified and modelled according to the wishes and necessity of society to such an extent as to almost entirely obliterate its original efaaracter. As stated already, the principal object of cultivation is the sugar-cane, which, however, is cultivated on a large scale only in the two largest and most level of the isLands, Vieques and St. Croix, the others, viz. St Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda, having, with a few exceptions, long ago abandoned the cultivation of the cane as nnreniunerative, the two remaining of the larger islands, Culebra and Auegada, never having been appropriated to that purpose. Besides the cane, some Sorghum vulgare is also cidtivated in fields for herbage, the rest of the tilled soil being used for the planting of the common tropical vegetables, generally in small quantities, on patches of soil selected here and there. The commonest of these plants are Yam {Dio90orea alata and altis9ima\ Sweet Potato (Ipomcea Batatas), Okro (AMmoHcItus €8cul^nttut)j Tanier {Xanthosoma sagitUe/olium), Pigeon-pea (Cptkus Cajan)y Tomato, and Pepper {Capsicum), as well as some Cucur- bitacese, as Pumi)kin, Melon, and others. Along with these useful plants follow a great number of herbaceous aonuals, mostly cosmopolitan weeds, introduced after the settlement of the islands, and dependent on the continuous cultivation of the land, as without the clearing of the soil from shrubs and trees their existence would soon be terminated by the stronger arboreous species, which would deprive them of the necessary light and air. Thus, much against his wish, man favours the propagation of innu- neruble weeds, which in their short period of vegetation produce seeds Miough to secure their continuance on the land notwithstanding the efforts to exterminate them by frequent weeding. Among the com- inontjst of these forms are some Labiatoe (Leonurus sibiricus, Lconotis ^tpetvfolUiy and Leucas martinicensis), Argemone mexicana, Trihulus max- waw, Boerhaavia erecta and paniculata, and especially many grasses and 8e where, and, on account of its long creeping rhizoma, Nieitenniiiable. iQar fozitiS to these are seen growing along roads and ditches, espe- ^Lagomiiiossdy as Grotalaria, Desmodium, Phaseolus, Clitoria, 12 FLOIU OF ST. CBOIX AND TBE VtBOtK IBLAHD8. Centrosema,TeramDiiB,Tigna,BbyDcho8ia,aiKl others; glasses, as !#■ pago, Aristida, Sporobolus, Eleusine, DactyloGteiiinm, and Eiagnwti*; or Synan tberese, as ElepLaotopus, DistreptUB, Bidens^aud Pectis. Wliiltt all tliese latter forms flower during the greater part of tlie year, tbe btaa- tifiil Convolvulaceie, such as Ipomosa faatigiata, NU, umftellata, ^itttcla, violacea, aud others, are in blossom ouly during tbe winter months, tttm December to February. lu some places that are moist enough, sedges and semi-aquatic plantf will be seen growing ; in a few rivulets which contain water all the jeai round, and which are limited to Vieques and St. Oroix, a few aqaadi forms occur, such as Eckinodorus cordi/oliua, Lemna minor, TjipAa an gualifolia, and Xymphtca ampla. The pastures, which occupy a considerable extent of tbe laud, an either artificial, — planted with Guineargrasa {Pantcum maxintHM), i perennial plant, and, like most of the cultivated W«;st India plants, io troduced from the Old World, — or natural, covered with various fonnsa indigenous Gramineae as well as low shrubs and trees, that have eon tinually to bo cleared away to prevent the land becoming overrun hj them. The artificial pastures as a rule are fenced in, and often protect^ against the dry season by the plautingofTbibet-trees{jic(u»aX«^ir),iM)ii commonly naturalized everywhere; the natural ones, on the contrai^', an generally opeu and abandoned to the cattle, whilst the artificial cues art cut regularly, and the stock is not allowed to enter them. Tbe grasses composing the natural pastures are several species offa FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIROIN ISLANDS. 13 muniSj Datura Metel and Stravianium, Euphorbia pilulifera^ heterophylla^ and kt/perici/oliay Mirabilis jalapa, Jatropka curms^ Cassia occidenialiSy and especially several kinds of Sida and Abutilon as well as some other Malvacese. The four formations mentioned above are usually found only on the larger islands, the smaller ones, from their limited size, generally pos- mm^ chiefly the littoral and shrubbj' only. The island of Anegada, although being one of the larger ones, yet from its structure and the nature of its soil, seems to be chiefly covered by a vegetation composed of the plants of the sandy shore, besides some of the trees and shrubs following the settlement of man in these regions. Sir E. Schomburgk, who has given a description of the island in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1832, asserts that the island possesses several in- teresting s|)ecies of plants, among others a peculiar kind of Croton. As, however, I have not been able to procure the work referred to above, I am not prepared to say which those species are, and they arc not men- tioned by Prof. Grisebach in his Flora of the British West India Islands. Although, as stated above, the general character of the flora both in St Croix and the Virgin Islands, considered as a whole, is essentially the same and distinctly West Indian, yet, in looking more closely into det^tils, we are soon struck by finding Ji great many species in the one ^hich are not fi)und in the other. This is thef more remarkable, as from a geographical and eliniatical i)oint of view the physical condi- tions must l>e said to be niatoriallv identical. In referring to the list of i)lants given at the end of my treatise it will ^ seen that out of a number of 881 indigenous phanerogamous species noWss than 215, or c. i,are found in the Virgin Islands only, whilst 1)8, oral)out ^, occur only in St. Croix, thus leaving only 508, or less than J» in common to both. As may be expected from the general character of littoral vegetation, thm» ait> vevy few species which are not found on both sides of the d(»ep ^•hanncl s(»parating St. Croix from its northern neighbours, the i)riiiclpal ^'xception being Baceharis dioka^ which only occurs in St. Croix, and ^fjletCM DonunrjensiJt, found by me only in the Virgin Islands. Some greater difference is found in tbe dry shrubby formation, where •■*«»] very common plants, such as Euphorhiu peiiolaris^ Acacia sar MamWaria nitosay and others, are to be seen in the Virgin Isl- ninrix having to itself a few less common species, such as 14 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBeiir ISLAMINI It is, however, in fhe fbrest vegetation, whioh beifc original flora of the islands, that the greatest and most Tuied ences are observed, showing especially the great variBtgr of q^eeisB the Virgin Islands which are not all foond in St. Cioix, and which are many of the commonest and most generally distribotod Belonging to St. Croix alone are comparatively taw and ran chiefly some Bhamnaceae, viz, Maytenus dasodendrotdes and IBisjgfim reticulatusj Catealneaparvifhra^ Beloperone nemcraBOy JRsfilJei DomvuttMk^ Buxus VahUij and XTrera elata. All these fbrms occor only in a flMr localities, and are of no importance to the general character of vq^ tion, as is the case on the Virgin Islands with many of the toXknriaig' species that are fonnd on them, bnt not in St. Croix. It wonld be too mnch to mention all the different species here, for which I b^ to idkr to the appended list and tabular statement. I shall only ennmeratat few of the most interesting, especially If alpighiaoesD (as BgnanimM Iticidaj Maipighia Cnida and angu9tffolia)j Bntacesa {Pilooarpm$ racm^ 8USj Tobinia ^ptfuwo, Xanthoxylum ockrowjflum)^ Legominoses (AiMMi fiaridoy Pictetia aristatOj Sesbania sericeaj and Aeaeia nnd^fhra)^ apA SapotacesB {Sapota Sideroxylan). Among Monocotyledones are to b^ mentioned Arthrostylidivm capillifolium^ Rhynchospora pusUUij Dioicor^ pilosimciilaj Catopm nutanSj and several Orchids. Several of these plants grow more or less gregariously, thus becoming cbaracteristksi^ to the formation. Among these are Maipighia Cniday Reynosia latifof-i-^ Acacia midijlora, Sabinea Jlorida, and several species of Pilea, most ?' them being very common, and even generally used for domestic poses. • Besides these species, entirely wanting in St Croix, the Islands possess several that are very common, or at least not uncomm- on them, but which occur but very rarely in St. Croix, such as Thrin argenteaj RondeUtia pilosa, Faramea odoratissima^ Miconia angustifol'^^^ Mimosa Ceratoniaj and others, and most of which I have not found ir'^^' self in the latter island, but only found labelled with St. Croix as habi^:^*^ in the Copenhagen herbarium, so that an error in some cases at lec^*^ may be not at all impossible. However great are the differences in the flora on the two groups ^^ islands, yet this interesting fact is not due to their possessing endeirr^^i^ species, as all the plants known as growing on them are also found '^ other West India islands, especiUly Porto Hico, whence the vegetati^*^* of both the Virgin Islands and St^ Croix seems to be derived. Thus * FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 1«5 ily to different periods of immigration under varied physical ons that we must ascribe the remarkable discrepancies in the those apparently homogeneous islands. Some few si)ecies, it is ■e indeed given in my list as having been found only in the Vir- mds, such as a few Cacteae, Vemonia ThamcBj and the new species ed by me on the present occasion. But as long as Porto Rico, and even Cuba, ar6 still insufficiently explored, it may very well doubtfid whether those species do not also occur in one or sev- them, just as several Cuban plants, described as endemical in land by Prof. Grisebach, have been found by me to occur not at •equently in the Virgin Islands and St. Croix, such as Arthrosty- capiUifoliunij Reynosia laUfoliay and R, mucronata, ly thus be confidently asserted that both the groups in question ^rived their stock of plants from the neighbouring larger island of Rico. The question that remains to be solved is merely why ley not all received the same species, and particularly why is it ^ Croix, although the largest of all, has received a comparatively •solutely much less number of species than for instance the far St. Thomas f be explanation of these interesting facts we have no doubt to the geological history of the islands, as the conditions for immi- over sea, even if possible to all the species, are essentially the i both groups, and therefore give no solution of the problem in D. thus led to think that at a former period all the West India have been connected mutually, and perhaps with a part of the an continent also, during which time the plants in common to islands, as well as to the West Indies and the continent, have ed themselves over their present geographical areas, at least as hey are not possessed of i)articular faculties for emigration over • By a subsequent volcanic revolution, St. Croix, as well as f the other islands, has thereafter been separated from Porto d the Virgin Islands, and put into its present isolated position, t seems to have retained ever since, whilst the latter group of has either still for a long period remained in connection with Hco, or, if separated at the same time from it as St. Croix, has, Jier revolution, been again connected with the former. N now found in the Virgin Group, but not occurring in St. h«V6 immigrated into the former from Porto Bico 16 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBQIN JSLiAHDS. after tlie Keparatiou of St. Croix from tbe latter, and immigration wonH finally have ceased liy the sf-paration between tliem, as it exiats at tbe present i)eriod. Thns, the plants found in the Virgin Islands, hnt nx in St. Croix, would seem to have been more recently created in tht probable centre of vegetation, Porto Rico, or some other of the larger As- tilles ; tbe endemic ones, as iu the other islands also, being the yonngot of all, not having been formeil till after the complete separation between the islands had been effected. This latter suggestion, which perit^V' seems contradictoi'y to the general accepted theoiy of consideriog tibe endemic forms on oceanic islea as the remnants of the oldest originil vegetation,' appears to be conflnucd bj- tbe fact that even on soA' recent formations as the Bahamas, which have as yet been but i^lpe^< fectly explored, already no leas than eighteen endemic species bavt- bea discovered.) The supposition that the islands may have been separated fVoin ' beginning, and have received their floras through immigration ova' sea, is sufficiently confuted, partly by the great number of species a men to them all, ivhich clearly indicates the connection in foniier til with a larger eoniitiy, partly by the eircumstance that most of the tfH oies common to the islands are in do wiiy better adapted for migntil 6ver tbe water than those peculiar to the Virgin Islands only ; in but few of them apparently possess the faculty of crossing salt-v even for a limited distance. SiqipiisiTLi,^ tbe tlipnry of a ]irfiloiip'ed or nftencr repented connei FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN IRLANDS. 17 Others being only imprtfect. Without expecting too nmcli froin tliia cireomstanoe, yet I feel eonfldent tliat not few of the St. Croix plants, apparently wanting in the Vii'giu group, may, by closer research, still ht discovered growing there on some of them, whilst, on the other hand, I am eipially confident that none, or scarcely any, of the Virgin Islands' qiecies wanting in St. Croix will be found in the latter island. It may furthermore be observed that scaix^ely an^- of the St. Croix species which I have given as being absent from the Virgin group ar<^ common or widely distributed over the island, and so are not possessed of any great faculty for conquering ground in the struggle for exist- ence, for which reason some of them may not have been able to gain admmsion on the much smaller surface of the Virgin Islands, or, having obtaiiicil a footing, they may have lost it again by the later immigra- tt)ii of other species, now peculiar to the group compared \Wth St^ Croix, ttnny of which, as will be remembered, are gn^garious, and gifted with Bieat facility- for exf^anding themselves. A very few si>ecies form an exception as to the limited distribution in Bt Croix, Bttchariis Yahliij Cordia albaj and ^(jipJdla marimicenMs^ oc- mning rather frequently in the island, but having as yet not been found Mall in the Virgin group, although they occur in si^veral others of the ^est India islands. I am not prepared to give a satisfactoiy explana- kion of this fact at the i)resent moment; but such isolated exc^i)tions will Oo doubt always be met with in the explanation of gcMieral phenomena, fcal mast i)robably a more thorough investigation of vegetable biology •ill at a future day afibnl a satisfactory explanation of such appai-- ^Btly inconsistent facts. In drawing the necessary consequen<;es of the above stated theory for Explaining the geogi*apliical eck, Duchassaing, Si'lioD*' burgk, riee, Wydler, Orsted, Krebs, and Eggers in the i)resent FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 19 e following list of plants from St. Croix and the Virgin Islands 3d on my own collections and the publications or collections of other iistS| comprises 1013* species of phanerogamous and vascular cryp- Qons plants, of which 881 are indigenous and 132 naturalized, those ly cultivated being added in brackets after each family, determining the species I have, besides consulting the more im- nt general systematical works on botany, as much as possible fol- L Pro£ Orisebach's standard work on the Flora of the British West Islands, to which I therefore beg to refer when no other authority en. Synonymes and references to other authors are given only ) it was thought desirable to supplement the Flora of Grisebach in espect. the specific names of plants I have added only such statements as >t given in Grisebach's work, — as local name, time for flowering, ical use, as well as descriptive remarks, where my own observation ) a difference from* the description given in the flora mentioned •>• referring to Schlechtendal, or the herbarium of the Copenhagen am, I have used the abbreviations SchL and Hb. Havn. ; in quoting or Schlechtendal, their respective works on St. Croix and St. AS, mentioned above, are understood to be referred to. «ial localities for habitats are given only where a plant is rare, or events uncommon ; otherwise the island alone is mentioned. ) expression, '^All islands,'' is meant to imply that the species is . both in St. Croix and the Virgin group, without necessarily mean- > say that it occurs in every island of the latter. somming up the statistical results from my list of species, nearly ame conclusions with regard to the most numerous families are id at as those given in Prof. Grisebach's Geogr. Verbr. der Pflanzen indiens, p. 73, for the Caribbean Islands. ) proportion between Mono- and Dicotyledonous plants indigenous Aturalized is 1:5.8, in the indigenous ones alone 1:4.9, thus show- le plurality of the recently introduced plants to have been Dicoty- oas. The proportion mentioned in the plants indigenous to the la is somewhat lower than stated by Grisebach, as cited above, to 3 role in the West Indies, where it is given as 1:4, indicating, no ^Uiat the climate of St Croix and the Virgin Islands is less moist i of tiie West Indies in general. Boi. p. 1274) gives to St. Thomas as the probable irambor of * "«7 litl shows aboat 900. 20 FLOEU. OF dT. CBOIX AMD THE TIBQUT I8LAHD8. Tahk tiotting the dUMhution of Iht Indigemnu Spedei oj Pkantr^ffamtt aai Crj/lt, ViuenlaTt* in St. Croix a»d the Firgin Itlatida. b h s A.— UlCOITI-EDOSBS. ' Craclf<» ■ ; 1 1 rLOBA. OF ST. CBOIZ AND THE YIROm ISLAND& 21 ing ike dUinbrntian of the Indigenous Species of Phanerogamof and Cryptogamm Vaeemlaree in St. Croix and Hm Virgin Islands — Contiuued. ril-May. A middle-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests on B Virgin Islands. . C. frocdosa, Jacq. (v. Bat-bean). FL Feb.-May. Seeds very poisonous. Common in forests. — ^All ands. . Itfcrisonia americana, L. n) and 13) subpeltata, Oris, in litt. FL May-Oct A considerable-sized tree, a) all islands; /?) leaves bpeltate St. Croix (Spring Gut). BIXACEiE. . Bixa OreUana, L. (v. Boucon). Fl. June-July. The red i)igment of the fruit was generally used by e Caribs for anointing the whole bodj^ (Du Tertre). Naturalized in rests. — St. Croix (Crequis, Wills Bay); St. Thomas (Crown). . TriUz cracis, Griseb. FL April-June. Stipules very variable. Petals always abortive in fjOMcimens. A low tree or shrub. Uncommon in forests. — St. Croix IfliTy Mt Eagle); St. Thomas (Flag Hill); St Jan (Cinnamon 26 PLOEA OF HT. CROIX AND THE VIBGIK ISLANDS. 30. Oaseaiia sylveatiia, Sw. Fl. Jau^Feb. aod May-July. Seed corered by a rod arillus. Co» mou in forests and tbickets. — AH ialanda. 31. C. patrifolia, VT. u) anil ^) microoarpa. Egg. Fl. JIarcb-July. Flowers odorous. Stamens alternately of equal lengtb. Not uncommon in forests. A low tree. — a) Virgin Mandf; ^) fmit small, 2'" diam., St. Croix. 32. C. ramiflora, Yulil. i:). Fl. Jan.-Feb, and July-Aug. Pedicel articulate below the midiUfc AriUus fibrous. Common in forests. — All islands. 33. Samyda glabtata. Sw. Fl. June. Puire, iu thieketaon liigbest hill-tops.— St. Thomas (Ciomi, uo(y). 34. S. BCrmlata, L. Fl. Feb,-3Iay. Flowers odorous, precocious. Pedicels articuluted il tbo middle. Leaves of young radical shoots linear. Conunon in tlwti' ets. — All islands. VIOLACCS. 35. lonidiom atrlctum. Vent. Fl. all tho year rounil. Flower matuUne. Rather uncommon in il- suixjs of rocks iu thickets. — St. Ci'ois ; Water Island. . TAinARICACE.C FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIROIN ISLANDS. 27 and covered on the outer side with fleshy papillse. Fruit l-seeded by aboTtion. Oregarious along roadsides in dry localities, but uncom- mon.— St Thomas (Bovoni). CAB¥0PH¥I.I.ACEJE:. L PAROXYCmACEiE. 4X Drymazia oordata, W. /3) diandra. FL May-June. In moist localities in the shade. Bare. — St. Croix (Spring Garden). 42. Cyx)«elea hmniftiaa, Tarp. FL July. Gregarious around a small fresh- water lagoon. Bare. — T^ater Island. IL MOLLUGIXEiE. 491 MoUngo vertioUlata, L. FL Aug. Leaves often fleshy. On ro(?ky shores. Bare. — Buck Isl • and, near St. Thomas. 44. IC. ondioatiUfly Lam. Fl. Sept.-Dec Not uncommon in moist localities. — St. Croix; Buck Island near St Croix; St. Thomas. in. PORTULACE^. 45. TaUnum triangulare, W. PL all the year round. Flower open till 11 A. M. Sepals of unequal ^e. The large one l-ribbed, the smaller one 3-ribbed. Petals often Xellow (as represented in* Jacq. Stirp. Americ. 1. 135). Bather uncom- mon. On rocks near the seashore. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. *^- T. patena, W. Pi. all the year round. Flower open from 3 P. M. till sunset Petals P^e red or yellow (Bot. Mag. 1. 1543). Boot tuberous. Here and there ^ rocky situations. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. ^^- Portnlaca oleracea, L. (v. Purslane), a) macrantha, ,3) micrantha, Egg. 1^1. the whole year. Flower open till 10 A. M. a) brownish, 6 petals, ^^ Uiany as 25 stamens, corolla G"' diam. p) green, 4 petals, 10-12 sta- ^^lis, corolla 3"' diam. Both varieties common along roadsides and in ^iKMi spots. — All islands. 9. qoadrifida, L. (Mant. 78). St. all the year round. Petals 4, yellow, 2'" long. Flower open from "*- -«\. M. till 3 P. M. Leaves opposite, clasping together towards even- ^C* A common weed in gardens and along roads. — ^All islands. 28 FLOEA, OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANC8. 49. P. pUoaa, L. n. all tlie year roand. Ofttti iiearly glabrous. Boots tubewus. Petals led or yellow, large. Corollii up to IC" diaiu., open ouly liU 9 !!. m. Seeds dark brouu. Leaves adpressing themsches doimward lo the stein towards eveiiiug. ^ot uncommon. Along ditcbes and in grass-fields. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. 50. P. baUmoldes, L. Fl. .Tnu(-Dee, Common along roadside.s and among rockSr-St. Croix; St. Thomas. 51. SeBuvium poitulaoastmm, L. (v- liay-flonor). Fl. all the year round. Sepals rosy inside. Common on eandf shores. — All islands. 03. Tiianttieina monoeTiiuni, L. Fl. all the year round. Bitmchea always originating iu the aril rf the smaller leaf, SiameJis 7-17. Sepals and stamens rosy or wbilt Coinmoo on roeky shoies. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. S3. Malvastrum splcatnm, Oris. (v. Hullo w-atock). Fl. all the year round. Flower expanding in the afternoon. Vaj variable. A common weed aloug roads and in fields. — All islands. 7L0RA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 29 M. fllda Jamaioeniiit L. FL Dec^Mareh. Flower expanded till 9 A. M. Calyx shorter than the ooiolla. In grass-fields and thickets. Often suffiratescenfc, (y high. Common^ — ^AIl islands. 19. & Bplnofla, L. a), P) angnsttfoUa, Lam., and y) polycaipa, Egg. FL Sept-March, j') sufBrutescent, 4' high. Pedicel as long as the irhole leaf. Pistils, ovaries, and carpids always 12. a) and fi) common tn grass-fields and pastures, y) near rivulets. — All islands. 60. 8. rbombiibUa, L. (▼. Swart Mar^n). y) retusa. FL Dec-March. Petals showing a purple blot at the base. Com- Dum in waste places. — ^All islands. 61 B. tristii, Schlecht. (Linntea, iii, 271). St. Thomas (Schl.). 62. 8. aiiplna, L'Her. a) glabra and /3) piloaa, Egg. FL Nov.-March. Two very distinct forms : a) in shady, moist places ; ^ in dry localities. Not uncommon in thickets and forests. — All islands. 63. 8. argnta, Cav. (not S. arguta^ Sw., as stated in Grisob. Syst. Unters. p. 31) St Croix (West, 297); St Thomas (SchL). N. 8. nexToaa, DC. a) and P) vlacoaa, Egg. FL Dec.-April. P) viscous and glandular pilose. Petals reddish; i^istils red. Not imcommon along roads and ditches. — All islands. te. 8. acuminata, DC. a) macrophyUa and P) microphylla. St Thomas (Schl.). " In locis siccis.'' ^. 8. cordilblia, L. p) althasfolia, Sw. FL March. Here and there along roads. — St. Croix (West, 207); St. taa (Bethania). (7. 8. hnmilia, W. (T) Cav. St. Thomas (SchL). " In locis umbrosis.'^ ^ Abatflon i>exiplccifoUnxn, G. Don. a) and /?) albicans, carpids S-ovnlate. Fl. all the year round. Seeds dimorphous. The two seeds in the mperior cell glabrous^ the one in the inferior silky, a) not uncommon ■obg roads. P) uncommon. — St. Croix (a and /?); St. Jan (/^). • umbeUatiun, 8w. *Ofaielu Seeds cordate^ brown. Not very common in open, 30 FLORA. OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 70. A. indlcum, G. Don (t. Malioe). □) nnd jl) asiatJcnm. Fl. all tlie year rouml. Flower espaMdi.id after 3 P. M. only. Both forms common along loads and on waste jtlitcea. — St. Crois ; St. TbwniB. 71. A. UEnOBtua, Rli-h. (v. Munb-uiulloir). Fl, Nov.-3Iay. Flower expanded during the afternoon only, 8(«d< intgulurly triangular, vcrrucoae, grey. — St, Croix. 72. BaBtardia xdacoia, Ktli. a). ]■'!. all the year round. Flower expanded during the afternoon onlj. Onmmoit along roa^ls and iu dry localities. — All islands. 73. Malaobra capitata, L. a) and ji) aloeffoUa, Jaoq. Fl. Dec.-Alareb. Flower expanded only till 2 P. M. Along ditdta luid ill nioJBt places. a)rathercominoD; ^)lesscommou, — Allislandi. 74. M. nreiu, Foit FL April. Petals yellow, puberuloua externally. Seeds smootU, si* brous. Uucouimon ou Wiisle places. — St, TUomafi (western aiiore of tlm liorboiir). , 75. Urepn lobata, L, a) ameiicaoa. n. Nov.-Juiie. Flower expanded till 10 A. M. In foreata.— St Cnil (mre; Prosperity on tlie north coast); St. Thomas; St. Jan (not » common). 76. PnTonla splolfex, Cnv, 1'!. Oiit.-Dec. liatlier common in thickets and forests, — All FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIRGIN ISLANDS. 31 12. S. Sabdaiiffii, L. (v. Red Sorrel). FL Oct-NoT. Leaves used as a vegetable. Calyx at length fleshy, ised for lemonade. Cultivated and naturalized here and there. — St !/ioix; St. Thomas. 13. H.phoBiiioeiU| Jacq. FL Sept-March. Bather common in thickets, especially near dwell- Qgs. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. t4. H.braaUleiisia, L. St Croix (West, p. 298) 15. Goflsyplam barbadense, L. (v. Cotton-tree), a) and /3). FL all the year round. Down stellate. Common in dry localities, formerly cultivated. — ^All islands. 16. O. vltifolinm, Lam. Naturalized in St. Thomas (Sclil.), perhaps from having been cultivated n former times. ^7. Paxitiiim tUiaoeum, A. Jobs. (v. Muhoc). FL Oct-3Iarch. Bark employed as rope. Along coasts, but rare. — It Croix (West, p. 297) ; St Thomas (Sehl.) ; St Jan (Fish Bay). tB. ThespoBia popnlnea, Corr. (v. Otabeite Tree). FL all the year round. Yery easily pnipagated by cuttings. A shady fee with verj' hard wood. Naturalized and cultivated everywhere, espe- ially in moist localities. All islands. All Malvaceae are protandrous. [Cultivated species: Althce rosea, L. (v. Hollyhock); Hibiscus rosa- inensiSy L. (v. Chinese rose); and H. imUahiliSj L. (v. Changeable Hibis- OS).] BOMBACEiE. 9. AdaDSonia digitata, L. (v. Guinea Tamarind). PL June-July. Leaves deciduous in March-April. The acid pidp of lie fruit used for lemonade. Naturalized in wooded valleys. — St Croix E^posperity; Crequis); St. Thomas. O. Briodendron anfraotaosum, DC. (v. Silk-cotton-tree). FL Feb.-April. Leaves deciduous March-ApriL Stem growing to Imense size. Common in forests. All islands. atmliiiMta, Sw. : GaidoD, Werty p. 298). 32 PLOBA. OP BT. CROIX AND THE VIEOIN ISLANDS. 92. Helloteras jamaloeaBis, Jnc:<[. Fl. March-Aag. Siiiral of caqiids 2J. Common iu thickets.— All islands. BiiTTNEBIACEJE. 93. Ouazama ulmlfolla, Livin. (v. Jnc-hoss CaUln}. Fl. April-June. Wooii used for oars. Not nucommoD in pasbm*— St-Crois; St. Thomas. 94. Tboobroma Cacao, L. (v. Coroa-tTOc). n. Jiiuo. Xatiuulized in sliady valleys. — St Croix (Prosperi^i Mount Stewart). 95. Ayenia pusUIa, L. n. all the year round. FIowbtb often transformed into a bollov monstrosity by the larva of a wasp. Fruit muricate. In thickets, ct nion. — All ii^IaudK. 96. Melochria pyramldata, L. Fl. all the year round. Common iu postnies. — St. Croix. 97. M. totnentosa, L. (v. Brouni-woocl). FL AH the year round. Calyx toinentoee, greyiali white. )itt6rsi>erse'o\'.-.Iuly, Common in pastuies and along roads. — All isliii FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 33 505. Griseb. Fl. p. 97, does not mention them, as he does in C. oUto- 119, neither does the figure in Wight's Icoiies, iii, t. 739, show them in lis species. From observations made by me on C. acutangulxis^ as well s on C. hirtuSj such bristles on the lower serratures of the leaves are ot 10 specific value in this genus, being a variable feature. In gardens and near dwellings, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. 105. C. sUiquosnti L. (v. Papa-lolo). Fl. Nov.-July. Leaves used as a vegetable (Calalu). Along roads and in pastures, common. — All islands. 106. C. hirtu8» L. R. June-Sept. Two lowest serratures of the leaves sometimes show- ing one or two setaceous bristles. In gardens and along roads, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St Thomas. 107. C. hinatu8» L. Fl. all the year round. Hairs of the stem scabrous. On sandy shores, common. — ^^\11 islands. TEBNSTBOMlACEiE. 108. T«rD8trdmia eUiptica, Sw. FL Feb.-April. Tlie two bracts at the base of the persistent calyx ^ to be considered as such (Swartz, Flora Ind. Occ. p. 9G1; DC. Prodr. 'iP.o23; and Ilook. & Benth. Genera Plant, i, p. 182), and not as sepals (^^riseb. Fl. p. 10.3) on account of their being deciduous, but the sepals ^^t. Tlie number of ovules in my specimens are about twenty' in each ^^l (Hook, and Benth. 1. c. ascribe to the genus only two, rarely three ^^ six, in each cell ; Grisebach 1. c. only two to four. In the Catal. Plant, ^^b. p. 36, Griseb. mentions, however, a variety of T. ohovaliSy Ricli., ^'th ten to thirteen ovules in each cell.) Sepals rosy, flowers fragrant ^ forests on high hills, rare. — St. Croix (Mai-oon ITill, 900'); St. Jan ^oideaux Hill, 1200'). OIJTTIFEB^. ^- Clnsia rosea, L. (v. Chiggt^r-applcO. ^1. May-Sept. Aerial roots as much as 20' hmg, supporting the *«3g trees on rocks or other trees. In forests. — St. Croix (rare. Wills N' ); Virgin I.slands (not uncommon). ^- C. alba, L. (v. Wild Mamoy). "'^ Croix (West, i). 312). Probably a mistake for the first named B. BnlL Nat Mus. Ko. 13 3 34 FLORA. OF ST. CEOIZ AND THE TISOIN Z8LAHD0. 111. Mammea amerlcaiia, L. (v. Mamey). FI. Feb. and later in Aug. Frait geaerally ODe-seeded, eatsA Common in forests and planted along roads.— All islands. 113. Calopbyllum Calaba. Jocq. (t. Santo Uaria). Fl. May-July. In forests along rivulets. — St. Croix (common in t nortbeni part of the island); St. Thomas (rare). CANELLACEiC. 113. CaoeUa alba. Murr. (v. Whito-bark). Fl. Jan.-April. Berry dark crintaou. Leaves used in warm batlis : rbcumatism. On sandy sliores and in forests. — All islands. EBTTHIU>K¥LACE.S:. 114. EiytbToxylam ovatam, Cav. (v. Wild Chen;, Brisselet). Fl. April-Sept. Precocious. Branches, as a rule, transformed b brachy blasts. Common in thickets. — All islands. {E. areolatum, West, p. 280, and E. brevipcs, Bert«ro in Sclilecbi F rula, are, no doubt, mistakes for the species mentioned above.) n A LPIGHI ACE.X. lis. BTTSonlma sploata, Bich. FJ. July-Aug. In forests, rare.— St. Croix (Parasol HUl); St Hon ^Signal nUl); St. Jan (Bordeaux). 116. B.laclda, Rich. FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIEOIN ISLANDS. 35 II. M. Colda, Spreng. (Nene Entdeck. iii, 51). FL Jane-Sept. Along roads and in thickets, not uncommon. — St. an; Water Island; Yieqnes. i2. IC. ancnstlfolia, L. FL June-Oct. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^Water Island; Vieques. L23. BtigmaphyUon periplooifoUum, Joss. R all the year round. Samarse red. In thickets, common. — ^All Blands. 124. Hetexopterla purpurea, Kth. R all the year round. Common in hed^^es and thickets. — ^AU islands. J5. a parvifolia, DC. (v. Bnn Vis). R all the year round. As common as the preceding species. — ^AU diiDds. SAPINDACEJC. 2€i Cardiospermiim HaUcacabum, L. (v. BaUoon-vino). R Scpt.-March. Rather common in thickets and near dwellings.*— it Croix; St. Thomas. 21. C. microoarpum, Kth. R Jan.-March. In thickets, rare. — St. Croix (Spring-gut); St Jan Euigheit). m 28. Seijanla Inclda, Schum. (v. White Vis, Cabiite rotting). R. Dec-June. Stem used as rope. Common in thickets. — All isl- nds. — (Paullinia curassavica. West, p. 281, is no doubt a mistake for his species.) 29. Capania folva. Mart. R January. In forests, not uncommon. — ^Virgin Islands. •30. Sapicdtui inaBqualia^ DC. (v. Soap-seed). R Dec-Jan. Seeds used for ornaments. In forests along ri\nilet8. ^ot uncommon. — St. Croix. 41. ScbmideUa occidentaU;;, Sw. R May-Sei)t. Not uncommon in forests, especially in St. Croix. — Ui islands. bijaga, L. (v. Keneppy tree). ■-.Iuly. Common iu tliickets. — All islands. {Guarea trkbUioidev, Jacq., said to ucciir in St. Croix (West, p. 281 )t eeems toioio rather doubtful.) 136. Swieteola MahagOQi, L. (t. Mahngan^^), Fl. April-June. In wooded valleys and'nlong roa4ls and dwelliuff"^' Hot unL'ommon. — St, Croi.t ; St. Thomive. GEBANIACE^. [OultivatiKl occur several spei-ics of Gei-anium, L'Her., and Pelarg*^^ niiun, JVHer.j BALSAiniNACE.<«. 137. Balaamina bortansls, Desp. (v. Lndy-alippers). Fl. all the year round. Naturalized everywiiere in §anlen|. Seed-* often germinating in the capsule. — All islands. AVBANTIACE^. 138. Cltnu medlca, L. a) (v. Citruu). 0) UmoDum, Risso (r. Lime). Fl. April-May. a) naturalized, but rare, in gardens. H) natoraliwdj common in gardens and near dwellings, altwi in forests. — All IslandB. 139. C. AataDtintii, L. u) (v. Orange}. /}) Blgaiadia, Diih. (v. Seville Orange). Fl. May-July, Both fonns oaturalized iu gardens, especiaOy «^- Common iu St, Croix ; rare in St, Thomas and St. Jan, where the spe**** is said to have died out nearly, Irom disease. — (Mentioned also ^^ Breutel, London Journal of Botany, ii,) 140. C. bnxlfolla, Padr. (v. Forbiddeo Fruit), Fl. July. Naturalized iu a few i)lace8, — St. Croix; St Thomas. 141. C. decnmana, L. (v. Shaddock). FL Jaly-Aug. Fruit used for preserves, jratiirn.li?:ed in St. Croix ; St Thomas. FL0S4 OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. 87 %a. Tripharia trilbUata, DC. (v. Sweet Lime). PL April-June. Katuralized in thickets and near dwellings. Com- mon in all the islands. [Cultivated species: Murraya exotica^ L. (v. Cyprian), and Cookia ptrnctoto, B^tz.] OXAJLIDACEJB. 143. Oxalis Martiana, Zncc. R May-Aug. Naturalized in gardens on all the islands. 144. 0. oomictilata, L. /?) microphyUa, Poir. Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in fields. — St. Croix ( Annally) j 8t Thomas. Z¥OOPH¥I.I.A€EJE:. 145. TribaluB clatoides, L. Fl. all the year round. Along roads and in open spots, gregarious. — 8t Croix (in the easternmost part of the island only). 146. T. maximtui, L. (v. Ccutlpee-root, Loiiglo). FL all the year round. Stamens alternately of equal length. The thole plant is used in baths against boils. A very common weed along iwds and in waste places. — All islands. 147. Gaajacam officinale, L. (v. Lignum vitte, PockcDliolt). n. March-April. Common in former times, but now nearly exter- iiinated. On the seashore and in forests, rare. — All islands. BUTACEiE. 148. PUocarpus racemosus, Vali]. Fl. Feb.-March. Leaves undivided, 3-foliate or impari-pinnate in the same si)ecimen (as st.ated in Hook. & Benth. Genera, i, 299, and Fl. BrasiL lasc. 65). Inflorescence terminal and axillary. A low tree. In Swests, rare. — St. Jan (KingsLill, 1000') ; Vieques (Eavn in Hb. Havn.). iSpecimen from Montserrat in Hb. Ha\Ti. also named P. laurifolius^ rahL) MS. Tofaiiiia punctata, 6r. PL Sept. Leaves often pinnate. Dots on the leaves i)ellucid. In hickets, not uncommon. — St. Croix. 50. T. spinosa, Desv. FL May-June. Leaflets prickly on i\i(t principal nerves on both sides, BttiDg 2 stipular prickles at the base. Cari>ids 3 (2-1) globose, with a Mk, black, vemicose, 3'" long. Seeds black, shining. Rare in L TBomas (Flag IIUl, 600"). 38 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE TIBQIH I8USD8. 151. Fagaxa miorqAylla, Deat (t. Bungoftt-baib) (F. tragtdm, Jaaq.bi'WtlL.'Ji ~Fi. June-Dec. Dots of the leaves iiellucid. The whole plant Lus strong smell. Not imcommon in thickets. — St. Croix ; Buck Islaiid, near St. Croix. 133. Santtiozyliiin ClaTa-Heroalia, L. (t. Wbite Pritklc). Fl. April-Jiiue, Aculei corky, 6'" long, gi-eyish, with a narrow brom point. In forests, not anconiinon. — All islands. 153. Z. Oanm, Valil (Nuturh. Sclsk. Skrift. vl, l;H, 1810) (v. Yellow SanAvr). Kot seen flowering. A fine timber-tree, used for furniture. Sot ni' eommoD iu foreata in fonner times, bat now nearly extinct. — St. Jan (Bordeaux Hills) (StCroixl St. Thomas?) (Blontserrut, Byan in ffi>. Havn.) ; Martiniquo (West in Hb. Havn.). 154. Z. Oohroxylum. DC (v. Tcllow PrickJe) l,Z. tinplki/oUtim, Vnhl in Hb. Hn«.l Fl. June-Sov. 9 Panicle 1" long ; pedicels J'" long, braft^wlt; H the base deeiduoos. Calyx 5-partite, J'" diam. Petals 5, imbricalf, white, 5'" long, pellucid-dotted. Style thick, |"' high ; stigmas am- gular. Ovaries 3 on a short gynophore. Cari>ids 3 (1-2) globose, th- ruc«se, partly dehiscent, IJ'" diam. Seed shining black. Stem anw with large corky aculei, often connected and forming long ridgea dofl tlie stem. Wood yellow. Tlie whole iilant is posses8eiown, reticulate with red veins, 2'^^ diam. Arillus tougli, white. A **hrub or middle-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests. — All islands. ^€5. ElaBodendron xylocarpum, DC. (v. Spoon-tree, Nnt Muscat). PL Sept.-Dec. Stamens often transformed, as in Maytenm eUcoden- ^i^es. Drupe orange-coloured, 8'" long. Common on rocky shores; ^ore uncommon in St. Croix. — All islands. ^66. Myginda paUens, Sw. Fl Oct.-May. Common in thickets, principally in marshy soil. — All 'elands. ^^^. M. latfroUa, Sw. St Croix (Pflug, sec Vahl Symb. Bot. ii, 32) ; St. Thomas (Schl.). - Sohaeffexla £nite8oen8» Jacq. ^X Sept-Dec. Common in thickets. — All islands. 40 FLOBA OF ST. CKOIX AND TH£ TIBOIH ISI.AXZ». RHAMNACEf . 169. HeyncMla latlfoUa, Griv. (Cut. PI. Cnb. 34) (v. Guama). Emend, in Sfpa, VidcUBkab, Mudil. fru Naturhist, Foreuing, Copenhagen, 187B, mm iEow,;. HI FI. June-July. Commou iu dry tliickets. — Yirgiu Islanda. 170. R. mocionata, Gris. (1. t.) (Eggcre, 1. c). Not seen flowering. liare in dry thickets near the cfOBi. — St Ciwi (easternmost part of the island, near Ta^e Bay). 171. OondaUa ferrea, GriH. (v. EddcD-wnod). FI. Sept.-Jan. Keel of the calyx -lobes foliaceons. Drupe otbI, %" long. Kot uncommon in thickets and forests. — All islaads. 173. Colubiiua fermgliioaa, Brongn. FI. Jon. and May-Julj'. A lev shrub. Common on saudy 8bore&- All islauds. 173. C. recllaata, Brongu. (v. Snakr-root, Wnliep-liark). j FI. Nov.-M[iith. Style 2-3-iiartite. Leaves used for the prepantillj )if stomachic tbiiiks. Not iinconinion in tliicketis. — All islands. 174. Zizypbus reticulata, DC. (Proilr. ii,90) (Pofivmi, Volil, E«l. Am. ui, Cl). J FI. July. Disc brownish. Capsule 3-locular, one aeed in each te^ ' B'" long, glabrous. Seeds purple j pulp reddish brown. !n ilij thickets, i-aic. — 9t, Croix (Fiiir Plain). 175. Gonania domiugecBlB, L. (y. Sc>ai)-Blii'){, SJlvi). FI. Oct,-.Tan, Stem used as rope. Common in thickets. — Ailislandi. FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 41 M. S. pmpAiaa, L. (y. Jamaica Plum). PL Feb.-March, precocious. Naturalized in gardens and wooded val- ?!y&— All islands. JSL Rhus antillana, Egg. (u.sp.)* Sect. Sumach. Leaves impari- pinnate ; leaflets 4-5-jugal, petiolulate, biDceolate, acuminate, obtuse at the base, entire, glabrous, ehartaceous ; veins prouiinulous beneath. Cyme ramose; branclilets bracteolate, equaUing the leaves. Flower pedicellate, small, green, 5-raerous, mostly ^, the rest hermaphrodite. Calyx and petals persistent in the fertile flower. Stamens erect, a little longer than the petals, inserted into a lenhy central disc ; filaments villous at the base. Ovary inserted upon a short fleshy gynophore. Drupe globose, glabrous, 1-seeded by abor- tion, A low tree. Approaching E. metopiunij L. Fl. Jan. In forests, rare.-^t. Thomas (Signal Hill, 14000 ; St. Jan (lib. Ilavn. as Xanthox- Fhm). (St. Croix, Stony-ground f ) 182. Comocladia ilicifoUa, Sw. (v. Prapra). FLMarch-May. Root containing a lasting red dye. Common on lime- stone.— All islands. > 183. Mangtfera indica, L. (▼. Mango- tree). R Feb.-April. Fruit edible. Introduced towards the close of last centwy, and now cultivated and naturalized everywhere. — ^All islands. 184. Anacardium cccldentale, L. (v. Casliow, Cherry). R Dec.-Ai)ril. Pedicel becoming fleshy, and cont^aining in abund- ance a slightly astringent juice. Seeds used as almonds. Common in forests and along roa THE TIBQIN ISLANDS. 1S9. ludigofera tlnctoiia, L. Ft Apiil-Aug. Cultivated in former times, bat nov only finnd wild or Dataralized. Common in dry localities. — All islands. 190. I. Anil. L. Fl all the year roond. The irliole plant is much attacked liy insecti Very common in dry thickets. — ^All islands. 19X. Tepbroala clserea, Pers. a) and /3) Utoralla, Pers. Fl. Feb.-June. Both fonns here and there in thickets.— All idaitdi. 192. Ctaoca oaxlbiea, Benth. St. Croix (Schl.)i St. Thomas (Gris. FL p. 183). 193. Cooraetia aiboiMi, Gris. St. Jan (Gris. Fl. p. 183). 194. Sabfsea flciriaa, DC. (v. Watorpanna). Fl. March-July. Precocious. Wood used for fisbpots. Gregariou Common in thickets and forests. — Tirgin Islands. (Cultivated in ft CrOLs.) 195. Plotetia eqaamaU, DC. (Prodr. ii, 314) (v. Fustic ). Fl. Juno. Flowering i>eriod only Q or C days. Branches in tiuHaJ tlie following species commonly transformed idto bracbyblasts. Cm mon in forests and thickets. — Virgin Islands. 196. P.arlstata, DC.(l.c.)(v.Fustic). Fl. Feb., March, and June-Aug. Bather common in thickets.— fir FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBGIN ISLAND& 43 202. Alysioaxpns vaginally DC. FL Nov.-Dec. Leaves very variable. Along roads, common. — All islands. S03. Desmodiam txiflomin, DC. FL Dec-Feb. Common near ditches and in moist localities. — All islands. 204. D. inoanom, DC. FL Oct-Jan. Common in pastures. — ^All islands. 205. D. scoxpianu, Desv. Fl. Dec.-Jan. In pastures, not very common. — St. Croix; St. Thomas (Duchass). 206. Desmodiiiin tortnosom, DC. FL Oct.-Jan. Common in pastures. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. 207. D. spirale, DC. * FL Kov.-Jan. Kot uncommon in pastures and along roads. — ^All idands. 20e. D. moUa DC. Fl Dec.-Jan. Lomentum often 3-4-jointed. Rather common in pas- tures.—St. Croix; St. Thomas. 209. Stylosanthes procuxnbens, Sv/. Fl Oct.-Dec Lomentum in uiy specimeua always 3-jointed. Com- DiOB along roads. — All islands. 210. 8. visoosa, 8w. St. Croix (West, p. 301). (Perhaps a mistake for the former species.) ^11, Araohia hypogsea, L. (v. Pindars, Ground-nuts). Fl. May- Aug. Seeds used for making cakes or eaten roiisted. Culti- vated and naturalized. — All islands. t, Abms prsecatoriofl, L. (v. Jumboe-l)ead, Scni]>ber, Wild Liquorice). II. Oct.-Feb. Leaves used for washing clothes. Common in thick- ^^B and on hedges. — All islands. Rhynchoaia zninima, DC. a) and ft) lutea. Egg. B*L all the year round. Seeds black, with small grey spots. «) Stand- ^ixl veined with purple; a low climber, ft) Standard uniformly yellow ; ^liuabing up to C Both forms common in pastures and thickets. — ^All ^^lajnds. 44 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBOIN ISLAHD8. 214. R. phaaeololdtM, DC. Fl. Marv)i. Stem laterally comprossccl. Bare in forests. — St Than {Signal Hill, 1200'). 215. R. reUcnlata, DC. Fl. all the year round. Leaflets as long as 1^". Common on few and along roads. — All islands. 316. CajaDiia Indtcus, Sprcng. (v. Pigeoii-pea, Veada boimlje). Fl. all the year rauud. Seeds used as a commou vegetable for eo Cultivated and naturalized. — All islands. 217. CUtoila Ternatea, L. (v. Blue Vine), Fl. all tlie year round. Common in tbiekets. — All islands. 21B. Centrosema Tirglniannin, Bi'Otb. a) and /?) augnatifolitixn. Fl. all tlie 3~ear round. Veiy common in ditches and on fences.— islands. 219. ToramnoB oncluatae, Sw., var. albiflomB, Egg. Fl. Sept.-Mareh. Corolln 1^'" long, constantly white. Legome long, bliioI>, x>>Io^- Common in pastures and along roads.— St. C'i< St Thomas. 220. Oalactia filiformls, Bc-ntli. F], Oct.-tTiin. Koots often bearing small tubei«. Common in ttu ets. — All islands. FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 45 . Pb. alatns, L. t Croix (West, p. 299). . Ph. aemiereotiiB, L. I all the year round. Flower expanded only in the sun. Common ig roads and in pastures. — All islands. . CaiuiTmlia panriflora, Bentli. (Flor. Bras, xv, i, 177). I Feb. Inflorescence extm-axillary (as in C. honariens^isj Lindl. Bot. ;. 1199). Legume broad on the back, without ^ominent ridges, 3^' J, ly broad. Seeds crimson, shining, J'' long. In forests, rare. — St. mas (Signal Hill, 1300'). C. gladiata, DC. /3) ensiformis, DC. (v. Sour-eyes, Overlook) (DoUchos adna- ci/ormis, Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 559). Bot. Mag. 4027. I. Aug.-Dec. Naturali2e). 269. M. Ceratonta, L. (v. Bliiok Amiin't, Aionri'tHttckt^l). Fl. June-Dec. On high hill.'*.— St. Crois (West, p. 312 ; his epecin are found in lib. Haru.) ; Virgin Islands (common). FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 49 ^4. A. macraoantha, HB. p) glabrena (y. Stink Cash^). FL Dec.- April. A shrub or low tree. Wood exhaling a very dis- Le odour. Common in thickets on dry hills. — All islands. 275. A. tortnoaa, W. (v. CashiS). PI. all the year round. Flowers fragrant. Bracteoles rhomboid, ciliate. Often gregarious. Common on dry hills. — ^All islands. 276. A. Famasiana, W. (v. Cashii). FL all the year round. Flowers fragrant ; bracteoles spathulate, ciliate. Foliage of this and the two former species eaten by goats, and their wood generally u«ed for making charcoal. Common in dry localities. — ^All lalands. 277. A. arabioa, W. ♦ Fl. Nov.-Jan. Naturalized near dwellings. — St. Croix; St Thomas. 27a A. Lebbek, W. (v. Thibet-tree). Fl. April-Sept. Leaves deciduous Nov.-March. Flowers fragrant, foliage eaten by cattle. The tree is often overgrown by Loranthus emar- i^natus. ^Naturalized in pastures and elsewhere. — St. Croix (very com- *>icn); Virgin Islands (common, except St. Jan, where the tree seems not ^o thrive). (A. frandosaj W., var. eglandulosaj St. Thomas, is mentioned by ^cshlechtendal as sx>ontaneous, but, being an East Indian species, is most l^^^)bably only cultivated or at most naturalized. I have not seen the ^l^ecies in the island.) ^ 79. CaUiandra portoricensU, Bentli. FL Feb. Climbing by the aid of young branches that twine themselves ^^^und the branches of other trees. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (King's ill); Vieques. ). C. purpurea, Bentli. (v. Soldier-wood, West). St. Croix (Gris. Fl. p. 224, probably on the authority of AVest. This 5^uthor, however, says, p. 312, that the tree is only cultivated in the isl- s^^id. His specimens are in existence in lib. Havn. I have not seen the on the island). H C. Saman, Gris. (v. Giant Thibet-tree). n. May-Aug. A very large tree of quick growth. ^Naturalized near ^l^w-ellings and planted along roads.—St. Croix; St. Thomas. Pithecolobium nnguia-cati, Bentli. a) and /3) forfez, Kth. (v. Crab-prickle). R. 8ept.-fTan. Gynophore V" long. Seeds black, shining; ariUus '^^ Wood used for fishpots. Both forms common on limestone and ^ "J^arshy soiL— All islands. BulL Nat Mus. No. 13 4 60 FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX AND THB TIBQIH ZSLAHIM. 283. Inga laniliia, W. (v. LEkdy-flnger-tiee). Fl. July-^pt. and Jaa.~March. Petiole bearing a mamv wli each side. Corolla greenish. (Jacqnin's drawing does not ahoi wing on the petiole. In the lettertiress, however, of his Stiip. At expresses a doubt whether the petiole is winged or not.) Wood for fences, etc. Common in forests. — All islands. [Cnltivated species: PMuntsatifum, L. (v.GreenPea); Dolichotq «permu«, DC. (v. Black -eye Pea); D. sesquipedalUfli.; PoincianaOi Hook.; and a Caeparea.] CHBrSOBALANACEJB. 284. Chrysobalantu Zcacr, L, (v. Cocoa^plnm, Cncos). Fl. Dec.-Feb. and Jiily-Aug. Fruit black orwbite; osedforpree On sandy shores or in forests on high hills. Common. — All islam ROSACEA. ptlany varieties of Rosa galltca, L., and R. centi/olia, L., are cnlb in gardens on all the islands, and are flowering abimdantly all tb round. In the time of West {c, 1790), roees were rare, audflowen seldom, so that we here seem to have an instance of gradotd aod sation.] BITBTACejB. 283. OalyptTuitlieB Ttiomaatana, Berg (Linuno, xxvii, S6). St. Thomas (Yentenat and Bavn in Hb. Havn.). 286. C. CtiTtraculla, Sir. 0) ovalls, Berg, and t) Zjwy^xaa, Berg (L c.p.9 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 51 293. B. Polmtii, DC. St Thoma« (Oris. Fl. 236). 293. & monttooUy DC. H July-Sept. Leaves variable, distichous. Flowers strongly fra- grant. When not flowering, the shrub emits a foetid smell. Eather ecmmon in forests. — ^All islands. 394. B. aadUazli, Poir. R Aug.-Oct. Leaves variable. Petiole reddish. In thickets; TMe^-St Croix (Lebanon Hill, Fair Plain). 295. E. lateriflora, W. {E, cordaia, DC. Prodr. iii, 272, aud probably E, goanlifloray ib. 273). FL Sept-Nov. Leaves very variable, ovate, cuneate, or oblong. Flowops sessile or subsessile, crowded in the axils. Beny globose, porple, 2'" diam. Common in thickets and forests. — All islands. 296. B. Maailiflora, Vahl (Symb. Bot. iii, 64). FL July-Oct. Fruit large, rosy, f -1'' diam. Flowers sessile, large, tkite, 6^" diam. In thickets, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas (CoweU's Hill). (Both DC. and Gris. seem to confound these two very distinct species, the flowers and fruits of which are highly different in most resi)e<5ts. DC. Prodr. iii, 273, says of his U. sessiliflora : Fructus dimidio minor Quam E. ItUeriflorce, yet immediately above he says of this latter species: ^ctu8 et sem. iguoti. Vahl's description is very correct, also, of the fruit, of which he says: Pruni magnitudine, globosus.) ^97. XL flavovirens, Berg (1. c). St, Jan (Ravn in Hb. Havn.). ^9a B. glabrata. DC. (Prodr. iii, 274). St. Croix (Berg). B '. R paUena, DC. (E. nitida, Vahl in Hb. Havn.) (v. Cromberry). Fl. Sept.-Nov. Leaves shining. In forests, uncommon. — All islands. . B. acetOBana, Poir. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 283). 8t Jan (in forests. Berg in Linnsea, xxx, 662) ; St. Croix (Mount Eagle, icbanl). ^L R vireialtoaa, DC. FL April-July. Leaves variable. Common along the seashore and forests. — ^All islands. 52 FLORA OP ST. CBDIX AND THE TIRGIN ISUHDB. 302. B,proo«ra.Foir.(v.BlAckCheri7,Bock-iii7TUe)(iryrl««c«nH(aa,TaklliiWMl, i p. iM). Fl. Feb. and Aug.-Nov. Flowers fragrant j fruit edible; a fiivcwritt 1 food for wild pigeons. In Ibrests, common. — All islandtu 303. E. pMndopBldlam, Jac^. (£. Thomatiana, Berg} (v. Bastard Guata, CluHtMi Cherry). Fl. April-Dec. Flowers fragrant; fruit ovaL Asbmborlowtne. !■ forests, not uncommon. — All ifilands. 304. E. ItgUBtrina. W. Fk April and Sept. In tliicketa and woods, common. — All ftlaBd& 305. B. poitorloeiulB, DC. (Prod. Hi, 366) IStauxMlfx, Berg^ - St. Croix (ox Hb. Vahlii in Hb. Berol.). 30fi. B. nnUIara, L. (v. !4urinani Cherry). FI. MiU'ch-Aiig. Fi-oit edible, acidulous. A middle-sized tree. Kit^ uralizcd and planted iu gardens— St. Croix ; St. Thomas. J 307. B. fioribunda, West (v. Gilnva-btury). Fl. June-Aug. Berry black, globose, sLiiiiug, i'" diam., aromaliejj used for preserves or put iu rum. Iti forests, not uncommon. — .Ul bt-j ands. (J?, margiuata and E. micrantha. West, p. 200, ore not meotinned Valil's Syuib. Bot. pars iii, as stated, and are probably included in of the species enuniei-iited above.) 308. Anamomia punctata. Cri-i. FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 53 X3. Pniiioa gnuuituniy L. (v. Pomegranate). "FL April-Oct. Flowers crimson or yellow Fruit the same. Nator- Bktised in valleys and near dwellings. — ^All islands. 314. Moozlria dominswiala, Walp. {Petalama Mouririf Sw.). St. Croix (Baadonios Out, West, p. 285, and specimens in Hb. Havn.). [Cultivated si>ecies : Myrtus communiSj L. (v. Myrtle), and Couroupita fmmenris, AnbL (v. Nutmeg).] MEIiASTOMACEJE:. 315. CUdemia hirta, Don. St. Thomas (Biedl^ sec. Kaudin, Ann. des sc. nat. 1853, xviii, p. 532). 316. C. tpioata, DC. • FL June-July. In forests, not uncommon. — ^All islands. 317. C. rabra. Mart. St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 248 ; Finlay sec. Kaudin, 1. c.). 3ia Diplooliita sermlata, DC. FLFeb.-May. Not uncommon in wooded vallRys. — St. Croix; St, Tbomas. 319. Ttoazygia elasagnoldea, DC. FL April- Aug. Common in forests and on high hills. — ^All islands. 320. Miconia argyrophyUa, DC. St Thomas (Fiulay sec. Naudin, Gris. Fl. p. 2ii6). 321 M. impetiolaris, Don. leaves as long as 1^'. — St. Croix (West in Hb. Havn.) ; St. Thomas (Griii. FL p. 256; Bonpland §ec. Naudin. Montserrat (Ryan in Hb. flavn.). ^2. M. praaina, DC. St Thomas (Riedl6 sec. Naudin). ^^3. IC laevigata, DC. FL March-July. In forests, not uncommon. — All islands. ^^4. hL angnatifolia, Gris. Fl. March. A good-sized shrub, often gregarious on limestone. — St ^loix (Benzou in Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon. Mont- ^^rrat (Ryan in Hb. Havn.). [Several of the species mentioned by Naudin as having been coUected ^St Thomas I omit as being a rather doubtful habitat. These are: ^^kudya berbiceatuiy Gris. {Micania^ Naud.); Cremanium amygdalinumy ^^^"rig. (Omoxi, DC), and Nepsera aquatica^ Naud.] 54 FLORA OP ST. UBOIX AMD THE TIBQIN I8LAHDB. LrTHRABIEJB. 323. Amm.nla UtUoUS, L, Fl. Dec-Jane. Here and there in moist localitiea. — Bt. Croix (L Cove, Auna'8 Hope) ; St Tbomas (Flag HiU). 326. ABtbeirUnm Rolull, Tahl (Symb.Bot.iiJ, 6S)(T.Piiokl«-irood). Fl. Oct.-March. Precocious. Petiole bibracteato above the mi Id marBhy soil oear the coast. — St. Croix (rare; Fair Plain, i Ground) ; Virgin Islands (common). [Cultivated species: Lawsonia iiiermU, L. (v. Mignonette), and J stromia indica, L. (v. Queen of Flowers)^] OFTAGBACEX. • 327. TawUua ■nXniticoaa, L. a) UEoatrtfolla, Kth. FL all the year round. Here and there in moist places.^ — St (Crequis, Golden Bock); St Thomas (Caret Bay). BHIZOFHOBACE.S. 336. RblBOpboia Maugl*, L. (v. Mangrove, MaagolbootD). FL all the year round. Gregarious uloug the shore of lagoons, islands. (See Botanisks Kotiser, 1877, Limd, and Yidensk. Hed fTatorhist. Foreuing in Copenhagen, 1877-78.) COIOBBETACEf . 329. TermtiuJlK Oatappa, L. (v. Almood-tree). nil and .'^'■iit. Viituralizi'i) ir flora of 8t. croix and the virgin islands. 55 cvcitbbitaceje:. (Griaeb. Flora, and Nandin: Annales des sc. nat. 1859, '62, '63, and '66.) 3S3. Momordioa Charantia, L. a) and /3) psendobalsamina (y. Maid-apple). ^FL Dec and April-Aag. Common on fences and near ditches. — ^All isisi^nds. 334. Lnlla oyllndiica, Roem. (Syn. Mon. ii, 63) (X. Petola, Sor. Wight Icon, ii, t. 49&> (v. Strainer-vine). KL Oct.-Dec Tendril 5-fid. Fruit brown, 4" long. Naturalized on fences. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. 335. Cuourbita Pepo, L. u) (v. Pumpkin) and /?) Melopepo (v. Squaali). Fl. May .-Nov. and Feb. Fruit used extensively as a vegetable. liTatoralized and cultivated. — All islands. Lagenarla imlgarlat Ser. a) (v. Gobio) and 0) viscosa. Egg. (v. Bitter Gobie). FL Sept.-Jan. The whole plant has a strong smell. Tendril 2-fid. ^) leaves viscous, petiole biglandular near the top. Used as a blister. IJot uncommon in waste places, a) on fences. Fruit used for goblets. — St. Croix J St. Thomaa. 337. Melothria pervaga, Gris. FL Dec- April. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^AU islands. 338. Cactixnia Anguria, L. (v. Cucumber). Fl. Jaii.-March. Anthers glabrous in the bud, pilose after dehiscence, collecting the i>ollen. Berry used for soup and pickles. Common in pastures and on fences. — All islands. 339. Cephalandra indlca, Naud. (1. c. 1866, p. 14) {Cooclnia, W. & A.). Fl. Dec-June. Naturalized near dwellings and in shady valleys. — 8t Croix. ^. Trianoaperma graoUiflonun, Gris. (T. Belangcriiy Naud.). PL Xov.-Jan. Leaf 3-5-lobed. Tendril often bifid. In forests, not 'incommon. — All islands. ^L T. ficifoUom, Mart. (Syst. nat. med. veg. Bras. 79) {Bryonia^ Lam. ). Pi. March. In forests, not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Soldier Bay) ; St Jan (West, p. 301). ^^^. Angaria trilobata, L. St Croix (Ham's Bluff, West, p. 305). A. glomerata. Egg. (n. sp.). ^. Feb.-March and May- Aug. Eoot tuberous. Stem suffruticose, ^^i'k greyish. Leaves alternate, ovate-triangulate or 3-lobed, some- 56 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AlfD THE TIBGIN ISI.Un>8. times 3-partite, narrowly cordate at the base, dentioolate^ aomniu scabrous above, whitish pubescent beoeath. Tendril simple. ! floi glomerate, sessile or subsessile, S-20 in the glomenile. Calyx urceol cylindrical, small. Petals 5, orange-colonred or red, lanceolate, erect long. Style bifid; stigmas thick, globose, obsoletely 2-lobed. Orat locular; ovules 3-8 in each celL Berries densely glomerate, sessil subsessile, oval, glabrous, striate, red, 8'" long. Seeds 3-8, niceo globose, vermcose, brownish, 2'" long. J unknown. A high din Stem often y diam. at the base, succulent. In forests, not na mon. — St Croix (Jacob's Peak, Claremont,) ; St Thomaa (Picarn P< Bula). All Cucurbitaceae are protogjuous. [Cultivated Bi>ecies: Sechium edule, Sw. {v. Choco); Cueumis tativt (v. Mutton-encumber) ; C. Melo, L. {v. Muskmelon), and CUmlUu fforiSf Schrader (v. Watermelon).] PAPATACEX. 344. Cailoa Papaya, L. Ci\l FUMLi OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 61 ^ CMaob glabra, DC. liTot seen flowering. In forests^ rare. — St Croix (Fair Plain) ; St. binnas (Soldier Bay). ^ Sooloaapthtta ▼eraioolor, Valil. FL Oct-Dec. Pedicels often transfoimed into spines, as mentioned y lie. (Prodr. iv, 484). Leaves 2"'-3'^' long.— St. Croix (West and Ryan aHb. Havn.); St. 13iomas (rather common in thickets); Water Island. IM. Brlthalia frntlooaa, L. a) and ^) odorlfera, Jacq. FL Oct.-March. Along the coast, not uncommon. — All islands. 895. Ghloooooa racemoaa, Jacq. FL March-Dec In forests, common. — All islands. 896. Izora ferrea, Benth. FL Feb.-May and Nov.-Dec. Among rocks on high hiUs over 120(K, not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Crown). 197. CoOea arabioa, L. (y. Coffee-tree). PL May-July. Berry ripe Nov.-Dec. Naturalized in shady localities. Poraierly cultivated on most estates on a small scale, principally in St. Ian.— AU islands. 198. Ftoamaa odoratiaaima, DC. (v. Wild Coffee). FL June. In thickets on high hills. — St. Croix (West and Benzon in Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon). 899. Psjchotxia glabrata, Sw. PI. June-Sept. Here and there in shady valleys. — ^All islands. M. P. tennifolla, Sw. PI. May. In thickets on high hills, rare. — St. Thomas (Crown, 150(y). iOl. p. Brownei, Sprg. PL June-Sept. In woods, common. — ^All islands. 402. p. horizontaUs, Sw. PL May-Dec. Along roads and in thickets, common. — All islands. 103. Paliocmrea Pavetta. DC. o) and 0) var. rosea, Egg. FL Feb. and Aug. P) corolla-lobes rosy, anthers bluish, and stem irownish. In forests, not imcommon. — fi) all islands, a) St. Thomas fignal Hill). Di. Mdrinda citriibUa, L. (v. Painkiller). iMKAiig. Leaves used against headache. Naturalized in gar- «ec.-March, In pastures, here and there. — St. Croix (Pm Gronnd). {B. vaginata, Ch. & Schl. (St. Thomas, Schl.), is a doubtfiil tf» (DC. Prod, iv, 551).) 412. B. parvlfloTa, Mey. FLOBA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VISGIN ISLANDS. 63 4^X7. Btephantppos mollis, Kth. FL March-May. Head 4-flowered. In pastnres^ here and there. — All islands. 4ljS. Dittreptiui spioatus, Cass. FL Jan.-March. In pastures and along roads^ common. — All islands. 419. AgeratQin conysoidas, L. Fl. Dec.-Jane. Acheninm usually 4-gouoas. Along roads and ditches, commoD. — ^AU islands. ttO. Hebeolinium maorophyUum, DC. H. June-Sept. Achenium black, 3-gonous. In forests. — St. Croix (nro; Caledonia, Wills Bay) ; St. Thomas (not uncommon). 421 Bapatorium odoratum, L. (v. Christmas-bash). FL Nov .-March. Along roads and in thickets, common. — All islands. M2. B. repandiun, W. FL Dec-July. On hills, not common. — ^All islands. ♦23. B. atrlpUoifoUom, Vahl (Sjinb. Bot. iii, 96). FL Dec.-May. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous ; glandular impressions wunerous on the upper surface. Flower odorous. On sandy shores, wmmon. — All islands. ^24. B. canescens, Vahl. FL Oct.-Nov. In thickets, uncommon. St. Croix (Spring-gut) ; St. Thomas (DC. Prod, v, 155). ^25. B. Ayapana, Vent. St Cn>ix (naturalized sec. Vahl, who received it from Pflug; probably <>% cultivated). *26. B. cuneifoUum, Willd. St Thomas (DC. Prod, v, 177). ^27. BCikania gonoolada, DC. PL Dec.-March. In forests. — St. Croix (rare ; Caledonia) ; Virgin *«IandR (not uncommon). *28, Erlgeron coneifolius, DC. (Prod, v, 288). Fl. Dec.-tTuly. — Rhizome perennial, for which reason this species must *^ considered sufficiently distinct from the annual E. JamaicenMs^ Sw. -^he two species are united into one by Prof. Grisebacli in his Fl. p. 365. "^^ l)a.stures on high hills, not uncommon above 120(y. — ^Virgin Islands. . B. spatholattis, Vahl. ^. April-July. Along roads and ditches, rather common. — All islands. 64 ITLOUA OF ST. CBOIX AHD nU VIBOOr ISLISM. 430. S. canadftiula, L. FLJune-lTov. Bay-flowers often ligalate. Along roads, ommoB All islands. 431. Baoohula VablU, DC. (Prod, v, 411) (S. dioiai, Tahl). FL all the year round. As inacli as SCK bigh. On rocky seaeha gregarious, not uncommon. (The specific name of DC. is to be ferred to tliat of Vahl, notwithstanding tlie priority of the l&ttet the reasons stated in the Prodromus.) — St Croix (northwestern coa 432. Fluoliea odorata, Cass. (v. Sneet Scent, Ovra bla). Fl. Feb.-April. Leaves used as tea against colds and as din medicine. In moist localities, not uncommon. — All ialanda. 433. P. pntpnrasoaiis, DC. FL aU the year round. Along rivulets, not uncommon. — St C (GaUows Bay, KlngsMU Gut). 434. Ftarocaulon virgatam, DC. Fl. ail the year round. On dry hills, cooimon. — All islands. 435. BlalBinpoaiDindlvailcatain.DC.(Prod. V, 520)(if.jMU(fonM, Ktb.). Fl. Oct.-Feb. Along ditches, gregarious, rare. — St Croix (Jolly I 436. Ogieia ntderalla, Grici. Virgin Islands (Oris. Fl. p. 369). 437. Aoanthoaponnum hamlle, DC. Fl. all tlio yi'Jir i-ound. Leaves not glandular beneath. A cMni FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIROIK ISLANDS. 65 i, Bonlobia arboresoens, DC. FI. all the year round. On sandy shores^ gregarious. — St Croix (com- moD); St Thomas (Smith's Bay). 445. Wedelia oaniosa, Rich. FL June-Jan. Along ditches, gregarious. — St. Croix (western part of the island, not uncommon). M€w W. baphthalmoldes, Gris. (v. Wild Tobacco), a), 0) antigneiuda, Nichols, and y) dominicenala. R all the year round. Leaves delicately fitigrant. a) rare; fi) and r) eonunon along roads and in thickets. — All islands. 447. W. affiniii^ DC. (Prod, v, 541) ( W. calycina, Rich.). • 8t Thomas ( Wydler). Ma W. aoapnlensis, HB. K. 8t Thomas (SchL in Linnaea, 1831, 727). (Grisebach, FL 372, thinks these two species to be included probiibly in W.frutescens^ Jacq.) M9. W. omoiana, Rich. 8t Croix (DC. Prodr. v, 542). ^^ W. dlK^oidaa, Less. (Linniea, 1831, 728). St. Thomas (Less. 1. c). iSl. Melanthera deltoidea, Rich. 8t Thomas (Less.). ^^2. Sderooaipna afrlcanus, Jacq. (Icon.Kar. i, 1. 176). Fl. Nov.-Doc. Along roads and in thickets, mre. (Naturalized t) — St Thomas (Parade ground). ^^ Bidena leuoanthna, W. PL Sept-Dec. Under tree«, on high hills. — St. Croix (West, p. 303) ; Virgin Islands (common). ^M. B. blpinnatQa, Ij. Fl. Sept-March. Achenium often 5-aiistate. In pastures and along Pitches, common. — All islands. ^55. Coamoa oaudatua, Kth. ^1. Dec.-March. Along roads and in fields, not uncommon. — All ^hnds. ^^ Verbeaina alata, L. ^*1. Feb.- Aug. Naturalized in gardens. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. BulL Nat Mus. No. 13 5 66 FLORA, or ST. CBOIX AKD TDK VISGDr ISUBDS. «S7, Synedralla tlodifloia, G. (t, Fatten barrow). FL all tlie year roond. A common weed everywhere. — ^All idi 458. Peotls punctata, Jacq. FL Oct-March. In pastures and along ditches, conuno islands. 459. p. llnUblls, Leu. St Thomas (Less. Oris. FL p. 378). 460. p. homlfasa, Sw. Fl. all the year round. Oregarioos on rocks and between sto ttncommon. — All islanda 461. BKletoBaomlnKeiMlB,CaBB. a)gUbnta,DC.; ^) cardnlfoUa, DC.; )) Fl. all the year round. On the sandy seashore, a) and ;-) rati moil, p) found by Oersted (Vld. Medd. 1852, p. 106).— St Thwi 463. Breohtliltea bleraolfoUa, Raf. a) and 7) oaoaloldaa, Lesa. Fl. all the year round. In moist locaUties, not oncommoD. — E {r); St Thomas (a). 463. Emlllft Mmotalfidla, DC. Fl. Jan.-Oct la shady localities. STatnraUzed, oommc islands. 464. B. Mgittata, DC. (Prodr. vi, 302) (Caralla omvinen, Sims.). Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — St Croix ; St 1 {Ccuialiacoccinea, Sims., is, according to DC. Prodr. Ti,332,»q FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 67 and as no 8i)ecimcns are to be found in Hb. Havn.^ I have not been able to identify the species.) [Cultivated species: Helianthus annutiSj L. (v. Sunflower); Pyrethrum indicumy Cass.; Aster chinermsyh.] Tagetea patula^ L.; Tithonia spedosa^ Uook.; Oeorgina variabilis^ Willd., and Lactuca sativa^ L. (v. Salad).] rOBELIACEJE:. 9 468. IfloComa lougiflora, Prsl. Fl. all the year round. The whole plant is poisonous. In shady locali- ties and in pastures on high hills. St. Croix (rare, Mount Pleasant, Wills Bay) ; Virgin Islands (rather common on the hills). OOODE NOTIACJE JS. 469. Sofwola Plnmlerl, L. FL Jan.- April. On sandy shores. — St. Croix (not uncommon) ] St. Thomas (Smith's Bay). 470. Ardiala ooriacea, Sw. PI. June-Aug. Leaves minutely spotted beneath. In forests and on high bills, not imcommon. — All islands. 471. Jaoquinia armiUarlB, L. u) and p) arborea, V. (v. Bay Sallie). Fl. Sept.-Feb. On the rocky shore, not uncommon. — All islands. sapotackje:. ^72. ChrysophyUum Cainito, L. (v. Star-applo). PL May-July. Fruit edible. In forests, rare. — St. Croix (Springfield) ; St Thomas (Signal Hill). ^73. C. pauciflonim, Lam. PI. June. In forests, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Flag Hill). 474. C. oUviforme. Sw. (i) monopyrenum. Fl. July. In forests, not very common. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. ♦75. C. microphyUom, Jacq. (v. Pabn6r). Fl. Sept.-Jan. In wooded valleys, rare. — St Croix (Bugby Hole) ; St. Tliomas (Santa Maria Gut). ^76. C. glabmm, Jacq. Fl. Sept.-Dec. and March-July. In woods and thickets, common. — All islands. ^77. Sapota Achraa, Mill. (v. MeHpel). Fl. Sept.-Oct. and March. Fruit sweet, edible. In forests and culti- '^ated, common. — All islands. G8 FLOBA OF ST. CSOIX AND THE VIBOIH ISLAKDS. 478. a Blderoxylcn. Gris. (v. Bully wood). Kot seen in flower. A tall tree, affording a splendid paiple, ve hard timber. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (Baas Out). 479. Slderozylon MssUcIiodendron, Jacq. (t. Haatic). Fl. Aug.-Scpt. An excellent timber tree. In forests, raie. — St. Ck (Lebanon Hill) ; St. Thomns (Korthside Bay) ; St Jan (Baas G (Montserrat, Eyan in Hb. Hara.). 480. DIpludU aallclfoUa, DC. FL Feb.-March. In thickets and forests. — St. Croix (not nncomi in the western part of the island) ; St. Jan (Klein Cancel Bay). 481. Bomalla conoata, 6w. (v. Break-bill). FL Feb.-April. Brauches often transformed into long spines. 1 good timber tree. Along the coast principally in marshy soil, not common. — All islands. 482. Lnoutna mnltifiora, DC. (Achrai nacrophglJa, V&lil iu Hb. Havn.). FL June-July and Dec.-Jan. Leaves as much as 1 J' long. — St. C (Hb. Havn. from Wills Bay) ; St. Thomas (here and there in foie Signal Hill, ISOO'). STTBACEJB. 483. Symploooa taaittnlceuBlA, Jacq. FL March-Aug. In forests on high hills. Flowers fragrant- Thomas (Signal Hill above 1200', not uncommon). FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIBOm ISLANDS. 69 APOCTNACE^. ^ Tliefvetia nexiifoUa, Jnss. (v. Milk-bash). ^ all the year round. Wood employed for building boats. In thick- ^ on dry hills, common. — ^All islands. M. Ran^rotfia nltida, L. (y. Milk-tree). FL all the year round. In forests and thickets, common. — All islands. 190. R. TtwmarckH, A. DC. (y. Bitter-busli). FL all the year round. On dry hills, common. — All islands. 91 Narium Oleander, L. (y. Neiiom). FL all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings, ommon. — ^All islands. ^ TabemaDmontana (citrifolla, Jacq. f ). Fl. June-Aug. In thickets, here and there^ — St. Thomas (French- tfi's Bay). ^ Visoa roaea, L. (y. Church-flower). FL all the year round. Near houses -and on waste places, very com- Mm. — ^AIl islands. M. Plomieria mbra, L. (y. Red Franchipani). FL all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings. — ^All islands. 95. P. obtnaifolla, L. (y. White Franchipani). Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — All islands. 96. P. alba, L. (y. Snake-root, Klang hont). FL all the year round. On rocks near the shore and in dry thickets, OQunon. — All islands. 97. Echitea agg^lntinata, Jacq. FL July-Aug. In thickets, rare. — St. Croix (Cane Bay) ; St. Thomas PTagHiU). 9a B. ciroiiialia, Sw. FL Dec In forests, rare.— St.Thomas (Flag Hill). 19. R nerlandra, Gris. FL Oct.-Jan. Here and there in thickets, not uncommon. — AH lands. 0. B. aaberecta, Jacq. ]|a3r*Aiig. In thickets, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Cowell's Hill) ; (WeBt, p. 277). 70 FLORA OF ST. CEOIX AND THE TIKOIN ISLAyOB. 501. E. baibata. Dcsr. St Croix; St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. viii, 453). [Cultivated species : AUamanda catltartUxif L., and TaiernamoKtm capeiisis, L. (v. Cape Jessamiae).] ASC LEPIADACEiE. 502. Hetas^lma parviftorum. R. I)r. St. Thomas (Duclum). 503. U. ScUecIitenaalil, D.ce, (Jf. albifiomm, Gris.). Fl. all the year rouLd. In diy thickets, very common. — All itilaiidL . (The specific distinction of Grisehach's species does not seem tD ■ sufficiently pennftnent to justify a separation into two.) 504. Aacleplas cnrauaTlcB, L. (v. Wild I[iecncuana). ^ Fl. all the year round. Root used as an emetic. Along roads and ditches, cooimon. — All islands. > 505. A. nivea, L. St. Tliomas (Oris. FL 419). 506. SuAdatemuu BiowaAl, M^f. St. Thomaa (West, p. 278, as Asclepiae i-iminalia, 8w.), 507. Calotropia procera, R. Br. (v. Silk Ciittdn). Fl. all the year round. Natundized in dry loCi^tieB, commoiL— AI WLORk OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIBOIK ISLANDS. 71 1 1. tabcroM, L. Bl Feb.-MarclL In forests, rare. — St Croix (Bngby Hole) ; St. MHoag (SohL). 3. 1 dteeota, Pnrsh (v. Noyaa Vine). PL Nor.-May. Gorolla-tabe purple inside. The whole plant has a {te of pmssic acid, and is used for the preparation of a liqubr called >jan. On fences and along roads, common. — ^AU islands. 1 1 pentaphyUa, Jacq. ^ Dec-March. In thickets and along ditches. — St. Croix; St )iiia8. ;. L quinqnefolia, Gris. 1 Dec.-Jan. Corolla expanded from 8 A. M. to 3 P. M. In pastures 1 low thickets, common. — St. Thomas. «. L Batatafl» Lam. (v. Sweet Potato), a), P) leuoorrhisa, and y) porpbyrorhisa. 1 all the ye&r round. Propagated by cuttings. A common vege- le. Cultivated and naturalized everywhere. — ^AU islands. . L fiMtisiata, Swt. a). 1 Oct- Jan. In thickets, not uncommon. — St Thomas. L L Tiolaoaa, L. (▼. Oranni Vine). T. Dec.-Feb. Coralla expanded towards evenj/ig. In forests and Qg rivulets, not uncommon. — All islands. K L camaa, Jacq. it. Croix (Wills Bay sec. West, p. 272). K L lencanthw, Jaoq. (Icon.Rar. ii, t. 318). il March-May. Capsule pilose; roots tuberous. On dry hills, not 9ommon — St Jan (near Klein Kanelbay). >. L triloba, L. a) and /?) EoBtachiana, Juca[. 1. Sept-March. Corolla expanded till 10 A. M. Both forms in moist dities, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. . L nmbeUata, Mey. L Jan^-March. Along rivulets and ditches, common* — ^AU islands. » X, pti oain'W, Sw. (▼. Bay Vine). ttie year round. Corolla sometimes white. On sandy sea- islands. 7*2 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AMD THB TIRQIH 524. L aurifbUa, R. S. Danish islands (Gris. Fl. p. 471). (As this species is a native of Senegal, I donbt the above habitat) 525. L qnlnqneparUta, U.S. (Coav. OMl^oIia*, Weat(iMra T*hl)Ma DCPr 367). St Crdix (West, p. 271). 526. L trlqnetra, R. S. {Cobv. triqwltr, Tahl, S;mb. Bot. ill, 32). St Croix (West, p. 271); St Thomas (Schl.). 927. I. rApanda, Jacq. FI. Feb.-March. Leaves het«romorphoii8, often 2-4-lobed. ' large, a favourite footi for wild hogs. In forests, uncommon. — Stl (Flag Hill); St Jan (Macmnbi). 928. I. filUbrmla, Jacq. FL Oct-Apiil. In thickets, often near the shore, not uuxHnmo Croix; St l^omas. * 529. I. aroiMria, Stead. Fl. Dec-April. Stem woody, as much as i" diam. Boot tuberous. Flowering partly precocious. On dry hills, in thicbt uncommon. — All islands. 530. I. QnamooUt, L. («r. Sweet William). FLOBA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIBQIN ISLANDS. 73 oqnamoiitia tmnnlfoHa, Gris. )ec.-Feb. Seeds glabrous^ greyish. lu thickets, common. — ^All mvolTiiliis pentanthns, Jacq. (Jaoquemontia violacea, Cbois.). ing^-Dec. In thickets, on hilLs, common. — All islands. jamaloeiMla, Jacq. )ec«-Feb. In thickets, on the sandy seashore, rare. — St. Croix Point); St Thomas (CowelFs); Water Island. nodifloiniB, Deer. (C MiJloruSy West) (v. Closhi-mulat). ^t-March. Common in thickets. — All islands. malanaitictiis, ScliL (LinnfiDa, vi, 737). homas (Schl.). ■agittifer, HB. Kth. homas (Schl.). 'olTuloa HnifhHna, L. ^ec-ApriL In moist localities, here and there. — All islands. macronatna, Sw. kH^-March. In marshy soil, not uncommon. — All islands. munmularlua, L. 'ov.-March. Among rocks in shady localities, not uncommon. — nds. acuta americana, L. (v. Love- weed). 11 the year round. In dry thickets, covering shrubs and trees, illing them. Very common. — All islands. it, p. 271, mentions two species. Convolvulus matutinus and C.vetie- IS occurring in St. Croix, and refers for their description to VahFs Bot. pars 3, as spec. nov. As, however, they are not described in Vahl's publications, and no specimeus are in existence in Hb. I am unable to say whether they are old specie^} or new ones.) ivated species: Ipomcca Leariiy Aunal. Fl. et Pom. 1840, p. 381, Horsfallicej Hook.] iiydroleaceje:. laa Jamaioenaia, L. jMbnAog. Among stones and rocks, a common weed. — St. Croix ; 74 FLOBA OF ST. CROIX ASD THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 547. Cordia QeraHCaDthuB, Jncq. ji) BubcaiieBoeiu{v. Rose wood, Cappar). FI, Oct, An excelleut timber tree. In forests, not very cointnon.— "N'irgin I»liin9. H. onraaaavloiini, L. FL the whole year. On the sandy seashore, common. — All islands. ^ R. frnttooaimi, L. FL all the year round. Up to 6' high. On di y hills. — St. Croix (com- tm in the eaBtem part); Virgin Islands (not nncommon). [Cultivated species: H. pervtmnumj L. (v. Heliotrope.)] poLEmoNiACEii:. [Cultivated in gardens: Phlox Ih'tnnmondiiy Hook.] solanaceje:. 'tamfUffla amaricana, Sw. a) aud /I) pubescenB (v. Kain-tree). Flowers odorous before rain. In thickets and woods, ^ Idands (cultivated in gardens in St. Croix). 76 >XOSA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBQIH iaUXOL 572. Datura Motal, L. (v. Fire-woe. 275, only gives St Jan as habitat, yet Vahl in his Symb. Bot i and after him probably Griseb. Fl. p. 443, refer to West as the antl for St. Croix as habitat.) 598. Cestram laurlfolimn, L'Her. FL Jaii.-April, Petiole black j berry dark pnrple. In fowsti nncommoQ. — All islands. 599. C. dlanram, L. Fl. Feb.-June. In forests, nDcommon. — Virgin Islands; St. (West, p. 276). 600. C. noatormim, L. Fl. March. In forests, rare.^St. Jan (Bogiers, Joshee Gnt). jOultivated species: Datura snaveoleiu, RBK.; Petunia nyetagi* Juss., and P. violacea^ Liudl.; Solantim Seaforthianum, Andr., 8. t sum, L. (v. Irish potato), and 8. Melongena, L. (v. Egg-plant, Benu SCROPHrLARIACE £. 601. Booparla dulcla, L. Fl. all the year round. A common weed along loads and in localities. — AH islands. 602. Capraila blflora, L. FLORA. OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 79 Itivat^ species: Maurandia Barclayana, Lindl. (v. Fairy Ivy), lusseliajuncea^ Zucc. (v. Madeira Plant).] BIOHrOlflACEJB. Tresoantia Cojete, L. (v. Calabash-tree). all the year round. Leaves deciduous in Dec. The fruit is used )8sel8. Near dwellings and in forests, common. — All islands. ;. cucuxbitina, L. (v. Black Calabash). March-Nov. Wood used for boat-building. In dense forests near its, not uncommon. — ^All islands. *atalpa lonsisiliqaa, Cham. Thomas (Oris. Fl. 446). reooma Berterii, DC. March-July. Leaves deciduous Feb.-April. In dry thickets, lon. — ^Virgin Islands. r. laaoozylon, Mart. (v. White Cedar). March-April, precocious, and later coetanous in Sept.-Oct. Wood for building boats. In forests and on dry hills, common. — All Is. P. stans, J ass. (v. Yellow Cedar). all the year round. Anthers pilose beneath. In thickets, com- often gregarious, especially in St. Croix. — All islands. Slgnonia SDqaiDOOtialia, L. April-Sept. Anthers pilose or glabrous (hence VahPs distinction is account between his B. spectahilh (Symb. Bot. iii, p. 80) and this »s not justified). Here and there in marshy forests. — St. Thomas hside Bay, Sta. Maria); St. Croix (Salomon's estate, West, p. 294). 3. unguis, L. (v. Cat-claw). April-May, precocious, later ogaiii coetanous in Nov. Stem 1^" y showing the irregular structure peculiar to all climbing Bignoni- Fruit as much as 26'' long. In forests, not uncommon. — All Ls. Oistictis lactillora, DC. (Prodr. ix, 191) {Bignonia, Vahl). all the year round. On fences and in dry thickets, here and — St Croix (Cotton Grove, Southgate Farm) (cultivated in St. IM). Mvwtld/vecies: Tecoma capcnsisy Lindl.] 80 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TISOIN ISLAHM. ACANTHACE^. 616. Rnellia tnberosa, L. (r. Cbriatmas-pride). Fl. all the year ronud ; moot abandaotly towarda Christmaa. Akw) roads and ditches, commou. — All islands. 617. S. BtiApeiia, L. St. Croix (Isert sec DC. Prodr. xi, 121). 618. atemaaacantbae ooodneoa, Oris. Fl. Jan.-April. Cleistogamons dowers in July ; also an intennediai form between cleistogamons and normal dowers. In sliody fonst rare. — St. Croix (Caledonia, Wills Bay) ; St. Jan (Bordeaox Bills); S Thomas (Wydl. pec. DC. Prodr. xi, 217). 619. Blecturam Biownel, Jaee. (v. Feoguiii BalHain). Fl. Dec.- April. Used against cough. lu pastures and along diti^ common. — All islands. 630. BailerU InpnUna, Lindl (Hot. Ret;- 1. 1483). Fl. Dec-April. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens.— f Thomas; St. Jan. 621. Thyraaoanthtu tiltldtu, H*. St. Croix {V. Bohr sec. Synib. Bot. li, 5, and Isert see. DC. Prodr. ; 327); St. Thomas (Nees). 622. DUnthera pectoralla, Mutt. (v. Oanleu Balsam). Fl. Dec-March. Used against coughs. Katnralizetl near dvellii{ FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 81 !8l CkoHondra SnftmdibnlifomiiB, N«e8. K. Maich-Jime. Naturalized in gardens. — St Cro&. (9. Bteoandriiim ropestre, Ks. (DC. Prodr. xi, 283) {RutlUafy Sw. Fl. lud. Doe. p. 1071 ; Plnm. Icon. ed. Burm. t. 75^ as Gerardia). a) glabrous, P) pilose. FL Dec-May, cleistogamous. ^Normal flowers June- Aug. CoroHa panded till 9 A. M. Ehizome perennial ; roots fusiform, tuberous, ^^arious on the ground in forests, rare. — a) St. Thomas (Flag Hill, I'-OOCK) ; fi) St Jan (Bass Gut). X Antbaoanthns ■pinosus, Nees. n. all the year round. Flowers heterostylous. On rocks and in for- 8, common, especially in St. Croix. — All islands. L A. jamaioensis, Oris. fL June-July. GoroUa-lobes glandular inside. On limestone, rare. — Croix, in stony ground. I. A. miorophyUtui, Ns. «1. May- Aug. In forests, here and there. — All islands. I. JMoliptera adsurgens, J ass. ?L Jan.-Feb., cleistogamous; normal, March- April. In thickets 1 near ditches. — St Croix (common) ; St Jan (less common). k tennbergia TolubUla, Pers. n. all the year round. Naturalized along ditches and rivulets. — St. Hx (Caledonia, Mt. Stewart); St Thomas (Tutu). Cultivated species: Oraptophyllum hortense^ Nees, Jmticia bicolovy idr., Tkunhergia alata, Boj., Th.fragrans^ Eoxb., and Sesamum orien- ?, L. (v. Benye).] GESNERIACE^. I. ICaxtynia diandra, Glox. (v. Cocks). ?1. Sept.-Bec Three rudimentary filaments; VS' high. Along tds and in waste places, not uncommon. — St Croix ; St Thomas. LABIATiE. L Oolnram BaaUicum, L. ?L May-xVug. Naturalized in gardens. — All islands. r. O. micraiithiim, W. (v. Passia Balsam). ?L Aug.-Nov. Corolla expanded during the morning. Used against ighs. Along ditches and in pastures, gregarious. — All islands. L CSolena amboinicna, L. (v. East India Thyme). « Apnt-May. Naturalized in dry localities, gregarioas. — AU Una. Ko. 13 6 ~ 82 FLOBA OP ST. CBOIX AHD THE TIBaiX XSUXDB. 639. Hyptia capltata, Jocq. (v. WUd Hope). Fl. Nor.-Marc]i. Along rivolets, common. — St. Croix; St-llia 640. H. snavooleiM, Poit. , Fl. Oct.-Feb. 3'-4' high. In dry locaUties, commbii St Cra Thomas. 641. H. pcotlnata, Poit. (t. French Te»). Fl. Kov.-April. As mach as 8' high. In dry localitieB, not t mon. — All islands. 643. H. vertlcUlata, Jacq. St. Thomas (Oris. Fl. p. 489). 643. Salvia ocoldantaUs, Sn. Fl. Dec-March. Rhizome thick. Along roads, common — ^ADi 644. S. teneUa, 8w. St. Thomas (Oris. FL p. 490 ; Schl.). 649. EL BorotiiM, L. Fl. Sept.-April. Ijeayes very bitter. Corolla white. In diy ties, greg^ons, common. — ^All islands. 646. B. cocclnea, L. major, L. fi) tropica (v. Kngliah Plantain). JaiL-March. Proterog^'nous. Leaves used against inflammation eyes. P JLimiB AGIN A€ E JB. ^lomlMigo floandens, Thnnb. (v. Blister-leaf). all the year round. Leaves used as blisters. In thickets and s, common. — ^All islands. Itivated species : P. cdpensiSj Tliunb.] PH¥TeL.A€CACi:JE. * ImlaiiA Dmritima, L. June-Dec. Stamens mostly 10. Filaments pilose. On sandy ij not uncommon. — ^All islands. Cicrotea debUia, Sw. July-Sept. In shaand. Naturalized around dwellings. — St. Tbt St. Croix (West, p. 277). 686. C. nittaa, VaM. FL all the year round. In forests and thickets, not uncmnmon Croix; St. Thomas. 687. CbamlsBoa altUoima, Eth. Fl. Dec-March. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Lei HiU) ; St Thomas (Signal HUl). 688. Aob7TaDtb«s a^mre, L. a) ugentoa, Lam. .4) abtaaUoUa, Lam. FL Dec.-March. In thickets and on waste places, commoa islands. 689. Oompbrena Eloboaa, L. (v. Bocholor'it Bntton). FI. all rln' yoar round, Xatunilizod in jjiirdeDS and ncArdwellii FLOBA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIBGIN ISLANDa 87 C99. Amblogsrne polygonoides, Baf. "FL aU the year round: $ flowers very few. In sandy places near theooast^ common. — St Croix; St. Thomas. €96. Boleropiui amarantoldeB, SchracL PL all the year round. Leaves often discoloured with white cross- stripes. In sandy localities, common. — ^AU islands. €97. Enzolns caudatoB, Moq. FL all the year round. In waste places, common. — ^All islands. 696. B. oleraceuB, Moq. (v. Lumbo). FL all the year round. Fear dwellings, common. — All islands. €99. Amarantus spinosuB, L. FL Jan^April. Kear rivulets and ditches, uncommon. — St. Croix; St Thomas. TOO. A. triatia, L. St Thomas (Wydler sec. DC. Prodr. xiii, ii, 260). 70L A. paiiiciilatii% L. (v. Bowor). FL all the year round. A troublesome weed on account of its long tap-root Common everywhere. — All islands. NTCTAGINACE^. W. Mirabma Jalapa, L. (v. Four-o^clock). H. all the year round. Flower expanded from 4 P. M., purple, yellow, ^f piuk. Around dwellings, common. — All islands. '^> Boerhaavia erecta, L. fl. Dec-Feb. Along ditches and in pastures, uncommon. — St. Croix Oit Stewart). 'Oi. B. paxiioulata, Rich. (v. Batta-batta). n. all the year round. Calyx often ti*ansformed into a hollow mon- ^^sity by the larva of a wasp. A very common w^eed. — All islands. 0$. Pisonia aouleata, L. Jl. Feb.- April. In forests, common. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. '^, P. aabcordata, Sw. (v. Manipoo, Loblolly). tl. April-June. Leaves partly deciduous. Wood useless for timber ^Ud fuel. Along coasts, common, growing to a large tree. — All islands. ^7. P. InenxilB, Jacq. FL April-May. Leaves on the young branches whorled. In forest-s, ^^^^Uimon. — All islands. [Gultivated species: Bougainvillea spectabiliSj Willd.] 88 FLORA OF ST. CSOIX AND THB TIBOIH POK.TaONACES. 708. Coocoloba nvlfera, Jaeq. (v. Son-griipe}. Fl. Julj-Dfc. Wood baxil, dark piui)h'. used for sbip building, 0 the saudjr seashore, conunou. Sometimes iu tbe iuterior a« bighnpa 1200'.— AU islBDds. 709. C. leogEwenBls, Jnnq. Fl. May—July. Flowers in fascicles of 3-4, of which, however, ointed at both ends. In thickets, here and there. — St. Cruix {Snaif Point, Hard Labour). 712. C. dJvorslfolla, Jatq. Fl. May-July. 6'-8' high. Along the coast, uncommon.— ^t.CtoI (La Yallt^c, Claremont). 713. C. obtoaifoUa, Jacig. St. Croix (West, p. 281). 714. C. punctata, Jarq. ») Jacquioli, ji) barbadenaU, Jacq,, 6) parrlfolla {r.Sd I wnorl, RiD'hoiitl, J-) mlcroBtichya, W. FLORA OF ST CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 89 1.7. PlKBbe antiUana, Meisso. (DC. Prodr. xv, i, p. 31). y) cubensls. St. Croix (West in Hb. Petrop. sec. DC. 1. c). {Ph. mantanay Gris., said by Meissn. (DC. Prodr. 1. e. p. 236) to bo synonymous with Xauni« longifolia, Vahl, mentioned by West, p. 2 '2, as a new species firom St. Croix, ought perhaps to be added to this list ; but as tiie specimens seen by me in Hb. Havn. as Lavrus longifolia^ Yahl, do not agree with Grisebach's, I prefer to omit the species here, as being donbtfol.) VIB. Penaa gratiaalma, Oaertn. (v. Alligator Pear). FL March^May. Stamens, 9 perfect, 3 less perfect and sterile, G rudi- mentar}'. The fiiiit is a favourite vegetable. In gardens. — ^AU islands. 719. BulUaiidia pendola, Ns. {H, Thcmaaj Nees). St Thomas (sec DC. Prodr. 1. c. p. 65, Hb. KunthI). M. AcrodioUdium aalioifolitlm, Gris. FL May-Aug. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Wills' Bay, Spring.gat). 721. Kectandra ooilaoea, GriB. FL May-Aug. In forests, rare. — St. Thomas (Soldier Bay) ; St Jan (Hb.Havn.). 722. If. membranacea, Gris. PI. Jime. In dense, forests, uncommon. — St. Croix (Wills Bay) 5 St. Thomas (Signal Hill). ^23. H. anUUana, Meiasn. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 15:^) (X. leucanthoy Gris.). Pi. May-June. In forests, not uncommon. Fragrant. — ^All islands. '^^- Oraodaphne leuoozylon, Nees. Pi. July. In dense forests on high hills, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.). '^S. Caaayta amerioana, L. Pi. March-April. Inflorescence often branched. On Mauchineel and "^cacia trees along the seashore, here and there. — St. Croix (Cotton ^'t>ve); St. Thomas (Water Bay); Vieques (Ub. Havn.). ^6. Daphoopaia caribaDa, Gris. Jl. July and Dec-March. In forests, not uncommon. — St. Thomas ^I^g Hill, Signal Hill). 90 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIZ ASD THE TIROIH ISLAHIM EUFHOBBIACEJE. 727. Bnxiu Vnhlll, Baill. (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, p. 16} (Tricera lav^la, 8w., Tar.An Ontdi, £ggeT8 in FL St. Crncis, p. 111). Fl. Jane-Oct. On limestone, rare. — SL Croix (Stony Oroimd). 728. Savla MuUlfloia, W. (Spec. Float, iv, p. 771). Fl. June-Dec. In thickete on dry hillfi, not uncommoo. — ^All iabu 729. PIiyllaiittaiiB acomlnattu^ Vahl (Ryuib. Bot. ii, 95). St. Thomas (Herb. DC. sec. DC. Prodr. xv, ii, 381). V^l, bowen gives only Cayenae (Bohr) aa habitat. 73a Pfc. WlTttri, L. (v. Creole Chinine). Fl. all the year round. Yery common in gardens and along roHb.- All islands. 731. Ph. dlsUohna, UUU. (DC. Ptodr. 1. c. 413) {Oeoa, L.) (v. Gooaoben?). Fl. June-Sept. Fruit used for preserves. Naturalized near dwd iugs. — ^All islands. 732. Pb. nobUU, MUU. (L c. 415}. ij) ABtUlana {Cieoa, Jiub.) (v. GaDgoi»JMl}. FL July, and aftervards precocious in Dec-Jan. In foiestB, i»tB common. — All islands. 733. PlLlUoataa,8w. (v. Boxwood). Fl. all (he year round. In marshy soil, not unoommoa^— Yieqnea. 734. SecnilDega BCldothBiniiiu, Mill!. (1. c. 451) (Flfiy^ai, Oris.). FLORA. OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANDS. 91 Y3a. C betolimuK Vahl (Symb. Bot. ii, p. 98). ¥L all the year round. A low shrab, brownish. Common in thick- (^&— All islands. 789. C. flavenfli L. (y. Maribi). FL all the year round. Gregarious on dry hills, also as secondary growth ; very common, and a troublesome shrubby weed. — ^All islands. HO. C. discolor, WiUd. (Spec. Plant, iv, 352) (C. balaamifer, L.). FL all the year round. Along roads in dry localities, common. — St. Groix (eastern part of the island) ; St. Thomas (Hb. Thunb. sec. DC. # Ppodr.Lc. p. 615). HL C. oTal'foUiiii» West. FL all the year round. Along roads and in waste places, very com- Mi.— All islands. Ht c. lobatii% L. FL March-Dec* In the same places as the preceding, very common.— AD islands. Ha. c. ]iiimili% L. 8t Thomas (Bertero sec. DC. Prodr. 1. c. 670). (An arboreous as yet undetermined Crotonea^ not found in blossom, ^^Qeors in a few specimens on Flag Hill in St. Thomas.) ^^. Alenrites Molucoana, Willd. (Spec. Plant, iv, 590) (J. trilohay Foret.) (v. Walnut). FL all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens. — St Croix; St. Thomas. ^iS. Hicrfnella pednnonlosa, Mlill. (Linnaea, xxxiv, 153) {Adelia Ricinclla, L.). FL March-May, precocious. Always very spiny. In dry thickets, ^Qt uncommon. — ^All islands. '^tCw Azgyxothamnla fascicnlata, MUll. (Linnffia, 1. c. 14C) (DitaxiSy Schl.). FL Jan.-May and Sept. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^All islands. ^7. A. candioazifl, Miill. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 741) (Argythamniaf Sw.). PL Sept.-ApriL Capsule dark blue ; seeds verrucose. In thickets, Common. — ^All islands. ^Wl Aoalypha ohamaedrlfolia, MUIL (1. c. 879). /?) genuina (A, reptans, Sw.), /) brevipes. 1* an the year round; female flowers developing gradually. Bracts ■Mi after dissemination. On rocks and in crevices, not uncom- ^ l$\\ St Thomas (r). 92 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AMD THR TIBGIN ISLAHDS. 749. TraglB Tolnbllia, L. (t. Nettle, Bran-nettle). FI. Feb., Sept. Male flowers often tnuisfonned into a globose n strosity. The plant is believed by the negroes to give them Ind marketing. In thickets and along roads, common. — All islands. 750. Riolmu oommnula, L. a) (v. Castoi-oil tree). Fl. all the year round. Seeds used for pressing castor-oil. Nata ized on waste places, common. — All islands. 751. Manlbot utUlskima, Folil (PUiut. Bras, i, ^2) (v. CoBsaTB). Fl. March-May. Root used for manufacturing starch and flom^, nl is made up into flat, thin cakes (bambam). Naturalized and ct rated. — All islands. 752. Jatjopba Curcaa, L. (v. French Physic-nat, Skitnetcfai). Fl. all the year round. Seeds very drastic. A low tree, often plan on graves. Naturalized near dwellings, common. — All islands. 753. J. soujpUfoUa, L. uiit ). a) •tapbysasrlnfoUa. j)) •tosana. Fl. all the year round. The whole plant has a disagreeable bid Sufi^utescent, l'-4' high. A troublesome weed near dwellings Bod fields. Very common everjTvhere. — All islands. 754. J. mnltlflda, L. (v. Co»l-buBli). Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — St. Croix } Thomas. FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE YIBOIS ISLANDS. 98 799. IMechampia loaiidenB, L. H. Feb.-Jime. Male inflorescence bearing at the base two re^^inous oorposcola, deciduous together with the male flowers. Baillon considers them to be sterile bracts; Miiller takes them for monstrous anthers. Central female flower pedicellate. In thickets, common. — All islands. 760. Bnphorbia bozifoUa, Lam. FL all the year round. On the sandy shore, common. — ^All islands. 761 B. artioQlata, Barm. FI. all the year round. Along the seacoast, common. — ^All islands. 762. B. pUoUfera, L. Fl. all the year round. In waste places and along roads, very com- mou.— All islands. 763. B. hyperioifolia, L. o) and /?) hyasopifoUa, L. FL all the year round. Lea^'es distichous. Used against dysentery. Same places as the preceding. A common weed. — ^All islands. 764. B. thymifoUa, Bnrm. FL all the year round. The whole plant reddish. Leaves folding together during night and in rainy weather. Among stones and along wads, very common. — All islands. 765. B. prostrata, Ait. Fl. the whole year. Together with the preceding, common. — All idandjs. ^66. B. petiolarUi, SimH (Dot. Mag. t. 883) (v. Mjinrhiiieel). R the whole year. Partly i)recociou.s in the spring. On dry hills ^<1 in thickets. — Virgin Islands (common) ; St. Croix (West, p. 288?). (West's E. cotinifolia^ said to occur in St. Croix, is evidently meant for this species. I doubt, however, the eorrec^tness of the habitat, and am ^opinion that it is a mistake for St. Thomas, where the si)eeies is ex- ceedingly common.) ^67. B. genicnlata, Ortega (D«'caa. p. 16; DC. Prodr. x\», ii, 72). (K. pruuifoUa, Jacq. Hort. Seliocnbr. iii, t. 277, a form witli lar^r, Hcrratc hsives.) FL De<'.-^Iarch. In forests and near dwellings, not uncommon, often Sfejrarious. — St. Croix (Government House) ; St. Tliomas (Signal Hill). ^68. E. heterophyUa, L. ft) cyathophora, Jacr|. Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in dry places, common. — All idands. L B. noriifolia, L. (DC. Plant. Grat^es, i, t. 4()). JL Mardh-Jiine. A large tree, stem 2^-3' diam. j^atnralized near Mnfnfi, eommon. — ^All islands. 94 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBOIN IBUMDB 770 PedUanthiu UthTUuloIdu, Poit. a), p) padlfblfau, Poit., Mid r) follna, Poit. Fl. all the year itnmd. In thickets and gardena, aDeonmu isloDde. All EuphorbiacecE are proterogynoos. ICultivated Bpecies: Jatropka pandurt^olia, Andr^' Codietmm turn, Miill. a) pict«m, Euphorbia jmIoA«miiui, W., E. tplendetu, i E. omttgnorum, L.] VBTICACEJB. 771. CsltlB tilnvrvia, Lnm. Fl. June-Dec. lu forests and thickets, not tmcommoo. — All 772. C. aonleata, Sw. a) and ji Fl. March-Sept, rroterogynous. Both forms not uncon tbickete. — AH islands. 773. Sponla mloronthB, Decs. Fl. April-Sept. In forests, here and there. — All islands. 774. Fiona craaaineTvla, Desf. Fl. Jan. In forests, not uncommon, — St. Croix (Creqnis, Wil 775. F. Mgonata, L. Fl. May-Ang. In forests. — St. Croix (rare, Creqnis); Virgin (not uncommon). 776. P. Iwvigata, Vahl. PI. Jan.-March. In foresta and on rocks, not uncommon. — i (Crequis, Jacob's Peak). FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 95 781 Miotiini tinotoxia, Don (y. Fustic). FL Jone-Oct. Young shoots with deeply serrate leaves. Wood afinding an excellent timber, but now very scarce. In forests, here and fliere. — ^All islands. TB8. Ftoorya SBStuanB, Grand. FL June-Dec. On rocks in shady forests, here and there. — St. Croix (%xrmg Oarden) ; St. Thomas (Crown). TBI TTren elata, Gris. 8t Croix (Spring Oarden, West, p. 306 ; his specimen in Hb. Havn.). US. XT. iMOoilera, Gand. 8t Thomas (Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 93). (WcRt's Urtica ehmgata^ Yahl, said, p. 306, to occur in St. Croix, and probably intended for an Ureraj 1 have not been able to identify, jfrom want of description and si>ecimens.) 1B6L Pflaa miorophylla, Liebm. a), p) trianthemoides^ Lindl., and y) succnlenta (v. Dnck-weed). FL all the year round. On rocks and stones in shady situations, a) aacommon ; p) and y) common. — ^All islands. ViV. p. semidentata, Wtddd. FL March-July. Gregarious among rocks on high hills, not uncom- *oiL— St. Thomas (St. Peter). 'te P. grandia, Wodd. PI. June. In leaf-mould on high hills, gregarious, uncommon. — St. Ibomas (Crown, 1500'). 'to. p. munmnlarifoUa, Wodd. 8t Tliomas (Hombeck in Hb. Havn.); Vieques (near Campo Asilo). ^ P. inseqnalla. Wedd. FL July-Aug. Gregarious on rocks in forests, uncommon. — St. Itiomas (Signal Hill, Crown). ^2. P. SanctaD-Cniola, Liebm. (Vid. Selsk. Skrift., v. R«ekke, ii, 301). St Croix (Orsled, 1. c). ^2. Rcmaaelia lappnlaoea, Gand. St Thomas (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 235 ; Oris. Fl. p. 160). [Cultivated si)ecies: Ficus Carica^ L. (v. Fig-tree), and jP. elasticay L.] ARISTe%eCHIACE^. Ml Aiistoloeliia trilobata, L. (v. Tobacco-pipe). MaiT-Aiig. On fences and in forests on high hills. — St Croix W)} l^rgin Islands (not uncommon). 06 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AHU THE TISOIN ISLAXOS. 794. A. anguiolda, L. (DC.Piodr. zv,i,464; Bot. Hag. USl; DMOOvtOi, ILIW. des AnHUea, Ui, 902) (v. Cnme's Neck), Fl. Oct-Dec. A nomber of dipteions insects are osnally fMudn- prisoned in the lower part of theperigonal tube, whence esc^>einin^ot sible on nccoimt of the downward-bent hairs on the inner suitace. Ite hairs dropping off after fertiUzation, the imprisoned insects are set it libertj' again. la thickets, rare. — St. Ctoix (Recovery Hill). BEOONIACES. 795. aegonla hmnlUB. Hort. Ketr. (ed. i, vol. iii, Xi3). St^ Thomas (Finlay in Hb. Mns. Paris, see. DC. Prodr. iv, i, 297; [Cultivated occur several species of Begonia.] ARIENTACEA. [Cultivated in gardens and near dwelUugs: Ca^varina e^iaetifoH Forat. (Fl. June-Aug.) Of very quicli growth.] PIPEBACES. 796. Piper aebori, Cas. DC. (Euekoo, Mit).). Fl. all the year round. In forests; often gregahoas and fonning dense underwood, commoQ. Used for walking-sticbs. — All islands. 797. F. Bredemeyeri, Jocq. (Artaulhe, MJq.). Fl. Sept. lu shady vaDeys, not nncoramon. — St. Croix (Oaledwi Creqnis). 798. P. anrltuiii. Kth. St. Thomas (DC. Prod. 1. c. 321). FLOR4 OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANDS. 97 ^. P. obtmilblia, Cas. DC., Dietr., Miq. a) and P) olusiaBfoUa. FL Ajiril-July. On rocks and under shady trees in leaf-mould. Gre- gariooSy not uncommon, a) all islands ; fi) St. Thomas (Crown). B0& p. ■oandena, Ruiz et Pav. 8t Thomas (DO. Prod. 1. c. 434). 807. P. polystaohya, Miq. FL Dec-Jan. Stem and lower surface of the leaves reddish. Among t)ck8 in forests, not uncommon, gregarious. — ^All islands. B. GYMNOSPERMJE. CTCADACEiE. [Cultivated in gardens occurs Cycas revoluta^ Thunb. (v. Sago Palm).] CONIFERS. [Cultivated in gardens occur several species of Thuja.] C. MONOCOTYLEDONES. AL.ISinA€EJE. 08l Bchinodoms cordifoliuB, Grin. Fl. April-Aug. Flower expanded only till 10 A. M. Leaves hetero- norphous, the primordial ones submerged, linear-lanceolate, passing by degrees into the ordinary emersed ones. In rivulets, here and there. — 8t Croix (King's Hill Gut, Armas Hope Gut). HTDROCHARIBACE^, L. C. Rich. Ml Thala—la teatudlnmn, Solander (Kocnig). ^ot seen flowering. Gregarious in shallow seii- water, very common. — AD islands. POTAlVIEiE, Jiiss. ^lO. Cymodocea manatonim, Ascherson (Naturf. Frenudo in Berlin, Jun. — Oct., 1668). Sot seen flowering, gregarious on the bottom of the sea ; mostly iu •fcallow water. — All islands. LBidoAllto 'Wiightiiy Ascbers. (1. c, nml Neumayors Auleit. zur wiss. Boob. anf Beiaen). TKiebs sec. Aschers.). ■'^ . 13 7 1)8 FLOEA, OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBQIN ISLAJfDS. 012. Halophila BalUonil. AscLere. (in Neumnyer, 1. c. p. 307). J Ghizomo creeping, tliin. Leaves ovsil, di-iitii-iilate, wborIeYision grounds. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. I. X. BagittSBfoliiim, Sch. (v. Tanier). FL July. Lamina of the spathe white, with a delicate rosy tinge. atlie disclosing itself during two nights from 7 to 10 o'clock; spadix anwhile giving forth a strong fragnmcc and showing a tempenitnro 12^ C. above that of the air. Leaves used as spinach and the tuberous 2ome as a common vegetable. Cultivated and naturalized on pro- ion grounds. — All islands. 1 Z.? hastattim. Egg. (Anim, Vahl.) (v. Indian Kale). ^Cot seen flowering. Leaves hastate, with long pointed oblique basilar >es; used for spinach. (Natm-alized ?) Cultivated and spontaneous forests. — All islands. %. Piatia occidentalis, Bl. PL all tlie year round. Cultivated and naturalized in gardens. — St. omas. %, I>eiiina minor, L. Sfot seetf'flcm'ering. In rivulets, not uncommon. — St. Croix (Jealousy ^?Ur Plain Gut). ^ tpedes: Caladium bicolovj Yent., C. picUim, DC, and C 100 KL0R4 OF 8T. CEOIX AND THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. TVPIIACEiE. 826. Trpha anBUBtUolia, L., var. domliigeiitla, Ptra. I'l. Sppt.-March. Used for making inats. In rivulets mid arouod laguous, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Jan. PANDANACEX. [Uultivatud in gai'dens occurs Pandanux odoraiUisimua, L fil. (r. Screw Pine).) PALfll.E. 827. T&riiiax BTgeutea, Lc)iliL(v. Tttyur-tree). FI. May-June. Stem lO'-20' high. Leaves used for making roprt, thatching roofis, and other domestic pnrx)oses. On thtMiorthem dopccf tile. hilU iu forests and tickets. — St. Croix (very rare, only one spwamffl seen, near Bellevne Mill) ; Virgin Islands (common). S28. Oreodoza regia, Kth. (t. Monntam Cabbage). Fl. April-Aug. The young leaf-hnd used as cabbage. Berries eat« by hogs. In forests and along roads, common. — AU islands. 839. CoooB nuclfera, L. (v, Cocon-uut Trep}. Fl. Feb.-Mareh. Leaves nsed for thatching roofs. The ripe fruit although occurring in abundance, is scarcely nsed, and of no ecouomicil iinijortaiu'e. Natumlized aloii^j the aeaahore and along roadn.— .Ill islands. COminELVNACE.E. 830. Tradeacantia geoiculata, Jsct). ,'j) efloaa, Mart. Fl. .March. Seeiln bluish, verruculose. — VieiDiDon. — ^All islands. OBAiniNACEJE. 37. Bamboaa TulgariB, Schrad. (v. Bamboo Cane). Not seen flowering. ^Naturalized along rivulets and in gardens. — k. Croix; St. Thomas. B38. Aithroatylidiuxn oapiUifolium, Oris. (Plant. Wright, in Mem. Amer. Acad. Tiii, 531, 1862). Not seen flowering. In forests, climbing among trees and shrubs to i eoDsiderable height, rare.— St. Thomas (Flag Hill, TOO"); St. Jan (Hombeck in Hb. Havn., from "a large cataract, called Battery''); Tieqnes (flowering specimens from Hombeck in Hb. Havn. ; others re- wived from Campo Asilo by me). 139. Bragrostis poa»oidea, P. Br. FL June-Dec. Stigmas white. Along roads and in dry localities^ often gregarious, common. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. MO. B. ciliaxla, Lk. VL March-Dec. Anthers black. In dry localities, common. — All idands. NL Bporobdas virginioas, Kth. (v. Shandcr). ¥1 May-Oct. Anthers and stigmas yellow. Used in baths for children. Along the coast and lagoons, common. — All islands. Ha. 8. litoralis, K^.h. (v. Shandcr). n. May-Dec. In the same places as the preceding, common. — All idands. Ma. 8. indicna, R. Br. (v. Hair-grass). FL May-Oct. Anthers purple; stigmas yellow. Along roads and Btcfaes. — All islands. M4. Axistida stxlota, Mich. Fl. March-Dec. Anthers yellow. Awns of unequal length, always 6nger than the glumes. Along ditches and in thickets, here and lere. — St. Croix (Crequis, Fair Plain); St. Thomas (Schl.); Stt Jan Adrian Estate). Us. Olyra latifoUa, L. ft) amndlnaoea. • FL Dec.-flan. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay); Vieques Ckmpo Asilo). glaber, Eth. "•Dee. Anthers yellow; stigmas white. In forests, not un- 102 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE VIKOIN IBLAHDS. Q47. PappMsplioium alopocuxoides, VuUI. Fl, I'el).-Marcb. l'-3' high. Among rocks near the coast, rar^ Buck Island, iiear St. Thomas; Virgio Gor(Ia(Vabiiu Sjiuh.Botui,H'). 848. Bonteloua litlglosa. Lug. n.Oct-Jaji, .i\jithers red; stigmas white. lu thickets ainl»M» ]>]sices, not uncommou. — St. Thomas {Cowell's Hill — Town). 849. Leptochtoa mucrouata, Ktli. Fl. May-Oet. Spikelets often 1-flowered, Along ilitches, not ob- commou. — St.Crois. B50. L. virgata. r. Br. a), H) gracilia, Ns., and y) moltlSoia, Eg^- Fl. May-Dec. Anthers white ; stigmas imqile. r) spikelels frflw- ered. Awns very short; fertile glumes not ciliate. Along roadii,cfflfr nion. — a) and /i) all islands ; ;■) St. Croix (Work and Best). 851. Cblotis eleuslnoldes, Grin. Fl. May-Nov. Along ditches, here and there. — St. ( HUl, Mount Welcome). 852. Ch. radlata, Sw. Fl. May-Oct. Stigmas brown. Gregarions along roads, coiuiiwa»- AII islands. 853. Ch. oillata, 8w, Fl. Feb.-Sept. Anthers rosy. My specimens show only one sta flower in each epikelet besides the fertile one (see Swartz's Flora I J roads, not iinrommoiL. — Ail ishmils. FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND TUB VIBGIN ISLANDS. 103 ■pahuii oomprewmiD, Ns. (v. Flat Oross). me-Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Kear ditches ahady localities, not uncommon. — ^AU islands. coi^Jiigattim, Berg. ine-Dec Anthers yellow ; stigmas white. In moist localities, 1. — ^All islands. pnailliim, Vent. tiomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt, p. 114). distichum, L. a) and /?) Taginatiim, Sw. me- Aug. Proterandrous. Authera light yellow ; stigmas black, rivulets, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. QOtatmn, Fltigge. iiomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt., p. 114). casapitoaum, Fliigge. lay-Sept. Anthers orange-coloured. In moist localities, not Qon. — All islands. Slabmni, Poir. ay-July, Here and there along ditches. — St. Thomas (Schl.) j (RiflfBay). plloatulmii, Michx. arch-Sept. Along the seacoast, not uncommon. — ^AU islands. virgatmxi, L. u). lay-Oct. Anthers straw-coloured j stigmas white. In moist ^s, not uncommon. — All islands. panicalatum, Ci. liomas (Schlechtendal). apathaoeum, HB. K. lomas (Schlechtendal). Slitaria filifbrmia, Mtihl. >ec. In diy thickets, here and there. — St. Thomas (CowelPs mtgtnata, Lk. (v. Rnnning Grass). ind^-Sept. Anthers purple with white stripes; stigmas purple. pMtiii6-gni88. Along ditches and roads, common. — All islands. 104 FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 870. D. Mtieera, Eoutb. Fl. .Tune-Oct Aiitliera and stigmas purple. Along roads, cwiunoa.- All islands. B71. Erlocbloa ptmctata, Hninilt. fl. March-Sept. Anthers brownish ; stigmas black. In moiHt locill' ties, here and there. — St. Croix (Creqnis, La Grange); St. Thomii (SohL). 072. Btenotaphiam ameiicamun, S^jhrank (v. Horse Graas). Fl. May-All g. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple. AloDgM eoast and in moist localities, gregarious, common. — All islands. 873. Ortbopogon aelailns, Sprcng. Fl. JIarcb-Dec. Anthera light purple ; stigmas purjile. In foresbj common. — All islands. 871, Pauicum paapaloldea, Pen. n. llarch-Sept. Anthers reddish; stigmas straw-coluiired. hermaphrodite flower in this and all other species of Pauieum is pi undrous, the stamens dropping off liefore the stigmas appear. Thai liitter are then fertilized by the agency of the wind from other indind- nals before the stamens of the male flower make their appearanoe, M fertilization being thus evidently impossible. Aloug HvnleU and moi.st localities, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. 875. P. briBoidea, FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBOIN ISLANDS. 105 tO. P. dilRisiiiii, Sw. WL May-Oct. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas dark purple. In oist localities, uncommon. — ^AU islands. ^Ih. p. maxImnTn, Jacq. (y. Guinea Grass) (P. polygamum, Sw.). FL June-Sept Anthers brownish ; stigmas light purple. A splendid lasture-grass, growing to the height of 12' j forming dense tufts and leing propagated by the rhizome. Naturalized and cultivated every- vrhere. — ^All islands. 882. p. diTaxioatnm, L. a) and /3) pnbemluin. FL May-Dec Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Eesembling a thin Bamboo Cane. 8^-16' high. Both forms not uncommon in forests, climbing over trees and shrubs. — All islands. 063. p. glntinomun, Sw. St Croix (West, p. 267). 884. P. brevlfolium, L. FL AQg.-Dec. Anthers and stigmas white. In gardens and along roads, here and there. — St. Thomas (Barracks). 885. p. oayennense, Lam. St Thomas (Schlechtendal). 886. Setaria glauoa, P. Br. a). FL May-Oct. In forests, common. — All islands. 887. 8. tetoaa, P. Br. a) and ^) caudata, R. S. (v. Soar Grass). FL April-Dec. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple, a) 3'-7' "^^h; iu forests and along ditches, common. — All islands. /?) in dry ^^'ckets, uncommon.— St. Thomas (CowelPs Hill). ^^. Cenchrua echinatus, L. /?) viridia, Spreng. (v. Burr Grass). I'L April-Dec. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white, with a puri)le *tH)t in the middle. The ripe farinaceous seeds eaten by the cattle, ^long the coast, very common. — All islands. ^9. Anthephora elegana, Schreb. * fl. Jan.-Oct. Anthers brownish. In thickets, here and there. — St. ^'oix ; St. Thomas. ^O. Tricholaena insularls, Gris. (v. Bitter Grass, Long Gross). Fl. March-Dec. Anthers brownish ; stigmas white. Never touched y cattle w hilst green, on account of its bitter taste. Spikelets easily ^tached and carried far away by the wind. Ver>' common along roads ^d in dry places. — All islands. 106 FLOEA OP ST. CROIX AND THS TIBGIH ISUBD8. 891. Lappago aliena, Spreiig. Fl. May-Dec. Stigmas white. Generally both Bpikdete h&i Near ditcbei) and in thickets, common. — All islands. 892. AndTopogon aaocbaroidea, L. F\. Aiig.-Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas dark pnipie. AwkboI twist^^d. Along roads, here and there. — St. Croix (Beeston Hill Gwog^l 893. Aaathemm blcoine, P. Br, (v. Jolly Grass). Fl. Jnly-Oct. 2'~i' high. Used for thatching roofs. Xot falenby the cattk'. Gregarious on high hills, where it is difficult to cwmUWl its spreading, even by burning it now and then. — St. Thomas (iiorUwn elope of the highest ritlgc), 894. Sorghum vulgare, Peru. (v. Guinea Corii>. Fl. Dee. 8'-10' high. Katoralized and cultivated for herhapp iri for making flour of the grain. — All islands, prinoipally St. Cwii lal Vieques. B95. Sacohaium offlciuarttm, L. (v. Sugor-cnnu). Vi. Dec-May. Niituralized and cultivated. Sugar-growing i*l arc now only two, viz., St. Croix and Vieques, wliilst the other V Islands have only a very few cauo estates, principally for sel V cane in the markets. The average produce of sugar from above-mentioned islands is about 25 miUion pounds. The plant gated by cuttings that are laid entirely under ground. {Tlie genus Panicum excepted, all Oramhmppre are proterog^T FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 107 OC C. ocbraoeiis, Vahl. m, May-Oct. In moist localities^ uncommon. — St. Croix (Crequis). lOI. C -wiaoomm, Ait. FL April-Nov. Stamens always 3 (see Swartz^s Fl. Ind. Oce. p. 113). lieeds germinating in moist weather on the parent, and often growing out into young plants an inch or two in length. Along rivulets and ditches, not uncommon. — St Croix; St. Thomas. 902. C. wnlimineiiBiB, Roltb. 8t Thomas (SchL). 903. C. axtionlatYUik L. (y. Stiug Bisom). FL March-Sept. In ditches, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas. 901 C. rotaiida% L. (v. Nut Grass). FL all the year round. Tubers sweet, eaten by hogs. A troublesome ▼eed, very common in fields and along roads.— -All islands. 905. C. bnumeus, Sw. (C. planif alius, Rich.). FL May. On the coast and near lagoons, not uncommon. — All islands. 901 C aphacelatofl, Rottb. FL Feb. On high hills in pastures, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal xm). 907. C. dintJiiis, L. FL Aug. In pastures on high hills, common. — St. lliomas (Signal An). 900u C. nnifoUa% Boecklcr (LinnsBa, Neue Folge, ii, 374). 8t Croix (Bavn in Eeliq. Lehm.). 909. C. fflifonnlB, Sw. FL all the year round. In moist localities, not uncommon. — St. tlhomas. WlO. C. odoratTia, L. Fl. April-Oct. Near rivulets and ditches, here and there. — St. Croix [Mount Pleasant, Annas Hope). Hi. C. pennatos, Lam. (Bcpcklcr, 1. c. 404) (C. Ehrenhergiif Kth., C. JlexuosuSyYiitil). FL all the year round. Along the coast, not uncommon. — St. Thomas. r. Along rivulets, not uncommon. — All islands. 108 FLOBl. OF ST. CBOIZ AND THE TIBGra ISLiHIIB. 913. C. fiaTomarlaoiu, Gris. {C.Jtavit*, B). *)) loa^USt. St. Thomaa {Ehrenberg sec. Bceekler). , 918. ScirpnB capltntiu, L. Fl. all till' juar round. Acheninm black. Along rivulets, All islands. 919. S. nodnlosua, Kih. Fl. March-Dec. Along rivulets and in ditches, uncomoion. — St. Cntx (Adventure). 920. S. snbdlstlcbus. IVn^klcr (Liumra, mO-'O, 490). St. Th(.m:is (Bcklr.). FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. 109 ^6* Bolaila pratentis, LindT. (v. Cutting Gross). ^ April-Nov. In forests and pastures on high bills, uncommon. — ^t Cioix (Springfield, Mount Eagle); St. Thomas (Signal Hill). ^. 8l sdndeiis, Nb. (v. Razor-grass). FL Aug^-Sept. In forests, rare.— St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1500'). 3a a fllll6nni% Sw. (S. Uthottperma, W.). FL May-Kov. In thickets, not uncommon. — St Croix (Eang's Hill); it Thomas (Gowell's Hill). [All CyperacecB are proterog^^nous, with white stigmas and light ycl- m anthers.] l.il.ia€eje:. 29. Aloe viilgarii, L. (v. Sempervivie). R March-April. Gregarious on limestone (naturalized f ), common. — Jl islands. BOl Tnooa glorioMi, L. R Jone-Aug. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings. — St. roix; St. Thomas. XL Agave amexloana, L. (v. Karatl^). FL Feb.-May. On dry hilLs, common. — ^All islands. 12. A. ■oboUfera, Salm-Dyck. (v. Karat(t). Very seldom or never bearing flowers. Propagated by bulblets in tne^uly, growing out to a considerable size whilst still on the x>arent. \ hills and in tiiickets, not uncommon. — All islands. 9. Fcmrcroya oubensla, Haw. (v. Female Karatit). FL March and July-Aug. In dry thickets, not uncommon. — St. mx; St. Thomas. 4. Pancrattnm oaiibeemii, L. (v. White Lily^ Ladybus). FL May-Nov. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. On rocky coasts, not ioommon. — ^All islands. 5. Crimun embeacensi Ait. FL all the year round. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. Along rivu- Mj here and there. — St, Croix (H6gensborg). % Aiiuuryllia eqaestxla, Ait. (v. Red Lily). iMPdi-Oct. On rocky shores, gregarious, not uncommon. — ^AU 110 VhORL OF ST. CBOIX AVD THE TIBQIN JSLARDB. 937. A. tnblapatha, Ker. (t. SDOw-drop). FI. April-Oct., especially after beavy rains. In fields and near < ings, not tincommon. — ^All islands. [Cultivated species : Allium Jistuloavm, L. (v. GibotUe), Polj/antiut rqm, I. (v. Tuberose), and Crinum giganteum, Andr.J ASPABAOMAC e JE. 938. Saaaevlera gnlneeneU, W. (Spec, ii, 159) (Bot. Hog. t 1179) (v. Goani Fl. Nov.-Dec Fibres of the leaves yield a good material for i Katuralized here and tbere ou dry hills, gregarions.— St, Croix densfeld); St. Thomas (around town). SniLACEJE. 939. Snllox havaneiMli, Jacq, Not seen flowering. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix donia, Wills Bay, Bohr's Mindc). 940- B. popalOM, Kth. (Enum. Plant, v, 192). FL Jane-July (.?). Unarmed. Leaves 4"-5" long, Z"~i" broai foi-ests, a high climber, rare.— St. Thomas (Flag HiU, 9C0'). DIOSCOREACEJE. 941. Dioscorea piloalnscula, Bert. Fl. Dec, but rarely. Older leaves purple beneath, broad whites 112 PLOEA OF ST, CROIX AND THE VIEOIN ISLANDS, Inug, wbite; silky. Oa ti-ei-s and rocks on liiglt bills, uot ancommour- St. Thomas (Sigual HilJ, Crowii, IIOC-ISOO'). [Cultivated species: Ananassa sativa, LiiidJ. (r, Fiiie-aiiple). 955. Musa patadisiaca. Ij, (r. Planluiii). Fl. Ma,y-A«g. Fniit eaten only boiled or fried. Xatundii^d sal cultivated, but rare. — All islands. 956. M. aaplentium, L. (v. Bunana). FL May-Nov. Fruit eaten raw or fried. Naturalized and cnltivaw) everywhere, occurring in several varieties (Bacuba, Fig, Lady-f St. Vincent Banana, et«.). — All islands. SCITAniNE^K. 957. Renealmla sylveatils, Grin. FI. Au};, In foi'esfa in shady and moist Ioi-alitie», rare. — St. CiWi (Golden Rock}; St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1400'). 9SB. Zingiber offlclnalle. Kohc (v. Giugcr). PI. Sept. Xatiiralized and cultivated in forest districts, bon- lal there. — St. Croix; St. Thomas. 959. CaanK lodloa, L. (v. Inilinn Shot). Fl. all the year round. In moist places and near dwellings, d H. — All islands. FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 113 I high hills, here and there. — St. Thomas (Liliendal^ Bonne Reso- Idandnun subeequale, Eggers, n. sp. eb.-March. Tubers cylindrical, small, several-leaved. Leaves tar, channelled, pointed, much shorter than the scai>e; sterile hort, distant, pointed, floral ones smaller ; flowers in a simple 3-4. Perigonial divisions lanceolate, pointed, nearly conform, titly adnate to the column, 3-lobed; lobes rounded, the two lat- 8 a little shorter than the middle one. Column auricled below ler; auricles small, purple. Ovary linear, striate, \" long. Al- ?. iwieularej Batem., but leaves several, much shorter than the nd lip broadly 3-lobed. Leaves 6''-6'' long, 2'" broad j scape high, straight. Peduncles i" long ; i>erigonial divisions green- 1 brown spots, i" long ; lip purple, with darker stripes and a rest in the middle, ^^ long. The whole plant of a sometimes sometimes lighter hue, flowers even sometimes quite white. On id the roots of trees in dry thickets, here and there. — St. Thomas s Hill, Solberg). bifiduin, Aubl. tiy-Dec. On trees and rocks, not uncommon.^-All islands. sUiare, L. ine-Feb. Flowers fragrant. Gregarious on rocks and old tree- common. — All islands. sochleatnin, L. (Bot. Mag. t. 151, bad). 3ril-May. On trees in forests, rare. — St. Croix (Mount Eagle, acob^s Peak, 95(K). patens, Sw. ily-Aug. Leaves distichous ; scape compressed, V-2' high. On leaf-mould, rare, on high hills. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill, ISOC). ▼ola cucnllata, R. Br. ne-Octb. Gregarious on rocks, rare. — St. Thomas (John Bruce ystachya Inteola, Hook. arch-Nov. Flowers often cleistogamous and n6rmal on the anch and at the same time. Both forms yielding good seeds. n and old tree-trunks, not uncommon on hiUs. — St. Thomas BOD, 120(K-150(y). IdLHat Kiis. Ko. 13 8 114 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIKGIR ISLAITDS. 971. Ouclditun Lomoulaiimii, Liuill. Fl. Miij-July. Never giviug Quit, but propagatiog itoelf Iff jm* ducing young plaiits from buds in the axils of the sterile bracis Mi* the dowers, which remaiu in cODuection with the parent plant, nnil thm often forming long colonies of plant* from one ti-ee to another. In (it ests and thickets, gregariouH, but rare. — St. Thomas (Picaru Puniiitiulm Fortuna), (The lateral sepals iu my specimens being distinct, I am incliiivd I" retain Lindley's specific name instead of uniting mj- plant with 0. tun- petalum, W., as done by (jrisebaeh.) 973. O. vailegBtnm, 8lil08lo«iiim retiOQlattun, L. astures under rocks on high hills, not uncommon. — St. Thomas ). irallUi aculeata, 8w. (v. Prickly Fern). astnres on high hills, here and there. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 3t Peter, 130(K). Uantum ▼illoaum, L. Dg rocks in forests, uncommon. — St. Croix (Crequis, Vieques). intennedium, 8w. ligh hills, not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill). mlorophyUum, Kaulfl rant in the morning. In dense forests, uncommon. — St. Thomas taneram. 8w. (v. Maiden-hair). tickets, not uncommon. — All islands. I 116 FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX ANa THE TIEOIH ISLAIIM. 909. P. padata, L. Oregorioua id forests, here and tbere. — St. Thomas (Signal Wi, n St. Peter). 990. Toanltia lanooolata, R. Br. In leaf-mould on rocks, not ODCOmmon. — ^AU islands. 991. ADtropbyum llneatmn, Kaolf. In forests, rare. — St. Thomas (St. Peter). 992. Blecbsnm oocldratale, L. Gregaiioos m pastures and forests, very common. — All islaDdB. 993. Chryaodlnm vulgar^ F^. In marshy soil, gregarious; up to 15' high. !Not nncommon^ islands. 994. HemlonltU palmata, L. (v. Strawberry Fern). Propagating itself by buds from the serratures of the frond. Gi riooB in shady forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Eliza's Betieat) Jan (Eogiers, King's Hill). 995. Ojnmognmm* calomvlano^ Kanlf. (v. Silvery Fern). On hills and among stones, not uncommon. — All islands. Var. pnmlla, E|^. Dwarfy, cartilaginous. On old walls, here and there. — St ( FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. JL17 L pfttensy Sw. crests, here and tliere. — St. Croix (Crequis); St. Thomas (Crown). L molle, Sw. le same localities as the preceding, not uncommon. — St. Thomas IHill). L invimm, Sw. a). lady localities, rare. — St. Croix (Crequis). 'dypodinm tetracfonnm, Sw, rests, not uncommon. — ^AIl islands ^ oroiuitiixii, Sw. 3roix (West, p. 313, Benzon in Hb. Havn.)} St. Thomas (Hb. ^ ftmvuiii, L. ead trees and rocks, not uncommon. — All islands. K areolatimi, Thunb. e same places as the preceding, but rare. — St. Thomas (Crown). '. inolram, Sw. roix (West, p. 313). *. inoanum, Sw. ng roots of large trees, gregarious, not uncommon. All islands. ^ piloflalloides, L. rests and pastures among rocks on high hills, here and there. — imas (Signal Hill, 1300"). '. serpensi Sw. *ees and rocks on high hills, rare. — St. Croix (top of Mount Ea- C). . PhyllitidiB, L. a) and /9) repens. rests on rocks and trees, not uncommon. — ^AU islands. yathea aiborea, Sw. 12'-15^ high, 3" diam. In forests on high hills, rare. — St. Thomas , western slope, HOCj Caret Bay Gut). CORKECTIOXS AKD ADDITIOSS. Page 19. Fourteeutli line from above, after "local naine" read — which bb » tnltii derived ottberfrom the English or theDutuh langnagp, exc^ipt in VieqaesandCnlriin, Page 84. To Ariomnia nitida. — The gronnd undei the tree in sometinieB covmi] wttk a pecnliBT kind of aerial roots, proceeding from tho underground roots erect inta Ibt air to B lioiglit of four to his Intlits. Pago 99. To JroWea'.— A supposed Aroidca with an iniioeuBo, nearly »phylloo«,clink- iug, ii^rete, green st«m, about ICKK long, 1" diam., with scaly, early dccidnoos Inin and oorial roots resembling those of Yanilla, iamet with in a few places in Si. T (among rocks ou FlagMli in tho forest). As, however, neither fruit nor floirrr k* as jet been found, it is Btill doubtful even to which family this inlnvsting ap» may belong. Page 100, No. 827. Cancel the lines, "Leaves used for making ropea, thatcbingto and other domestic purposes." INDEX. b tUMa an tboM at the eultlnted ploots of (he lilukd*. ph» rt^ N lis JnanoiMKiiro IN H microphiu™ 81 U AntberyUum Bohril H BaeEeOJl W 110 APOCTNACEJ; » « Chlwer 33. N « JRALIACKE SO 48 Art»ti^*dlMk ■MoMfoli* lek.Gold«i ■)H» mb I" lb* UlCSS •«7 alia dlea ■Dbacti UDACEX •aj(d>Uiw ejDOptuUDpbMa . . X>LUCE« CuMia 93 OHltalaU IT ■ngiutiolUqUk 47 bKllkria n biupaulkrU 47 blflon « Filial* W 8orid« *7 gbndulo** 47 smtdi* 4< nictieUw 47 obtiuifoUft 47 . oooldenMU* Gitcli-aiid-kfDp 41 CatMbea parviQoia W C»Mp«lR nnUu Ill CUlQa TO CrtruplBiKillHli. B4 Criu T» CELASTEACE^ S» Crlvry » Celoala ugenlea M Dltids M CeltUKiilnU M trlucrrla »4 Cenchrai echinaiui lOS Ccntlpepiroot ST C«DtroKma Tlrguiiuiani 44 L'cphiluidra InilicN. — U CiTOua, Nii:li1-b1oun]liij( ST Cereiu unutui (7 flOCCMDl E7 grudlflornt ST flumiMlaiut S8 jMruvAonu ->--<-- SB rh}fUanaita S8 tricnculBri* ST Cwtrnm diunmm 78 UurifDUom ,. 7B Ch]iiulM»ii alliuima. M CbanEi'alili- Hiblwus 81 <;b<'ibnlli..8 mkrophjUi US rUKSUl'OIHACEiE 8S Chenopodlum unbroaloldei 8S Diunile 83 Chettj- H41 Black 62 ChrintniM 62 SnrinaiD 52 Wild J4 <:bprvil S8 < hvvullicni llnsiOMta Ill Cliirbrry Gnipo To Cblgger-applo 33,57 Chinese Rose — 31 CliioccKcsii nwemvka <1 1 « « ■ " . OoojH»p«twUW . K hlraatu. Crflooecwi '"".'.'. 71 . a u .. » n .. • , rt n ... * , !• a « (tareBS DnXBNIACEJB.. 11» ■lllBalmft pil(»ln«nU... 110 D10SC0KEACE« IIO Di [)hnl is Halle ifolU M Diplochito »pmiUl». W DiMlDltalooliflor* TO l)iiitmpn« BiteHtuB. 83 DiTl.dfTf W Dodoiuw vtsooia 3S DogAlmDud U Dogwood « Drvpsnocariiuiliiiutiu U DrjTnttiluconliila !T Drypetci eIaium H> IcTlgat* W Ihick.weed K IhideldQ 4fl IMmbCam M Darantn Planilflri H EMtlndU Thymo 81 EliENACKS « Eahlnudarua irordtfollus VJ Schib'sAgglutlnst*. « burbiiU TO clrelialii « Deriflndra 49 ■ubeteota W EclipUdb* M Edrttn wood *) Egjj-plnnt 78 I)Kli>te» ilomlDgfiulj flft Jtii'iKlundraQ ijIncirpaiD 8B Eli'iihoDtopD* molllg. 01 Elcusluolndicn llli EmillA wgltttiM «9 ■uBdhlfuU*. M Eogliah FUoUin 8S EpideDdrambifldun.. ...... ■'-....- 113 GDchlMtam.. ■ubcqiule.— EisgrostlB ciliaria poiBOldei EroohthitM hlerocifoUk .. Erieeron cuudeosii 80 SrithalUfrntlcow... S3 GEEiNIACEi... OT Ofmnfun 93 GlutTliibcI-live.. P««. Bt teri. P^ HollDwitock a.te BooKIoot » Gi«» 3T tlufi'luvUa pen.Ula HtDBOCHARtOACEi Ilyniraicii Conrbaril tlyplii capltata psctiiiaM ««"«1- BfttaU* Bona-ODX — 88 70 dtaseiU f"tij1.u *i pcntaphjll. P»"P™ Q^^iit quinqufpHliU triloba li 126 IpotnacB nmbelktB TkilueA Ireslno flatior IKIDACKE .. IsaloQia longlflon Ixora Banihsta JkIuhCbUId Jicqacmoatia UnmlfoU* ■ ■ JmbbIu Plum Jjmtboaa ouditcccaaiA- - ^^ - - JASMISACE* . , ^almifiuni offldnaU piibuo«iu ...... TTPokttum ...... JatrophaCurcaa .- goAAjpilfotia pandtiTB^oUa Doable Job'a Teon JoUj-Gnu Jambee-bead Juniper JuHiroa (offlrDllDoaa JujMela Weolor perlplaciel Eaklurlakki-beTT;... LebldlU>«iiuia.. S , Lemiui'Uented VerbfOA- - . 3 I Lwmati* nepelsfoli* ^ LeODanu dbiTlciu 2 XipMilllHHtUWIl/ 1 virglalnuD 2 I Lpplooblok miicninato — . 1 I Tlfitta Leacii Ligniuu-viLB ■ . Lilag LILIACK* -. LOf.Red White., ., LlDaciera compocto .. LlpwUelata Lippla nodiaon liquDTlcc Wild Uqncrke-tnie LobluU;.. Lognrood LoDe&nwa Longlo p~»'*«» PhylUIidli LACOACB* as ....^.. u 'V^ ■^pbyiJ* M Pop M OS mcriM M quadriada IT POTAMRE _ ProKOtttoUyominK Prickle- wood » 46 aythrln. glibniUi Ill P«lfll" 4GI>-ACK« «= .T^. :::::::::::::::::: m rimk'ajjmuiftim •« M IMniiiii iiiul,.nr;i 3T to «Si» jniacej: KauwoHln l.imiiKkll 00 FmnchlpoBl uiy U7 m P.B.. A nalwaidM ntricnlaw Ill VIOLACE2 TobiMO-plpB S6 « TUlnblU. 7S W«ldl»i««piikelid. T«gtaTolnbUi. ETOtmaonm aa l-pi™l« Smnll n rh^m- ■ INDEX. 133 Page. •• -.-. 109 CkKvs-Herciilis 38 flftnim 38 macrophylliim 38 Ochfozj^om 38 106 Page. Zingiber officinalis 113 Zixmia elegans 64 multiflora 04 Zizypbus reticulata 40 Zomiadipbylla 43 ZYGOPHYLLACB^ 87 ^eparitncnf of fhc ^nievxovt V. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 14 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 14. PUBLISHED UNDEE THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIOIf. WASHINGTON: OOVEENMKNT PEINTINO OFFICE. 1879. ADVERTISEMENT. Tltis work is the fourteeutb of a series of papers intended to iDostrat tlie collections of Satural Iliatoiy aud Etliuologj- belonging to ih United Estates and constituting tbe National Museum, of 'n-liicli tb Siiiitlisoniau Institution was placed ia charge by the act of Coiigre^ o August 10, 1841i. It lias been pi-ei)aiXHl at the I'equcst of the Inatitation, and printed tr authority of the honorable Secretarj' of the Interior. SPEKOER F. BAIKD, Secretary SmitbsoniaH IiulitHtion. Skitssoniak Institution, Washington, April 3, 1870. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE THE Animal Resources and m Fisheries OF THE TJNITED STATES, EXHIBITED AT PHILADELPIIIA IN 1876 BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, AND FORMING A PAST OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PBXPABBD UNDSB TIIE DIRECTION OF G. BROWN GOODE I 1^1 WASHINGTON: '^yBENMENT PRINTING OFFICE- 1879. LIST OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE COLLECTION. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. SPENCER F. BAIRD. Director of the Exhibition. G. BROWN GOODE, In charge of Collection, CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES. t m Committee on Economical Invertebrates. — ^William H. Dall, Washington, D. C. Committee on Fresh and Preserved Fish, — Eugene G. Blackford, New York. Committee on Fishing Boats and Fittings. — A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. Committee on Hunting Apparatus and Sportsman^s Equipment. — Forest and Stream Pub- lishing Company, New York. Committee on Fishing ^ete.— American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York. Committee on Anglers* Equipments and Apparatus. — Bradford & Anthony, Boston. Comvtittee on Alcoholic Collections^ ^c — Dr. T. H. Bean, W^ashington, D. C. Committee on Furs, — C. A. Herpich &, Co., New York. Committee on Fish Culture and its Apparatus. — J. W. Miln'ER, Wasliington. Committee on Whaling Apparatus. — E. B. & F. Macy, Now Bedford, Mass. Committee on Whale and Fish Oils. — Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Moss. Committee on Chemical Products. — E. R. Squibb, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Artists. — J. H. Richard and A. Zeno Shindler. ModkUr, — Joseph Palmer. Taxidermist, — Julius Stoerzer. Photographer. — ^T. W. Smillie. V TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. NOTE XV 1ST OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN. 1 amivores) 1 edia (laud carnivores) 1 u'dia (seals, &c.) 5 ta (hoofed animals) 7 (sea-cows, &c.) 9 •hales) 10 jet<5 (sperm whales and dolphins) 10 ?ete (baleen whales) 12 i'ora (moles, &c.) 13 gnawers) -^- 14 ialia (marsupiates) 20 20 21 lia (crocodiles) 21 nata (tortoises) 21 23 lati (anglers) 23 nathi (globe, trunk, and file fishes) 23 •rancliii (i)ii)e-fi8hc8, &c.) 25 phali 26 osomata (flat fishes) 26 mthiui (cods, &c.) 28 hoptori (spiny-finned fishes) 31 soces (mullets, &c. ) 53 itognathi (gar-finhes und flying-fishes) ' 54 >rai (pikes, &c.) 55 mdyli (salmon, herring, &c.) 5G ognathi (caq)s) CI )gnathi (cat-fishes) 62 (eels) (33 anoidci (aniias) 03 oganoidei (gar-i>ikes) (54 )8tomi (paddle-fiBh) 64 wstei (sturgeons) 64 ANCUIATKS (>5 phali (chimopras) ()5 ikates and rays) 66 (sharks) 67 vu 1 Tin AKIMAL KESOrnCES OF THE UKITED STATES. VII. MABSIPOBIUNl'rilATKS , 11^ 23. Hj-peroartift (lonipreys) . . . . "K 24. HfperotrDti (bags) TU Tin. Leptocabdianb Ti) 25. CiiToatorai (laneclots).,..,, . 70 Section B.— MEAK8 OF PURSUIT AND CAPTUEE. \ Apjiaratm of direct applieation. 1. Hand-implemests [sraPLE tools) Tl • For striking. 1. Clubs Ji 2. Slung weiglit '1 " For eutlinff. 3. Kmvca "I 4. Aies K "'For Ihrtuting. 5. Spears and prodg... TrI n. Implements for sbizuri: op object ^ * Soaoping-inefrumenls. 6. Scoops 7J " Grouping-hooka, 7. Booked implemeDta (nsed witb Bingle motion, that of hooking}...... ^ 8. BarbedinipleineDta(ui«od with twomoUons, the first that of tbmstiiig). ® 9. Tongs, &c 8J '•* Graa^ng-linee. 10. Nooses (lariata and snores) .. ... .. 11. Loaded lines (tolas) , * ""' EHlangUng-linai. 12. Tangles * \\ Apparaiat of indirect applioation. III. Missiles * Simple miasHeg (those propelled bg the unaided arm). 13. Hurled wcigbta ., 14. Hurled sticks .......... ..,-,. ....... 15. Hurled spears, lances.. . .,.. " Centrifugal mi»aile» (propelling potcer augmented bi/ arHJiaal lengthening o/liearvt . 16. Slings, and spears thrown by straps ... . ............. 17. Missiles thrown by "throwing-Bticks" •** Mi»»ilet propelled bg a sprivg. t Spriog coQsistiug of hent rod. 18. Bows and oi TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Page. Continued. U Spring consisting of elastic cord, ibberslings 89 ttt Spring consisting of metallic helix, ^ons 89 •••• Mi89ile8 propelled hy oompreaeed air or water, ,\ 8 89 pns 90 •*•** JIfisailea propelled hy comhuation of gunpowder, Ds 90 Dry.) Ammunition and its preparation 91 3ry.) Accessories of loading, repairing, and testing fire-arms .. 93 )ry.) Accessories for carrying tire-arms. (Accoutrements) 94 OKa— Angung-tackle 95 v^ith movable lines. — Hand-tackle 95 rith stationary lines. — Set-tackle 97 Dry. ) Parts and accessories to angling-apparatus 97 ttt Apparatua to a greater or leas extent automatic, 122 ling (meshing) nets 122 ingnets 126 i\ii Apparatua entirely automatic 131 ps 131 ng-traps 134 ^ps 135 traps 135 re preparations 1 135 18 FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION 136 136 iating apparatus 136 yes 136 iiiii Acceaaories to tlie chaae andfiahing, -ANIMALS 136 g-mammals 136 ries to hunting-mammals 138 g-birds 137 ries to hunting-birds 137 g-fishes 137 sl> DISGUISES 137 137 133 141 IB METHODS AND APPLIANCES 142 inAftmiBportation 142 162 164 X ANIMAL EESOUECES OP THE UNITED STATES. SEcnox C— METHODS OF PEEPAEATION. I. Pbepaiutton anb prbsektation of foods 1. PreaervatioD of the livjug animgla (seeE, 3) ........ 2. Preservation of fresh meats 3. Drying . . . .... .... .... 4. Canaing ami pickling fi. Preparation of baits . II. Manufacturk of textile FABtacs, felts, asd stcffixob 6. From hair of mammala ... ■ .. 7. From 'wh^lebuue B. From feathers '. 9. From Bilk of iusects . . . ............ t 10. Prom soft parts of other iuvettebrates J III. Preparation of the been and its appendages T 11. Cnrrying C 12. Tanning n 13. Fur-dressing ., . 1' 14. Feather-dressing 17- 15. Manufacture of qnill articles 1^ 16. Hair and wool work ,.,,.......,., If TV. Preparation of the hard tissues W 17. iTory cutting and carving W 18. Preparation of horn and hoofs El 19. Pie2>aratioa of whalebone... ,, ,,, , , lU 20. Preparatiou of tortoise-shell W 21. Preparation of fish-scalo work, &,e .................. ^t 22. PTvpnmtion of nnrrn „,..., Kl 23. Preparation of floral '•*] 24. Preparation of other hard tissnes V. Preparation of oils and gei^atines ST). Extraction of whale-oils 26. Extruetion of other manmial oila , 27, F-xtrtiftionofliinl and reptilfi oils TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page. nON OF THB ANIMAL FOR SCIENTIFIC USES 176 ation of wet preparations 176 in-making 177 ag 177 rmy 178 lory. ) Photographic and other delineating apparatus 178 N D.— ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 179 n a fresh condition 179 Iried and smoked 182 taltedy canned, and pickled 184 ie8(6ee24) ., 187 nd foods for animals 187 188 188 r8(see20) 195 I fabrics 195 9 EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES 197 * Hard materials, mdbone 197 201 md claws 202 203 e-8hell 205 205 206 206 207 •ial earth 207 natcrials derived from invertebrates • 208 ** Flexible materials, r 208 id wool (sec also 8). 217 219 rs 219 icand isinglass 220 Ic materials from insects and mollusks 222 ?8 223 *** Fluids and soft materials, id fats 223 108 227 ig materials 228 3al products and agents cmjiloyed in the arts and medicine 229 zcrs 231 (see under 30) 232 materials 232 E.— PROTECTION AND CULTURE OF USEFUL ANIMALS. 233 ■Iiiitod fitates Fish Commission 233 XII AHIMAL BESOVBCES OF THE DNTTED STATES. IL Pkotectios 2. Preservation of game and fiah 2(1 4. (Accesaory.) Eucmies of usctiil antmalB 111. Pbopagatiox - , m 5. Fropagation of manunalB . ...... . ill 6. Propagation of birds Ml 7. Propagation of reptiles . , , 8. Propagation of nnipliibiuna . 9. Propagation of fishoB ,"„ . 10. Pioptigutiou of insect* , 11. Propngaliou of Iccchoa SU 12. PropBgatioa of moUiisks W 13. Pnipagiition of corals M^ 14. Propagation of apODges . SW CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTEATI0N8 OF THE ECONOMICAL INVEHTEBEiTEfi OF THE AMERICAN COASTS. BY W. H. DALL. MOLLUSCA ciCFHAi^PODA.— Sqnida and Cuttles iSI MoLLUBCA aASTEitoptiDA. — Sea-Snttils, &c., A. UBoful 1, UbwI for food or bait , i. Useful by produeing poorl-ehuU, &c . 851 3. Affording camoo and poicelain slock 4. Used in Indian tradu -- 5. Affording djes!iiffs 6. Affording bird- lime B. Injurioiu 1. By destroying food-producing moUusba or abell-flah, ■neh as clama niTissels, oysters, cind razor-flsh ... .... .... 9. I^jnrioue by destroying vegetable Bubstancea and garden ptanta.. MoiACPCA ACEPUAI.A.— Bivalvo SholMah , TABLE OP CONTENTS. XIH Pace. A PHTLLOPODA 259 efol. Conyerted into fertilizers. Carapax used as a scoop or boat- jailer 259 A I80P0DA 260 efol; by removing wrecks or snags 1 260 iorions; by destroying submerged timber 260 A 8TOMATOPODA 260 A DECAPODA. — ^LobsterS; Shrimp; Crawfisb, Crabs 260 eful; food-supplying 260 mmensal with other food supplies 261 jnrious by burrowing into and weakening levees and dams 261 epared foods 261 LA (injurious) 262 ly dulling the edge of knives and spades employed in ^'cutting in" whale blubber 262 )y obstructing the progression of vessels upon which they affix them- selves 262 .. — Worms and Leeches 262 8 264 :.ANEOUS PRODUCTS OF SEA OR SHORE, NOT OF AN ANIMAL NATURE. Lichens 264 UgjB 265 . Having economical applications 265 . Ornamental algas 265 C MATERIALS 271 AKIMAL EE80UHCES OF THE UMTED STATES. COMMEECIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES. A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS FOE THE FISCAL YEAH EXDIXG JL-NT :ai, lOT. BY 0. BROWN GOODE. Living auimalB Food prodneU, escept fl FJsU Ivory Wliolebone „ ShBll Coral Leather Hides and Bl(iu9 Briatles Quills Feilthers Glue ftnd gelatiue Sponges Oils, fote, and soaps Perfmnety materials Coloring materials Cbemical preparations, inedicinee, &c. Guano nod other fertilizers Si>cdineuB of natural Iiistor; Alpbalietical index INTRODUCTORY NOTE. Q the occaBion of the International Exhibition, in 1876, certain appro- tions were made by Congress to the Smithsonian Institution and United States Fish Commission. The former was called upon to )are an exhibition to illustrate the economical value of the mineral animal products of the country, while the latter was to perform a lar task for the national fisheries. It was subsequently found desir- j for the Smithsonian Institution to unite with the Indian Bureau in claying the condition of the aboriginal tribes of the United States in listoric and modem times. Four distinct departments of work were J provided for, (1) an ethnological exhibition, (2) an exhibition of erals, (3) an exhibition of animal resources, and (4) a fishery exhib:- . The first and second were arranged on opposite sides of the nave be Government building, at Philadelphia, and at its north end. The er, it was found, could not be separated, since the character of the mens and the methods of arrangement required were the same, y were arranged in one series on the north side of the east transept to the east of the nave extending north to the beginning of the eral series. he following catalogue is a simple enumeration of the objects exhib- in this series, and illustrative of the animal resources and the fish- s of the United States. It is essentially a reproduction of the card- ilogue prepared in 187G and still in use in the administration of the action, which, having been greatly augmented by systematic efforts lie United States and by donations from foreign governments, now IS an important section of the United States National Museum. The ilogue has been as far as practicable made complete up to the present ?, in so far as it relates to North America. No effort has, however, 1 made to include the collateral series of specimens from foreign itries. be plan of arrangement is fully shown in the Table of Contents. inning with the Useful and Injurious Animals, it next takes up the 0X3 OF Pursuit and Capture, then, successively, the Methods CTW0 THEM for Use, The Useful Products, and, finally, XV XVI INTEODUCTOET NOTE. tlie ^Ieass of Puotection and Culture. The preliniluaiy plan classification is given in full, whether specimens were obtained toiUiu- trate it or not, auil indicates wherein the collection isstill imperfect. It seema appropriate to remark that a very large niunber of the sped- mens included in this catalogue and exhibited in Philadelphia wan borrowed troni the permanent collections of the National Museum, and have for many years been on exhibition in the Sutithsouian building. G. BROWN GOODE. Washinqton, April 11, 1879. * Fur u fnller cxpoHJtiun of this plan see the following; pamphlet : Inltruutioniil Exhibition 187G. | Bonnlin Behulf of Uuited Stales Esepntive Drpait- mentH. | -■ ■ - - | Clasaiflcatinu | of Ibo j Cull(u;tioa to Illuslrato | the Animkl Bonres of the United States. | A List of SubHtaneea derived trom llio Animal l[lii|,il*'enuneiil ft Office. I 1876. I Svo. pp. xiii (I) 1S6. Also pnbUehnl as Bnllctin No. C, the Interior, United States National Museniu; and aa Article VI in VoLXJlaf ' Umitheonian MiacelluucoUB Colluctions, ^ya8lliugtou, 167d. SEOTIOlSr Jk.. BT OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN. *I. MAMMALS. Oedeb FER a SUBOEDEE FISSIPEDIA. FEIiIDiE. mfkis, (GuIdenstSdt,) Baf.— Bay Lynx or Wild Gat.— Forth America. 12176. liounted. Denver, Col. C. £. Aiken. Deo. 14, 1875. 1SI77. Moonted. (Young.) Denver, CoL C. E. Aiken. ' ITBX canadensis, (Geoff. & Desm.,) Baf.— Canada Lynx.— Korfh- em Korth America. 1S47&. Mounted. Honlton, Me. Bev. B. B. McLeod. Dec. 15, 1875. His eyra, Desm. — ^Eyba Gat. — Southwestern IN'orth America. 9SSL Mounted. Tehnantepec, Mox. F. Somichrast. elte yaffuarandi, De8m.-^YAGUABXJNDi Gat. — Southwestern Korth America. 8480. Moonted. Tabasco, Mex. CoL Sarto. riis concolor, Linn. — ^Pxtma or Goxjgae. — ^America generally. 11813. Moonted. Central Colorado. James Stevenson. 1874. elto onca, Linn. — Jaodab. — Southwestern States, Central and South America. 10390 -f- 12296. Moonted. Died in captivity at Government Insane Asylum, Washington.* *Tlie nombera prefixed to the enumeration of specimens are Smithsonian cataloguo ■iben. When two numbers are given, separated by the mark of division (-r), the plaMotioned nfm to the particular preparation of the animal in question ; the second, cither ralMed part entered in a different series. For example, in 10390 -r 12296, 4 innphig belongs to the skin and the second to the skeleton of a specimen of 2 AKIUAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHEBIES OP DHITED STATXB. Felis pardalis, Linn. — Ocelot or Tioeb Ca.t. — SontfaweBtem liTorth AmertoA. 13179+14179. Honnted. Tn1amaiH»,CcwUBica. TaUnuneaaxpedltlaiL TMI W. M. Gabb. 12187. Honnted. TakmAnca, Coet» Bica. TaUmanca to^effithw. Pib£ V. H..Gabb. CAIVID.K. Cania lapD§, Liim., mr. grt8CO-albii«,— Gcay Wolf.— NmA America generally. 3573 + 3520. Mounted. (Wiiitcr pelage.) Plnttc River, Neb. C. Dnalw. Tiilpes nilTDS, (Desm.,) mr, fiilviis,{Desm.)— Bed Fos.— Xortli- em North America. 7124. Alonutod. (Male.) La Piene'a Hoiue, Bocky Mis. B. Kennicott D«i isei. 6403. Mounted. (Fomole.) Viitton Biver. B. Ecmiicott. Oct. 31, 1660. Tulpes fiilrus, (Desm.,) var. decussntas. — Cross Fox. G407. Mouuiod. (Female). Ft, McPLcrson, Peols Elver, BndsciD's Ba.T Tmi- tory. E. Kennicott, Nov. 29, 1861. "A vary fine cross fos, ncarlj silver, small and apparently j-oiiiig. I^ Indians told mo she ^To□ld ho a silver fox next y ear."— KennicoU. ewa Mounted. (Female.) Ft. Mcl'liei^in, Peels Biver, H. B. T. B. & cott. Nov. 30, 1801. "A good typical cross fox ; tail rather small." — Kennicott. 6404. Honntfld. (Male.) Yukon Biver. B. Ivenuicott. Oct. 3S, 180). "A ratber flno cross fos, oppruaching rooro nearly tbo oilver fni the rcnks. Dm. S. US. niephiti!« niexicaoa, Gray. — Mexican Skunk. — Mexico. 8566. Mounted. Orizaba, Mei. Mr. Botteni. Spilogale zorilla, (Linu.) Coues.— Little Stkifbd Sktsx- Westem United States and Pacific Slope. 1188. Moonted. 8ant« Clnca, Cnl. Dr. J. S. Newberry. Nov., isio. Conepatu§ mapnrito, (Gmelin) Cones. — White - BjICE:-< Skunk. — Southwestern United Statea. ' 790 — IfleC. Skin. ■WeBloni Tesaa. Capl. J. Pope, U. 8. A- AHDCJLL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 5 nmM amerieaniifl, Pallas.— Black Beab.— United States gen- erally. 12380. Mounted. Northem Michigan. John Wallace. halarctos maritimas, (Linn.) Gray.— White or Polab Beab. — ^Northern America, Euroi>e and Asia. y 12379. Mounted. Greenland. John Wallace. roeyon lotor^ (Linn.) Storr. — ^Raccoon. — ^United States generally. 5148. Mounted. National Institntion. 5147. Mounted. National Institution. 26789. Mounted. Wyoming, N. T. H. A. Ward. Rochester, N. T. itoa Aisca, .—GoATrMUNDi.— Texas. 12757. Mounted. BrownsviUe, Texas. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. S. A. PINNIPEDIA. OTARIIDJB. lUirhiiiOS ursinns, (Schreber) Gray.— Fub Seal.— North Pa- ciflc Ocean and Bering's Sea. [291S-34. Mounted. (Group of 17.) Pry bilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Company, San Francisco. 12935. Mounted. Alaska. H. W. Elliott. uaetopias Stelleri, (Fischer) Gray. — Sea Lion.— Pacific Coast. 12489. Mounted. (Female.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Company, San Francisco. 15M88. Mounted. (Male.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Co., San Francisco. 12936. Mounted. (Young.) North Pacific. ilophus Crilliespii, (Macbain) Gill. — ^The Sea Dog.— Pacific Coast. 12937. Mounted. Southern California. Capt. Baker. PHOCIDJB. Titolina, Linn.— The Common Seal; Habbob Seal.— North Atlantic iSa. Cast PtOTincetown, Mass. 1875. ^°lMil(ogniph. (Toung.) U. S. Fish Commission. tnilL U. S. Fish Commission. 6 ANIMAL BB80CBCBS AND FISHEBUE6 OF DNITED STATBB. Phoca Bichardsiit (Gray) GilL— IiBOPABD Seai.v— STtxtti P«il Pagophilns graenlaadicDii, (MiiU.,) Gray. — Hasp Seal^-Aic -y Seas. 5853. Mounted. Sablo lalnnd, N. 8. P. W. Dodd. 6122. Honnted. Fianklin H&tbor, Arctic Seas. B. HoFMlaite. 5851. Mounted. Sable iHland, If. a P. W. Dodd. 12040. Mounted. St John's, N. F. Eov. M. Harvey. 585£ Uoonted. Sable mand, N. & P. W. Dodd. 12039. Moimtod. St. John's, N. F. Eev. M. Harrey. 1S038. Honnted. St John's, H. F. Bev. H. Harvey. Erignathas barbatns, (O. Fabricios) GilL— Sqcabe-fliff Seal.— Arctic Seas. 13422, Skin. Nowfoundlaod. Govenmient of Nevfoundland. Histriopfaoca eqaestris, (Pallas) GilL— Bakded Seal.— Pm Coast, Arctic Seas. 7680. Skin (in collection of Furs). Cape Bomauzoff. W. H. Dall. Pnsa gryphns, (O. Fabricins) GilL — Gbay Seal. — ^Atlantio Cot 8694, Uoonted. Seeland. Zoological Moaenm, Copenhagen. C rSTOPHOBINiB. Cy«tophora eristata, (Brxl) Kilsson. — Hooded Sbai-— Atbi INIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 7 Obdeb, ungulata. BOTIDJB. BOVINJE. Isoii amerieanns, (Gmelin) Gray. — ^Ahebigan Buffalo. — Plains between Bocky Mountains and Missouri Biver. 1S919. Mounted. Coloiodo. C. E. Aiken. ribos mosehatns, Blalnville. lSS9a Mounted. (Female.) Arctic Coast, H. B. T. W. L. Hardestie. Jan. 23, 1875. Also skeleton of same animal. 1S897. Mounted. (Male.) Arctic Coast, H. B. T. W. L. Hardestie. Jan. 23, 1875. Also skeleton of same animal. 6255. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Good Hope, H. B. T. J. S. Onion. ▲NTILOPINJB. i«ama montana, (Ord) Gill. — ^Mountain Goat. — Northern Bocky Mountains of the United States and British America. 11894. Mounted. (Male.) Montana. W. F. Wheeler and J. Armitage. 11893. Mounted. Washington Territory. U. S. Northern Boundary Survey. OTINJB. la montana, Guvier. — ^Biohobn; Mountain Sheep. — ^Bocky Mountain regions. 11891. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Fetterman, Dakota. James Stevenson, U. 8. C^L Survey. 160a Horns. H. B. Mollhausen. AIVTILOCAPRIDJB* itilocapra amerieana, Ord. — ^Pbonohobn Antelope or Cabbee. — ^Plains west of Missouri from Lower Bio Grande to Saskatchewan. 5X)34. Mounted. (Male.) Yellowstone River. Dr. F. Y. Hay den. 3471. Horns. Ft. Chadboume, Texas. Dr. Swift, U. 8. A. 6914. Horns. Ft. Whipple, Arizona Ty. Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. 5084. Horns. Upper Missouri. T CERTIDJB. ce« maehlis, (Linn.) Gray. — Moose. — ^Northwestern United States. 11868. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Geo. A. Boardman. 1S548. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Mr. Jack. "WL Moanied. (Toungcalf.) Nova Scotia. Dr. Bernard Gilpin. Kftine. General S. Churchill, U. 8. A. m. AdiiQiidaGkBy N. T. Henry J. Biddle. H ANIUAL BE80UBCES AIH) FISHEBIE8 OF DSTTBD SUm TarandoB rangiftr, J. Brookes, snbepecios caiikoa, iai. > Ba4^-~WooDLAin} GAxmon. — NwOieastem TSvQi Anw ica. 13473. Mounted. Houlton, Me. Bev. B. B. McLeod. 12407. Uonnted. Honlton, Me. Rev. B. B. HoLeod. 1186^. Mounted. Lake Superior. J. Bonuton. 3289. Antlers. (Female.) Nelson Biver. 3290. Antlera. (Female.) Nelson Birer. Tarandns ran^ftr, (Br.) sabsp. 9rl, Mass. 1004G. JaWB, U. H. Fieh ConuniwioD. 1G047. JawB. National Inatitutc. 25004. WoiHlon model. Capt. Beqj. Bnss^U. Nen Bcdfonl, Maaa. KOGIIN^. Kogia Floweri, Gill. — Poepoisb Speem Whale. — Pacific Coart 80IC. Lower ja . Lower Califomio, BAI,.a:i\'OPTERID^. AGAFHELINf . r AHIMAL BB80U80E8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 18 SlMmldiiis taberosiis, Cope.— Finback Whale.— Atlantic Ocean. Slblmldlas borealls, (Fischer) Geoffiroy. — Sijlphub-bottom Whale. — ^Atlantic Ocean. 16039. Skeleton. Cape Cod. U. S. Fish Commission. SlblMddias salAireas, Cope. — Sulphitb-bottom Whale.— Padflo Ocean. BateHoptera rostrata, (Miiller) Gray.— Obampus.— Atlantic Coast. Babenoptera Tellftra, Cope. — ^Finback Whale ; Oregon Fin- NER. — Pacific Ocean. BalaBnoptera Davldsoiiii, Scammon. — Sharp-headed Finner Whale.— Pacific Coast ie040. SkeletcHDL Califomia. Capt C. H. Scammon. haIjJenidje. Batena mysticetus, Linn. — ^Bowhead Whale. — Arctic Seas. 12938. Model in plaster. From drawings and measorements of Capt. C. M. Scammon. 16041. Jaws. Arctic Ocean. U. 8. Fish Commission^ Gubatena Cullamach, (Chamisso) Cope. — Pacific Bioht Whale.— North Pacific. 1S968. Model in plaster. From drawings and measurements of Capt. C. M. Scammon. Kubalaena cisarctica. Cope. — Eight Whale. — Atlantic Coast. Order, INSECTIVORA. TAIiPIDiE. ^^alops aquaticus, (Linn.) Cut. — Eastern United States. 3965. Mounted. (Male.) Washington, D. C. G. Exall. 5830. Mounted. (Female.) Washington, D. C. G. Exall. 3866. Mounted. District of Columbia, 1658. C. Drexler. 3864. Mounted. (Albino.) Virginia, October 30, 1846. D. F. Kent. ^^alops arffentatus, Aud. & Bach. — Silvery Mole.— Western United States. 11351. AlcohoUc. Mt. Carmel, HI. R. Ridgway. 783. Moonted. Tremont, IlL W. J. Shaw. 14 XSatAL K180UB0B8 AHD FI8HSSIBS OTDHITBD BTUEkH. Scapanns TownsendU, (Bachman) PomeL — Obbooit Kou Pacific Slope. 3963. Mounted. Oragoo. T. R. F«ale. C. S. Exploring Expedttkn. 1963. Honuted. Ft. SteiUcMnn, Waah. Ter. Dr. 0«orge Baekkj, U. S. i Scapanas Brevreri, (Bachinan) Pomd. — Haibt-tiii.ed Hou Eastern United States. ES3. Uonnted. Clerelamd. Ohio. I>t. J. P. Kirtland. CoBdylara cri8tata,(Luui.) niiger. — SiAs-vossD Moia^-Ko em cismontane States. 396B. Uonnted. WaeUngton, D. C. Order, GLIRES. SCnjRIB.£. Sciarus cinereas, Linn.— Fox Squibsel. — Eaatem United Sti 4143. Moonted. IMstrict of ColmnbiA. C. Diexler. 321 — 1240. Mounted. Wrateni Uisaomi. Dr. P. R. Hoy. IBM. 4044. Honuted. (Male.) District of ColombiA. A. B. Jonkhia. Sclums carolineaaia, Omelin^— Obat Sqitibbei- — United Sb 4043. Uonnted. District of Columbia. S. F. Balid. 334-^1352. Moimt«d. Racine, Wis. Rev. A. C. Buir. 333-^ 1250. Mounted. Baeine, Wis. Dr. P. R. B07. 11071. Uonnted. New Tork. J. G. Bell. 6844. Mounted. WaaMngton, D. C. J. K. 1 ANIMAL RGS0DBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UKITED SPATES. qnadriTittatas, (Say) Squireel. — Pacific Slope, i Eich. — MissouKi Stuiped STamias lateralis, (Say) Alleo. — Sat's Stbiped 8qcibk: Bocky Mountains, from Mexico norttiwanL 9310. Mounted. Canon City, Neradn. Bobwt Bidgway. March, 1668. i. Snn-cy of Fortielli Purnllel. ^S^ermophiliis grninniurii§, (Say) Bacli.— California Groxind Squirrel. — Western Texas and Sifw Mexico ireat to Sierra Nevada IMountains. 1046—2315. Monnleri. Lob Nogales, Sonom. Maj. W. H. Emory, U. S. A. ^ ^Vermophilus ^rammurnB, (Say) Bach., rar. Beechyi. — _ California Grounb Squieeel. — Gala, and Lower Cal^, , ^k west of Sierra Nevadas. 469. Mounted. Tejo' 470. Monuted. Ttyoi VaUey, Cal. VaUey, Cal. ^ ^enuophilus Hnrrisi, And. & Bach. — Harris' Groithd Squir- rel.— The Great Interior Basin and Lower California. 471-HJOO. Mounted. Moliave Desert. Lien t. R. 8. Willi nmsoi ^Vermophiliis'Frankllni, (Sabine) Bich. — Gray Goph: Northern Illinois, northward to the Saskatchewan. 985. Skin. Eacine, Wia. Dr. P. R. Hoy. ^■lerinophilas tereticaudis. And. & Bach. — Round- tailed Ground Squirrel. — Arizona. 1584. Sktn. Fort Ynmo, Cal. Mi^j. G, H. Thomas. ^■icrmophilus tridecem-lineatus, (Mitchell) Audi & Bach.— Striped Gopher ; Prairie Squierfx. — The prairic-s ot the United States. 437— 130J. Mounted. Head of Arkansas Eivor, Capt, E. O. Beckwith. ^BMmiophilus mexicanns, (Erxleben) Wagner. — Mexican Ground Squirrel. — Southwestern Texas and Southern New Mexico, southeastward into Mexico. aaflB. Monnted, Engle Fobs, Te^os. Dr. W. B. King, U. 8. A. ^.Permophilas Parryl, Rich. — Pasby's Marmot. — Northern parts of the Continent, from Hndson's Bay to Behring's Strait. 8730. Mountod. Felly Lake. H. H. MocFarlane. Juno 21, 1864. ST89. Mounted. Lockhart Eivor, H. U. T. B. R. Roes. July 4, If Saeo. Moun(«d. Kodiak. F. Bis«hoff. Sept. 13, lelGS. a 16 AmUAL SBS0UBCE8 AMU FI8BEBIB8 OF DHTTBD 8TAn& Spermophilas spUosotna, Bennett — Soitora. Ohouhd SqcH' BEL — Extern base of tlie Booby Moantanu north to WeH> em Wyoining. ■ i 2620. Fort Thorn, N. Jlos. Dr. T. C. Henry. Spermophiliis Richartlsoni, (Sabine) Baird.— Teuot GoPHBE. — Plains of the Saskatchewan soathward lo the Upper Missouri. 12360. Skin. Fort Saunders, Wjo. Col. A. O. Brockott. Spertnophilus Townsendi, Baeh. — TowNSBni>'8 Gbocsd Squierbl, — Plains of Colombia. 3775. Ciunp Lloyd, Utuli. Capt. J. H. Simpson, U. 8. A, Mpermophilns annulatii§, And. & Bach. — RmGExt GEOun Squieekl. — Plains of Colima, Mexico. . Skins. Cynomys ladovicianus, (Ord) Baird.— Pbairie Doo.-~Gitit plains east of the Rocky Monntains. 4057. Mounted. (Female.} Plotto KiTer, Ark. Dr. WoodLoiue. 7770-f-345. Moimtod. (Male.) Ft. Lamed. Dr. E. Coaes. Uaj 31. 1«l 11458. Monnted. Colorado. J. H. Batty. ^559. Mounted- Soda Springs, Colo. Jos. Storenson. Cynoniy§ coliunbianu«, (Ord) Allen. — Shobt-tail&d PeaoiI Dog. — The parks and plains within and west of the Body Mountains to the plains of Colnmbia. 5849. Mounted. Kort Bridger, Utiih. C. Dreilor. ANIICAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 17 CASTORIDJE. itor canadensis, Kuhl. — American Beaver. — United States generally. 9734. Monnted. (Yonng.) Henry Fork, G. R. Dr. F. V. Hayden. Oct., 1870. 9 GEOmYIDJE. imys bnrsarius, Rich. — Pouched or Pocket Gopher.— Mis- soiiri to Minnesota and Nebraska. 91. Moaxited. Columbia River, Oregon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. imys tiiza, (Ord,) Cones. — Florida Salamander. — Southeast- em States. 11905. Skins. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goodc. imys castanofis, Baird. — ^Texas Pouched Gopher.— Texas and New Mexico. 4007. Mounted. Bent's Fork. Lt. Abert. ^momys talpoides, (Bich) Baird.— California Gopher.— Korthem and Western North America. 366-H1280. Monnted. Monterey, California. Lt. W. P. Trowbridge. ^momys clusius, Cones.- Smai^l-foOted Pouched Gopher. — Rocky Mountains. . Skins. Ft. Bridger, Utah. iTHJRIDJB. s decumanus, Pallas.— Brown IIat.— United States generally. (Introduced.) 5847. Monnted. Washington, D. C. » rattus, Linn. — Black Rat. — United States generally, but rare. (Introduced.) 12H-921. Skin. Foxburg, Pa. S. F. Baird. « mnsculus. — Common Mouse. — United States generally. (In- troduced.) 4051. Monnted. (Albino.) District of Columbia. jpcromys leucopuiit, Wagner. — ^^Vhite-footed ^Iouse. — Northern United States west of the Mississippi River. Halifax. N. S. A. DowncH. »4 2 la AKIUAL RE80UBCB8 AND KISHBRIBS OF nHlTED STATES. nreotoma floridana. Bay & Ord. — Flobida Uat; Wood It^j Atlantic SIoiMJ nortlnvartl to Kcw York. 4334. Mounted. Hillsbimi, Vn. K. Jouucy. IVeotouia cinerea, (Oiil) Baird. — Bocky Mountain Bat. — Piu-iiir SloiMJ imil Uptwr Missouri. 5G63. Mounted. Fort Liard, Hudooo's Uuy Terr, llvaa itnd Hard««t,v. Fiber zibethiciiK, Cuv.— Musx Bat.— United States generallj. 'HXiO. Mouutcd. (Fuiuiile.) District uf Coluiiibin. U. O. Pollard. HYSTRICID.K. Eireltaizon dorsatUM, (Liirn.) Flem., rar. dorftalns.— ^'Dirt haieed Poecupine. — Xortliei-n United States. 11066. Moiiuted. Maine. Juhu WallHci-. ■ l-«02. Mounted. (Female.) Mt. WaBliiugtou, N. U. C.J. King. July3.l5. Ifdmited. (Female.) San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Hammond. Dec. 28, IflBflL UO ANIMAL RE80UHCKS AND FISHEEIES uF t'MTKU STATES. EfCpiifi sylvatieus, BacL., zar. IWullalli. — Sage Kabbit.— Unittd States west of 97th meridian. iS-^JO. Monntwl. (Frnialp.) Camp Graut, Arii. Edwaitl Pftlmer. Krh. '», Eiepits Trowbridgii, Bniid, — Troavbrldge's Hare. — Califomii. IISI. Moiinlc.]. Satita Cliirii, Cal. Dr. J. !*. Newbcrrj. Nov., 1S.V.. ■JOT4-^K1. Mountwl. PotfilmnH, Cul. E. Samiiols. Ijepiis aquatlcui*, Bacli. — ^^''ATBR Rabbit. — GiUf States. Iiepii!« palu«)lri«, Bacli.— >lABsn Rabbit. — Sontlieastem Failed States, on lowlands. 4018. Mounted. St. SimoD's jHlanil, Go. Dr. Wilson. ISOO, i856.f Monntwl. Society Hill, B. C. M. A. Curtis. 1856. leSI. Moniiteil, St. Bimnn'M IbIeukI, Ga. Dr. S. U. WlUon. OnDKR, EDEXTATA. ]»A»i»VPO»ID.C. TatiiMJa »tepteiii-cinrtum U. A. Ward. liffator mississippicnsiii, Daudiu. — Alligator. — Southeast- ern North America. 9960. Cast. JacksonTille, Fla. F. C. Goodo. 8543. Cast. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goode. Order, TESTUDINATA. TESTVDI]¥ID£. stvdo Carolina, Linn. — Florida Gopher-Tortoise. — South- eastern Korth America. 9627. Cast. Florida. G. Brown Goode. studo Berlandieri, Agassiz. — Southwestern United States. 8926. Brownsville, Tex. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. 8. A. EIHYDID^. Jacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin. — Diamond-back Terrapin. — Qoast from New York to Texas. 8709. Washington Market. J. W. Milner. 90^. Cast. Mandeville, La. G. Kohn. eodemys rag^osa, Shaw. — ^Eed-bellied Terrapin. — ^New Jersey to Virginia. eOV\ Cast. Kinston, N. C. J. W. Milner. eodemys concinna, Leconte. — ^Florida Terrapin. — South- eastern United States. 8907--8. Cast. Florida. Professor Baird. blliensis, U]e.La. G.K 22 ANIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Id: ■ CBELTDRID^. nacrochelys lacertina, Sclnv.— Alligatok Titetle. Cast. OreenvLUc, Miss. S. W. Fergusou. Chelydra serpentina, Lion. — Snapping Tortoise. — Canada Ecuador. iiijj^on, D, (.'. Josejili Piilmtr. TBIOUVCHIDjE. I Aspidonectes l^rox, Schw. — Soft-shell Tijbtli;.- Wcstfni Loiii.siauM. 1 4 Aspidonectes spinil^r, Les.— Soft-siiell Turtle. — MiddU- ^;n« nortlicrn tritnitaries of the Mississipiii and the Saint lium [■ence. S309. Monnteil. RiniiiK 'Sun, Incl. 9614. Alcoholic. M). Cannel. 111. 11. Ridgway. Chelonia mydas, Schw. — Gbeen Tubtle.— AUantic Coast 8oiitIIL.-b of Long Island. 83^-^15367. Cost iu papier-macb6. New York market. E. O. Blockfonl. Chelonia virgata, Schw.— Paoifio Green Tobtlk,— Pacifi^Bc Coast. 9639. Cost. San Diego, Cal. O. N. Hitchcock. Thalassochelys caonana, Linn. — Logoebhead Tubtle. 8386-^15259. Cast. Now York market E. G. Blackford. Eretmochelys Imbricata, Linu. — Hawk's bill Turtle. Southern Atlantic Coast. . Cast. Now York market. E. G. Blackford. Eretmochelys sqnaniata, Linii. — Paoifio Hat^k's bill Tubtl^^^^ — Pacific Coast. 12388. Shells. Fiji Island. U. S. ExpL Expedition. SPHARCiIDIB.£. Sphargis coriacea, Eondelet — Leatheebaok Tuetle. — ^Atlanti- ^^^ ■* Coast to Massachusetts. S3e9T-1526S. Cast. New York market E. G. Blackford. 4SIMAL REROLRCES AND FI8HEEIES OF UNITED STATES. V. FISHES. Okdeb, pediculati. nAI.TUEID.£. cnbilfrons, Iticb.— Sea Bat. — West ludiau Fanna. Xer-ir. Caat. St. Augnstlne, Fla. Dr. J. M. Laing, U. S. A. 800. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Commisaiuu. vespertilio, (Linn.) Cuv. — Sea Bat. — ^West Indian Fanna. 1£5T5. AJcohollc Bperimen. AmiuoDa. Criti^li Mustuiu. LOPHIID^. ,iU8 piscatorius, Linn. — Goose Fisn; Angler. — Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. Jfi06C. Alcoholic specimen. TotupkiniviUe, H. Y. Copley. 14910. Caat. Woad'n Holl, Maaa. U. 6. Fish CommisBion. June 23, 1973. B57. Cart. Wood's Holl, Ma«8. U. S. Fish CommiflBion. IS, 13, 14, ir>. Pbolngrapliit. U. S. Fish Commission. AIVTEMIV ARIID^ . iphryne histrio, (Liuu.) Gill. — JIouse-fish. — Pelagic. Alcoholic Bi)ecimens, Wood's Hull, Mass. V. N. Eilnarda. Order, PLECTOONATHI. rotunda, Cnv. — SuN-Pisn. — yewfoundlaml to Cape Hatteras. ' ,'. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission. Sept. IC, 1974, IB833. Cufit. Noank, Conu. U. S. Fish Commisalou. Scpi. 16, 1B74. . Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 764. Color Kketrli. {Ri.lianl.) U. S. Fish Coraroissiou. DIODOIVTIDjE. omycteriiN geomelricus, (Linn.) Kaup. — Bun -fish. — South of Capi' L'ad ; West Indian Fauna, &c. sea. Cnat. New Totk market, E. (i, Blackford, Oct. 7, IS?.'.. L CMt. Wood's Holl, SIuso. U. S. Fish CommisaioD. Ang. 1, 1973. e83-4-G. Colorsketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 34 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FI8HEBIIS OP UHITEO 8X13X1. Chllomycterus ftdiffinosaB, (De Eay,) GUL 13938. Alcoholic epocimen. Watcb Hill, R. 1. U. 8. Fiah CominiMinL i 18, 1874. Trichodiodon pilOBOs, (Mitch.) Bleeker. — Haibt Box-nai Cape Cod to Cape HatteraB. . Alcoholic ipocimon. Beosly'a Point, N. J. ProC 6. F. Baiid. 1^. TETRODOMTID.£. Tetrodon laeTii:afD8, (Liim.) Gill.— Rabbit-fish. — Cape Cod Florida. 148b7. Cust. Viuoj-ard Suund, Maw. U. S. Fish Conunisaian. Jnlj 13^ IS 3,3. Pbotographa. U. fi. Fish CommiaBiou. Chllichf hys targidaei, (Mitob.) GiU. — Swell-fisb.— Cape C« Florida. 10740. CuBt. Wood'8 Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 499. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fieh CommiBBion. 615-16. Color sketch. Prof. Alox. Agasaiz. OSTRACIID.X. Ostraclum qnadricome. Lion.— Cow-fibh.— West bi Fatma. lOOOe. Cast. Bermadas. G. Brown Goode. Uaroh, 1872. 664. Color sketch. (Burkhatdt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Asasaii. Atit Boston Aqoarial Gardon June, 1860. UnifAL BB80URCES AND FISHERIES OF UKITED STATES. 25 laltotes capriscus, L1S33. AlcohoUc Bpecimen. East Coast. John Sutherland. leplianolepis setiftr, (Bennet) Gill. — Stobeb's File-fisel — Kova Scotia to Florida. 16519. Alcoholic specimen. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept., 1875. 617. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Capo Cod. Prof. Alox. Agassiz. Aug., 1859. 496. Color sketch. (Bichard.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1875. « mthorhiiius occidentalism— West Indian Fauna, &c. 16746. Alcoholic specimen. Chesapeake Bay. Capt. John Evans. Oct., 1875w latera cuspicauda, Bo Kay. — ^LoNa-xAiLED File-fish. — Gape Odd to Florida. 16341. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 13, 1875. 15569. Cast. New York. £. G. Blackford. 15827. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. 15839. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 9, 1875. 41^1'V-14. Color sketches. U. S. Fish Commission. tacanthus aurantiacus, (Mit^h.) Gill.— Obange File- fish. — Cape Cod to Florida. 14914. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873. 15870. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873. 14916. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873. 5y 6, 7, 8, and 9. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 500. Color sketch. Order, LOPHOBRANCHII. hippocaiupidje:. ppocampns antiqaoriim, Lcacb. — Sea-horse ; Horse-fish. — Cape Cod to Cai>e Hatteras. 21044. Alcoholic specimen. St. Gcorge^s Banks. G. Brown Goode. u» Peckianus, Storer.— Pipe-fish.— K^ew-foundland to Oape Hatteras. Wood's Holl« Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 26 ANIMAL RE80UBCBS AND FISHEBIE8 OF DNITED STATES. Oedeb, teleocephali. heterosomata, SOLEID^. Achirui lineatus, (Limi.) Guv. — Asierican Sole ; Hoo Choke — Cape Cod to Florida. ir743. Cust, (upper ^idi-.) ^?lM>d'il Holt, Mqbh. U. 9. F1^ Coiciiimikiii. }'< 21, 1874. 15743. Cost, (ander Hide.) Wood's Holl, Msm. U. B. Fish CommiiMmi. Fi SI, 1S74. 380. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Coiiimi»ioii. 44B. Photograph, (upper Bide.) 449. Photograph, (under Bide.) 561. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agasaiz. Solea Tulgaris, QaenBel. — Sole. — Coast of Europe. 1^13. CoBt. England. 16. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. PIiE1JBO]lfECTID.£. Euchalarodas Patnami, Gill.— Putnau's Flat-fish.— Fom only in Salem Harbor. 5368. AlcohoUo specimen. Salem, Mass. P. W. Pntnun. PseudopleuroDectes americanus, (Walb.) GilL — Flat-fib ANIMAL BESOUECES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 27 flyptocephalutf cynoglossus, (Linn.) Gill.— Pole Floundeb. — ^^laine. 'M. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 126^ Alcoholic specimen. Treat^s Island, Eastport, Mc. U. S. Fisli Commis- sion. Aug., 1872. lOphopsetta maculata, (Mitch.) Gill. — Wateby Floundeb; Spotted Tubbot. — Cape Cod tx) Cape Hatteras. 15693. Cast. Wood-s Holl, Mass. U. S.*-^iBh Commission. 10662. Cast. WooiVs Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 25, 26. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 780-1. Color sketch. (Richanl.) U. S. Fish Commission. hiNiopsetta ocellaris, (De Kay) Gill. — Common FLouin)EB.— Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. 15177. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. 8. Fish Commission. 10721. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Conunlssion. 14899. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 24, lr^4. 10664. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 15176. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. 27, 28. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. .'k£(-4. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. FiHh Commission. basnopsetta oblong^a, (Miteh.) Gill.— Foub-spotted Floundeb. — Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. 10716. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 10661. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 29, 30. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. ka^nopsetta dentata, (Linn.) Gill. — Southebn Floundeb. — Cape Hatteras to Florida. 18048. Alcholic specimen. St. John's River, Fla. Professor Bainl. ippoi^lossus americanus, Gill. — Ualibut.— Xewfoundliind to Cape Hatteras. 15698. Cast. Eastern Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874. 15705. Cast. Eastern Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874. 16587. Cast. Boston, Mass. F. II. Johnson. Sept. 24, 1875. 15732. Cast. 31, 32. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 767. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ippogrlossoides limandoidei§^, Guntlier.— Sand Dab. 21037. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N. S. TT. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 11, 1877. 21616. Alcoholic specimen. Gloucester, Ma«s. U. 8. Fish Commission. .Inly 29, 1878. UfKOk CML Wood's Holl, Mass. Y. N. Edwards. Feb. 2, 1874. 28 ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHrJUES OF UHITKD STATES. ReinhardtinB hippo^lossoldes, (Walb.) GilL— Obeenlui ToHBOi. — Greenland. 14«iy. Cast, (n|>piT Hidu.) Nowfouufllaiid. E. G. Blackford. Feb., 1874. 14^^69. fast. MonfuuiuUuna. E. G. Blaekibnl. Feb., X8T4. Xi. I'hotograpli. U. S. FisL CoiiiniigaioD. 21564. Cast. Lu Have Bonk. U. S. Fisli Coimuisaion. Psettichthya melanostlctDBf Girard.— Galifobnia " Spotte Sole."— Coast of California. 16701. Cast. San Francinco, Cal. L. Stone. Jan. 27, 1876. 1G699. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. Jon. 27, 187a 16700. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. Jon. Z7, 187U. 16699, 16700, 16701. Alcoholic BpecimenB. 8au lYancisco. U.S. Fish Cumnuw 36, 39. Photogrophs. U. 8. Fi«h Conmuasion. 777. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Conunisslon. 7M. Color aketcb. (Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agaaaiz. Platichthys stellatus, (Pall.) Gill. — Itouau Floutideb.— Coa of California. 16696. Caxt. Sail Fraui:iiu.'o, Cal. L. gtouc. 3S. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Comniisiuon. 531-2. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Couuuisaiuu. 657. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Fmiicisco. Prof. Aleic. Agassiz. X' 1S5&. Parophrys vetalus. — " Sole." — Coast of California. 17064. Alcoholic spocimcn. Sou Francisco, Cat. C. S. Fish Commiaoion. 776. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish CommtMioa. Ancylopsetta qnadrocellata, GilL ANIMAL RB80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 29 acmms Bairdii, Ooode & Bean. — Spike-Tatl. 21014. Alcoholic specimen. (Type. ) Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 19, 1877. ollachias carbonarias, (Linn.) Bon. — Pollaok. — Greenland to Gape Hatteraa. 15971. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 16B254. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875. 41, 42, 43. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 787. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. Rdii9 morrhua, Linn. — God-fish.— Polar Begions to Gape Hat- teras. 16770. Cast. Irish Sea. Liverpool Free Public Museum. 14902. Cast. New York market. E. 0. Blackford. April 3, 1874. 15923. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission. 44, 45, 381, 392. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 610. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. icn^i^adus proximus, (Girard) Gill. — ^Tom God. — Goast of Gall- fomia. 16696. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. June 27, 1876. 47. Photograph. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 616. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. icroffadns tomcodus, (Walb.) Gill. — Tom God ; Frost-fish.— Newfoundland to Gape Hatteras. 14634. Cast. Wood^s Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873. 14885. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873. 16608. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 27, 1875. 46. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 602. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz. elanoiTaninius aeglefinus, (Linn.) Gill.— Haddock.— New- foundland to Gape Hatteras. 14897. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873. 14896. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Yiah Commission. Aug. 2, 1873. 48, 49, 50. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 427. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. hycis chuss, (Walb.) Gill. — Hake. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hat- teras. IGZ^. Cast. Boston, Mass. F. H. Johnson. hjCM tenuin, (Mitch.) De Kay. — Squirrel Hake. — ^Xewfound- ^ land to Gape Hatteras. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873. ttoh^ U. 8. Fish Commission. 30 ANIMAL BE8DTTBCES AND FI3HEG1ES OF UNITED STATES. Phrcie Chester!, Goodc & Bviiii. — Lonu-finned Hake. 21*10. AIooliolJu BlietilDOn. (Tyi«'-) Gulf (if Maiiii-. U. S. Fisb Cuiiiiuu Aug. 27, 1W8. l^rophyci^ regius, (Wiilb.) Gill. — Spotted Codlixg.— fajw tu Ciipe Ilatterae. 7(W. Cnliu- Hkiltli. (Emertou.) U. 8. Fiah CuoiniissioD. ili84,j-(i. Ciifts uiiil alcoholic sputimODB. New York. Fred. Mather. MolTa Tulgaris, Fleming. — Ling. — Polar Seas. 11)775. CiiKt. Coiut of EDgUnil. Livcrgimil Freo Public Mnseum. aSKJ. I'!i<.ti.gniph. U. S. FUli Coniiuissiou. Rbinonemus caadacuta, (Storer) GUI. — Foub-beabded lioci' LING. — NoviV Scotia to Cape Cod. KHiSG. Ati'oliolii; apecimtii. Wood's UoU, Mum. V. N. Ednanlt Ciliala argentata, (Beiuli.) GUI. — Mackebrl Midob.— Greetibnl to Ciij>e natteras. ilili'.i. Ali'iihLilir.' Hjifcimeu. Vineyard Sounil, Mima. U. >*. Fish Hypslptera ar^entea, Giinthei'. ■Jiatl. Ak.>li..li.' siHviin.ii, OffCiiix- Mny, K. J. Brottmius americnniit*, GilL- Cnpt, It. H. Uurlbcrt. -CusK. — Nova Scotia to Cape Oa 106O.i. CjisI. l!.im.,ii, M»», Wiu. Prior, jr., a Co. Sept. K, 1875. I'>^<8G. Ciwt. Wood's Hull. Moiw. U. 8. Fiab Camiusdou. Feb. SI, 1^4. 52. Photo}^])!). U. 8, Fisli Commiwiou. 420. Color sketch, (ttiuhurd.) V. S. Fish Commiuiou. ANIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 31 OPHIDIIDJB. phldinwi marglnatiiiii, Mitch. — Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. 10762. Alooholic specimen. Tompkiusville, N. Y. C. Copley. liYGODIDJB. (larces anguUlaris, (Peck) Storer.— Eel Pout.— Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. 14888. Cast. New York market. £. 6. Blackford. March, 1874. 15694. Casl. Kantackot Shoals. U. S. Fish Commissioii. 651. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. CRYPTACA]¥THID^. rjrptacanthodes maculatus, Storer.— Spotted Wby-mouth. — ^Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. 16621. Proviucetown, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commissiou. 1.5889. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission. 15890. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission. 423. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commissiou. 613. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Boston. Prof. Alex. Agnssiz. Dec., 1861. ryi^tacanthodes inornatus, Gill. — Ghost-fish. •<— Coast of Massachusetts. 1761. Alcoholic specimen. Maine. W. Stimpson. AmnoDYTiDJE:. liioodytes americanun.— Sa>d Eel. 382. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commissiou. 422. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commissiou. STI€H^ID^. ichJeus punctatns, (Fabr.) KeiuL. — Xorth Atlantic Coast. 590. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz. 21068. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N. S. U. S. Fisli Commissiou. Sept. 4, 1877. ■■it iioii mmniiii subbiAircatut^, (Storer) Gill. — Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. i^mm. I**^*^ N. S. U. S. Fish Commissiou. Aug. 25, ASIMAL RE80DKCKS AND FISHERIES OF TTNTTED STATES. XIPHIDIO^TID^. nunenoides mucronatus, (Mitch.,) Oill. — Bock Eel.— Kora Scotia to Cape Hatteras. I3S47. AJcoholio »iM>';i""'Q- Eastiiort, Jle, U, 8 4^§. Color skotoL, I'rtif. Atcx. Agnssiz. nurienoide!« oraalii)*, (Gii-aiil) Gill. — Pacific liocK V.n^ Pacific (,'oa.st. 630. Color akotfb. (Agiuwi/.) Ft. R.ii«^it«, Gulf of (iiwgiu, Wa-li.Trrr. Pni Alos. AgasRi/.. .Inly, lUS. AiVARRHlCHAJDID^. AnarrhichaH Tomerinus, (Ag.) Storer. — AVolf-fiso.— tinro- land to Cai)e Ilattcius. IIH3S. Cast. Uc>st«n, ilaaa. F. H. JolinBon. Sept. 8, 1^75. 14900. CiMt. CoxBwnin'B Lntgo, K. I. IT. S. Full CommiMion. Jul; £, )9L 37. Photograph. 11. S. Fi«li CouimiBsion. 770. Colnt shctrJi. (Riphard.) V. S. FibU Commiiisioo. Anarrhichas lapns, Linn. ■^li^ir,. Speuiuinn hi lirinc. Cl.miTHt.T. U. S. Fish C BATRACHIB^. Bntrachus tau, Limi.— Toad-fi«ii; Oyster-fish. — Nova 8cotJit» (Jnlf of Mexico. ANIMAL RE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 33 €Y€IiOPTERIDJE:. Cydopteras Imnpus, Liim.— Lump-fish.— North Atlantic. 15688. Cast New York. E. G. Blackford. May 15, 1874. 15730. Cast New York. E. 0. Blackford. April 18, 1874. 16660. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 58. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) Yonng specimen. Fisher's Island Sound. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874. liparididje:. Etfiparte lineata, (Lepechin) Kroyer. — Striped Lipabis.— North Atlantic. 13960. Alcoholic. Watch HiU Reef, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874. 788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) U. S. Fish Commission. Etfftliarifl Rlontagrni, Don. — Sea Snail.— North Atlantic. 20433. Alcoholic. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. triolidje:. I^i^ctylopterus ToUtans, (Linn.) Lacep.— Flying Gurnard.— Temi>erate and Tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean. 15673. Cast Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 8, 1873. . Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ^■^lonotns carolinus, (Linn.) Cuv. & Yal. — ^BROAD-FmaERED Sea Eobin. — Cape Cod to Florida. 59. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 443. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 566. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz. ^■^onotns eTolans, (Linn.) Oill. — Striped Sea Bobin. — Cape Cod to Florida. 15735. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 15727. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 16411. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commissiou. Sept. 25, 1875. 60, 61, 62. Photographs. JJ. S. Fish Commission. 401,402. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. AGONIDM. Idophoroides monopterygrius, (Bloch.) Storer.— Polar Seas and soath to Connecticnt. 21700. Alcoholic. Massachusetts Bay. U. S. Fish CommissioiL Ball. N. M. No. 14 3 L 34 ANIMAL RBSOUBCES AND FIBHBRIB8 OF UNITED BTATB8. Cottiis octodecinispinosus, Klitch. — Sculpin. — Hova Scotia a Cape Hatteras. 16*37. Caat. Boston, Moas. F. H. Jolmson. Sept. B, 1875. 63. Photogiapli. U. S. Fbli Conimtasion. 537-8. Color akotch. Prof. Alex. Agasalz. Cottns grcenlandicns, Cuv. & Val.— Geeenland Scultb.- Polar Eegions to Capo Cod. 164:)6. Cast. BostuD, .Moss. V. U. Johnsou. GTi. Pliotograph. U. S. Fiuh Commiasion. .M-'i. Color eketcb. Prof. Ales. Agasaiz. Cotliis ITlitchilli, Cur. & Val. — Pigsty Sculpin. — New Eugiuni Coast. 14806. Alcoholic HpccimiMia. Wood's Holl, Masa. U. S. Fish Commiaiion. 62. Photograph. U. S. Fish Coininisstoii. !i46. Color Bket4:h. Prof. Alex. Agae^x, Uranidea riscosa, (Qald.) DeXay. — American Milleb^s Thixl 6W. Color Bkctch. (Roetlcr.) Plymouth, Mobb. Prof. Alex. Agaosiz. Mint 1860, nEmiTRIPTERIDJE). Hemitripterus aniericauus, (Giuel.) Cuvier.— Sea Kates.- Nowfomidlarid to Sew York ; Seas of Japan. 1J736. Cast. WdoiI's Holl, Mas*. U. S. Fish Conn ANIMAL KL80UKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 35 liastonias anricalatus, (Oirard) Gill.— Blaok-eabed Book- fish. — Coast of Galifomia. 612. Color aketoh. (Agaasiz.) San Francisco, CaL Prof. Alex. Agaasiz. Nov., 1859. t^astomus flisciatus, (Oirard) Oill.— Banded Book-fish.— Coast of Califomia. 483. Color sketch. (Richard.) San Francisco. Livingston Stone. L^. S. Fish Commission. March, 1876. 614. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Deep Bay, Mayne Id., W. T. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. May 20, 1859. lastomus elong^atus^ (Girard) Oill. — ^Pacific Coast. 643. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. lastosomus melanops, (Girard) Oill. — ^Black-headed Bock- fish. — Coast of California. 653. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. 16689. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. 482. Color sketch. (Richard.) ' U. S. Fish Commission. ^astodes pancispinis, (Ayres) Gill.— Coast of Califomia. 637. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. irns constellatus, (Oirard) Gill.— ^< Bock Trout."— Coast of Califomia. 16697. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. 69. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 455. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. iTun pictns, Girard. — Pacific Coast. 642. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. ira9 g^uttatus, Girard. — Coast of Califomia. 638. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. SCARIDJB. iFUs 9qualidii8, Poey.— Tawny Parrot-fish. — West Indian Fanna. 973. Staffed skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey. Abildg^aardii. — Parrot-fish. — West Indian Fauna. Stafied skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey. 36 ANIMAL BE80TJBCB8 AKD FISHBBIB8 OP DKITED BTATH. Scarus radians, VbA. — Spanish Pobot.— West Indian Fmou. 550. Color sketch. (Burkhnrdt.) New PrOTidence. Pni£ AIbx. AgMi F. 8. Shaw. April, 1861. Pseiidoscarus c«Braleui.— Blue Pabsot-fish; Kiliuoobe. West Indian Fauna. 9733. stuffed akin. Havana market. Prot F. Foey. IiABRID.£. Tantoga onitiSf (Linn.) Oiintlier. — Tautoq; BLAOK-FiSH^-B^y Fundy to Sonth Carolina. 10598. Caat Wood's HoU, Hobs. U. S. Fish Conuniasion. 15022. Cast. Wood'8 Holl, Hose. U. S. Fiah ConuniBeion. 14893. Caat. Cbeaapeake Bay. U. 8. Fi«h Comminion. May 13. 10599. Cast. Wood's Holl, Haas. U. B. Fish CommiMion. Hay 12. 10643. Caat. Wood's Holl, Uass. U. S. Fiah Commiarttm. 15959. Caat. Wood's HoU, Maae. U. S. Fiah Conmuasion. 10599. Caat. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fisli CommiBtion. 70, 71. Photographs. U. S. Fish ConunissioD. 450. Color sketch. (Adult.) (Bichard.) U. 8. Fish CommiMion. 451. Color sketch. (Young.) U. S. Fish Conuniasion. S54. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) Piof. Alex. Agaani*. 661. Color sketch. Pio£ Alex. Agassis. Tautogolabras adspersns, (Walb.) Gill.— Cdnkeb; GhoosiI' KewfonndlaDd to Gape Hattcras. 14894. Caat. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. Fiah Commiadon. 10746. Caat. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fiah Commiaalon. 381. Photograph. U. S. Fish Comndsaion. ASJUAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 37 po]iia€E]%tridje:. lyphidodon saxatiUs, (Lmn.) Ciiv.— Seboeant-majgr.— West Indian Fauna. 589. Color aketch. (Borkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz. 591. Color aketch. (DaU.) Bermndas. Alive in Bamuiu's Aqnarium. Prof. Alex. Agaasiz. Dec., 1862. omacentrns leucostictus, M. & T.— West Indian Fauna. 81703. Alcoholic. Ft Jefferson, Fla. Thos. Moore. eliaiite« insolatus, G. & Y.— West Indian Fauna. 21704. Alcoholic. Ft. Jefferson, Fla. Thos. Moore. ElfIBIOTO€ID^. mblotoea l¥ebbl, Girard.— Coast of Galifomia.' G26. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. nbiotoca Jacksoni, Agassiz. — Coast of California. €25. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. Kntotoea lateralis, (Ag.) A. Ag.— Striped Peboh.— Coast of California. 10691. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. 72. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 456. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission. 658. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Crescent City, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. May, 1859. • 669. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1859. 660. Color sketch. San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April, 1860. imaliclithys Tacca, Giiard. — Coast of California. 627. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April, 1860. etrograster aggregatus, Ag.— Pacific Coast. 641. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Dec, 1859. jrpsurus Caryl, Agass. — Perch. — Pacific Coast. 606. Color sketch. San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April 1, 1860. iMUierodon Aircatui^, Girard. — Coast of California. 080L Colar sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San l^^ncisco. Prof. Alex. Agassis. Hot., 1659. 38 ANIMAL BEB0UBCE8 AND FIBHEBIB8 OF UMTTED STATBI. AmphisUchus ar^nteos, Ag. — Coast of Califinnia. 635. Colorsketch. (AgasEdz.) (Mole.) Son Frtuiciaco. Prof: Ahz. A|M AprU, tS60. Amphlstichas similis, Girard.— Coast of California. 634. Colorsketch. (Agassiz.) San Pronciaco. Prot Alox. A^aMii. Ko 1859. Rbachochilu8 toxotes, Agaasiz.— Coast of C^ifornia. 633. Color Bkotcli. (Agosaiz.) San FronciBco. Prof. Alex, rtgilwii Uu 1860. Holconotus pnlchellus, A. Ag. — Coast of California. 633. Color sketch. (Male.) (Agossiz.) Son Fnuicisco. Prot Alex. Agw April, 1860. Bolconotns rhodotems, Oirard. — Coast of California. 641. Colorsketch. (Femolo.) (Agasaiz.) San FnmcUco. Prof. Alex. A^ Dec., 1859. Hyperprosopon argenteaa. Gibbon. — Coast of California. 630. Coloriketoh. (ycmalo.) (Agaasiz.) San FTandBoo. Pn>£Akx.Apa March, 19G0. 62S. Colorsketch. (Fonutle.) (Agaasiz.) SanFranciaco. Prot Alex. AgM April, 1860. Abeona Trowbridgii* Girard.— Coast of California. WS. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agasaiz.] California. Pro£ Alex. Jkgm teivthididj:. ▲HIMAL RESOURCES AMD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 39 ATOtlurodiis maculocinctus, Oill. 10956. Alcoholic specimens. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 1876. oUicanthus tricolor, (Bl.) Lac.— Black Angel-fish.— West Indian Fauna. 593. Color sketch. (Borkhardt.) Santa Cmz. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr. Jefiies. 5d4. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Sombrero Id., W. I. Prof. Alex. Agassiz;. 8. R. Knox. olacanthus clliaris, (Linn.) Lac. — ^Anoel-fish. — West Indian Fauna. 575. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860. 576. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860. 577. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860. 21876. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode. 583. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Bamum's Aquarium. 186^ Noacantlius arcuatns, (Linn.) Cuv. — ^Palometta. — ^West In- dian Fauna. 602. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aquarial Garden. June, 1860. XIPHIID^. ipliias g^ladiusy Sword-fish. — ^Atlantic and Mediterranean. 10126. Cast in papter-mach^. Off Nomau's Laud, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Aug., 1875. 21699. Sword If inches long. Taken from nostril of Lamna oomvUoa. Glouces- ter, Moss. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 26, 1878. rtrapturus albidns, Poey. — Spike-fish.— Gape Cod to West Indies. 15834. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. July 23, 1873. 73. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 411. Water-color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. btiophorus americanus, Cuv. & Yal.— Sail-fish.— Atlantic Coast of America. 16664. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 187*2. 74. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. TRICHIVRID^. iPicUums lepturus, Linn.— Hair-tail; Soabbardfish. — Temperate and Tropical Atlantic. RA. CMt Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. "fllolu (Burkhardt.) Prof Alex. Agassiz. 40 ANQUL BESOUBCEB AND FISHESIEa OF UHITRD ST&im. Scomber scombrus, Linn. — mackbbel.— Korthem Adantie. 1644% Cast. Ncn' York market. E. O. Blackford. Bept. 10, 181^ 10604. Cast. (Male.) Washington market. & F. Baird. 10650. Caat. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. FIbIi Commudon. 10650. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fisli Commiauon. 76, 77, 7S, 393, 395. Fhotograptu. U. S. Fiat CommiMioii. 755-6-7. Color sketchea. U. S. Fish Commisaion. 654. Color sketcli. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Sarda pelamys, (Linn.) Ciiv. — Bonito. — ^AUa&tic and U«dite 16325. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. S. Fish Commiaaion. 1574a Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. 79, 80, 81. Photographs. U. 8. Fiab Commission. 4e7-a Color sketehue. {Richard.) Wood's HolL U. 8. Fish Ccmmk 1875. 558. Color sketch. New York. Prof. Alex. Agaasit. Oct-. 20, 1817. Orcynas flecnndi-dorsalis, (Storer) GiU.—TumrT; Hoi MACKEBEL. — Newfoundland to Florida. 16509. Cast. Now York market. E. G. Blackford. aa, 83, m. photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 436, 37, 96, 513. Color sketches. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish CommlnioiL I Orcynns alliteratns, (Baf.) Gill.— Litti^ Tuinnr; Albioob Pelagic. AHIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 41 fMain maciilatuin, (Mitcb.) Cuv. — Spanish Mackerel. — ^At- lantic shores of Tropical and Temperate America. 15367. Cast Norfolk, Ya. U. S. Fish Commission. 16407. Cast Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 15750. Cast. New York. E. 0. Blackford. 86. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 514. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 663. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. rMain regalef (El) Cuv. — Spotted CERO.^West Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod. 16688. Cast. Key West, Ha. £. G. Blackford. 87, 88, 89. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 406-515. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 21612. Stuffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey. 'Mum caballa, Cuv. & Yal. — Cebo. — Atlantic Shores of Tropi- cal and Temperate America. 1647& Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackfonl. Sept. 14, 1875. 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 95. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 405-486-7. Color-sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 21611. Staffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey. ■ler setipinnis, (Mitch.) Ayres. — Silyeb-fish. — Maine to Florida. West Indian Fauna. ie915. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 7, 1873. 16615. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. l^relo«us Tomer, Lac. — Silveb-fish. — Gape Cod to Florida, and West Indian Fauna. 16175. Cast. New Yprk. E. G. Blackford. 15905. Cast. Wood's Roll, Mass. V. N. Edwards. 96. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 440, 495. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. irmtraetus pisquetus, (Cuv. & Yal.) Gill.— Yellow Cue- vall6. — ^Cape Cod to Florida. 16471. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mikss. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875. 15S43. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 1588S. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 15887. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 98, 99, 100. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 778-9. Color sketches. (Richanl.) U. S. Fish Commission. "mchitrops crumenophthalmus, (Bloch.) Gill.— Bigeteo Scab ; Goggle-eye. — Pelagic. ilaoholio. New York market. E. G. Blackford. U. 8. Fish Commission. 42 ANIHAL BBS0UBCB8 AND FI8HBRIE8 OP UHITBD BTATB& Decapterns puDCtatus, (Mitch.) GUL — ^BoTJim Bosnia Indian Fauna and north to MassaohTiaettB. Decapterua macarellus, (C. & Y.) Gill. — Maoeesel S West Indian Faona and north to Maaaachnaetts. 16239. Alcoholic specimen. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. 8. Fish CommiMio 21630. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Bamuel Powel. Carangns hippos, (Linn.) Gill. — Hobse Cbetall£.— A Coasts of Temperate and Tropical America, East '. and Australian Seas. 14359. Cut. Florida. E. O. BlBckford. 101. Photograph. U. B. Fish CommiBHion. 21654. Alcoholic. Newpo», R. I. Samuel Puwel. Carang^Ds chrysos, (Mitch.) Gill. — Yellow Macebhbl.- Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod. 15708. Cast. Wood's Holl, Moss. U. S. Fish Commiaaiou. Sept. 15, It 15746. Cast Wood's Hull, Moss. U. 8. Fish Commission. Oct.B, 1873 15696. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish CommiMion. 102, 103. Fbotogrnphs. U. 8. Fish Commiuioii. Blepharichthys crinitua, (Akerly) GiU.--THBEAi>-FigH.- Indian Fauna and uotih to Capo Cod. IB520. Cast. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. Fish CommiaBlon. Sept. 16, ISTi 105-105. Photographs. U. S. Fish CommiasioD. ANDIAL SE80UBCES AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 43 tolatmctus sonatas, (Mitch.) Gill.— BAia)ED Buddeb-fish.— Cape Cod to Florida. 16172. Cast Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875. 16638. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 106-9. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 477. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. 478. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. 479. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commii»ion. eriola Lalandii, 0. & Y. t — ^Ambeb-fish. — Atlantic Ocean ; Japan. 16709. Cast Florida. £. 0. Blackford. 110. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. IflffopUtes occidentalis, (linn.) Gill.— Leatheb Jacket.— West Indies } occasional on coast. 16354. Cast. New York market. £. Q. Blackford. Ang. 13, 1875. 111. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 489. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission. CORYPHJBlVIDii:. irjrplittna Suenri, Cuv. & Yal. — ^Dolphin. — ^Pelagic; occa- sional on coast. 16441« Cast New York market. E. Q. Blackford. . Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 16480. Cast. New York. E. Q. Blackford. 16488. Cast. New York. £. Q. Blackford. iry^hiena punctulata, (Cuv. & Yal.) Gthr.— Small-spotted Dolphin. — ^Pelagic ; occasional on coast. 16406. Cast Noank, Conn. J. H. Latham. Aug. 25, 1875. 112, 113, and 114. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission. STROnATEIDiE. ilinuriehthys perciformis, (IVIitch.) Gill. — Black Euddbs- FISH. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. 16616. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 25, 1875. 15935. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 544. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ^ronotus triacanthus, (Peck.) Gill.— Habyest-fish ; Butteh- FiSH. — ^Maine to Cape Hatteras. 16691. Cast Wood's HoH, Mass. U. S. Fiah Commission. 116. Fliotograph. U. S. I'ish Commission. 6fr-6L Color aketches. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 44 AHIHAL BLSODRCBS AND FISHEBIBS OP UlTITSD STATH PepriluB Ciardenil, (BL, Schn.) QilL— Shobt Hastzst- West Indian Fauna and nortli to K'ev Ya Shad. — ^Weetlo Fanna. 21358. Alcoholic. BonnudAa. O. Brown Goods. PIRIEIiEPTERKD^. Pimelepteras Boscii, Lacep. — Bbrail— West Indian Faosa north to Capo Cod. 20B44. Alcoholic. Newport, B. I. 8. Powell. 30635. Alcoholio. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish ConunioBion. S136& Alcoholic. -BenondaB. 0. Blown Good«. SPARID.£. Laffodon rhoiuboides* (Linu.) Holbrook.— Sailob^ Ohod West Indian Fanna and north to Cai>e Cod. 21280. Alcoholic. St. John's Biver, Fht. G. Biowu Goode. Archosargus probatocephalu«,(Walb.}GilI. — Shbxpshk Gape Cod to Florida ; Golf of Mezioo. 10685. Cast. WMhington muket-. J. W. Milnot. 15825. Cast. New Toik market. £. 6. Blackfoid. October SO, IBTS. 16826. Cast. New Tork market. E. O. Blackford. October 1^ 1B7&. AMIHAL RE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 47 PRISTIPOnATIDiB. emsrliun arcuatumyGuY.&Yal.— Blue-ohegked Bed-mouth. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. 14907. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford. lenijrliiiii fbrmosum, (Linn.) Cuv. — Squibbel Bed-mouth. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. 15S4e. Cast. Florida. £. Q. Blackford. Binjrliim, sp. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. 15840. Cast Florida. £. 0. Blackford. Mmylum chrysopterum, (Linn.) Cuv.t — Yellow -finned . Gbunt. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. 15918. Cast. Florida. £. Q. Blackford. Mmylum elegans, Cuv. & Yal.— Blue-stbifed Bed-mouth.— South Atlantic Coast of United States. 15815w Cast. Florida. £. G. Blackford. 573. Color sketch. (Dall.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aqnarial Garden. Juno, 1860. 574. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Bamnm's Aqnarinm. Nov. 1862. ftmylmii arara, Poey!— Ababa Bed-mouth.— West Indian Fauna. 502. Water-color sketch. (Borkhardt.) Horida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston Aqnarial Garden. June, 1860. rtliopristis AilTomaculatus, (Mitch.) Gill.— Speckled Gbunt. — South Atlantic Coast of United States, 15812. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. 15814. Cast. Norfolk) Va. U. S. Fish Conmiission. 1590a Cast. ■itotremiM Tirginicus, (Linn.) Gill. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. 15003. Cast. Florida. E. O. Blackford. April 16, 1874. 148. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 551. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz ; F. S. Shaw. April, 1861. ^ anus Blackfordii, Goode & Bean.— Bed Snappeb.— We^t Indian Fauna and north to Savannah Bank. BQ. Cast New York market. E. 0. Blackford. May 7, 1874. Waahington market. J. W. Milner. ••qVlL U. S. Fish Cfflmniiwion. 48 ANIHAL BESOUSCEa AND FISBEBIEg OF UHITED STATB Lu^anus, ep. — Snapper. — ^Wost Indian Fanna and Sonlii lautic States. 15917. Cast. Florida. E. G. BlAckford. IiUtjanus, sp. — South Atlantic Coast of United States. in641. Cut. Kej West, llo. E. O. Btackfonl. Lu^anns caxis^ (Bl., Scbn.) Gill.— Obat Snappes.— West Fauna and Soathem Atlantic Statea. 18101. Alcobolic. Bennn^i. Q. Brows Ooode. IiU^anus Steamsli, Qoode & Bean. — Gulf Snappeb.— < Mexico. 21330. Ca«t. PensMola, FIa. Silu Steams. Rhomboplites, aurombeus, (Gut. & Yal.) G-ilL — 3fAK SsAPPEK.— West Indian Fauna. 21S24. Alcoholic. Charleeton, S. C. C. C. Leslie. 21338. Alcoholic. PenMtcols, >1a. Silaa Steviu. Ocynrns chrysurns, (Bl.) GilL— Golden Tail.— West Fauna. 14B0^ Cut. New Tork maA^L Fbrida. E. Q. BUckfonL April 1& 150. Fhob^nph. U. 8. Fish Commuaioa. G65. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) New Proridenoe. Piot Akx. Ap 8. Shaw. Ap^l, 1661. CEIVTRARCIUn».£. AKIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 49 Icropterus pallidas, (Eaf.) Gill & Jordan.— LARaE-MOUTH Black Bass. — Great Lakes, Mississippi Eiver and tribu- taries; Southern States; introduced northward. 10380. Caat. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 1066a Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. 8. Fish Commission. Nov. 5, 1873. 10381. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 15880. Cast. CarroUton, Ky. J. W. Milner. 10880. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 155, 156. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission. teropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill.— Small-mouthed Black Bass. — Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; introduced eastward. 15fi97. Cast. Potomac River. M%j. Hobbs. PERCIDiE. ^rca fluTiatUis, L.— Yellow Perch.— Fresh waters of East- em United States and Western Europe. 14976. Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode. Feb. 27, 1875. 167, 168, 169. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 792. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. Ixostedium Titreum, (Mitch.) Jordan & Gopeland, (Yal.) Gope. — ^Yellow Pike-perch.- Fresh waters of Central United States. 15668. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. 14862. Cast. Sandosky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct., 1873. 611. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov., 1868. 1566a Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Not. 5, 1875. ITO, 171, 172, 173, 174. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission. 793. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. isostedium canadense, (Smith) Jordan. — Canada Pike- perch. — St. Lawrence River to the Upper Missouri, 178. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 15732. Cast. Ohio River. J. \7. Milner. 15837. Cast. 175, 176, 177. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. SERRAlVIDiE. linephelus morio, (Cuv.) Gill. — ^Eed-bellied Snapper. — ^West Indian Fauna and Southern Atlantic States. 12516. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner. 166. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. Iteeplielas, sp.- Snapper.— West Indian Fauna and Southern ^ Atlantic States. OmI. IteidA^ £. G. Blackford. 50 AFDUL RBS0TTKCE8 ASD FISHBRIBS OP UNITBD STATU. Eplnephelns DrammoMd-Hayi, Goode & Bean.— Stib € PER; Hno); John PAW.— West Indian Fauna. 16795. Cast. South Florida. E. G. Blackford. S1355. Alcoholic. Fousacola, FIa. Silas Steama. • '. Color sketch. Bennnda. CoL H. Dnmunond-Hay. Epinephelus niffritaa, Holbrook.— Black Obodfeil—Com Florida. 21339. Cast. Pcnsacola, Fla. Silas Steatiu. Epinephelus striatns, (Bloch.) Oil]. — Haiii^bt; Qrovtsl West Indian Fauna. 16088. Alcoholic. Beimndas. G. Bromi Ooode. 562. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bennndas. ProfL Alax. Aga«dt. AliT< Bamnm's Aquarium. Sov., 1863. Epinephelus gnttutnn, (OmeL) Goode.— Bebitoda Hind.— ^ Indian Fauna. 16118. Alcoholic Bermndaa. G. Brown Ooode. 587. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bennndaa. Pio£ Alex. Agaans. Alit Banium's Aqiiariimi. Nov., 1663. Tri»otropis nndalosnSf (Cut.) Oill.f— Book Gboufbs.— Ci Hattera« to Florida; West Indian Fauna. 15462. Cast. New York market. £. O. Blackford. June 14, 1873. l&esi. Cast. New York market. £. O. Blackford. Juoe 14, 1S75. 704. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish C Promlcrops ^uasa, (Poey) Gill. — Jew-fish; Guasa. — West : AHIMAL BB80URCE8 AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 51 LABRACIDJS. K^ciis llneatus, (Sclrn.) Gill.— Stbiped Bass; Eook-fish. — St. Lawrence to Florida. 10G64. Cast. (Female.) Potomac River. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 15737. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. May 27, 1873. 15725. Cast Washington market. G. Brown Gk>ode. 15706. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Nov. 28, 1874. 185-186, 187. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 782-3. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ecus clury8op§9 (Bafl) 6111. — ^White Bass. — Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley. 15807. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 7, 1875. 188. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 503. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. rone americana, (Gmel.) Gill.— White Peboh.— Nova Scotia to Florida. 10748. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 10729. Cast. (Female.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 10730. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 166ia Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 766. Color sketch. (Richard. ) U. S. Fish Commission. EPHIPPIIDiE. rephippus quadratus, (Gun.) Gill.— Moon-fish. — Gape Cod to Florida ; West Indian Fauna. 14886. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Conmiission. July, 1873. 14887. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. July, 1873. 15820. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. 196, 197. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission. LOBOTID^. botes surinamensis, Guv. — Triple-tail Flasher.— Gai)e Cod to Florida ; West and East Indies. 15702. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. August 28, 1873. 16202. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. July 20, 1875. 201, 202. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. POmATOIfllD^. matomus saltatriiL, (Linn.) Gill.— Blue-fish.- Pelagie. 15871. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Juno 11, 1873. 1X106. CmI. Norfolk, Va. G. Brown Goodo. Cmst «i- 198, 193, 194, 195, 386. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission. bIim. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ANIMAL EES0UECE8 AND FISHEBIKS OF UNITED STATKIL EliACATID^. Elacate canadu§, (Limi.) Gill. — Cobia; Cbab-baxeb. — Cape Cod to West Indies. 16060. Cost. Now Yurk market. E. 0. Blackford. July 30, 18TS. 14922. Cast. Point Lootont, Va. J. H. Skidmore. July 9, 1874. 196, 199, 200. Pholographa. U. S. Fisb Comniisaiou. PRIACAIVTHID^. Pseudopriacanthns altu§, (Gill) Blevker. — SnoBT Biq-£'\x- Cupe Cod to Cape Hiitterae. 203. Pbotograph. U. S. Fiali Commisaion. 441. Color Bkotcb. (Giohard.) U. S. I'lah Conuniesioii. 1!>583. Alcoholic. Wood's Doll, Muss. U. S. Flsti ComiuUeiou. S«pt, ISn. mte4. Alcoholic. Wood's Hoi], Ma«s. U. S. Fisli ConunUsion. 1876. ECHEIVEIDID.^. LeptecheneiH naiierateoide«t, (Zuiew.) Gill.— Bemora ; Srcos- Fisn. — Coast geuerally. 16071. Cast. Wood's HoU, Muss. U. S. Fisb ComnuBsiou. July 10, Iffli IflfilT. Caet. Wood's Holl, Moss. U. S. Viih CommissioD. gept. IS, ISTS. 16344. Cast. Wood'a Uoll, Maaa. U. S. Fish Conuuissioii. Aug. 10. l«Ji 206, 207, 20a. Pboiograplia. U. S. Fish Conunission. 541-2-3. Color ekeU-h. (Riplianl.) U. S. Fiah CommiBaion. RenioropMis bracliyptern, (Lnwe) Gill. — Swohd-fish Succel ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 53 ^hynena picuda. — Southern Babraouda. — West Indian Fauna, &c. 81886. Alcoholic. Bermndas. G. Brown Goode. PERCESOCES. MfCGVLmM. lofil llneatufl, Mitch. — Striped Muulet.— Cape God to Florida; Gulf of Mexico. 1S723. Cast. 212, 213, 214, 215, 216. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 421. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ugil albula, linn.— White Mullet.— Gax>e God to Florida (probably young of the preceding species). 420. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 21302. Alcoholic. Florida. 6. Brown Goode. atheriividje:. lirostoma notatum, (Mitch.) Gill.— Silver-sides; Friar.— Maine to Florida. 14930. Cast. 16612. Cast. 16620. Cast. Wood^R Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 380, 382. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 518. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. Urostoma californiensis, (Girard) Gill.— << Smelt."— Goast of Galifomia. 606. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 16603. Alooholic. San Francisco. Livingston Stone. 16603. Cast San Francisco. U. S. Fish Commission. HEMIBRANCHII. «ASTEROSTEIDiB. rgantenn occidentalism (Cuv. & Yal.) Brevoort.— Ten-spined Stickle-back. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. 384. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 644. Color sketch. • (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz. laterosteus noTCboracensis, Cuv. & Yal.- New York SnOKLE-BACK. — 'Sgw Bmnswick to Cape Hatteras. 'vtoli. (Bnrkhardt.) Prof: Alex. Agassiz. 54 ANIMAL BBSOURCBS AND PlfiHERieS OP DlttTliU STATn. Apeltes qaadracus, (Kitch.) Brev.— FoDB-sPinxD SnasLB-Bu — New Brunswick to Florida. 361. Ptaotograpk. U. 8. Fish Commissioa. 644. Color sketch. (Burkhiirdt.) Prof. Alex. AguaJE. Uanf other species of Gaateroatcus ara inclnded in th« aeriea, wUeh i not of Bufiicieut iinportanc« to bo oniUDerstML AiriiO$TOIHID.£. Aulostoma maculatum, Yiil.— Tbuupet-fish. — West Indi Fauna. 568. Color akuteli. (Burkhardt.) Prof Ales. Agassis. FISTVLARU»£. Fistularia serrata, Cuv.— ToBACCO-prPB-PisH.— Oape Cod Florida; West Indian Faiuta. 16907. Alcoholic. Wood's Roll, Maes. U. S. Fish Commlasioii. 1876. SYNENTOGNATHI. BEL01VID.S. BelODe ionglrostris, (Mit«ii.)_ Gill— Siltrb Oab-pish.— C« Cod to Florida. 16555. Cast. Wood's Holl, Haas. U. S. Fish Commudon. Sept. 21, Vm. 16423. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mam. U. 8. Fish CoinmJasion. Stipt. 6, 1815. S17. Photograph. U. S. Fish Cominission. 1363. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agossiz. ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHEKIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 55 BxoccBtas noTeboracensis, Mitch.!— Black- winged Flying- fish.— Gape God to Florida. — . Alcoholio. Block Island, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874. ExocoDtas Rondeletii^ Guv. & Yal. — ^IVIediterranean and Atlantic. 21409. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode. Cjrptelarus Aircatns, (Mitch.) Weinland.— Bearded Flying^ FISH. — ^AtlaDtic. 21412. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode. Buleptorhamphas longrirostris, (Guv. & Yal.) Oill.— Gape God to Florida. 15648. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Bir. Brown. Seomberesox scutellatns, Les. — Half-beak; Skipper. — ^Kova Scotia to Florida. 13164. Cast. 410y 539. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. HAPLOMI. ESOCIDJB. X amerlcanas, Gmelin. — ^Brook Pickerel. — ^Massachnsetts to Maryland. 17766. Alcoholic. Koeseville, N. Y. II. N. Hewitt. 796. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fi^h Commission. 493. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. X reticnlatus, Lesuenr. — Pickerel. — ^Atlantic slope^ New Eng- land to Alabama. 15012. Cast. Washington, D. C. G. Brown Goode. 222. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 756. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. 619. Color sketch. (Roetter.) East Wareham, Mass. Museum of Comp. Zoology. Feb., 1869. ^SOX lucius, Linn. — Pike. — ^Northern America, Asia, and Europe. • 14876. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct. 25, 1873. 14875. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. MUnor. Nov. 3, 1873. 219. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 618. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Museum of Comp. Zoology. Saokett's Har- bor. Nov., 1869. 494. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. KflOX nobilior, Thompson.— Muskellunge (weight 37 pounds).- Great Lakes and Southern British Provinces east of Eocky Mountains. 14895. Cost. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. MUner. Oct., 1873. 290, 221. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. ANIMAL RE8UURCKS AND FlSUERlBa OF UNI ll-D STATES. CYPRIMODOIVTID^. Cyprinodon Tariegatus, Luc.— Siiobt Cvpbinodon.— Cape Cod to Florida. 13986. Akoliulit. Nonuk, Conn. U. 8. Pisli Oouuniasion. Funduluspisculentus, (Mitch.) Yal. — Muhmichoq. — NoraScotu to Florida. 13970. Alcoholic. Noaok, Conn. U. S. Fish CommiBHion. 434,797. Color BketehoB. (HioliacaO U, 8. Fiijh Commisaion. Hydrargyra majalis, {Walb.) Val.— May-fish.— Brackish watm; Cape Aiiii to Cape Hatteras. 434. Color skotcli. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ISOSPONDYLI. sYivononiTiD^. Syuodus fflBtenSf (Linn.) Gill. — Snake-fish. — Cape Cod to Floridi 1C583. CB«t. Nen- York market. E. G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875. 424. Color akstdi. (Eichnrd.) U. 8. Fiah Commiaeioti. ANIMAL BE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 57 COREGOnriDJB. oregonus clupeifbrmis^ (Mitch.) Milner. — White-fish. — Great Lakes and British America. 16741. ' Cast. Michigan. 11^73. Cast. Ecorse, Biich. Goorgo Clark. 15741. Cast.. EcoTse, Mich. George Clark. 14864. Cooperstown, N. T. Elihu Phinney. > 224,225,223,227,228,229,230. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. oref^onns labradoricus, Eich. — Lattr Whiting. — ^Northern Lakes. • I 832. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 16868. Alcoholic. Lake Winnepisoogoe, Me. U. S. Fish Conmiission. ro9opimii qnadrilaterale^ (Rich.) Milner. — ^^ Shad-waiteb." — Great Lakes and northward. 233. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 12360. Alcoholic. Grand Lake, Mo. U. S. Fish Commission. rosopinm Couesii, Milner. — Chief Mountain TjAttr White- fish. — Upper Missouri Region. 14146. Alcoholic. Chief Mountain Lake. Dr. Elliott Cones, U. S. A. rgryrosomus Artedi, (Les.) Hoy.— Herring White-fish.— Great Lakes, etc. 235. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Conmiission. 752. Color sketch. (Richarcl.) U. S. Fish Commission. 11195. Alcoholic. An Sable, Michigan. U. S. Fish Commission. SALIIIOJVIDJB. ilmo salar, Linn. — Salmon. — Northern America and Europe. 14896. Cast. Bncksporf., Me. .Joseph Palmer. July 1, 1873. 16744. Cast. Bncksport, Mc. C. G. Atkins. Nov., 1873. 16743. Cast. Bncksport, Me. C. G. Atkins. Nov., 1873. 10814. Cast. Bncksport, Me. C. G. Atkins. July 1, 1873. 239, 240, 241, 242. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 415. Water-color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. Jmo salar, var. sebago, Girard. — Sebago Salmon (land-locked.) — St. Croix Eiver and Sebago Lake. Introdnced into other lakes. 15467. Cast. Sysladohsis Lake, Me. **Dobsis Club," through Judge Harvey JeweU. June, 1875. t€O07. CMt. L (Bioluad.) U. S. Fish Commission. 58 ANIMAL BBSOURCES AND FI8HBBIE8 OF DNITBD STATRR. Salmo fiirio, Liim. — Eivsb Tbout. — Bivers of Burope. 252. Photogi'npli. U. S. Fish Commission. Oncorhynchus quinnat, (Bich.) Oilutlier.^ — Quinnat or SiCBt MENTO Salmon. — Northwest Coast of America; Bonthn California. , 10340. Cost. Kow York market E. O. Blackford. 10347. Cast. Socramcuto River, Col. L. Stone. March, 1873. 248, 249, 2oO, 201. Photographs. U. S. ViOi ConuDisaiou. 416. Culor sketch. (Bivkanl.) U. 8. Fish Commission. CristiTomer namaycntfh, (Peun.) Gill & Jordan.— Namatcts Tkout; Lake Teout.— Nortbcra Lakes. 246, 247. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission. 10312. Cost. Mooeehead Lake, Mn. E. M. SttUm-ll. IGOTO-Tl. Caets. Lake Wiunepiseogee. U. S. Fish ConimiMioo- 463,&2&-T. Color skotchM. (Blchanl.) U. 8. Fish Commiesioii. Salvelinus A»ntinalis, (Mitch.)Gill & Jordan.— Bbook Tbovt. BiverB and Lakes of British North America and of tl Dorthem parts of the United States and Appabrfaii Kauge. IGOae. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. 159G1. Cost. Byiladobsis Lake, Me. "Doluis Club," throii)(b Jndgc Bin Jewell. Juno, 1875. 15728. Cast. New York market. B. Q. Blackford. Hareh », ISTZ). 10311. Cost. Nuw York market. E. G. Blackford. March 22, IBTS. 15470. Cast. Syslodobsis Lake, Mu. "Dubsis Club," throngh Judge RiK ▲NIMAL RB80URCB6 AND F18HERIE8 OK UNITED STATES. bd AliBriilDiE. Ibula Tiilpes, (Linn.) Goode. — Lady-fish. — Pelagic; Tropical and Subtropical Seas. 255. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission. 21859. Alcoholic. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. HYODOnrTIDJS. [yodon tergnisus, Les. — ^Moon-ete. — Great Lakes and Mississippi VaUey. 15661. Cast. New York market. Z. G. Blackford. Nov. 15, 1875. 14863. Casi. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov., 1873. * 253, 264. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 753. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission. ELOPID^. lop« Miorus, Linn. — Big-eted Hebbing.— Tropical and Snbtropi- cal^Seas. 15824. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875. 15821. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875. 15883. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875. 15822. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1675. 15744. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1875. 15824. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875. 256. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission. 772. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. ei^alops thrissoides, (Schn.) Glintlier. — ^Tabpum. — Gape Cod to Florida. 14924. Cast. New Jersey. E. G. Blackford. July 9, 1874. 398. Photograph. Newx>ort, R. I. 8. Powell. Aug., 1874. § DVSSVJIIIERID^. tnimeus teres, (DeKay) Brevoort. — Eound Herring. — Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. 2021G. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. S. Powel. CLIJPEIDJS. reTOortia tyrannus, (Latr.) Goode. — Menhaden; Moss- BUNKER ; Pogie. — Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico. CMt. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. (' Gaok Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Aug., 1875. ^. 900^ 886^ 387. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. fkoH AbBOL A|pMBis. 60 ANnUL RB80UBCB8 AND FI8HBBIE6 OF DNITBD 8TATBB. BreToortia patronus, Goode.— Gulp Menhadeh.— G«: Mexico. 892. Alcoholic. Brazos Santiago, TesRS. Alma aapldissimat (Wilson) Stopfer. — Shad. — ^Newfonndlaod Florida. 10641. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Hilner. 1873. 10625. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Hilner. 14878. Cut. Connecticut Biver. £. O. Blackford. Hay 7, 1974. 861, 86S, 363, 264, 26G. Photograpbs. U. R. Fish ComnuMioii. Opisthonema thrisga, Gill. — Thbgas HEBBrao.— West I&d Fanna and north to Cape God. 20218. AlcoboUo. Newport, R. I. U. S. I'lsh Commiwion. PoniolobiispBeudoharengrus,(Wil8on)Gill. — Alkwipe; Fhi WATER Hbrrino; Gaspebsatt. — Newfonndland Florida. 10622. Cost. (Female.) Wood's Boll, Haas. U. S. Fish CommiMicm. 266; 067, 268, 269, 386. Photographs. U. 8. Fish CommiMion. 457. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commiasiou. Pomolobas mediocris, (Mitch.) Gill. — Mattawocmu.; Tai Hbrring ; Sea Shad. — Kewfonndland to Florida. 10657, Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Hilner. 1873. 269, 270, 271. Photographs. U. S. l^isb ConunismoD. 458, 771. Color sketches. (Bicbaid.) U. 6. Fiali CommiMioD. Cliipea harenffus, Liun.— HERBmaj Ssa HEBBora.— H( ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 6 1 Enr»RA1JIiIDID^. iftgraulis Tittata, (Mitch.) B. & G.— Anchovy.— Cape Cod to Gape Hatteras. 382. Photograph*. U. S. Fish Commission. 14066. AlcohoUc. Watch HIU, R. I., <&c. U. S. Fish Commission. EVENTOGNATHI. CATOSTOJHIDJB. fttostomns teres, (Mitchill) Les. — Common Sucker. ^Eastern Northern America. 279. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 18258. Alcoholic. Potomac River. U. S. Fish Commission. fxostoma maerolepidotuin, (Les.) Jordan.— Striped SucKER.^Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes. 15930. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Mihicr. 16786. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner. 16785. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner. 278. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. rcleptns elongatns, (Les.) Ag. — Black Sucker. — ^Mississippi Valley. 16781. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1875. 280. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. rimyaEon sucetta, (Lac.) Jordan. — Chub Sucker. — Eastern United States. 281. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. rimysEon Goodei, Jordan. — Goode's Sucker. — Florida. 19071. Alcoholic. St. John's River, Fla. G. Brown Goode. nbalichthys bubalus, Ag. — Buffalo-fish. — Mississippi Val- ley. 14883. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1873. ftrpiodes cyprinu§, (Les.) Ag.— Carp.— Eastern Ui.ited States. 10735. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Milner. 16780. Cast. Sandubky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 3, 1875. '»Jl#cheiIU8 gnrandis, (Ayres) Girard.— << Pike."— Pacific Slope. i^otognph. U. S. Fish Commission. 62 ANIUAIi KEBODBCES AND FISHERIES OP UlUTBD STATBL JVotemisonuB americanus, (Linn.) Jordan. — SmNEE^-Srat era Bivers. 19063. Alooholio. St. John's River, Fla. O. Brown Qoodtt. IVoteniigonns chl^soleucus, (Mitoh.) Jordan. — Bhineb.— S» em Atlaatic States. 435. Color sketch. (Biclianl.) U. S. Fish Commisdon. Xeadsciis pulchelliis, Storer. Carassiiis auralus, (Linn.) Sleeker. — Gold-fish. — Domeeticab native of China and Japan. 16667. Cast. WftaUineton, D. C. J. H. Richard. I8S90. Alcoholic. Pouds of MarylaDd. U. S. Fiah CommiaBioa. Order NEMATOGNATHI. .durlchthys mariniii, (Miteh.) B. & G. — ^Fork-tailed C FISH.— Cape Cod to Florida; Gull" of Mexico. 15575. Cast. New Bedford, Mass. U. S. Fish Commiasion. Oct. II, 18^ 'J83, 284, 285. Photographs. U. S. Fish CommiBsion. 632. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Comi ▲BDfAL BE80URCB8 AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 63 Order APODES. COnr«RIDJB. ^B|^er oceanica^ (Mitch.) GilL — GoNasR Eel. — ^Newfoundland to West Indies. 14873. Cast. Weight 11 lbs. Block Id., R. I. U. 8. Fiah CommiBsion. Sept. 26, 1874. 14872. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U. 8. Fish CommisBion. Sept. 26, 1874. 287. Photograph. U. 8. Fiah Commission. 0 Bfuilla rostrata, (Les.) DeEay.— Common Eel. — Eastern United States. 15731. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874. 16392. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874. 16729. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner. 16416. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. Wm. Pahner. Sept. 6, 1875. 10749. Cast. Wood's HoD, Mass. V. N. Edwards. 286. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission. 480-81. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission. 773. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. nrEmiCHTHYID^. ^michthys scolopaceus? Eich. — Snipe Eel. — Deep waters of the Atlantic. 21195. Alcoholic. George's Bojak. U. S. Fish Commission. SiriVAPHOBRAlVCHID^ . rMaphobranchus pinnatus, (Gronow) Gunther. — Madeira Eel. — Deep waters of the Atlantic. 21848. Alcoholic Sable Island Bank. U. 8. Fish Conmiission. Order CYCLOGANOIDEI. nia calva, Linn. — Mud-fish. — Central and Southeastern United States. 11134. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. 16634. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875. i. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission. CkikMr aketoh. (Bnrkhardt.) Charleston, 8. C. Prof. Alex. Agaasiz. 64 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND I-I8HBRIE8 OP CHTTED 8TATB. Obdek rhomboganoidei. I.EPIDOSTEIDJ:. Lepldosteas osseus, Linn.— Gab Pike.— Mississippi ya% > Atlantic States south of Delaware Biver. 10736. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. miT. Cast. Sandtuk;, OMo. J. W. Milner. 15366. Cast. FotoniBo Kiver. J. W. MUner. 290, 391. PbotOKTsphs. U. S. Pish Comnuasion. LepidosteuB platystomns, Baf.— Shobi'-hosbd Gab Pm Great Lakes and streams south and west to tba Bo Mountains. 3341. Alcoholic. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Boird. Obder selachostomi. POLYODOIVTID.X. Polyodon fitlium, Lac. — Paddle-fish.— Fresh waters of Mi sippi Valley. 14671. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1873. 15475. Cast. Madison, lud. Qeorge Spnngler. Jnne, 187t>. 993. Photograph. U. S. Fist) Cnnuiiissiun. Ohdm CHONDROSTEI. ANIMAL BEBOUBCES AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES. 65 penser maealosus, Les. — ^Lono-nosed Stubgeon. — Great Lakes and Western Elvers. 607--8. Color sketch. Hanteville, Ala. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. 1853. phyrhynchops platyrhynchus, (Bafl) Gill. — Shovel- nosed Stueoeon. — Mississippi Valley. 15939^. Cart. Ohio River. J. W. Milner. 15939. Cart. Ohio River. J. W. Milner. 15476. Cast. Madison, Ind. George Spangler. June, 1875. 302, 303. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conunission. VL ELASMOBRANCHIATES. Order HOLOCEPHALI. CHIJHJBRIDJB. maera plumbea, Gill. — Brown Chim^ba. — ^Deep waters of Western Atlantic. 21904. Cast. Banqnereau. Capt. Joseph W. Collins. jTOla^nns Colliei, (Bennett) Gill.— Paoifig Chimera.— North- west coast of North America. 993. Alcoholic. Pnget Sound. Dr. George Snckley. Order RAI^. IHYIilOBATID^. iobatis FremenTillei, (Ijcs.) Storer. — Eagle Eat. — Cape Cod to Florida. 16603. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 23, 1875. 14417. Cart. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 306-319. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 760. Color sketch. U. 8. Fish Commission. iobatis californicus, Gill.— California Sting Eat. — ^Coast of California. 16687. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. 320. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. 959. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. »ptera quadriloba, (Les.) Cuv. — Cow-nosed Eat. — Cape Cod to Florida. vmgltm. U. S. Flab CommiBsioii. 66 ANIMAL BGSOaRCES AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UNTTBD 8TATB8. TRYCIOIVID^. Trjgon centrura, (Mitcb.) Gill. — Sting Bat. — GapeCodtoFlnidi. 149-JO. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fidi CoDanuanoii. Jniw, lEffl 148H2. Cast. Portland, Mo. Skillings. 324, 325, 336, 327, 326, 329. Photographs. U. S. Fish ConuniMion. Tryffon Sabina, Lcsnenr.— Biver Stino Bay. — Soatbem C. CoHt. Wood's HoU, Ha«s. U. 8. Fish Commiaaion. July 5, 1873. 330, 331, 3:t2, 333, 334, 3:15. Photographs. U. 8. Fish ComtniHaon. RAIIBJi. ANIMAL BB80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 67 Kaia tevls, Mitch. — Shabp-nosed Skate.— Kova Scotia to Florida. 14904. Cast. (Young male.) Montauk Point, N. Y. U. S. Fish Commission. Aog. 1, 1874. 403. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission. 15704. Cast. (Yonng.) Noank, Conn. U. S. Fish Commission. Ang. 1, 1874. 15703. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. S. Fish Commission. 1665a Cast. (Young male.) 15707. Cast 16659. Cast. 347, 348, 349, 350, 351. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. RHIIVOBATIDJB. Unobatns prodnctns, Oirard.— Long>nosed Skate.— Coast of Califomia. 16704. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. 352. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission. PRISTIDJB. istis antlquorum, (Linn.) Lath.— Saw-fish.— Cajio Cod to Florida; Tropical Seas. 19463. Stuffed skin. Florida. H. A. Ward. S<|VATinriDJB. BJitina DmnerlUy Les.— Monk-fish; Fiddle-fish.— Gape Cod to Florida; Temi)erate and Tropical Seas. • 14B90. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 1, 1873. 16410. Cast. Menemsha Bight, Mass. Jason Lace. Sept. 1, 1875. 353, 354| 355. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission. Order SQUALI, IjASKNinJE. comnbica, (Gmel.) Fleming. — ^Porbeagle Shark. — Atlantic, Mediterranean, Japan. 21856. Alcoholic. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. uropnis Dekayi, Gill. (d. s.) — ^Mackerel SHARK.^Newfoiind- land to Florida. 15049. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 20, 1873. 15973. Cast. Wood^s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Dec, 1875. 446. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. Atwoodi, (Storer) GilL— Atwood's Shark; Man- XAXSR. — ^Newfoundland to Florida. 69 ANIMAL CESOUUCES AV!D F18HBBIE8 OF mTITED STATEC Cynocephalas glancus, (Liim.) Gill.— Bi.d:b-b]U2>sd Sb Atlantic. 199-29. AlcohoUc. WooiI'd HoU, Mosa. V. K. Edwards ODOIVTASPIDIDf. Enffomphodas littoralls. Gill.— Saitd Shabe. — ^PeUigio. 1G64T. Cost. Wuutl'u Holl, Moss. U. 8. Fish Commisuon. 16648. Cost. Wood's HoU, Mqbb. U. S. Fiali Comniwion. 419. Color skctcli. (Sichord.) U. S. Fiali Commumon. 44S>. Color ekotcli. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Cummiaeion. AI.OPECID.S. Alopias TUlpes, (Linii.) Bod. — Thbbsheb; STlNai^-TAli lantic and Mediterranean. I62I3G. Coat. Menemaba Bight, Mass. U. S. Pish Commiasion. July 15T33. Cost. Wood's HoU, Moss. U. S. Fisb CommUaiuu. 417. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish ConunisBiou. sphtrividje:. Spb^rna zystena, (Linn.) Mail. & Henle.— HAaocBB-HEAD i — TropicaJ and Subtropical Seas, lti8Xi. Citst. Nounk, Conn. U. S. Fisb CommiBaion. :t(iO, tmi, 3G2, 363, 364. Photographs. U. S. I'lsh Conmiiitsion. 163. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Coiumisrioo. Reniceps tibnro, (Linn.) Gill. — Shotel-hbab Shark. — A and Western Pacific. AMIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 69 klcocerdo tigrmus^ MuU. & Henle. — Tiger Shark. — ^Atlantic ; Indian Ocean. 15740. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. V. N. Edwards. July 22, 1873. 16069. Cast. Buzzard's Bay, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 1875. 370y 371. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. ■Atelus eanis, (Mitch.) De Kay. — Smooth Dog-fish. — Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. 14908. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. June 25, 1873. 149S25. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 107U4. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 10733. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. 'U. S. Fish Commission. 16649. Cast. (Male.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 372y 373, 374, 375. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. . Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. infflymastoma cirratnm, (GmeL) M. & H. — Nurse Shark. — Tropical Atlantic. 16909. Alcoholic. Chesapeake Bay. Maryland Academy of Science. SPinrACIDJB. ivjiliis amerlcaiius, (Storer) Gill. — Spined Dog-fish.— Few- foondland to Cape Hatteras. >5. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875. 376, 377. Photographs. U. S. -Fish Commission. 426. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. troscylUain Fabricii, (Eeinh.) M. & H.— Greenland Dog- fish.— ^Deep waters of Western Atlantic 216^2. Cast Lat. 42^ b2f N., Lon. 630 50' W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U. S. Fish Commission. HBiiftiosas mlcrocephalus, (Bloch.) GUI. — Sleeper Shark. — North Atlantic. 378, 379. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission. 447. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission. 16630. Cast. Gulf of St. Lawrence. Renfrew & Co. Nov. 20, 1875. jliUMirjinniiri ccBlolepis, Bocage & Capello. — ^Black Dog- fish.— ^Deep waters of jN'orth Atlantic. «. CMt. hiHL 439 i(y N., Lon 63° 50' W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U. S. Fish 70 ANIH&L BE80UBCE8 AND PI8HEBIBS OF EchinorhinDs spinosui, (OmeL) DelamoiUe. — SPiHr Shasi North Atlantic. 21913. Cast. ProvJDcutonn, Mass. ' £. I;. StnoU. VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES. Oedeh hyperoartia. PETKOJIYZONTIDiE. Petromyzon americanas. — Laupbgy Eel. 4e9-90. Color sketcbes. Prof. Ales. Agussiz. Ordee hyperotreti. IHyxine glatinosa, Linn.— Hag-fish ; Slime-pish. — ^Nocth . lantic. 21679. AIcolioUc. Lo Envo Dank, N. B. U. 8. Fish Conuninioa. VIII. LEPTOCARDIANS. SECTION" B. (THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.) EANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS. ^For striking. 1. Clubs. ft&nned clubs.' Salmon-clubs used by the Indians of the Northwest coast. Hunting-cl abs.' Fishermen's clubs. 32717. '' Halibat killer and gob-stick." Philip Mercbaut, Gloucester, Mass. A heavy clnb with which the fisherman kUls the halibut by a blow upon the head. One end is sharpened for use in detaching hooks from the gullets of fish which have swallowed them. ed clubs.' Stone-headed dubs.' GlabSi armed with teeth or bone points.' GlabS| armed with metal points.' lomgr-^toncs.' laiiir-sbot.' 2. SLUNG-WElaHTS. Hunters' knives. ^^ For cutting. 3. Knives. 26152. Hunter's knife. 5^1nch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner's [Falls, Mass. 26153. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade. 26154. Hunter's knife. 7-inch blade. 26155. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade. 26172. Hunter's knife. 5^-inch blade. . 26173. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade. 26174. Hunter's knife. G^-inch blade. 26175. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade. 2S191. Hunter's knife. 5-inch blade. 26192. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade. 26193. Hunter's knife. 7-inch blade. 25194. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade. * Displayed in the Ethnological division. 71 72 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES. 1 Straight knives. Htintcjs' knivoa. aem. Hunter's kcifo. G-inoh blade. Jului RuBSvll Cutlety Cu., Tuniai 263UI. Hnntci'B knife. 6-incli lilade. HeSeiL Hnnter'B knife. 7-incIi blade. " 26233. HiuLter's knife. B-iiioli bliule. < 2Gii4. Himter'ftfciiift. lO-inch bliido. " S61«. Himter'a knife. 5i-uicfi blade. " 2fll4e. Hantcr'a knife. 6-intli blade. •• iBUT. mmter'a knife. T-incIi blade. " I!6149. Hunter's knifo. B-incli blade. « 261fi0. Hunter's knife. tinch blade. " 26161. Huntor'B knife. frinch blftdi'. « aCI6i. Hunter-, knife. 7-iuch blade. « 26163. Hunterli knife. B4ncli blade. " 26161. Hunter's knifo. 9-incb blftde. " 86165. Hnntei'B knife. lO-iudl bllKfc. « 26160. Hunt«r'8lcnife. 11-iiicU blade. 201G7. Huntet'B knife. 12-ini'li blade. " 26IS6. Hunter's knife. 54acL blade. em57. Huntei'H knife. Si-inch blade. " 7-iDch blade. " 26202. Houlei'B knifa. 5-inch blade. " 2IS03. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade. :: B6J04. HuntPT^ft knifo. 7-iiicl. blade. 64nch blade. 2C20o. Huntart knife. 9-inch blade. 2G207. Hunter's knife. 10-incli blnde. 23203. Huntfli'a kuifov 12-iuch bli«io. Duilley hunters' knives. 2ol97. Hunter's knife. 5-incIi blade. 2f>193. Hunffii'B knife. G-int-h blade. 20199. Huntcr'B knife. 7-inch blade. 26200. Hunter's knife. 9-inch blade. Hunters' dirk-knives. 26225. Hnnter'B knife (metal guard). 5-iuch blade. 26226. Huuter'B knifo (metal guard). 6-ineh blade. 26227. Hunter's knife (metal guard). 7-iueb blade. 26228. Hunter's knife (molal guard). 8-iuch blade. 2iJH3. Huuter'B knife (inetal guard). 7-inch blade. 26168. Hunter's knife (solid guani). 7-iucb blade. Splitting and ripping knives. 29401. Double-edged throating aud ripping knife. A. llcCurdy, Glonai-»^* 29403. Donblu-edgcd tbroatiug-kuifo (old etyle). G. B. Poator, Bei"^*' S9109. Throating or ripping knife. A. McOurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 39411. Throating or rippiog knife. Capt. E. L. Howe, GlonceBter, U ANIMAL RBSOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 73 Ight kniTes. ' plittiiig and ripping knives. 2941^ Doable-edged ripping-kiiife (peculiar to coast of Maine). Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle town. Conn. 29402. Mackerel-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 29408. Mackerel-splitting knife. Capl. Sam. Elwell, Gloucester, Mass. 29404. Codfish-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 29413. Cod or haddock ripping knife (old style). G. P. Foster, Beverly, Mass. 29414. Hoke or haddock splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 29415. Haddock-ripping knife. '' ** aying-knives, aboriginal and recent.^ 26169. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. John EusseU Cutlery Co., Tumer^s [Falls, Mass. 26170. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. 26171. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. 26179. Flaying-knife. 5-iuch blade. 26180. Flaying-knife. 6-inch bhide. 26181. Flaying-knife. O^inch blade. 26185. Flaying-knife. C-inch blade. 26186. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. 26187^ Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. 26188. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. 26189. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. 26190. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade. 26211. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. 26212. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade. 26213. Flaying-knife. G^-inch blade. cibber-knives, Eskimos.* ^arding-knives used by whalemen. XJsed in cutting the blubber into sections from the "blanket piece" or long strip which is peeled from the sides of the whale ; for illustration of the manner of use see the model of whaler "cutting in the blubber.'' 25676. Boarding-knife. \V. U. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass. "This knife has seen many years of service." — A. R. C. 26608. Boarding-knife, with sheath. A. R. Crittenden, Middlctown, Conn. flialemen's boat-knives. Used to cut the harpoon-line when it gets tangled in paying out. . Boat-knife (model). Capt. L. Rowland, New Bedford. This model in its sheath on the bulkhead of tlu^ whale-boat, ready for use, is shown in the model of a whale-boat (No. 24860). eading-knives. 32689. Halibut-hciidiiig Iir.ifc Adolph Voss, GlouccsttT, Mass. "^of Eskimo and Indian llayin^j-knivos h displayed in the Ethuol(r-ic::l ift exhibited in the Etlmological division. it it It n it it it tl it tl a tl it n 74 ANIMU. BE80UBCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STAIBat Straight knlr«s. Finiimg-kiuTes. 29400. Halibut-finning knife. Alex. McCnrdy, OlonoMter.Uaaa. 39412. Halibat-finning knife. Cftpt. E. L. Howe, Glonceatcr, Hm*. Chopping-knives. 3940S. Bait-cleaver (nsed in balibnt fishing). Alex. HcCnrdy, Glonn 32G65. Cod-bait knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Fisk Commiouon. 32664. Bait-cleaver. " " Cheek-knives. 39438. Codfish cbeek-knife. Alex. HcCunly, Gloucester, Hah. Tliroatiag-kiuves. 33669. Cod-throater(wngleedge). Gloucester, Hiwa. U. S. Fish Coaunj 22670. Cod-throatcr(doubleedge). " " l/^h-knives (for general use). 2Q159. Fish-knife. Heavy. 12-inch blado. John Rosaell Cnlleri Turner's Falls, Mass. SjIOB. Fish-kuife. Hook htinalc. 13-iacb blade. Jobn Rnwell Ci Co., Tiimer'a Falls, Mass. Scaling-knives. Jobn Bnssell Catlery Co., To Sailors' and fisbermen's sheath-knives. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 75 SiveaJiig-kiuveB, nsed by fishermeii. 29407. SliveriDg-knife. (Pattern first used by Cape Aim fishenneu.) Geo. B. Foster, Beverly, Mmhs. 29399. Slivering-kiiife. (Cape Auu pattern.) Alex. McCurdy. 29405. Slivering-knifo. (Nantucket pattern.) Samuel Elwell, jr., Glouces- ter, Mass. 25764. Slivering-knife. Samuel El well, jr., Gloucester, Mass. 32668. Slivering-blade. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Flitching-knives. Used in slicing halibut into steaks or '* flitches" in preparation for salting and smoking. 62726. Shore flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 32690. Bank flitching-knife. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass. 29410. Flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. A. £. Crittenden. Clam and oyster knives. 26209. Clam-knife. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner's Falls, Mass. . Oyster-knife (model). See model of Chesapeake oyster-canoe (No. 25003). Hfet-makers' knives. These knives are without handles, and the heel of the short (2 inches long) round-point«d blade is curled so as to fit the finger like a ring. 29439. Net-mending knives (right-hand). Alex., McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 29440. Net-mending knives (left-hand). Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. Mackerel-riinmers' fatting-knives or ploughs. Used in creasing the sides of lean mackerel (Nos. 2 and 3) to cause them to resemble fat (No. 1) mackerel. 25768. Mackerel-plough. Edwin Blatchford. 25769. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell,jr.,Glouce8t PKOD8. Fishing- lances. Whale-lanoes. Used by whalers to give the denth-blow to the whale. 3S678. Whalc-lanco with handle, ready for use. E. B. & F. Mac; Bedford, Mass. 25007. Whale-lance with handle, ready for nan. J. H. Thonuon, Ne ford, Haas. 25611. Whalu-lance. (Primitive model) need by New Bedford v W. H. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass. 10140. Head of lanco (bone and irou). Eskimos of Northeast coa«t, west of King William's Land. Capt. C. F. Hall. 1117. Sool-Iauee. Eskimos of Arctic coast, Anderson River, H. B. MoFarlano. 39453. Sword-fish lance. Saml. Elwcll, jr., Gloucester, Alaas. 33703. Swoid-fish lance. Vinald McCalcb. Gloucester, Mass. 25232. Sword-flsh lance (with screw to Ct folding handles). U. t Commission. 36519. Lance. Indians of the Northwest const. J. G. Swan. The tip of this lance is made from the bom of the mounta (Manama montana). 80 ANnUL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF DHTTBD STATSa. HFor vse icitli gounding-HtUB.' Armed leads. CommoQ "deep-sea lead." Deep-sea-soiindin^ appamttis. Cap-leads. Scoop sounding-macliine. a« Ora^ng-hooka. 7. Hooked htstbuhents. (Those ased with a sinfrle motioii, tii liookiag.) Single-pointed hooks. Gaff-books. 2540.'). Snlmon'gnff book and et.iff. Bradford &. A;:lboii}-, Boston, M« 3GG8. GalT-hook. U. S. Fisb Conuuisuioii. 29388. Halibut-guff. M. \7. Grant, Wcliflcet, Maes. 32G78. Hnlibat liaml-galT. Gloucester, Maw. G. Brown Goode. 33363. Halibnt deck-gaff. " " 2593!). Haddock hand-gaff. A. MtCurdy, Gloocestcr, Moua. 2939a. Haddock-gair. M. ^V. Grant, WeUfleet, MsBs. aag-Ta. Cod(iBb-gaff. TJKeiliuGioTgc'sBankflshetiea. A. McCmdjr, Gk tcr, MoBB. 25939. Dor>- cod-gaff. Usid in sbure fiaberics. A. UcCunlf, GkiM 2r034. Haud-goff. Usediukolibut fieUmcs. A-McCnrdy, GloocesUr,: 29389. Cod-gnff. M. W. Grnut, Wcllfleet, Mas*. 2G18T. Gnff-houk. Indians of Kortbwcst coast. J. G. Swan. aSSdO. Gaff-book. Property of J. H. Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Cootnl by I'orest ii. Htreoni Publishing Co. 'a resources and fisheries of united states. 81 Aiffle-polnted hooks. ^Forks used in handling salted and dried flsh. ^ludemen's hooks. Blubber-hooks. 5251130. Blabber-hook. For hauling small pieces of blubber. E. B. & F. Macy. New Bedford, Mass. 26133. Blabber-hook. Alieat Eskimo. Naniyak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall. Blnbber forks and pikes. 25615. Blubber-pike. Used for tossing blabber into try-kettle. Humphrey S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass. 25617. Blubber-pike. From the storeroom of a returned whaler. Humphrey S. Kirby, New Bedford^ Mass. Junk-hooks, etc. For hauling heavy pieces of blubber. 25616. Gaff-hook. Used to haul blubber across the deck from chopper to try-kettle. Humphrey S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass. 25016. Junk-hook. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass. 'Xianoe-hooks. y-polnted hooks. >Gan-hooks. * Gxappling-irons. liip-hooks or grapnels, nsed by whalers. 25018. Whaler's grapnel. Used for towing whale to ship. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass. Une-hooks, used by whalers, 25024. Whaler's line-hook for catching line, &c. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass. Olam-rakes. 20466. Clam-hoe. Provincetown style. Wm. H. Hcsbolt, Provincetown, Mass. 20437. Hand-claw. Used for gathering ''hon-clams'' and** scallopH.'* Well- fleet, Cape Cod, and coast of Maine. M. W. Grant, Wellflcot, Mass. . Clam-rake (model). Used in collecting the sea-clam {Macira solidis- 9ima) on Nantucket Shoals. These clams are salted down and used as bait for cod, halibut, &c. See with model of Nantucket dory (26257). >ll Is thooKht unnecessary to exhibit these familiar implements. with boat fittings. heanohoxB. S2 ANIUAL BE80UBCB8 AND FI8HEBIES OF HIIITBD STAntS. many-pointed hooks. Many-pointed flsli-jigs. 29436. Macfcetel-gaff. Used when the mackerel awim cloae iu lat]ge ab" M. W. GroDt, WelMeet, Usm. :29441. Mackerelbob. Used when the nuokerel are elooe to tbe tcokI in large BcbDola. Wm. H. Heabolt, ProTincetown, Ha—. Oiilaflhftn rakes or spears. Used by Indians of tbe Nortbtteet coast in the captuie of the onlscha: candle-fish ( Oamenu padficm). . Oulachan rake or comb. I'lttthead Indiana. J. O. Swan. 35846. Squid-jig. George P. Steel, Provincelown, Hose. 25714. Squiil-jis. " " S57T6. Sqvid-jig. Gloucester style. A. K. CiittendeD, Hiddletown, C 2M43. Squid-jig. Over fifty years old. Lemuel CooV, 2d, PrarinMtt 32721. Squid-jig. Copt. R. H. Hnrlbert, Gloucester, Moss. 32722. Squid-jig. " " 25663. Squid-line andjig. Used in catching squid for bait. Bndfw Antbony,. Boston, Mass. ^29447. Molds used in forming squid-Jigs. John B. Pataons, Rockport, 31 Twisting-rods (used in drawing small mammals from tbeir honor . Twisting-rod. Virgiuio. 8. Barbed Implements. (Those used vrith trro modous, the first ll of thrusting.) ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 83 ^ars with fixed heads. Aboriginal flsh-spears. 7420. Head of fish-spear. Eskimos. Fort Anderson, Arctio coast. R. McFarlane. ;)675. Heads of fish-darts. Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. R. McFarlane. 7514. Head of fish-spear, made of elk-horn. Eskimos. Northwest coast. Geo. Gibbs. 2322. Head of salmon-spear. Indians. Fort Crook, Grog. Lient. John Feimer, U. S. A. 2628. Fish-dart heads. Indians. Columbia River. U. S. Exploring Ex- pedition. Capt. C. Wilkes, U. S. N. 1439. Lance-head of bone. Indians. New Mexico. Lieut. A. W, Whip- ple, U. S. A. 18933. Fish-spears. Sitka Indians. Sitka. J. G. Swan. 11429. Salmon-spears. Passamaqnoddy Indians. -Eastport, Me. E. Palmer. 10283. Salmon-spear. Eskimos. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall. 2543. Fish-spear. Tschutschi Indians. South Pacific Exploring Expedi- tion. Capt. John Rodgers, U. S. N. 23518. Three-pronged spear. Northwest coast. J. G. Swan. Aboriginal bird and fish spears. 19517. Bird-spear. Eskimos. Greenland. Geo. Y. Nickerson. 10267. Bird-spear with throwing-stick. Aictio America. Smithsonian In- stitution. 15950. Fish-spear. Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 11358. Fish or bird spear. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Viu :cnt Colyer. 15689-90-91-93-94-95-96. Bird-spears. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska, W. H. DaU. 7973-7997. Fish and bird spears. Mushegay Indians. Alaska. Smith- sonian Institution. ^ars irith detachable heads. lily-irons. 25230. Sword-fish lily-iron. Capt. John B. Smith. U. S. Fish Commission. 25645. Sword-fish dart and socket, peculiar to New Bedford. A. R. Crit- tenden, Middletown, Conn. 32714. Sword-fish lily-iron. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass. 32715. Sword-fish lUy-iron. <* " 25208. Swordfish-23. Harpoou-lieiMl of atone and bonp. Eskimos. Greenltuiil GfO. f Nickerson. 10136. Head of walrus-harpoon. Eskimoe. IglooUk. Capt. C. F. Hill. 10400. Head of seal-barpoon. Eskimos. IglooUk. Cftpt. C. T. llslL 10407. Bone haipoon-ltcad. Eskimos. King William's Sound. Cipl.C.I Hall. 10404. Part of ancient Inuoilharpoon-head. BepnlsoBay. Capt.C.F.Hal 10Z73. Handle of wbaling-barpoou made of bone and vood. E*kiiiH> Greenland, Siuitbaonian lustitntioD. 19519. Handle of wbaling-haipoon made of wood and bone. Eakiib Greenland. Geo. T. Nickerson. lOilGi>. Wfaaling-barpoou. Eskimos. Northwest coast. Smithiwiuui lo! tution. 19Q18. Whaling-borpoon of recent mannfacture, with he»d uf buo« amlip handle of wood and iron, and seal-skin line. Eskimos. Gneuh Geo. T. NickeiBon. 565. Haipoon-bead of bone and iron with walrus-bide line. Etkin Port Fonlke. Dr. I. I. Hayes, 21B6. Seol-baipoou bead of bone and iron. Eskimos. Anderaon Bi' E, McFarlane. 13140. Walrus-harpoon head of bono and iron, hide line. Innnit Eakin Greenland. S. F. Baiid. 19776. Boue harpoon-liead with hide line. Eskimos. Alaskk. Bev. J» 11618. 8eal-hari>oon head of bone. Eskimos. NuiuTok Islauibi, -Uc W. H. Ball. 16631. Miniature model of seal-barpoon. Eskimos. AIaafc«. H. W. EUi 1678. Miniature model of eeal-barpoou. Eskimos. Alaska. W. H. P 16120-31-23-25, 5606-7631. Seal-haipoon beads of bone and iron. Eskii ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 85 ^ars irith detachable heads. Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron. 18G8. Uead of whaling-harpoon with line. Makuh Indiaus. Neab Bay, Wash. Ter. J. G. Swan. 2667&-26825. Handles of whaling-harpoons. Makah Indians. J. G. Swan. 2530. Harpoon-dart«. Eskimos. Alaska. North Pacific Exploring Expe- dition. Capt. John Rodgers. 1^675. Harpoon-dart. Kotzebne Sonnd. W. H. Dall. 5775-&-7-9-80. Harpoon-darts. Sitka, Alaska. W. H. Howard. U. S. R. M. Barpoon-spears. 6364. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Eskimos. Sitka, Alaska. Dr. T. T. Minor. 9063. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. N. 20653. Head of barbed fish-dart of native copper with line of twisted sinew. Alaska. Smithsonian Institution. 21413. Fish-spear with detachable barb. Hoochuou Indians. South Eel River, California. Stephen Powers. Double-pronged sx>ear8 with detachable heads. MeCloud River Indians, Shasta Co., Cal. Livingston Stone. These spears are used in the capture of the Salmo quinnat The handles are thirty feet in length. The barbs are made from the splint bones of deer. See No. 13743, below. 19046. Fish-spear with detachable barbs. Cooyunu Pi-Ute Indians. Pyra- mid Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers. 235S2. Two-pronged spear with detachable barbs. Indians of Northwest coast. J. G. Swan. 26826. Handle of spear similar to 23522, but longer. J. G. Swan. S3520. Spear with many-barbed detachable head and kelp line. Indians of Northwest coast. J. G. Swan. 13743. Points for salmon-spear made of the splint bones of the deer. Me- Cloud River Indians. Shasta Co. , Cal. Livingston Stone. 650. Harpoon-arrows with iron tips. Indians. Cape Flattery, Wash. Ter. Geo. Gibbs. 21306. Wooden barbs for fish-harpoon. Indians. Hoopah Valley, Cal. Stephen Powers. 2249. Head of fish-harjioon. Eskimos. Anderson River. R. McFarlane. 11356. Harpoon-dart with bladder-float. Nashegay Indians. Alaska. Dr. T. T. Minor. 9. TONGS, &0. \For hand-tise, 1^9 (with two handles). >y8ter-tongs and oyster-rakes. 96110. Oyster-tongs. S. Salisbuiy, Providence, R. I. 9fa09. Oyster-tongs. '' << D,r.5.i 1912. Lnriat of hide. Sioox Indiana. Upper Missouri RiTrr. Li«nt G K. Warren. 0920. Lariat of hide. Comanche Indians. Tort Cobb, Ind. T. E. Tiimt. G921. Lariat of hide. Couiancbo Indians. Llano Estaciido, T<-xu. C ANDCAL SES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 87 ^^^^ntangling-lines. 12. Tangles. The tangles are employed by naturalists for tho purpose of gathering small spiny animals, such as sea-urchins and star-fishes, from the bottom at con- siderable depths. They adhere to the fibers of the spun-yam in great num- bers. It hJEW been thought that this instrument might advantageously be employed in freeing oyster-beds from their worst enemies, the star-fish. iwab-tanirles. Swab-tangles. 26844. Swab-tangle. U. S. Fish Conunission. (Diedge-tangleSy used by English collectors.) larro^r-tan^les. Harrow-tangles. 26845. Models of harrow-tangles. U. S. Fish Commission. Formerly used by the Fish Conunission, now replaced by the wheel-tangles. Fheel-tan^les. Wheel-tangles. 26846. Model of wheel-tangle. U. S. Fish Conunission. 26848. Wheel-tangles. U. S. Fish Conmiission. III. MISSILES. ^Simple missiles {those propelled by the unaided arm). 13. Hurled weights. M^nes and disks (thrown by the hand). Weights (dropped from an elevation, dead-falls, not automatic). 14. HUBLED STICKS. »trmiffht sticks. Clnbs used as missiles. Barred sticks. Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in hunting rabbits. -4. Throw-fiticks. Used in rahhit-hunting by Moqiii Indians. New Mex- ico. Br. Edward Palmer. 88 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FI8UEBIB8 OP UNITBD STATBft. 15. HUBUBD BPEHRA Darts and lances. S«e under "Lsnccs and gpean," Above enumoiatcd, muiy of whkk may used aa niiBaile^. a « Centrifugal mianles. {Propelling power augmented bg an artifieial crease of the length of the arm.) 16. Slings and sfeabs thrown by straps. SUn^s. 9532. Sling. Nav^o IndianB. Sinitbacmian Inatitutioo. 17234. Sling. Indians. " " Spears (vith strapa). 17. Missiles propelled by "THEOWiNG-sxiCKa'* Spears (with throwing-sticks, nsed by Eskimos). Se« above under "Bird and fiah epenn," paiiicnlarly No. lOSCr, %wptu ' tluowing-atick attached. 7899. Tbnwing-etick. EHkiinoa. Alenlian lalanda. Dr. T. T. ICmi 7933. Throwing-etlck. EakimoB. Kodiak. " 16076. Throwing-Btiok. Eskimos. Unalaahka. W. H. DalL 2S33. Tbrowing-atick. Eskimos. Alaska. North Faciflo ExpkciBf pedition. Capt. John Bodgeis. 11346-47. Throwing-eticks. Yukon Eiver, Alaska. Vincent Coljs. 15643. 1642-16243. Throwing'^ticke. Eakimoa. Nunirak laland*. W. Dall. ANIHAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 89 Huntmg-arrows. 8827-28-29-30. Bird-arrows. Eskimos. Alaska? Smithsonian Institution. 5602. Bird-arrows. Ynkon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 15654. Hunting-arrows. Kodiak Indians. Alaska. W. H. Dall. 1641^14-15. Hunting-arrows with heads of bone and iron. Eskimos. Nu- nivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall. . Hunting-arrows with bono heads. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. Vincent Colyer. Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing. 11348-^. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Viueciit Colyer. 1.5677-15681-82. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. \V. H. DaU. 19379. Harpoon-arrow. Eskimos. Alaska. Rey. J. Curley. 8005-6-9. Harpoon-aiTows. Eskimos. Nushegay Indians. Dr. T. T. Minor. .eecMories of bo^rs and arro^rs. Holders.* Quivers.* Arrow-head pouches.* Mplements of maniiAictHre. Flintrchipping apparatus.* Anow-head sharpeners.* Shaft-gauges.* Cord-twisting apparatus.* Shaft-polishers.* Glue-sticks, used in fastening head of arrow.* Arranged with the Ethnological scries. II Spring comisting of elastic card. 19. India-rubber slings. ^a-shooters (used in killing birds). in Spring consiitting of metallic lielix. 20. Spring-guns. ^^^^ Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water. 21. Air-guns. W^grmis (missile propelled by the breath). -gOBS carrj'ing an-ows. inns carrying balls. UO ANIUAL RESOURCES AKD FISHBBIBS OF UHITBD STATES. Piston air-guns. Reservoir air-guns. AiC'gans. 2^35. Bedford Eureka air-pistol, with daTta,aliig8, and gnn-nsL (I Dec. SI, 1^5.} Enreka Uann&ctniing Compuiy, Boaton, Air-gun canes. Syringe-gnns. Humming-bird gnus. . Water-gums. Smif hsonian Iiu 23. GUN8 AND PISTOLS. IWuzzle-loading arms. 26714. Flint-lock gun (single banel)old fushiou SOD. Single-barrel shot (t) gun. Oiven bj Lord Melville to Sir Jolm Franklin, who nted 1 onfortuuate e^qxiditions in 1820, 1831, and 18SS, then | Sir Jobu to liis interpreter, St. Oennain, who sold it Factor Smitli, of the Hndaon Bay Co., who gav« it to hi law, Chief Factor HcPheraon, ttoax whom it was obtaiL B, RosB, of the Hndaon Bay Co. Breech-loading arms. 358D4. Six-shooting Bhot-giin. Colt's Fire-AnuR Manufacturing C< Hartford, Conn. 25695. Double -barreled brcecb-loailiuK fowling-piece. £. Bt^uii ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 9 1 Breech-loading arms. 5S9299. Shot-barrel for Maynard's rifle ; 3*2 inches, .64 calibre. MassachiiBotts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 25873. Six-shooting rifle; 44-inch calibre. Colt's Hre- Arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Conn. 26889. Carbine. King's improvement. (Patented March 29, 186G; October 16, 1860. Model 1873. Calibre .44.) Winchester Repeatiu;: Anns, New Haven, Conn. 25248. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. (Patented October 17, 1866. Reissued June 25, 1872 ; Dec. 26, 1865. Reissued Oct. 1, 1867 ; May 15, im\ ; July 16, 1872.) Whitney Arms Company, Whitneyville, Couu. 25249. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. PhoDnix calibre, 44. Whitney AnuR Company, Whitneyville, Conn. 25892. Six-flhooting revolver. 45 calibre. (Patented Sept. 19, 1871 ; July 2, 1872.) Colt's Fire- Arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Ccmu. 24986. C. C. Brand's improved whaling-gun. Patented June 22, 1852. For use with C. C. Brand's improved bomb-lance. 24987. Powder-flask with charger. 24988. Wad-cntter. 24989. Wad-cutter (inside). 24992. Prepared wads. 24990,24991. Screw-tlrivers. C.C. Brand. Norwich, Conn. 24993-97. C. C. Brand's improved bomb-lance. Patented June 22. 1859. For use with C. C. Brand's improved whaling-gun. 24997. Kxplo , , , Powder.meaaures. } -^ttoebed to pouches and separate. 16190. Powdor-chorger. Nimivak Islands, Aloak*. W. H. DbH ^.filMAL BE80URCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 93 ods of preparing cartridges. taderSi Grinix>ers, and cappers. 2D3Q2. Roaewood loader for shot-cartridge. Massaclmfietts Arnid Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 29908. Two rosewood loading-blocks. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chic- opee Fallsj Mass. 25897. Cartridge-loading machine. £. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y. 29306. Cartridge-capper. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee FallH, Mass. :C£SSORIES OP LOADING, CLEANINa, AND REPAIRING, SIGHTING, AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS. *iiment8 tor cleaning, loading, Sk>c. unmers. large-drawers — "worms^ — and other loading tools. These may be seen attached to the various wrappers. 529307. Wrench and cap-picker. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 29311. Rod and tip for cloth, plain. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chico- pee Falls, Mass. 29310. Jointed rod and brush, ^(assachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 29309. Screw-driyer. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicoi>ee Falls, Mass. 7525. Gnn-screw-driyer. Apache Indians. Arizona. E. Palmer. 26695. Loading-tools. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26696. Closer. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest &, Stream Publishing Company. 29251. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 1). Edwin W. Judge, New Haven, Conn. 29252. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 2). " " 26696. Oil-can. Proi>erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. its, &;€• (azzle-sights. ilit-mghts. ^lobe-sights, ^eep-sights. breech-sights. ^Iain-sights, ^adnating-sights. Blftsoope-sights. B^dSy attached to gons. i^gaages. "m^ be Meii attached to the gnna. 94 ANIUAL RBSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF TWrTED STATES. Recoil-checks. 35700. William D. Miller's pntent reooil-oheok for shcpt^raw and t. (Patented Nov. S, 1875, No. 52. ) A. J. NomiAU, Naw Yotk, Advantages claimed for this arrangemeiit aia Uiat It npeb neutralizea the recoil, permitB steadiet aim, and innrea incn range and greater penetration. 26. Fob oasbydig abmb and ahhunition. Ammunition-holders. Powder-horns : Horns. Flaska. Canisters. 1910. Powdor-hom. Sioux Indiaos. Upper Uiaeonri Eiver, Lieat, < Warren, U. 8. A. 1478. Powdor-lioni. Comftncho Indians. General D. N. Coach, U. 8. 16309. Poirder-hom. Sitka, AIbbIib. W. H. Dall. 1909. Powder-bom and ponoh. (ContAining bnllet^, gnn-fllota, and u pointB.) Sioox Indians. Upper Missooil Biver. Uent. G Warren, U. 8. A. 55S0. Powder-horn. Papago aod Apaebe Indians. E. Palmer. S1673. Poirder-bom and pouch. Yankton Sioux. Dakota. Aimy Ht Moseom. Dr. J. T. Boagbter. 26706. Cartridge-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syraense, K. T. tributed by Forest &, Stream Pablisbing Company. 26703. Cartridge-flaak. Pi'operty of J. A. Nichols, Syracnae, N. Y. tribnted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 7313. Powder-flask. Apache Indians. M^Jor Mills, U. S. A. 13035. Powder-flask. Alient Eskimos. Onnalaebka.. W. H. DalL 16099. Powder-flask. Hagemut Eskimos. Knoivak Islands, Vii*" ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 95 aad bullet holders. iX>-holder8. 5525. Cap-case. Apache Indians. Arizona. £. Palmer. 26697. Cap-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contribated by Forest & Stream Publishing Compiuiy. Pouches. Boxes. Gap-strapSj used by Indians. artridge-holders : Pouches. Boxes. Belts. Vesta. poH-holders. ings for arms: Shoulder-slings. Saddle-slings. Holsters, sits; Pistol-belts. acks and cases: 6un-racks. Gun-cases. 8546. Gun-case. Indians. Ogalalla, Nebr. Dr. S. M. Horton, U. S. A. 14849. Gun-case. Indian. Colorado. Maj. J. W. Powell. 26705. Gun-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest and Stream Publishing Company. 26704. Gun-case. Proi)erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest and Stream Publishing Company. IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE. 27. Hooks with movable lines. kle tor 9urf)iee-fi§liinff. ?ly-fishing tackle, ialmon-tackle. hoQt-tackle. L*bas8 tackle. •eUe. 96 ANIUAL BESOTTBCES AND FISHERIES OP UlflTED 8UTBS. Tackle for sarfltce-flshin;. Trolling-tackle : TroUing-tackle. WliiffiDg-tackle. Drailing-tackle. Gangs of books for minnow-bait. The parts of tbc«« gears may be seen in their proper plAce^ with bn lines, &c. 26683. Minnow-gang. Property of J. A. Nichols, S7r«ciue, H. T. ( tTil}Dt«d by Forest and Stream Pnblishing Compmnj. Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling. Striped-bass tackle. Bed-fish or bass tackle. Blue-fish tackle. Tide-drailing tackle. Pasqae and Outtyhunk bass-tackle. 24606-9. Blue-figh lino. Bigged with eel-ekin sqnida. J. M. K. Soath< Newport, K. I. 24602-7. Blue-fiah lines. Rigged with cloth squid. Bloclclidand. J.t Sontbwiok, Newport, R. I. Tackle fbr fishing below the sarftoce. Short hand-gear. 85684. Mackerel-lines and cleats. Bradford &. Anthony, Boston, Him SS840. Mackerel hook snd line. A. McCnrdy. AHIMAL BE80nBC£8 AND FIBHEBIES OF IGNITED STATES. 97 Tackle fbr flshln; below the sar Aice. Deep-sea gear: Flannder-gear. Shark-gear. Other bottom-gear. Bobs: Eel-bobs. 28. Hooks, with stationabt lines. — Set taoklb. tarfkee lines. Spilliards, or floating-trawl lines. {•ttom-aet lines. Trawl-lines, or bull-tows. 25688. Model of codfish-trawl, naod by American fiahennen on Western and Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Buoys, scale of ono-sixtli : an- chois, scale of one-fifteenth. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. S9469. Section (one-fifth) of trawl-line. Used in George's Banks codfisli- eries. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. 6560. Trawl-line and hooks. Indians of Vancouver's Island. Dr. T. T. Minor. 32705. One section or << skate" of a halibut trawl-line with (No. 3270C) inner buoy with flag, (No. 32707) outer buoy with "black-ball," (No. 32708) buoy-line, and (No. 32709) anchor. Capt. Jos. W. Collins and Philip Merchant, Gloucester, Mass. Set-traps. 85662. Pickerel-traps. With lines and flags for fishing through the ice. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 85663. Set of implements for smelt-fishing through the ice. 85667. Fishing-bows. W. M. Young, Philadelphia, Pa. . (ACCESSOBT.) PAETS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING- APPARATUS AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES. ^•ka (including a ftiU series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufacture). Plain hooks. 25662. The ten processes through which American hand-made fish-hooks pass from the wire to the finished hook. Made entirely by hand- labor in the factory of J. W. Court, Brookljrn, N. Y. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 88684. Double-refined, cast-steel, tai>ered ][>oint; Virginia hooks, flatted, Nob. 10 to 1 and 1-0 to 3-0. American Needle and Ush-Hook Com- pany, New Haven, Conn. VMb Si^ttftQe cast-steel blackfish-hooks, japanned, flatted, Noe. 1 to 8. Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Hayen, Conn. 11.14 7 98 ANIMAL BE80UBCK8 AND FISHEBIB8 OP UKmtD 8TATBL Hooks (including a fall series of munonnted lAoka, of recent aboriginal manu&ctnre). Plain books. SSSSS. Ed-hooka, No. 6. Ameriaan Needle and FUtL-Hook Ctnfaj, HaTes, Conn. iS640. HalibnMiooke, Tinged ; Nos. 1 to 3. AmeiicHi Needle and fWt-'. Company, New Haven, Conn. SSSaa Caat-eteel Kirbj eea Bah-hooks, flatted; Noa. 1 to IS. Am* Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn. S5530. CaatrSteel Eiiby sea fieh-hooka, ringed; Noe. 1 to IS. S5S39. Saperior cost-eteel Kirby eea fiah-hooke, galTaniwtd, flatted; 1 to 6. American- Needle and Fisb-Hook Company, New Hi STiE^. Donble-ieflned oaat-ateel Kitby river and tront flah-boob^ rii Noa. 1 to 12 and 1-00 to 10-0. American Needle and FmIi- Company, New Haven, Conn. 25523. Eirby river and trout flsb-hooks, flatted, Wtt» mtperflae; B to 12 and 1-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Rah-HookCtaa New Haven, Conn, 3S519. Snperfine spring steel Kirby salmon, flatted; No*. IS to 3-0. i lean Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn. 9S&S0. Carlisle tront-hooka, flatted; Nos. IS-SO. American Necdl> Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn, 25&S1. Carlisle trout-hooks, ringed; Nos. 8 to 3-0. American Ncedl Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn. 2S&16. Soperfine caet^teel Limerick ealmon, flatted ; Noa. 1-0 to li 3-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Fiah-Hook Ca«npany, Haven, Conn. S5517. Superfine cast^eel Limerick salmon, ringed ; Noa. 1-0 1« 9 «i to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New S 2551'!. Donble-reflned cast-steel Limerick river and tront flah-booki(i points, flatted) ; Nos. 1-0 to 12 atad 2-0 to 10-0. AmericaaS ANIMAL RES00RCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 99 Ics (indading a ftill series of unmonnted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manu&ctore). 'lain hooks. 85631. Double-refined cast-eteel, original, central-draught cod or mackerel hooks, fl%tted. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn. 25601. Cod-hooks. Used when fish rise to the sorface. J. M. K. Sonthwick, Newport, R. I. 25538. Shark-hooks. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 2d465. Shark-hooks. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass. 25648. Shark-hook. (Extraordinary.) A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. 2d464. Ground-shark hook. Stylo nked forty years ago. Elisha Cook, ProYincetown, Mass. 85602. Dog-fish hook with chain. Used at Newport, R. I. J. M. K. South- wick, Newport, R. I. 25641. Dog-fish hooks, ringed. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn. 29467. Horse-mackerel hook. John Thomas, Bel&st, Me. 29505. Hooks, probably lost by a French fishing-vesseL Found on St. George's Banks on a piece of trawl; fished up by Geo. H. Lewis, Ftovincetown, Mass. 3S732. French cod-hooks; taken from codfish on Jeffiries Ledge. Capt. James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass. 38731. French cod-hook; taken from codfish in Salvages' Shoals, Cape Ann, in 1856. Capt. James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass. 20654. Wooden fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan. . Fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast of America. Straits of Fnca, Pnget Sound. U. S. Exploring Expedition. 1051. Fish-hooks. Pnget Sound. George Gibbs. 9765. Fish-hook. Wallapai Indians. E. Palmer. 5583. ilsh-hook of wood and bone. Gens des Fous Indians. Yukon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 9807. ilsh-hook and line. Chilkaht Indians. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. 5590. Fish-hooks and sinkers. Premorska Indians. St. Michaers, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 19064. Fish-hooks. CooyuwecPi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev. Stephen Powers. 20651. Fish-hook. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan. Indian make. 9270. HaUbut-hook. Alaska. Dr. Hoff, U. S. A. '* " . Halibut-hook. • Sitka, Alaska, J. G. Swan. " " 9103-4. Halibu^hook8. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. " '' 1141. Butt-end of hemlock limb for making halibut-hook. Makah Indians. Puget Sound, W. T. J. G Swan. 16346. Halibut-hooks. Yakutat Eskimo. W. H. Dall. 2630. Fish-hook. Northwest coast of America. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N. U. 8. Exploring Expedition. 1324. Hooks and lines. Eskimo. Anderson River. C. P. Gaudet. 1989. Fish-hook. Arctic America. B. R. Ross. 5118. Fish-hook. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. R. Kennicott. 6116. Rsh-hook. Fort Anderson Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. Tt, MacFarlanc. ^ hf kelp {Kereoqf»tis)f fish-hook, and bladder buoy. Makah Heah Bay. J. G. Swan. 100 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHEBIES OF UHITaD SUIU. Hooks (including a full series of tmmonnted books, of reeent i aborigiiu^ numo&ctnre). Plain books. 9607. Fiahing line and hook. Chilkaht Indimi. AUika. lieoL 1'. Bing, U. S. A. • 15G30. Bone fi«h-hook with whalebone snood. AlMit*. IL W. Elliott. 16315. Fioh-hook. Sitka. W. H. DalL 653. Ealibat-hookB. Indiane of Northweat coaat of America. Gt Oibb*. 20656. Halibat-hooks. Indiani of Fort Simpson, B. C^ J. O. Svao. 156%. Fiah-hookB. Eskimos Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott 10142. Fish-hooks. Eskimos. Victoria Harbor. Capt C. F. Hall. 14280. Fish-hooks. Neoh Bay, W. T. James O. Swan. 10116. Bone hook. Magemnt Eskimos. Nnnivak, Alaska. W. B. Di 16311. Fish-hooks. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 1051. Fish-hooks. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. K. U. 8- Exploring 1 dition. 10Q19. Codfish-hook. Eskimos. Coast of Oinenland. Capt C. F. B 3191-92. Fish-hooks of stone, bone, and iron. Fort Auderaou Eat Hackende'a Biver district. B. Kunntcott 2093, 2248. Fish-hooks of bone and iron. Aaderaon KiTor FrT^'"*"* MaoFarlane. 16311-13. Bone hoolu and line apreadera. Thlinket Eakimoa. Sitka.Al W. H. DalL 5118-7441. Hooks of bone and iron. Moclcensle'B Biver Eakimoa. B. 32660. Smelt^preader and hooks. 01onceet«T, Uasa. O. Brown Good Jigs and drails. 29448. BBSS and bluefish draiL Elisha Cook, ProTinoetown, Uan. 294S&. BlaefiBh-drail. Piovincetown style. Lemael Cook, Sd, Pnr town, Mass. AinOCAL B£80tJRCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 101 km (inclnding a ftill series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufacture), igs and drails. 25669. Blaeiish-draiL Peculiar to Hyannis, Mass. Freeman Hallett, HyanniSy Mass. Wlien used, covered with an eel-skin. 25600. Weak-fish Jigs. Used in Newport, R. L J. M. K. Southwick, New- port, R. I. 9078. Metallic squid. Indians. Ahisko. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. 32657. Cahoon's improved trolling-hooks. (Patented March 24, 1874.) Thomas J. Gifford & Co., New Bedford, Mass. 12496. Mackerel-Jigs. Cape Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass. 32658. Mackerel-Jig. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. 29479. Mackerel-jig. John B. Parsons, Rockport, Mass. 32734. Mackerel-Jigs. Used thirty years ago. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. 25599. Mackerel-Jigs. J. M. K. Southwick, New]K>rt, R. I. 2594L Mackerel-Jigs. Used about the year 1840. Capt. Edward L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass. 12495. Soapstone ''Jig" molds, No. 1. (Patented March 15, 1870.) Cape Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass. 25780. Soapstone mackerel-Jig mold. Capt. £. L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass. 5^781-^ Wooden, lead-lined, mackerel-Jig molds. ** 25721. Mackerel-Jig mold. (Patented March 15, 1870; J. P. Nason, No. 2.) Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass. 32666. Mackerel-Jig mold. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. 32654. Mackerel-Jig ladle. << <' 32661. Mackerel-Jig rasp. " *' 32662. Mackeiel-Jig file. << " 32663. Pewter for use in manufacture of jigs. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. 29461. Codfish < little flue greeninohAir woriudloit' tail. Wings— From the inude wlng-fMtlieT of a graaat. Lag^-i i gingBr hen's hackle. For Peniisf Ivanift, hooks Noo. 8 to 10; fix K«* Xt hooks Nos. 6 1« 8; for Now England, hooks Noa. fi and 0. X, Yellow Don, with vater-color sketch of ori^dL Body — Yellow mohair mixed with a little pale blae ttotu a manse at yd flosa Bilk with the least blae rabbit for spun npou it. Wings— Upnj from the iuflide wing-feather of a mallard or summer dock. For Fma vania, hook No. 10; for Now York, hook No. 6; for New England, ho«ki) 6 and 6. y. Iron-bine Dnn, with wateiMMtlor sketch of original. I, Hawtjtorn, with water-color sketch of origintd. Body— Black ostrich's herl. Wings— From the qaiU-fe*ther of the Ei^ snipe. Legs — A black cock's hackle. FDrFennaylvaaiA,ho(^}lai.Si* for New York, hooks Noa. 0 to 8 ; for New England, hooks Noa. & ud i- Body— Oreen floss silk ribbed with silvertwiat Tail— Orange-tlroad fin tippet, wood-dock, ibia, and green parrot. Legs — A golden yelknr hsd Wings — Of the following kinds : wood-dack, tippet, brown mallaid,bsib green parrot, blue and yellow macaw, with a few atranda ot nd ■■(■ black ostrich head. Hooks Noa. 1, 2, and 3. AHIMAL BB80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 105 •oks (indnding a fall series of umnoiinted hooks, of recent and aboriginal mannfiBMstore). 32737. Artificial flies for salmon, tront, and bass — Continued. 00, Lake George. Body — Gold twist ribbed with silver twist. Tail — ^A small Cluiia topping. Legs— A bright orange hackle with a shoolder of bright claret. Wiugs — Two tippet feathers mixed with argns pheasant| brown mallonl ; black ostrich head. Hooks Noe. 1, 2, and 3. oJL Chateaugay. Body — ^Lemon-yellow floes ribbed with gold twist. Tail — ^A few flbres of brown mallard. Legs — A ginger-colored cock's hackle. Wings— Strips of ahoveUer dnck mixed with fibres of argos pheasant. ai. YeUow Drake. Body— TeUow mohair ribbed with silver twist. Tail — ^Three fibres of yellow macaw. Legs — ^Yellow hackle with two tarns of ibis on shoulder. Wings — Strips of gray mallard; black ostrich head. Hook No. 3. tff, Richardson. Body— A light-blue floes silk ribbed with silver twist. Tail— Three strands of brown mallard. Lega— Black cock's hackle. Wings — Strips of English blue-Jay mixed with brown mallard. Hooks Nos. 3 and 4. dk. Anthony, al. Snow-fly. flR. Captain, as. Combination. Body — ^First half, yoUow seal's fur; second half, rcd-cloret seal ribbed with ailver tinsel (the fur to be picked out). Tail — A few fibres of gray mallard mixed with ibis. Legs — ^A natural red hackle dipped in yellow dye. Wrings — A piece of the same kind of hackle with pale ibis strips. On each side a piece of gray mallard sufficiently large to make the wing full ; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3. aa. Silver Doctor. Body — Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tail — China pheasant topping. Lega— A pale-blue hackle with a small teal or guinca-hcii nt the ^boulder. Wings — ^Mixed fibres of wood-duck, brown mallard, guinea-hen, green parrot, blue macaw, teal, and bustard; black ostrich head. Hooks Xos. 2 and 3. tip, Prouty. Body — First joint, silver twist; second, black ostrich with three turns of tho twist over it. Tail — Orange floss with a turn or two of twist, a topping mixed with fibres of English blue-jay. Legs — A yellow dyed list hacklo wound over the ostrich. Wings — Strips of whit<^ swan dyed yellow. Ono each aide a rib of teal-feather, red macaw feelers ; black ostrich head. Heoka Boa. Sand 3. 106 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHBKtES OP UNITED STATES. Hooks (inGlnding a fall series of nniDOimted hooks, of reoa aboriginal mannfiictaie). 32737. Artificial flies for salmon, tioat, and baaa — Oontinned. M. Great Blow. ' at. Cadis. OK. Uonay. BlMk silk floss ribbed with diver twist. Tail— A small feather froml of the scarlet ibis. Legs — A golden yellow hackle. Wings— Dtut turkey; bUck ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2. ae. Bound Lake. Body — Brown ostrich Iierl, ribbed with gold twisty tog ormnge Scm. Two or three short sprigs of yoUow macaw. Legs — A small soot; hackle, wonud fit>m tag to shoulder. Wiuga — Alternate strips d peacock'WlDg feather and shoveller daok, with a sprig or two of «<» peacock herl bead. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Ismadoin two joints of bla«k orange mohair with gold tinseh Lep- blaok hackle wound fiom tail to head. Tail — Bright yellow lonesn. — A mixture of gold pheasant tall, argoa, and teiiL Hooks Mm. 1, 1 ay. Priest. ax. Francis Sykes. ba. Duke. U. Dhoou. bf. DuBtiu. Id. Lascollcs. . Snitching Sfindy. ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 107 ooks (indading a fall series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufiacture). 32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass — Continued. hL wmow. Ul, Proaty. h9* Notion. Body — Firat lialf gold twist, remaiuder brown mohair, with three turns of the twist over it. Tail — ^A topping mixed with blue kingfisher. Legs — Brown hackle. Wings — Two tippet feathers mixed with arp:ns pheasant, brown mallard, teal, China pheasant-tail feathers, blue and yeUow macaw, with a blue kingfisher on each side of the wing ; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 2 and 3. hw, Louise. Body — ^Brown mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail — China feather topping. Leg9— Reddish brown hackle, blue-Jay on shoulder. Wings — Pheasant tippet feather and tail mixed with sprigs of green parrot, blue macaw, and kingfisher. Head — Orange mohair. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2. ke. Bound Lake. Body — Orange and red claret merging into each other, silver tinselled. Tail — Sprigs of gold pheasant tippet, blue macaw, and green parrakeet. Legs— A claret hackle with a turn or two of orange on the shoulder. Wings — Two strips of brown turkey, with a small Jungle-cock's feather on each side. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3. fty. KicholBon. ht. Our Pattern. 00. Saranac. Body — Claret floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist. Tail — China pheasant crest-feather. Legs — ^A claret hackle. Wings — ^Two China pheasant tippet feathers on either side, a strip or two of brown mallard and argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 2, and 3. eb. Long Tom of Long Lake. • Body — Gray squirrel mixed with a little green mohair ribbed with silver tinsel. Tail — China pheasant crest-feather. Legs — A blue dun cock's hackle; at shoulder two or three turns of bright claret hackle. Wings — Strips of brown mallard mixed with strands of summer duck, peacock-wing, and upper coverts of the wild turkey, red macaw feelers; black plush head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 00. St. Begis. Body — Cinnamon mohair ribbed vrith double gold twist. Tail — ^A strip of China pheasant tippet mixed with a few strands of bustard. Legs — A chestnut hackle with three turns or so of orange-dyed guinea-hen, small short in the fibres. Wings — Strips of brown mallard, brown turkey, icrliili pheasant tail, and China tippet ; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 108 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FI8HEK1ES OF UHITED 8T1TS8. Hooks (incladiug a fnll series of onmoantod hoc^ oi lecad ai aboriginal maiinfbctnie). 32737. Aitiflcial flies for salmon, troat, and bass — Gontinaed. cd. No. 8. I Body — Three or four turns of moluiir, rest of black mohair rilibed willi (tlw ttnsel and backed with gold twisl. THil— A, biubII tojipiuj;. Legs— 4dji< black h.-wklo and a BlionJderof rcl tlarpt. Winga — Misodfllirr»of miHiA gaiDoa-licn tail-feather over wing, tivo Btri]ia of dark tiukey Uppril ^ v1li^e. Hooks Nos. S and 3. tt. mghlaader. if, Ladf of Mertoan. Bmly — Water-rats fur ribbed witt silver twist. Tail — A tip of canma t» trith or miiliair and a gold plieasant topping. L«gs — Two or threr wnt* a small rod Iiacklo Qnished off with a black hackle. Wings— Striin of fbl gray niallnriL H«ail — Crinisonoetrich or mohair. Hooka Nua. l-0.l,uit- eg. Topiiy. Body — Black mohair ribbed with nilver tiu8eL Tail — A topping lip .. ' jUnOCAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Ill (inclading a fall series of unmoanted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manu&ctare). ^737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass — Continued. c6. Alder Fly, with water-color sketch of origiual. Body— Peacock's herl. Wings— From a feather of a brown lien's wing. Legs — ^A red cock's hackle or a black cock's hackle will answer tolerably welL For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10 ; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5. 06. Sky Bine, with wateiMX>lor sketch of original. • «i. Little dark Spinner, with water-color sketch of original. 96. Turkey Brown, with water-color sketch of original. tf, MagaUoway. Body — ^Half black ostrich and half brown mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail — Short fibers of yeUow macaw. Legs — A fdmace hackle of the shonlder. Wings — Strips of brown qnill-feathers of the peacock ; black ostrich head. Hoqjc No.. 3. eg. Bemis Stream. Body — Chestnut mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail — China pheasant top- ping. Legs — ^A chestnut hackle. Wings — Strips of brown peacock mixed with bustard. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2. eh. Mooselocmaguntick. Body— About equal parts mixed of gray squirrel's fur and pea-green mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail— Four strands of argus feathers. Legs— A * brown bittern hackle. Wings — Gray speckled turkey, white tipped (dye yeUow), with a strip of argus feather on each side ; green ostrich head. Hook No. 1. •i. Molechunkemunk. Body — Orange floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist. Tail — China pheasant topping. Legs — A furnace hackle. Wings — Brown mallard ; black ostrich head. * f^. WiUow Finch. Body — YeUow seal's fur ribbed with silver twist. Tail— Sprigs of tippet feathers mixed with yellow macaw. Legs — ^A yellow hackle, at the shoul- der a smaU guinea-hen stained yellow. Wings — Strips of swan feather dyed yeUow with a spray of guinea-hen (tail-feather) dyed yellow; black ostrich bead. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3. dk. Oqnassac. Body — Red claret mohair ribbed vrith pink floss. Tail— Yellow tag with pieces of argus and tippet feathers. X/egs — A claret hackle. Wings — Strips from the quiU-feather of the argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0 and 1. A Welokennebago. Ho^— 2ed pig's hair ribbed with broad gold tinsel, backed with silver twist. "■Wl— A mixture of black turkey tipped with white and scarlet ibis. Legs — '•^liiekle. Wings— Fibers of red macaw mixed with strips of black ■Hgr ti^n?^ ^^ ^hito ; hiaok ostrich head. 112 ANIMAL RESOrCCKS AND FIS1IEBIE8 OP UKirED StAttS Boobs (inclnding a fiiU series of unmonnted liooks, of na aboriginal mannfitctme). 32737. Artificial flies for trout, sahiion, and Body-— Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tall— FIben of CUs* ; t^ mixed with gaiiiea-hen and red maoftw. Lega — A briinut hackle. Wings— Mixed and to be mode ftill. Two atrlpa of browi tipped with wbit«-browi) maHard, China pheasant t^ m>A gait black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 1, and S. en. Orange Qroose. w, Tbnnder and Lightning. tp. Longh OilL eq. Lillle. ST. Black Ant. m. Bine Blow. mt. Hare's Ear. • ee. Ibis. eir. Scth Green, ex. Bed Creeper. ty. Turkey Brown. «r. Qoeen of the Watew. fa. Governor. % /b. White Miller. fa. Lion, /a. Watei^witoh. /«. Atkinson. ff. Onr Own Pattern. fff. Oreen Drake, with water-color sketch of original. AKIHAL BES0URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 113 »ks (inelading a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufacture). J737. Artificial flies for trout, salmon, and bass— Continued. r«. Pale Evening Dun, with water-color sketch of original. fn. July Dun, with water-color sketch of original. Body— Mole's fur and pale-yellow mohair mixed and spun on yeUow silU. Tail— Two or three whiskers of a dark dun hackle. Wings— From the quiU-feather of a hlue-Jay. Legs— Dark dun hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England, hooks Nos. 5 and 6. ^ /o. Gold-eyed Gauge-wing, with water-color sketch of original. fp. Butcher, No. 1. fq. Blue Ranger, /r. Black Ranger, /i. Colonel. ft. Children's Farlow. /m. Candlestick Maker. fr. Baker, /if. Butcher, /r. Namscn. fif, BhickandTeaL fz. Guinea Hen. go. Claret. gh. Inquichin. gt. Maxwell Ranger. gd, August Dun, with water-color sketch of original. Body— Brown floss silk ribhed with yellow silk thread. Tail— Two rabbit's whiskers. Wings — Feather of a brown hen's wing. Legs — ^A dark red hackle. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for New England, hook J^o. 5. gt. Orange, with water-color sketch of original. Body — Orange floss silk ribbed with black sillc. W^ings— Dark part of the blue-jay's wing. Legs — A very dark furnace hackle. For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10 ; for Now York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8 ; for New England, hook No. 6. gff. Cinnamon, with water-color sketch of original. Body — Fawn-colored floss silk ribbed with red silk thread. Wings — Feathor of a yellow-brown hen's wing. Legs — A ginger hackle, ^or Pennsylvania, hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for New England, hook No. 6. 1^. Blue-bottle, with water-color sketch of original. Body — Bright blue floss silk with a few turns of brown floss at the shoulder. Wings — From the quill-feather of a water-hen. Legs — Black hackle from a cock wrapped down the principal part of the body. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for New England, hook No. 5. ^ Whirling-blue Dun, with water-color sketch of original. Body — Squirrel's red-brown fur mixed with yellow mohair. Tail — One or two whisks of a pale ginger hackle. Wings— From the quill-feather of a Bittliacd. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 6; for Wtm Kngland, hook No. 6. 1 ^lLHal4— 8 i 114 ANIHAL BE80DBCE8 AKD FISBESrBS OF UMITED BTATXfl. Hooks (iDclndiug a fbll series of nnmoanted hooks, of noeot t aboriginal manafiustnre). 32737. Artiflcial flies for troat, salmon, and bass — Contiimed. gi. Willow, witb water-color Bketch of originaL Body— Hold's fiir mixed with a Uttl« fine yellow moluir. Wing*— IW qalll-£aatlier of a wnter-ben OT coot. Legs— A dark don ben^ bacUc I PemuylvanJo, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New Torfc, hook No. 8; lit S EDgUod, hooks Mos. 6 and & gk. Bcftnty Snow. gl. B«d Palmer, with wnter^olor sketch of origiDsL Body — Bed mohair ribbed with gold twiat or tinsel. Legs— A Mood- cock's (saddle) hackle wrapped nicely OTcr it, working the hackle t\» together at the shonlder. For Pennsylvniiia, hooksNos. 6, 8, and IB; New York, hooks Nos. 4, 5, and 6 ; for New England, hooks Ncs. % 4, lu gm. Black and Red Palmer, with wat«r-color sketch of originaL gtt. Brown Palmer, with water-color sketch of original. go. Furnace. gp. Griizle. gq. Ginger. gt. Soldier. gt. White. gtt. Grizzle Peacock, ga. Block Peacock. gx. Black. gy. Brown Peacock. I AKIlfAL RESOUKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 115 « (twisted and plaited). inen lines. 25626. Hard-braid linen lines. (1 to 5; 50 yards eacli.) G. H. Mansfield &, Co., Canton, Mass. 25631. Series of braided linen fish-linea (50 yards.) G. H. Mansfield Si, Co., Canton, Mass. 25612. Linen fish-lines. J. &. S. Allen, Walpole, Mass. 25613. Linen fish-lines. << 256ia Linen fish-lines. '< 25637. Linen bass-line. (600 feet.) Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mass. otton lines. 25619. Cotton fish-lines. (20 feet hank.) L. Crandall &, Co., Ashaway, R. I. 25620. Cotton fish-lines. (50 feet shroud, laid.) '^ 25621. Cotton fish-lines. (28-fathom hawser.) '^ 25622. Cotton fish-lines. (14-fathom hawser.) << 26738. Fishing-line, No. 3. (Sea-Island fly-line. ) J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me. 26733. Fishing-line, No. 5. " " 26743. Fishing-line, No. 5. (Grolden mackerel, oiled.) '^ '^ 26741. Fishing-line, No. 6. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) ** '' 26735. Fishing-Une, No. 6. " " 26744. Fishing-line, No. 7. (Groldon mackerel, white.) ** " 26739. Fishing-line, No. 7. (White.) ** ** 26742. Fishing-line, No. 8. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) " " 26740. Fishing-line, No. 9. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) << '< 26734. Fishing-line,. No. 9. *' " 26745. Fishing-lines, No. 7, 8, and 9. (Sea-side cotton chalk-line, white.) J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me. 26736. Fishing-line, No. 10. (14 fathoms, hawser-laid.) J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me^ 26732. Fishing-line, No. 11. (Blnefish.) (24 fathoms long, hawser-laid.) J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me. 25624. Tarred cotton fishing-lines. (25-fathom shroud.) L. Crandall & Co., Ashaway, R. I. 25623. Cotton fishing-lines. (50 feet shroud, laid.) L. Crandall &, Co., Ashaway, R. I. 26016. Golden mackerel lines of assorted sizes. Made from pure Sea-Isloixl cotton. J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me. 25625. Braided cotton fishing-lines. G. H. Mansfield &, Co., Canton, Mass. 25636. Sea-Island cotton mackerel-lines. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 25627. Water-proof braided fish-lines. (B to G.) G. H. Mansfield & Co., Canton, Mass. 660. Fishing-line. Northwest coast of America. G. Gibbs. Vlialebone lines. 2193. Whalebone fish-line. Anderson River Indians. Anderson River. R. MacFarlane. S197. Whalebone line with hooks. Eskimo. Anderson River. R. Mao Farlane. 20ifti WliAl^bone line. Arctic coast. B. R. Ross. 116 AlOHAL BB80UBCES ASD FI8BEBIE8 OF DHITBD BTAin. liines (twisted and plaited). Hide ]ines. 8787. Fishing-line made of Heal-sldii. Mshlemut EabiiDo. 'V. H. Dt! 87SG. Fietuag-lino made of seal-Bkin. Kaviokemat Eakimo. Ont Harbor, AlasliB. W. H. DaU. 8780. Fishing-lino made of seal-skin. Una]e«t Eskinw. St. Hkb Alaskft. W. H. DaU. 16314. Horpooa-line. Nonivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 156IT. Harpooa-line. Hade of skin of yonug walnu. Alaska. E Elliott. 1937fi. Harpoon-line made of seal-skin. Eev. James Cnrly. Bark lines. S065&. Fishing-line made of cedar bark. Bella Bella, B. C. J. 0. Sot 20S89. FishiQg-line made of spruce root-fibera. Humegan Indians. Pi of Wales Islands, Alaska. J. O. Swan. SC831. Harpoon-line, cedar bark. Makah Indians. J. 0. Swan. Kelp lines. 666. Fishing-lines of sea-woed. (Kertoogitit Inlkeana.) Northnnt - of America. 0. Oibbs. 6561. Fish-line of kelp. (NtreoeytlU Ivtkeana.) With halibnt-bookB. dah Indians. Prince of Wales Archipelago. Dr. T. T. Mino 105S. Fish-line. {NercocgtlU lutkrana.) Sorlhwest coast. Lieot. J White. 26618. Halibnt-line of kelp. (_Xereocy»tU Ivtha^a.) Uakah Indian!. Bay, W. T. J. O. Swan. 26810. Fish-lioe of kelp with halibnt-hooks. Clyoqnot Indian*. T« tot's Isliind. J. G. Swan. (ACCESSOET.) APPABATUS foe TWISriMG UNES Snoods, leaders, and traces. ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES. 117 :cr§. 'Sinkers and swivels. vivclB. Forfishing-Hnes. Bradford &. Anthem y, Boslon, 1 uiltaulog. NfinportDiixluls. | , Siali^ranndav 25G05. Scries of siukcrsaBedinfiiiliiBgrcrcoda] J. M. K. Sotithwkk, Newport, H. I. 25607. Huod-line aiukera. Bhodo laland >iod £uet<ad mold. Used to uiuku funo in muldiDg. Jubu D. ForiHiiis, , Hockport, Mobs. 15501. Sinker made of nalnu Ivoiy. Poriioo^ Kaklmos, Alaska. U. W. ElUott. . Net-»iuker8. Wilcox, Critt«nden &. Co., Hiddletown, Conu. 39393. Nrt-rings or sinkers. Wilcox, Critteuden is. Co., Middlctowu, Coidl. 39474. I'liiuitive uot-ainkciB. Used iu Wcllflcct, Maw. Newell B. Kicli, Wetllleot, Maes. 2G800. McnLailen-DPt siDkers (old stylo). Formerly usod about Boyerlj ouit J Salpn], MuBS. Georgo B. Foster, Bcvprly, Maiffi. 25603. StiuL'-aiukerB. Newport model, J. U. K. SoiHliwift, Nen-port, R. I. Chopsticks. (hte-armed chopsticks or "revolving booms." Is. Liae-doatfl of wooil, cork, and quill. 25601. Egg-shaped HontH. Wm. M. Yonng, Philadelphia, Pram. 25 ' oonvei'i Island, J. O. Swiin. VXm. Seal's bladder buoy. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swiui. 837, 4970. Seal-akin buoy with rope. Makah Indians. NiM?ah Bay, Puget I Sound. W. T. J. G. Swan. ^g anil other floats lor lobater-pots, gill-nets, &c. nioIe-Une drag. 118 AMIMAli BE80UHCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED BTITSB. 29. (ACCEBBOBT.) AnGLING-APPABATUB. Reels. Simple reels for fly-flshiug, with and withont che^ 2G590. BnkSB iishing-rtcl. Plain, sluglc, with Tiug. Bmdford 8c. inhnT, BoetuD, MiisH. 25589. BrasB lishiug-reel. Plain, single, uith plate.. Bradford Ic inOnaj, Boston, Mobs. 2S^S7. Brass flabiug-rcc^l. PUin, single, with atop and ring. Bndbtj i Anthouy, Buatcin, Moss. S5588. Braes fishing-reel. Plain, single, witli slop and plale. BndM t Anthony, Boston, Moss. 25577. Hard-rublMT lisliiog-recl, Gerraan-silvcr liand. Rim vrrj' ni with IcMithtr case. Bradford & Anthony, BobIol, Hum. 255fi8. Hiird-rubber suliuon-Dshlng reel, Gcrmau^ilvt'r rim. BradforJl Authonj, Boston, 3tass. 25581. Rubber trout-reel. (Fowlcr'spatent.) Bradford A. Antlionr, Beam. 25592, Oriiu' patent Gshing-ri'el. Germnu silver, nickeled and pi'rfo Bradford 6c. Anthony, Boston, Moss. 25567. Fine click bruss fishing-reeL (25 yards.) Bradford &. An'lmr. Boston, Mass. S55S6. Brass fiahiug-reoL Cticb, with plate. Bradford &.Aiitlu. 25585. Brass fisluog-rct'l. Click, with ring. Bradford Sc^ Aulhony, B 25575. German-silver troul-Qshing reel. Click, with rua. BrodfoidlAi- thony, Boston, Mass. 25565. Germon-eilver trout click fishing-reel, {iro yarda.1 Bradfind* J>» thooy, Boston, Moos. 2554i9. Hard-rubber troul-fisJiiug reel. Click, German-silver rim. 25571. Huni-rubber trout-fishing rwl. Clii^k, plain rim. BradfnRl i ikHUAL BBSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 119 :eel8« Multiplying reels for bass fishing, with or without check. 25574. Gennan-flilTer fishing-reel. Multiplying; 25 yards. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 25570. Hard rubber troat-fishing reel. Multiplying ; 60 yards. Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mass. 25584. Brass fishing-reel. Multiplying stop and plate. Bradford & An- thony, Boston, Mass. 25573. Brass fidiing-reel. Multiplying drag ; 60 yards. Bradford & An- thony, Boston, Mass. 25572L German-sUyer fishing-reel. Steel pivot, multiplying drag, 300 yardK. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. 25578. CeUulold fishing-reel. With multiplying click and extra spool. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. Gunwale-winches. Trawl-line rollers. 29432. Trawl-roller or hauler. ProTincetown style. Andrew Kemicdy, Proyincetown, Mass. 29434. Trawl-roller or hauler. Cape Ann style. Samuel Elwell, jr., Glou- cester, Mass. 29488. Trawl-roller and eye-plat«. First used by Provincetown fishermen. Amasa Taylor, Proyincetown, Moss. 29445. Improyed trawl-roller and socket. Amasa Taylor, Proyincetown, Mass. 25767. Trawl-roller. Used to haul in trawls oyer the sides of dory. Allen L. McDonald, Gloucester, Mass. . Trawl-winch. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goods. Dredge-line rollers. Seine- windlasses. [ftne-holders. Whaleman's line-tub. 88 F. C. Sounding-liue reel. XT. S. Fish Commission. 25009. Harpoon-line and tub. Used in whale-boat. J. H. Thomson, New Bedford, Mass. Tub for trawl-line. (See under Trawl.) Winders. Spools. 25592. Crab-line reel. Used in Newport, R. I. J. M. K. Southwick, New- port, R. L Seine-reels. tods. - 96611. Common rod. Three pieces; ash and hornbeam; brass mounting. Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mass. 120 ANIIUL BESOUBCES AND FISHEBIICB OF UBITeD STAIU, 25501. General fisbing-rod. Nine piecei ; Gemuui-ailTer n ford Sl AntboD;, Boston, If bm. SSSOO. Qenerol fiihiug-iod. Six pieces; Mh uidlanc«wood; GciibimIti mounting. Bradford & Anthony, BoBton, If aw. S0890. Tmok-rod of greeDhcart, ; five-jointed, wilb extra fourth pirn u tip, seven pieces in all ; weight, 8 oi. ; length, II fret 6 iiclit TliiKldens NorriB, Philadelphia, Pa, 3&51S. Gudgpon-rod. Three pieces; asb and borabeMn; bran aioiinliii common. Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mast. 85510. Common piekerel-rod. Four pieces. Bradlunl &. Antbopj, Ban 25509. Bait-rod for trout. Four pieces; common. Bndfoid &. AntbM Boston, Mass. S5513. Jointed rod. Fonr Joints, extra tips, tie guides; made of Cilnr bamboo; fnll mounted in brass. Bradford Sc Anthony, BhU 25508. Common bass-rod. Four pieces ; brass moonted. BradfbTU t i thonj-, Boston, Mass. 25498. Light bana-rod. Fonr pieces; extra top; ash aiud laucvvood; li man-silver mounting. Bradford &, Anthony, Boetnu, UaM. 25497. Basa-riML Fonr pieces and extra top for sca-flshiug; ash and Ui wood; Oeruiau-silver monnting; jeweled tip, Bcodfurd i . thony, Boston, Mass. 25496. gen-bass rod. Ash butt joint, bamlioo middle Joint, lanoewondHo double guides, jeweled; German-silTer monnting; Jeweird I: Bradford &, Antbonf, Boston, Mass. 25499. BInck-bass rod. Four pieces and two exttA tops; split b boo; German-silver mounting. Bradford &. Antbouy, BM 31^02. Fly-rod. Three pieces and extra t«p; oedjw and ^tlil ban! Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass. ANIIUL BESOUBCES AND FI8HEEIES OF UNITED STATES. 121 da. The following are the advantages claimed by Mr. Graves for his new rods: " 1. The line is concealed and cannot be caught in underbrash or branches. 2. The strain on the rod is equalized through the entire length. 3. There is no friction through rings or guides except on the tip. 4. The strength of ^he rod is greatly increased. 5. The weight of the rod is diminished. 6. The wet line is not reeled up to decay. 7. The rod goes under the brush whore the big trout lie. 8. It adds greatly to the comfort and pleasure of 'the gentle art."' 8666L Plain fly-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest &. Stream Publishing Company. 26662. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest &, Stream Publishing Company. aM663. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 2(712. English fly-rods. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest &, Stream Piiblishing Company. 26707. Rod-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 25682. Split bamboo trout-rod. 11^ feet. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me. 26660. Split bamboo rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest &. Stream* Publishing Company. 26888. Extra greenheart trout-rod ; cedar case ; three-Jointed, with one extra middle and two extra tips, six pieces in all ; weight, 8 oz. ; length, 12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa. 26889. Rent and glued bamboo trout-rod in cedar case, with one extra mid- dle and two extra tips, six pieces in all ; weight, 8 oz. ; length, 12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa. 96883. Plain trout-rod of greenheart ; three-jointed, with extra middle and tip, five pieces; weight, 8 oz. ; length, . Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa. 25881. Split bamboo grilse-rod. 14 feet. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me. 25883. Split bamboo salmon-rod. 16 feet. ** '< 25884. Piece of bamboo. Showing spUting process in construction of rods. H. L. Leonard, Biuigor, Me. 25885. Piece of bamboo. Showing gluing process in construction of rods. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me. 25401. Chapman's combination troUing-pole. Hnrpoon-line holder and cane. W. D. Chapman, Theresa, N. Y. 25796. Horn cod-line swivel. Much used in olden time by Grand and George*8 Banks fishermen. George B. Foster, Beverly, Mass. 25945. Cod-line swivel. Central Wharf Company, Gloucester, Mass. 26017. Cod-line gange-swivcl. A. R. Crittemlen, Middlctown, Conn. 25944-6. Patent gauge-swivel. Used iu cml-fishing. Central Wharf Com- pany, Gloucester, Moss. 29486. Cod-gange swivel. Showiug mode of fastening. Lemuel Cook, 2d, Provincetowu, Mass. 8M87, Haddook-gange swivel. Showing mode of fastennig. Lemuel Cook, ftAf Provincetowu, Mass. Woodkione-swivel. Used en cod-line. Cap*:. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester, 122 ANIUAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STIOBL S5IM2. Halibat-gange. Showing mode of fastening on the bo^ A. I Cilttenden. 29457. Sboik-hook awivol. Wilcox, Crittenden A Co., HldOetowmCtn 29395. Primitive ttttwl-baoy gwivela. George B. FiMtW, BeTcrif.llHL 39476. Halibut trawl-bnoy swireL Used by the Geoige'a Banb lUiaM Auuua Taylor, ProTincetown, Mast. 39498. Trawi-buoy snivels. Alex. McCnrdy, Eut GloiH:««ter, Him. 2&187. Trawl-bnoyropeHwiTBl. Wilcox,Critteiiden&Co.,lIiddletovmCw 25946. Trawl-buoy inpe awiveL Central Wtuuf Company, FiDTiDnlm Maas. Clearing-rings. IHngorgen. 394^ Trawl-eheave bnshing. Samuel Elwell, jr., OloooMter, IUk . Halibut "gob^stick." Philip Meickant, OkmceAtar, Hhl V. KETS. Entangling-hets. 9Ie8bing-ne(« (eutangling in meshes). J Barrier-neU, Babbit-nets, used by Indians of the SouthweHt. 14405-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21. SmaU i»bWI-»* Pi-Ute Indiana, Southern Utah. Mfij. J. W. Powell. 00. Small rabliil-net. Pi-Ute ludians, Soa them Utah. Utj-J.^I^ BE80DHCE8 AND FISnBBIES OF UNITED STATES. 123 IT-neCtt (eutaiigling iu meslios). ets aaed in th» Great Lakes. two tm^Hluw in ili-plh, 31 to 5 inoli mesh. The nels viiivn liung (it uiounUil lornBis contain t^-om uuo to ibri'n piiiiuilaiir noliliing, and mage in Icn^li from m t« 1^ yanln, and is ilcptli fnmi 4^ ti> 6 fevt. Tlicy aiv let iu gangH of i)x>ni tluvu lu tWv unts, and tliivo to live Bangs ore laid mit in Ann setting nanally hy alilof oaillioatAorstoaiuars, (t^uHUiiHlnlHof Mfuki- uaw boat auil laku gill-uci st^uuiur, ) For Uoaltng Ibp iipiHV liuu, round or octagonal DuiUnfliark or wooden piukuta about two uud onf<-liuir fevt iu k>ogtL nr ow 1 b nk m ai« rf.), and tbv Inku front (.SnlmanunKi^cuiiA) tli u t inotit of tliu coni- mon lakn tiabca an> tAki'n Li thiiM meahea. Sso-Iitlaiid ootton (3, 4. h, aiul € thread] in Iwing largely aubstitntrd for Unnu iu their mauuAiuturo. Thn Weight of the twinl^ pTtsferrvd by Kalicrmcu varies in dilTotunt locnli* tl««, thot nmA in Oiveu Day l>ciiig tiko flnl:^sT, that In Lnko Erio nrxt. theu I^kw Michigan and &u|t«i'Ior, and hpavittiug aiinuHlly, Eriu 7,51X1, Huron 6.00(1, Miuhigim 20,000, Oreun Day 2,500. aud Liika Superior 5,0(W. The uggregDie length uf this netting b probably about 1,37^000 yitrdfl. o und Lcrring ^ll-nuta. IvmI in tbv Greiit Lukes in tlio euptnre of Iho siiu'O {Salmo niiumeet) and the ' Tl)csu ut>in arp hung and ant like th<^ vhiteflsh-neta prerioiisly doKribcd. Tb>,'.Vcord} 30 to 40 ine«hes in depth, nod 3) (a 3 iucli inenli. About S.i^OO poitudx arc unniiully consuiupd. rhiolly obout Eackel'B Harbor, N. Y., and Laki-a Huron luid Mitliigun. (E, I(. Frondi.) JioroU gUl-uets. liN.ll on Ihe rnaxl fn.u] Cnpe Cml lo Cupe Ilaltcnis iu Ibc caplnrt'of thi-bluc- ■h {I'omatmniiii naltalrij^). *Th(WD nets arc knit f>oni cotton twines (1:2-16 Ihreod. } patent), and ore 7S to UN) fathoniM in lengtli. and BU to 200 uie«bes in depth, from 4^ to 6 loch miieh. They aru heavily l««ded and uuclinrvd willi lead-line on the iMitlOm. olT-«hore, iu fruui 10 to SO fathoms of water. They are chiefly tisi bluefish as fax •onlli aa Capo Hnttcioa. (E. B. Freaeh.) 3e or trail giTl-neta. wnI on the coikHt of Nc!w .lersoy in tb.> ciipdirc! of tlje Spanish mackerel ICgbiym trnirulatiiM), &.f. •Tlieae nets ore periilinr in shape. They are straight netB, nnehored iu itut torn of nn U with n honk-tike continuation, hnavily loaded, and with uichon at the angliyi. They aw knit from cottnn twines {'i-l2 thread, i paiMii),thoou(Kr end Ving of Untr twine. Their length is nhnut 100 &Ih4iRi«, ili'til li 73-10(1 mcHbes, 3{ to 4 Inch uieRh. About 100 of these nro in uMou tlifconot, mostly between Saudy Hook and Bame gat iJgbt. (E. B. rninch.) 124 ANDCAI. BESOCBCES AHD FI8REKIEB OF DNTCBD SUTB. ncshiiig-ncts (entaogliDg in meshes). Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence. iDrifi-nets. f Those drifting acroaa the Uda, Shad gill-nets osed in Sonthem rivers. 2C136, 2G131-2. Model of shad gill-net American NetmndTwlwCoDptn, Bostoa and Now York. Used in rivers of the Atliuitio coast. These nets ore knit of linen thread {22-60, 3-cord, and 80-80, »«riV They range in length from 50 to ^OOfathnma, and in depth ftran SS W " uicshcs, 4} to 5 inch mesh. They are used excliisivelj- as drifl-nrU On the Connecticut River about 4,000 poundM of this netting sre "" annually. The average weight of a not is 30 to 40 poonds, its ilepib4i> 50 meshes, 5J to 54 inches. On the Hudson Biver about 7,500 pounds are annQallynsed.fineilii'** (50-75, 2.cord), 100 to 200 fathoms in length, and from 50 to 90 mittn ' depth, 41 to G iuch, weight from 15 to 30 pounds to the net- In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesai>eake 20,000 puandsareoKil.^ 30 to GO meshes in depth, aud Ci (30 to 40, 2-cord) length, 75 to lOO&lka In the rivers of North Carolina nets are made from conns tninr (^ 3-oord, and 20-35, 3-eord) 25 to 40 meshes in depth, 5-51 E*i(^- ^ lenjitth is about 100 yards. About 25,000 iKiunds are used annnsllv. In the rivers of South Carolina the twine is slightly finer than in. V'' Carolina (25-35, 3-cnrd), 25toG0 meshta deep, tliesiz«oth<>nrisesbMiti some. 1,500 ponnds are used annually. In GtHirgia and Florida almut 0,000 poauds are used. This nettiii: knit from linen thread (30-10, 3-cord, and 25-.t5, U-cord) 40 to CO M^ ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 125 iiii8r"ii6t8 (entangling in meshes). Series of samples of gill-netting. American Ket and Twine Company, Boston and New York : 26848. Depth 15 meshes, size of mesh 1^ inch, 26849. it 35 tt tt 2i 26850. <( 100 it tt 2i 26851. « 35 • tt tt 2i 26R'V2. « 50 tt tt n 26853. It 22 tt tt 2* 26854. tt 50 tt tt 2* 26^5. tt 100 tt tt 2* 26856. tt 100 tt tt 3 26^7. tt 100 tt tt 3i 26858. tt 16 tt tt 3i 26859. tt 16 tt it 3i 26860. It 40 tt tt 3f 26861. tt 50 tt tt 4 26802. it 17 tt tt 4 26833. tt 35 tt tt 4 26834. tt 16 it tt 4i 26885. tt 45 tt ti 4i 26866. tt 14 tt tt 4i 26837. tt 14 tt it 4i 26868. tt 14 tt tt 4i 26839. tt 14 tt tt H 26870. tt 16 tt tt 4i 26871. tt 13 tt tt ^ 268r2. tt 18 It tt 4i 26873. ti 16 tt It 4* 26874. tt 45 tt tt 5 26875. tt 12 It ti 5 26876. tt GO tt tt 5 26877. tt G5 t€ tt 5 26878. tt 35 tt tt ^ 26879. tt 75 it tt Ci 2G880. tt 11 It it XBrift- C neU. No. 20 " 40 '* 25 " 30 " 25 *' 35 " 16 " 25 " 25 ** 25 " 25 " 30 " 18 " 20 " 35 " 40 " 35 " 40 '* 35 ** 50 " 35 " 35 " 35 " 50 " 50 " 35 " 30 " 30 " 35 " 40 " 35 " 35 " 35 thread. t Those drifting across the tide. t ■ W135. One bale of brown gill-notting. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. 2G139. One bale of white gill-notting. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, I^Iass. if Those drifting along the tide, [ackerel gill-nets. Eepring gill-nets. 38184-28-38. Herring gill-net. Used on the coast of New England and the Fkorinces in the captnre of the herring {Clupea harengu$), Amer Kel and Twine Compftnyi Boston, Mass. 1'26 ANnCAL BESOUBOES AND FISHERIES OF OHITBD flTAin. niesiiingr-nets (entangling in meshes). Herring gill-uete. These nets are about 40 yards long and 150 meshes in depth. Ttef vi stretched together in big gangs, floated by pieces of wood and wri^iM b; stones. They are made of 45 and 6 thread cotton ftom 14 to tO jin, m inch avenge mesh. American Net and Tnine Company, Bm(mi,1Iml . Model of herring gill-net. American Set aai Twine Compuj, But- Otiier gill-nets. 1667. Oill-net. Andeison Biver Eakimoe. Anderson SiTer, H. B. T- t' MucFailane. 7968. OiU-not made of animal fiber. Kawqnettle Indians. Vsncomirt Inland, B. C. Dr. T. T. Minor. 19043. Gill-net Cooynwoe Pi-Ufe Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev. SWpb* Powers. 4765. GiU-netmadoofBabiche." Anderson River Indians. Vatkaoii River district, H. B. T. HacFarlaue. Pocket-netfi (eutaiigliug in pockets). Trammel-uetB. 25270. Modi'l trammel-net. 10 feet long, 2 feet wide, 2 and 5 inrh William E. Hooper & Sons, Baltimore. Md. 26118-29. Trammel-net, American Net and Twine Company. Uaeil for general fiahing in rivo.rs and ponds of Smibem iliK Valley. These nets range from 20 to 75 yarda in length, 4 to 6} fert in iH*^ The inside netting of finer linen thread (liO-ai, 3-cord), mesh B-SJ, 1 W than the outside. The outside netting- wallfrom cotton <15-SlltK<"^ OmiAL HESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 127 ss-seines. leflsh-seines. 3eliu-semes. ' rring-seines. 96119. Model of heiTing-seiiie. Used on coasts of New Englmid and the Provinces in capture of herring (Clupea harengua), and in the Hud- son, Potomac, Delaware, and Chesapeake, and in North Carolina. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. 86127. Model of herring-seine. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. id-seines. iliese are used in the rivers of the Atlantic and Gulf coast. These seines are knit from cotton thread. On the Connecticut River, the seines are of nine-thread twine, 5-^ mesh ; on the Hudson, the mesh is four inches, knit of six-thread twine in the wings and nine thread in the bunt. In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesapeake, the mesh is 3i to 4| inches, the twine 12, 15, and 18 thread ; in North Carolina, the mesh is 2i to 3i inches, and the cotton twine twelve-thread. (E. B. French.) l-seines. 26137. Model of cod-seine. Used in Provinces in capture of cod (Gadus morrkua), American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York. 30 to 40 feet deep. Mesh 5 inches, 18 to 21 thread, cotton. ice-bunts. id collecting-seines. 26136. Baird net. Designed by Prof. S. F. Baird. Used by naturalists in collecting small fishes in brooks and ponds and in following behind large seines to secure the small species which escape through the meshes, six-thread coarse cotton. American Net and Twine Com- pany, Boston, Mass. 26126. Model of Baird net. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. t-seines. 26123, 26130. Model of minnow-seine. Used by amateurs in capture of minnow-bait, i to f inch mesb, six-thread cotton twine. Ameri- can Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. 26121. Model of minnow-seine, with bag. Used by fishermen to secure bait for eel-pots. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass. 26668. Minnow-seine. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib- uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. er seines. 2232. Seine. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. Robert MacFarlane. 9444. Seine made of ^^ babiche.'' Tschutchi Indians. Capt. John Rodgers, U. S. N., North Pacific Exploring Expedition. ] 28 ANIMAL BESOURCE8 AND FI8HEBIES OF UNITED VCHtWt. Otber seiQes. 2445. Seinomodoof "babiche." Tschutchi Indiana. Capt. JobnBodgB U. 8. S., North Pacific Exploriug Eipeditiou. S446. Hauil-Rcino made of graas. Ticliiitclii Indians. Capt. John Bodge U. S. N., North PiLcLlic Exploring Expeditiou. 3447. Houd-geine modp of groBS. Tachatehi Indiana. CA|tt. John Roilfc U. S. N., Nortb PaciUc Exploring Expedition. WZU. 8ahnoD-D0t. McCIond River ludioiia. Shasta Coilllt]r, Cll. Li ipgston Stono. tiOG4a. Salmon-Dot. Itidiana of Northwest coast. Fort Simpaon, RC. G. Svraa. 2231. Hand-Beino. Anderson River Eskimo. Mackenzie's Riva dilllt H. B. T. R. Kennicott. ai36U. Piebitig-iiet. Hade ftom fiber of milkweed (J*elQrfa* sp.). Bm Dorre Indians. Sooth Eel River, Cal. Stephen Powers. 7929. Fishing-net. Made &om fibers of pineapple (IlUaailria h^). lb dor, Mox. Dr. Sattorius. 897. Fisbing-net made of willow bark. Kootchin Indiana. Maikenn River district, H. B. T. R. Kennicott. 4883. Net made of "ailkweed." Fort Crook Indians. Fort Crook, C Capt. J. W. T. Gardiner. Hoop-netH. Handle, or dip nets. Bull-nets (worked with ropes and blocks). Scoop-nets (herring-nets, poiind-scoops, car-scoops, &C.). 23li08. Bow of scoop-net. Used in dipping fish bum smack's well. J. K. Southnick, Newport, R, 1. 2SI65. Series of scoop-net hoops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., 1 ANTICAL RE80UKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 129 »p«iiet8« .iandlng-nets. 26669. Landing-net. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Contrib- uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 20711. Landing-net. Proi>erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib- nted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26664. Landing-net and rod. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest &. Stream Publishing Company. Sskimo auk-nets. 1561G. Bird-net frame. Alieut Eskimos. Alaska. Henry W. Elliott. Baited hoop-net : Grab-nets. 26591-2. 3Iodels of lobster-nets. Used on the coast of California. Johnson & Young, Boston, Mass. 26801. Crab-nets. American Not and Twine Company, Boston and Niedges: Flange, or ordinary dredge. Bake-dredge. Oyster-scraper. (Coral-dredge.) 26140. Four brown dredge-nets. Oyster-dredging, dbc. American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York. Powing-nets : Surface tow-nets. 25228. Towing-net frame. U. S. Fish Commission. ling or jerl^ net 9. ^urse-nets: Mackerel purse-seines (pursed by weight). Menhaden purse-seines. SM87. Model of mackerel purse-seine. Used on North Atlantic eoast in eaptnro of mackerel {Scomber scombnu), American Net and Twiue Oooq^Miy, Boston, Mass. \14 9 130 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Foldings or jerk nets. Menhaden purse-seines. 'iM, ISO. Model of mackerel purae-aeiue. American Net and Twi pauy, Boaton, Haas. Th«so pui'se-seines range in length &om 120 to S90 lUlkoma, 750 to 1,000 meabea in depth, reacliiiig the depth of SO to 30 fi water. The average mcHh la 3| inchea. They ore made of Hne B cotton twine, and cost from (750 to $1,500 complete. Abont 301 in nse on the coast of North America. The pnrwng ireigfat ts 100 to 150 pounds. 26122-^135. Model of pnne-aeine. American Net and Twine I Boston, Maaa. 00 to 150 fathoms in length, 300 to 650 meshes in depth, H Seivlstond twine. Wings, 9 to 12 ; hag, 15 to 21, coane. 2517S, Snatch-block nsed in pnrsing-seine. TT.ggin. ^ Gifiord, G Mass. SS186. Bing or thimble for putBiug-seine. Wilcox, Crittendan A dletown, Conn. Cast-nets : Mullet cast-nets. Pompauo cast-nets. Bait cast-nets. 35046. Costing-net. Diameter 4i feet. William E. Hooper A So more, Hd. 36799. Mullet cast-net. Diameter 5} feet, l^-inch meah. :j680D. Slmmp cast-net. Diameter 4^ feet, (-inch mesh. Clap-nets for birds. Babbit spriug-nets. ANIMAL BESOUBCBS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 1 31 LCcessory •) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture. Netting-needles. Mesh-needles. Hanging-needles. Eskimo netting-needles. 25596. Seine-needle (home made). J. M. K. Sonthwick, Newport, R. I. S5693. Seine-needle. << ^ << 25712. Seine-needle (called hanging-needle). N. H. Payne, Wellfleet, Maas. — . Ejiitting-gange. Used in regulating size of mesh. American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York. 9639. Seine-needle. Eskimos. Northeastern America. 8. F. Baird. 16802. Seine-needle. Magemnt Eskimos. Nunivak Ishmd, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 5613. Seine-needle of wood. Yukon River. W. H. DalL 5614. Needle of bone. Norton Sound Eskimos. " 16170, 16169, 16166, 161G7, 16168, 16171, 16196. Seine-needles of Bone. Mage- mnt Eskimos. Nunivak Island. W. H. DalL 1180. Seine-needle of wood. Chirikoff. W. H. Dall. 1315. Netting-needle. Eskimos. Smithsonian Institution. 9639. Seine-needle of bone. Eskimos of Northeastern America. S. F. Baird. VI. TRAPS. 32. Pen-teaps. oeket-traps. Pitfalls : Pits, covered. Barrel-traps. Jar mole-traps. " Eabbit-tii>e," used in England. Salmon-baskets (Columbia Elver). Salmon-weirs (Upper Columbia River). Eiver-weirs, with pockets : Eel-traps. Fish-slides : Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina. '25830. Fiah-slide. Used in James River, Virginia. Scale 1 inch to the foot. J. G. Adani. 25831. Fioh-slido (with box). Used in rivers of Virginia. Scale 1 inch to the foot. J. G. Ador- traps. t Closed by the falling of a door. Box-traps (figure 4). 25833. Horan's box-trap. Used in Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Scale, one-half. Henry Horan. 25478. Box-trap. Used iu caxiture of hares, possums, etc. Scale, one-half. T. N. Woltz. Traps with hanging doors. . Self-setting trap. Used in capture of muskrats, hares, &c. Scale, one-half. Henry Horan. 25703. Self-setting trap. To be set in mouth of rabbit-burrow. Scale, one- half. E. Herron. Double box-traps. 25477. Double box-trap. Used in capture of hares, possums, &c. Scale, one-half. T. N. Woltz. 134 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES, Door- traps. Spring-door traps. t) ClmeA by falling of whole trap. Bowl-traps. Cob-house bird-traps. 3S659. Fall-trap. Used for partridgra and other birds. Scklf, ow-ldC T. N. Woltz. 25705. Fatl-trap. Used la capture of partridgM, &c. Seals, tm-^iH. Henry Horan. Pigeon-nets. iff Closed, by falling of tide, Bar-weii8, arranged with the otiier weirs. Sheaf- traps. Sheaf-traps {New York Harbor). 33. CLDTCerNG-TBAPS. IVoose-traps. Snares : Foot-path and barrier snaiea. 2033. Snare (mjulo of sinQtr). Used in captiuv af lynxes, »bUti Fort Keuolution, H. B. T. H. Eennicott. 19063. Robbit-Bnaro. Coowoye Pi-Ute Indiana, Pyramid hnkr^ K* - Stephen Powers. i 25660. Spring-trap (modul). Used in capture of lioica, grouse, &«. fo^ (>n.obnlf. K. II. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 135 Awed traps. " Steel traps :" Newhonse traps. 25858. Newhonse trap. No. 3, for otters. Double spring ; spread of Jaws, 5^ inches. Oneida Community, N. Y. 25656. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for deer. Doable spring; spread of jaws, 6| inches. Oneida Community, N. T. 25257. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for beavers. Double spring; spread of jaws, 6^ inches. Oneida Conmiunity, N. T. , 25255. Newhouse trap. No. 5, for bears. Spreadof jaws, 11} inchcA; weight of each spring, 2 pounds and 10 ounces; weight of trap 17 pounds, suitable for taking the common black bear. Oneida Community, N. Y. 25254. Newhouse trap. No. 6, for grizzly bears and moose. Spread of Jaws, 16 inches; weight of each spring, 6 pounds and 10 miuces; weight of trai> with chain, 42 pounds; made throughout, exc(*pt the pan, of wrought iron and steel; strong enough to hold the moose or grizzly bear. Oneida Community, N. Y. 29250. Spring fish-trap. (Patented Dec. 9, 1856.) Edwin W. Judge, Kiw Haven, Conn. Spring bird-nets. (French bird-trap.) 13153. Spring bird-trap. Used in France. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. S. A. 34. Fall-tbafs. riMliinff-traps. Dead-flEdls. Figure-four traps. 25749. Log dead-fall (model). Used in Mississippi Valley. Scale, 1 inch to the foot. Henry Horan. 15614. Fox-trap. Used by Mahlemut Eskimos. Henry W. Elliott. ierciiiff-traps. Spear-falls. Mole-traps. Harpoon-traps. Pickerel-hookSi arranged with other hooks. 35. Missile-traps voss-bow traps. prinff-griins. 36. Adhesive prepauations. i-Ume, See. im fe#eto, Ac. 136 ANIMAL BESOURCES AKD FI8HEBIES OP XJSTTBD VII. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTII 37. Poisons. Food poisons. Phosphorus poisons. Strychnine. Arsenic CJoiTosiTe snbUinate. Gyanicle of potassiam. Opiorn poisons. For obvions reaaons this aeries is not ezhibitod. Blood poisons: Woorara. 38. ASPHTILATOBS. Apparatus Ibr smoking out. (Apparatus A>r suflbcating with Aunes of suj Apparatus fbr drowning out. ' 30. TOBPEDOES. 30J. Btouaoh-spbings. Eskimo whalebone springs (used for killing bears). iJIIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 137 29060. Dog-call. Edwin M. Judge, New Haven, Conn. 29861. Dog^uJl. 29262. Dog-call for whip. " " 2Sf254. PoUce-call. " " 292C5. Railroad-caU. '< <* ^-collars. C-carts. ^r-muzzles. 42. HUNTING-BIEDS. Icons. 'nnorants {Carbo sinensis). Used in fishing in China. 43. aocessoey to hunttng-bieds. nmIs. rches.' nnorant-eollars. 44. Hunting-fishes. imora (used in West Indies and Australia). IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES. 45. Baits. itural baits. Ffies and other insects. (This should include a collection of those insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are imitated in mak- ing artificial flies.) Arranged with hooks. (See under 29 a.) Worms. Mollusks. Salted baits (prepared). Menhaden. Herring. Squids. <31amR, long. Olams, hen. Pea-roe of cod (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely ex- ported). aits, <'stosh,^ &c. artioles, on account of their perishable nature, cannot well be exhibited. ^ 1 V r . _ 138 ANIUAL SB800BCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED BTATK IVatnral baits. (Accesaories.) Methods of preparing baita: Bait-cutters. Biut-aulls. Bait-ladles. Wheelbarrows for bait-dams (Xautaoket). 32740. Bemoh-cart. Nantacket, Moss. W. H. ChaM, Sd. Bait-boxes aud cans. 25560. Five boitrboxes. BrodfoM A ADthony, Boaton, lUw. 26894, Bait-box. Forest A: Stream Pablisbing Company. PEOpet^rf CA. Niohob, SytaniM, 26S33. Umnow-pail. " •' 2imi. Crab-can. " " 23691. ()rasabopper-u«a. " " Bait-needles. Artificial baits.' Trolling-spoons, • Spinners. ' Squids and jigs. ' "Bohs," used in soathem waters.* Artificial fiici. ' Accessories to artificial baits.* ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 13^ iffht-decoys. living decoy animals and birds. Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks. Stool-pigeons. Tame decoy-ducks. Tame decoy-brants. Imitations of animals and birds.: Decoy-waders (carved in wood). 25042. Blaok-bieasted plover (Squatarola helveHoa), P. Brasher, New York.. 25041. Long-billed curlew (Numeneus Umgirostria), " ** 26043. TeUow-shauks (Oambeita flavipes). << " Decoy-waders (stamped in*tin). 25909. Black-breasted plover (Squatarola helvetica), Herman Strater &, Sons^ [Boston, Mass.. 25906. Golden plover (Charcidriua virginious) ** ^* 25906-7. Bed-breasted snipe (IfacrorAaifipAiM^riaetMf). ^' ^* SS&lO-n, MouatonG {StrepsiUis inUfrpres), ** ** These decoys are made hollow, stamped out in halves, hinged at head and tail to open and nest together. Que dozen plover weigh 3 pounds, with box occupying a space of 8^ by 9 inches, ^ inches deep. Patented. « Decoy swimming-birds (made from the skins of birds). 7127. Skin of canvas-back duck (FuUgula vallianeria) stuffed with dry tul^ grass and fitted for decoy with strings and weights. Pi-Uro^ Indians. Robert Ridgway. 7128. Skin of red-head duck (Fuligulaferinay var. amcricana), fitted for use us- decoy. Pi-Ute Indians. Robert Ridgway. 7129. Same. Robert Ridgway. 4783. Same. Pi-Ute Indians. Carson Lake, Utah. Capt. J. H. Simpson. 19031. Skin of widgeon (Mareoa americana), fitted for use as decoy. Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Native- name, Imoodoowe. Stephen Powers. 29532. Skin of a pin-tail duck (Dafila acuta), stuffed for use as a decoy. P. Louis Jouy, Washington, D. C. Decoy swimming-birds (carved in wood). 525040. Brant {Bernicla hrenta), P. Brasher, New York City. 25035. Mallard {Anas hoschas), Henry A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y. 25242. " '* Male. John Krider, Philadelphia. 25241. ** ♦' Female. '* ** 29540. Black duck {Anas ohacurus). Francis Bnrritt, South Norwalk, ('onn. 25034. " '' A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y. 26051. Pin-tail duck {Dafda acuta). John Krider, Philadelphia. 26054. Bald-pate duck ( Mareca americana). Male. John Krider, Philadelphia.. 96065. " ** Female. " " 8G03& " " P. Brasher, New York City. WBOSL Bine- wing teal (Querquedula discors). Henr>' A. Stevens, Weedsport^ N. Y. r f 140 AMMAL RLSOUECES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Imitations of animals and birds: Decoy swim miiig- birds (carved in wood). S&M5. Bltie-vringtea\(QHiTq»). Female. Jolm Kriihtr, FhiU- [detptdi. 2S246. " " Mal«. " ^QU. Green-wing teal (Netlion carolinensii). " " " 85243. '• " Funinle. " " ^039. Broad-bill duck [Ftttigtila mania). P. Brachor, Sew Vork City, 36056. " ■' Male. John KrJdnr, PIiUadal)iUk 26059. *' " Female. ■' 29541. " " Francis Burritt. Soulli Nontilk, [Cou. fiSD39. Seaiip daok {Fuligula afflnU). Hourj- A. Stevens, Wivdaport, S.T. 55032. Bed-head duck ^PKUgiOa firiaa, var. ajxurkana). Henry A. Stetm, [Weedgport, N, I. ■aeoee. " •' " Male. JohnKrite, [Ptiilodelplna 36057. " " " Female. 55033. CanvuB-hack dnck {Faligula vaUim\erUi). Henry A. Stevens, Werfi- [pott.N.T. awtr. " " Male. Johti Kiidei, Phil*- [delpldk 26053. " " Female. " 2503(S. Whi8t]p-wing dnck (^Bacephala ameHoina). Henry A. StevBiH Wfedsport, N.T. ^6030. Bntt«r-haU dnck (Bvcephala albeola). Hoary A- Stevena, Wte^ port, N. Y. Decoy swimming-birds (stamped in tin, witli wooden bottoiW and bead baLince weigbts). S6047. Slallard (Jho* bo»cluu). Male. Hermwi Strater A. Sons, Boitoo- 25905. " " Female. '2604a Black duck (Jna«ab«nira). Male. " " 26049. " " Female. " " Sti045. ned-facuit duck {Faligula ferina, var. aiii«rkatui). Male. Heno'* Strater &, Sons, Boston. 2604G. Bead-head duck (FuUgula ferina, var. aniericana). Female. Herm^ Strater & Sons, Boston. 20043. Cauvna-back duck {Fiiligula valtiancria). Male. Herman Strater -^ [Sons, Boato^ 2C044. " " Female. 25901. Whistle-wing duck (Bucephala americana). Male. 25902. " " Female 2590a. Sheldrake {Mergui nmcriconiM). Male. 26904, " '■ Female. 25900. Surf duck {(Edemia penpiciUata). 20702. Decoys. Properiy of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Slrc.im Publishing Cumpauy. Imitations of flslies. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 141 t-decoys. nitations of fishes. ^294. Lnre-fishes. William Morris, Lake City, Mich. Used in fifihin^ throngh the ice for pickerel. These lure-fishes are used to decoy large fish under holes in the ice^ so that they may be within reach of the spear. lanket decoy (for antelopes). aotems and other apparatus for fire hunting and fishing. antems for still-hunting. 25238. Centennial dash-lamp. For sportsman's hunting-wagons. Wliit^ Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 25239. Dash-lamp. Used for hunting and fishing. White Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 23236. Jack-lamp. For night-hunting and general camp uses. White Manu* facturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 25240. Johnson's jack-lamp support. For night hunting and fishing. White^ Mnuufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 25237. Fishiug-lamp. White Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.. interns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels. 29365. Boat -lanterns. Used in bow of boat in weequashing or spearing t'els by night. Southern New England, James H. Latham, Noank, Conn. 12107. Birch-bark used for torchlight fishing. Passamaquoddy Indians.. Eastport, Me. Dr. E. Palmer. 32739. Torch for night fishing. Halifax, K. S. Capt. H. C. Chester. 47. COVEBS. ible coders. Deer heads and antelope heads. 8420. Antelope decoy. Made from head of prong-horn antelope (^n/t7o- capra amerioana), Prescott, Ariz. Dr. E. Cones, U. 8. A. . Antelope decoy. Arizona. Dr. J. B. White, U. 8. A. 5537. Deer decoy. Made from head of mule-deer (CemMfnocrotia). Apache Indians. Edward Palmer. ovable copses. jvers for hunters. overs for boats. lonary coTers. Inntrng-lodges. 142 ANHUL BE80URCES AND FISHEBIES OF UHITED 9100. X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCE& 48. Methods op tbakspobtation. Personal aids. Snow-shoes. Skates. Alpenstocks and staves. Portable bridges, Animal equipments. Harness : ' Horso-trappings. Dog-liamesB. Girtlis, sincbes. Bits, cabrestos, spurs. Saddles:' Biding-saddles. Pack-saddles. Aparejos. Kiding-pads (for buffalo hunting). Fur pack-saddle (Hudson's Bay Territory). Vehicles : ' Deer-sledges. Dog- el edges. a BESOUBCES AND FI»HEBl£S OF UNITED STATES. 143 :k canoes. Bark canoe. (ModeL) Slave Indians of Biackenzio's Blver. Fort Simpson, H. B. T. B. R. Ross. Bark canoe. (Model.) Upper Columbia River. G. Gibbs. Birch-bark, used in manufacture of canoes. Passamaquoddy Indians. Eastport, Me. £. Palmer. sea canoes. ' Indians of Northwest coast in hunting and fishing. Wooden canoe. Northwest coast. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Queen Charloftterlsland. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Northwest coast. U. S. Exploring Expe- dition. Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Wooden canoe. (Model.) Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. (Model.) Oregon. U. S. Exploring Expedition. Capt. Chailes Wilkes, U. S. N. Wooden canoe. (Model). Northwest coast. Dr. George Suckley. Wooden canoe. (Model.) Alaska. Lieutenant Ring, U. S. N. Wooden canoe. (Model.) Haldah Indians. Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. J. G. Swan. • canoes. Indians of the Northwest coast in whaling and sea fisheries. Wooden canoe. (60 feet long.) British Columbia. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Sitka, Alaska. W. H. DalL Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White. Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Alaska. ** Wooden canoe. (Model.) Northwest coast. George Gibbs. Wood«n canoe. (Model.) Neah Bay, Washington Territory. J. G. Swan. Wooden cauoe. (Model, painted.) Ihliuket Indians. Sitka, Alaska. W. H. DalL Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Northwest coast. George Gibbs. Wooden canoe. (Model.) Vancouver's Island. Dr. C. B. Kenuerly. Wooden canoe. (ModeL) ** ** Wooden cauoc. Model of Haidah cano(; (with masts and pushing- sticks, for traveling, fishing, &c.). Queen Charlotte Island. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. Model of Haidah canoe (for deep sea and war). Queen Charlotte Island. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. Model of wooden canoe (with masts, paddles, push- ing-sticks, and ivory hari>oons). J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. Model of Cogwell canot^ (for deep sea and war). Flatliead Indians. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. British Columbia. J. G. Swan. Wooden canoe. *^ *^ Wooden canoe. Dug-out canoe (60 feet long). British Columbia. J. G. Swan. 144 AKIUAL EESOtJBCES AKD FISHERIES OV UNITED SUm Kyaks or bidarkas. Used bj EsklmoB of Arctic America in huntiog and flabiRg. S6617. Eyak. (]3 feet 9 inches long, 30 inches wide.) N«thwHi n Sitka, Alaska. William Burling. 14971. Ej'ak. (Model.) Alaska. W. H. DalL 10275. Kyak. (Model.) Kodiak. 149T1. Kyak. (Model.one hole.) Alaska. W. H. D»l]. U1G09. Kyak. (Moall. 21604. Kyak. (Mo(lel,2-hole.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White. 21005. Eyak. (Model, 3-hole.) Alaska. ■J1610. Kyak. (Model,3-hole,) Alaska. " 21600. Kyak. (Model, 4-holp.) Alaska. " 8788. Kyak. (Model.) Unabeet Eskimo. Norton Soiiod, Alaak H. Dall. 26618. Kyak. Eight«eafi'Ctlong,22inctic3wide. GreenlamL t^^ S62. Kyak. (Model.) East coast, Upeniavik. Dr. Hayes. 14750. Kyak. (Model, with bird-spear, harpoon, and tral-sliCi Eskimos, TuBiack, North Greenland. Prof. S. Y. Baiid, 2330. Eyak. (Model, nitli bird-spear, lances, and spear-ivst.) River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. E. M«cFi»J Umiaks or bidarraR. Used by Eskimos in whaling and sea fisheries. 1098. Uniiak. (Model.) Fort Anderson, H. B. T. Bobeit llw«= '. 15618. Unuak. (Model of fhime.) Saint Lawi«nc«L 0UBCE8 AND FISHKBIES OP UNITED STATES 145 ible boato. EftOtl. HegiMiiikii {KirtaUk- folding boat. Luug^, ID feet; nidcb, 3 feet. Hi'ganiiiii FoMitlile Folding Boat Company, Ballslon Spa, N. Y. Directlinia for Bctliog np tioat: 1. riifol.1 ll,« frame. ■ tf. Plnrii llii' kacc» uuA seals in pnaition before listening tJie Ihiiioui. riu) Bi'rlioD nt thf <^u(1a of tbe Iioal. ;i. KiMli'u the hottoni-«iid itcotioii In Iho enda of the IkihI by lliu ibamb-scrona. 4. VltKB ou till' canvas with the cords and tie in a single loop (or Imw knot}. BSie. Model uf CulTiu portnlile cauviu boat. (Patonlnl Oct. 0, 1^7-).) R. A. 6ci>n &. Co., Albany, N. ¥. "This boat consistit of a canvas eitt'rior niadi- thoroughly wutcr-pronf by B prepBTntlon which prescrvca the sliwDgth of the canvas and pn-vcjila d«Cky BHd oiuilation. It is shaped like a canoe, sharp at both cuils. and rata thi^ water kauilsuuivly. Along tbe siiles anrt hottorn arc li-allicr tiionga, by whiuli the bouglie and liiiilie cut for IVitnic can lie Irmliivl sr- onrelr lo the canvas, with Hie assistance of the four leather framing ska or sockets (tnn for eo^h end), which connect tliti stem and stem to (or jirow pieces) witb the keeUon, and it can be rendily pot together ■aywheie in the woods, no tools being mquirod for the puqiose, excepting neb as ate aJwayt' Mrrird by a party of sportsmen, or others, an ax or hatcliet only Iwliig needed. Tlio ffholo of it can Im" packwl nwiiy in ."i space S4 inches lung, 6 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. Tbe size now ic (No. 3), allhongh but 18 feet long, will carry six men, or four men with their necessary baggage, and weighs but 13 pounda when rollnl np. It has been tested in a heavy sea with n frame of green boughs cut only two honrs before, and carried a weight rif 700 pnnnds safely and enaily." K870-36-1I3. Model of Feuncr's portable boat. With cunvos hoUoiu. L'. A. Fenncr, Mystic Rivi-r, Connecticnt. On« of these modelttbi shown closed up in lis cose ready for IrauspoMiv- Hon, the otlier set np for nse. K19. Fiq>«rcuiiue "Marijk Theresa." N, H. Bishop, Luke George, N. Y, Desired by Rev. Baden Powell, of England ; built by E. Waters A, Sons, of Troy, N. Y. Dimensions: length. 14 feet; beam, !!8 inches; depth (amidship), 9 bches; weight of canoe, 58 pounds; weight of ca- Mist, 130 ponnds; weight of outfit, 90 poiimla; total, 278 ponnds. Rowed by Mr. N. H. Bishop (from Troy, N. Y., '^,000 miles) wliile on hJ« lint geographical J oiimoy from the Oulf of Stunt Lnwroncoto the (inlf of Uezlco, 9,000 miles, during m4 and 1B75, Since (be cooiplelioD of tho VOjrage all injories the hull snstained were i«medled by the ^iupl« nppU- iOD of a sheet of paper and a coat of shellac varnish (o the outside of tlut boot. Wlion in use a piece uf canvas oorcrs tlu> nudecked part I'f the OS and keeps the iul«rior dry. Water-coiimos traversed by Mr. Bishop during 18T4 iimU875; From Qnobec, rlversSaint Lawrence and Richelieu, 14fi AN1MA.L BESOUaCES AND FISHESIES OF UNITED STATES. Lake CbawpUu], and canal to Albiuiy ; tho Hudson, Eill Ton KiU, iiJ Raritan rivura and canal, and tho Dulawaro to Flulad«lpbia; Dcli'aP' ' Biveraud baj to Cape Heulopuu, and interior aaU-nater paBsagesnaouui of Maryland und Virginia to Nurfulk; the EU^iabuIti Biveraaduml'" Currituck Sound, Albemarle, Pamlioo, Cove, Bogae, Stiunp, and oibrt sonnda, to near WUdud^od, N. C. ; Wnccamau River to Georgctui C. ; bf aalt-water creeks, rivers, bays, and sounds along tho tout i>l l^ United States to Florida; fro m Atlantic coaot, via Saint Uary'iu' wannae rivers, t-o Gulf of Muxi(«. 26628. Bice Lake canoo. William English, Petefborongh, Ontario. Coracles or skin boats. Whale boat (used in whale flslieries). 24660. Whale-boat. (Model, with all dttiuga; scale, 1 inch to foot.) C^l L. Howtand, New Bedford, Masa. 24669. Whalo-boat. (Model. ) C. U. Shute d: Son, Edgartowu, Mas. 2G839. Wbalo-boat, 35 fuet long. Williams,' Haven & Co., New LoodM. Conn, This boat Ls mouu led with all tho gear used in thocnplnrvof Ihcol Seine-boat. 25S^. Model of Capo Ann acino-boat. HlffiEina A Oiffiinl, GkNKOM ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 147 ilian fishing-boats. Uaed in harbor fisheries of California. 28213. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) San Francisco. Liv- [ingston Stone. 22214. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) ** '< 22215. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) *' " 22217. Italian fishing-boat. (Model.) Chinese fishhig-boat. San Fran- cisco. Livingston Stone. inkies. 25729. Martha's Vineyard pinkie-boat. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) William H. Chase. Used in shore fisheries. 25896. Norman's Land pinkie-boat. (Model ; scale, ineh to the foot.) Capt. William Cleveland, Vineyard Haven, Mass. Used in cod and coast fisheries. onting-skifGs. Used for hunting and fishing in mountain lakes. 26021. Adirondack boat. Full size. Frederick D. Graves, maker, Boston, Mass. 25681. Adirondack boat. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) Frederick D. Graves, maker, Boston, Mass. Dimensions : 15 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide ; weight, 75 to 80 pounds. For the use of sportsmen this boat is claimed to excel, on account of its extreme UghUtets and durahilit^f one man being able by means of a yoke to carry the same to any distance without fatigue. This boat is also adapted for family purposes, the patent rowlock enabling the most inexperienced lower of either sex to propel the boat with ease and perfect safety, and without any possible chance of losing the oars. 35809. Ausable boat. (Model.) D. L. Fitzhugh, Jr., Bay City, Mich. Used in trout and grayling fishing, with well for live fish. Length, 16 feet; sides twelve inches high inside, 2 feet 10 inches wide on top, 2 feet 4 inches at bottom. 20024. Saint Lawrence bout. (Length, 19 feet; width, 43 inches.) Henry Sweetman, Clayton, N. Y. Used in trolling in the Thousand Island region. Length, 19 feet ; width, 43 inches. 25053. Alexandria Bay boat. (Model.) Cornwall & Walton, Alexandiia, N. Y. Used for hunting and fishing in the Adirondacks and the Saint Lawrence. a boats. 24999. New England surf-boat. (Model ; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra- gin & Sheldon, makers, Boston, Mass. Used in harbor, lake, and river fisheries. 2500L Whitehall boat (18 feet). (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra- gin A Sheldon, BoHton, Mas.s. 101 Ship's yawl. (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cragiu & Shel- don. Boston, Mass. ^ *9aaters and fishing smacks. 148 ANIMAL BE80UBCES AND FI8HERIEB OF UNITED SliTEt. S3216. San Fiancisco yawl. [Model.) Llvingiton StOiM. Used by Italian flsttermeii on coast of CaUfbniia. S$028. Kautucket Harbor boat. (Model; scale, 1 inoh to ttie foot) W. Chase. Used in harbor fishing. Oyster-ctBioes. ' 35003. Chesapeake oyster-caooe (made from two logs). (Model; vi inch to the foot.) Mi^or T. B. Forgnson, M«7land Fish Cm Used for oyster-raking iii Cheeapeake Bay. 25002. Chesapeake canoe-pungy. (Model; scale, 1 inchtothefoot-) 1 T. B. Fergnson, Maryland Fish Commissioii, Used in oyster-dmdgiug in Cheeapeake Bay. Dacking-boate. SS65& Egg Harbor boat. (Model; scale, inch to the foot. P. Bn New York Citry. Used for hunting in marshes and bays. S6620. Cedar duck-boat " Central Hopublic." Bnilt by Capt. 0 Bogort, Burfinan, Manahanken, Ocean Comity, New J< Dimensions: 12 feet long, beam 3 feet 11 iachts, depth li ii N. H. Bishop. Lake Oeoige, N. T. This is the boat in which Mr. Nathaniel H. Bishop, of Lake G< Warren County, New York State, rowed fiom nttsburg, Ps., vis and Mississippi Biveia aad the Gulf of Mexico (3,600 mllea) to Cedsr I Flo., while on his second geographical expedition during 1875-76. S8633. New Jeisey sneak-boz. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) M Gifford, Tuckertou.N. J. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 149 Jchooner-rigged fishing- vessels. ■ 2680d. Noank lobster-boat. (Model.) Capt. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn. 25B25. Block Island boat. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) Capt. H. C. Chester. Used in cod fisheries and shore fisheries. 25730. Massachusetts schooner-smack. (Model; scale, i inch to the foot.) William H. Chase, Boston, Mass. Used in mackerel fisheries and winter oyHtcr trade. S8731. Maine schooner-smack. (Model; scale, i inch to the foot.) Capt. H. C. Chester. Used in bank cod fisheries and eastern mackerel fisheries. S6596. Oyster-schooner. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) T. B. Ferguson, Maryland Fish Conmiission. Used in oyster-dredging in Chesapeake Bay. 26584. Schooner-smack. (Model; scale, about i inch to the foot.) Johnson &, Young, Boston, Mass. Employed in the New England lobster fishcricH. 25727. Noank well-smack. (Model; scale, | inch to the foot.) H. C. Ches^ ter, Noank, Conn. Supplies fresh fish to local markets and New York iced-fish trade. 24883. Schooner-yacht. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot. ) William H. Chase. Used in pursuit of sword-fish and blue-fishing. 2S890. Gloucester schooner-smack, style 1835. (Model.) M. M. McFadyn. First form of sharp-bowed schooner, out of which the present Gloucester schooner was developed. 28219. Old-fashioned topmast schooner. (Model.) A. K. Crittenden. 26584. Schooner-smack. (Model ; scale, about i inch to the foot.) Johnson A Young, Boston, Mass. Used in the New England lobster fisheries. iiips. 257S6. Whaling-ship. (Model.) C. H. Shute & Son, Edgartown, Mass. Crew engaged in cutting in the blubber. 24881. Whaling-bark. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) U. 8. Fish Com- mission. Used in northern whale fisheries. 24882. Merchant ship. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) U. S. Fish Com- mission. Used in foreign trade. oats of Great Lakes. 96625. Mackinaw boat. (Mwlel.) J. W. Milner. Used in fisheries of the upper great lakes. 26^6. "Norwegian boat" (Model.) J. W. Milner. Used in Lake Michigan fisheries. 26790. Lake Erie pound boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner. 26627. Square-stem boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner. Used in Great Lake fisheries. ttsamors. Menhaden steamer with seine-boats. . (Mo806. "Dead-eye"b1ock. Used to secnre the standing oi Gied H, tbe bull of the vessel. Walter Coleman &, Sons, Proviilei 256M. "Heart" block. Used to secure the standing or fixed riggii hull of the veaai-l. Walter Coleman A. Sons, Provideucr, 25805. "Bnll'e-eyo" block. Used to secure tbe standing or fixed Ti the bull of the vessel. Walter Coleman A, Sons, Provida 25619. One single brass-sbeaved, inster-hook tackle block. Wslt man &, Sons, Providence, B. I. 25150. Series of boat-blocks. Used on small fisbing-boats amunil C and Newport. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Hiddletown. ( 25617. One single brass-sbeaved, sister-hook tackle block. Wah man it Sons, Providence, R. I. 1^18. One double iron-aheaved, siater-book tackle block. Wall man &, Bona, Providence, R. 1. 25812. Bound block. For Jib-aheets and small craft. Woltrr Col ANUCAL RESOUKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 151 paratas accessory to rig^gringr fishingr-Tcssels. Glews and hanks. 29475. Clement's patent solf-odjosting jib-hank. Wilcox, Crittenden St Co., Middletown/Conn. 25143. Jib-head, with patent clew-thimble, used where the jib has been stretched too mnch ; the jib is shortened at the head ; and the jib- head is attached to the sail. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middle- town, Conn. 25803. Jib-hank. Goes on jib-stay to hold the sail to it. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I. 25777. Wooden jib-hank. Samuel £1 well, jr., Gloucester, Mass. 25156. Series of single-stay jib-hanks. Wilcox, Crittenden dr- Co., Middle- [town,Conn. 25157. Series of double-stay jib-hanks. '' " 25215. Self-adjusting j ib-hank for double stay. C lement's patent. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle town, Conn. 25214. Patent self-adjusting jibrhank. Clement's patent. Wilcox, Crit- tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. 29460. Jib-sheet block (peculiar to Gloucester fishing-vessels). Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass. 25156. Pratt's patent jib-hank or yacht-jib. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., [Middletown, Conn. 25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of jib. . " " Shocks. 29466. Line-chock for whale-boat. Provincotown style. William W.Smith, Provincetown, Mass. 25180. Line-chock for whale-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden &> Co., Middletown, [Conn. 25216. Bow-chocks. " '• 25195. Boat-chocks. " " Boat-hooks. 25926. Whaler's large-ring boat-hook. E. B. & T. Macy, New Bedford, Mass. 25614. Whale-boat boat-hook (peculiar to New Bedford). Humphrey S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass. 25196. Series of wrought-irou boat-hooks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., [Middletown, Conn. 25200. Boat-hook for gunboat. '< '' 25226. Boat-hook. U. S. Fish Commission (deposited). 25197. Double Navy boat-hooks with ball points. Wilcox, Crittenden &, [Co., Middletown, Conn. 25198. Series of Navy boat-hooks with ball points. " ** 25199. Series of sharp-pointed boat-hooks. " " Bdaying-pins. 25161. Series of belaying-pins. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middletown, [Conn. flfidOBL Belaying-pin for Cape Ann seine-boat. ^^ ** . Two belaying-pins. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloncester, Mass. 152 ANIHAL BE80DHCES AND F18HGBIE8 OF UNITED STinS. ApparatDs accessory to riffginir Oshlnff-TesscU. BigSfers' hooks.' 35104. Deck or hammock hook. Wilcox, Criltenilcu &. Co., UUdkUit 35195. Huomock-hook. " ■' 2&S06. Series of riggers' sUter-hookB. " " 25145. Wide-mouthed single-hookB, or Cape Aim bonnetr-Iiook*. Wil [Crittenden &. Co., Uiddlctown, C> 3M78. Bonnet-hook and grommet. " " 3&462. Bonnct^hook-aiitl-oye, for removing tho Jib. Wilcox, Ctittend< [Co., HiddlBtowD, ( 25165. Series of books and thimbles.' " ' 25943, Purral hooka. 8. Elwoll, jr. S5144. Siat«r-hook8. Wiicox, Critteuden & Co., Uiddletown, Conn. 85160. Sailmakoi's beoch-hook. " " ■25149. Soihnaker'e Ifoavei. <■ " 25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of Jib. " " 2S1B5. Hook-and-eye plate. " " 35116. Series of galvanized-iron sail-grommets (Wilcoi's patent). V Crittenden &■ Co., Hiddletown, Conn. S5117. Series of brHflBsail-KTommets (Wilcox's pat«nt). Wilcox, Critt &, Co., Middlotown, Conn. 25118. Series of brass grommots. Conical point, rolled rim. Wiloox tenden & Co., Uiddletown, Conn. 95119. Series of tnetalUo grommots. First nscd in AmrricA. Wilesi tenden &■ Co., Uiddletown, Conn. 95130, Series of brass giommots. First patented in America. Wikoi tenden &, Co-, Middlotown, Conn. 2G1S1. Rope-yarn gronunets (with worked holes showing i ANIICAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 153 laratns accessory to risirtngr fishingr-Tcssels. [riommets. 25132. Series of throat-thimbles. Gloncester pattern. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middletown, Conn. 25133. Series of reef-tackle or saddle-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. 25134. Series of brass sail-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden &. Co., Middle- [town, Conn. 25152. Series of open or riggers' thimbles. ** *^ 25153. Series of wire-rope thimbles. ** ^^ Inchors. 25162. Boat-anchor. Wilcox, Crittenden &Co., Middletowu, Conn. 25163. Grappling-iron for dory. " * " 25219. Wooden killick or coast anchor. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn. 29249. Series of sailors' palms (from best to the poorest). Wilcox, Critten- den & Co., Middletown, Conn. 29423. Sailor's palm (left hand). Wilcox, Crittenden &. Co., Middletown, [Conn 29424. Sailor's roping palm, A 1 (right hand). *^ " 29454. Superior cast-steel sail-needles. ** '' fast-gear. 25802. Six ^'purrcl trucks." Used on a rope around the most to keep the gaff on the mast. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I. 25807. Mast-hoop. Used to hold the sail to the mast. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I. 25808. Lace trucks. Used on the foot of sail to attach it to the boom. Walter Coleman &, Sons, Providence, R. I. 251'>9. Series of boat-mast hoops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. 25810. Mast-heaIa8S. 29463. Patent topsail travelers. Used on square-rigged vessels. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. IL IfMi-iiook clntch. E. A. Sawyer, Portland, Me. 154 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UHITED STATES. Apparatus accessory to riffirins flsltiiiff-TMMla. Boittrbuilders' materiuls. 25170. Rlng-bolte. Wilcox, Critteoden 8c Co., Hiddl«t««n, Cmo- S6901, Seriea of screw eye-bolts. " " 9530S. Series of screw ring-bolts. " " 2&90R. Series of ring-bolts. " " SS211. Common oval bead clincli boat-nail. Wilcox, Crittendm i Ci [Ifiddletowii,C« S!C212. Chiael-point cliucli bout-nails. " 2S213. Coiint«rBiuik clinch bOBt-naik. " 35SS0. Series of boat-rivet& " 2&2!j3. WasbeiB or clinch-rings for rivets. " 8617S. Stem cap for Cape Anu soine-boat. " 35173. Davit-guard and step-plate fur Cape Ann seine-boat " SSITTh Eye-plateoroar-holderawivelflforCapeAnnaclne-biiat " 2B176. Gunwale supporter for Cape Ann seine-boat. " Q&178. Davit-guard and step-plate for Cape Ann aeine-boot. " 25174. Bteast-btace for Cape Ann seine-boaf . " S&166. Davit-iron for Cape Ann seiae-boats. " S5167. Tow-iron for Cape Anu seine-boats. " SS166. Tow-link and hook for Cape Ann seine-boat. " 29483. Boom-rest or crotoh-soeket. Used on the tofl^l nf C»p(Wl vcflsels when they are "laying to" on Georgp"* B»«l* ■■ Brown, Wellfleet, Mass, 21^04. Water-deck iron. Wilcox, Crittenden *■ Co., MidiUetom, C"* findder-fixtnres. 2949C. "W, N. Clark's rudder-hanger." (Patented September I W James B. Clark, Chester, Conn. , "Advantages (lalmed for this hanger : To ship the rudder w* bW to enter the tongue (which Iiaa tbe' rudder already attached) ia E SiMAL RESOURCES ANiJ FISHEBJE8 Of INITED STATES. 155 iraliu accesiwry to rigging: fishing- vessel)*. tdd«r-6xtlire8. any ooo sniliug nver a liuc or tH'iiie, as, tbo rudJer c:ui Ih' riuily raised fur anoagb to piua iiTer and prevent a, line gutting caught between the rmU der find boal, oh nuuld othMwiau likely eneae, nnd wbeii ov<>r. by niinply letting dotni the milder, it will go tu its place again ready fur ubo. By tliia an'tingemcnt ve are enabk-d to get lUe hinges further down nu tho rudder, thnieby bringing the strain on both of tliom, while in the eld way, the lower eye and pintle oro bo far fWim tile bottom of the bout, in ardi^ to fiu'ilitat« the shipping of thi.- hiddi-r, Ihiit lliiu oni- liiiH to b«ar n«ftTly all of the Btrain." (W. N. CItukO SS190. Bndder-gadgeoDi. 'Wilcox. Crittenden Jk Co., Middletowu, Conn. SSt82, Budder-brares for wliale-boat. Wilcox, Crittonden & Co., Middlf- [town. Com.. S&IOO. Series of couiinon wronght-iron rnddcr-brates. " " 351U0. Serins of rudder bmoos. " " 29810. Rudder-braces for New Orlcius cM-boat. " " 35183. EiiddiT-bmce« for metallic life-boat. '' " S9473. Dory breast-hnoli nod stem braces. " " SST79. l^tny-sDil suateb-deat. Used by Gloooester fiHhiug-sohoonerH. A1- 1«n ],. McDonald. GloueeMer, Xana. 25000. Wooden cleats. Unml to fasten mpes to. Willinm Coleman A. S.iiii. Providence, B. I. 85918. ScrieaofrnnnlUloikbi. WUcos, Critt«Qall; it boln^ iimdi iriuitr toltarn to uao a pair of tliMu ikir nf the bock view unni." (Williniu Lyman.) 2S8fU. Frederick D. Gruves's improved uuiulcM rowtuck. Fn-d. I). Griivm, Bmtoii, MuHS. "Tlio objrut of lliis invontion is to iniprovc llic consli'iicliou uiiduperii- tioiiof tlie claw nf rnwlocka iu bdcIi iimunrir ti«, liral, tn insure tlic (iropur innUiialiuD of tint Ii)hiIc> of Iho oar, and pii>vi liuliilitj' of its catcL- !ng the water when feathering in reuuT«riii)c, us well us io iuniirw tlii* proper position of the hladi^of the oor wbvu mukiuiflbe £in)ke; st'itindly, to cnittble tbu onter end of the oar to be raLsed wheu It is being fi-athered, 1b order to^reveat its contact with the nalor in rnugli wcintlicr. My Improved rowlock, wliich is composed iif nu Inclosing ring located on a pinlln, and an inner ring incloseil hj the Hug and adnpl^d t'> be partially minted therein; tlin luside of the iuulotiug riiij^ is provided with a g^roove whioU extends uliiiost sround it, its continuity being broken only by a atop. The pintle of tho rowlock ia inserted iu a socket Kttuched to tbo gnnwalu of Ihi' boat, tlio pintle and rowlock being adapted to tiini freely in the socket. From the foregoing it will readily ho seen that an oar pivotiMl in llin inner ring is adapted to bo partially rotated, in lulditlnn to Ita oaoillatiug moviiments, so that when its stroke is cumptoti'il it ran be tunird, nu u) Iu fi-ulhtr the blade Lu the recover atrokr. The iiiii]i nud ahouldms of the inner ring are arranged iu aaoh mutual tolation that tho ahouldpr abuts agninat tho atop, iu feathering the oar, lieforo the blade be- ooinea liniizontal iu cross-section, so that the cross-sectiou of tho oar is neceaaarily inclined downward from its forward to Its rear edge during Uio feAthoriug stroke, this incliuation of the blade preventing its forward edge from engaging with the water and uy»rturiiing the rnner, or, in other word«, causing him to "cat«h u crab." This limitation of the oor In its rotation prevents awkward accidents in fealheriug, and i^uables an unskilled perstm to low with a considerable degroe of certainly." (F. V. Grkvoa.) 85098-8. Gatvauijcd-iroii patent swivel rowlo.k. Wilcox, CrillJ'udeJi &. [Cn., Mid.Ile|.>ni>, Conn. fiSOKt. Oalvantited-iron patent swivel rowlock. " " iS637. OalvaniMd-iron patent swivel roniock. " " 8G096. Oalvanized-iron patent swivel rowloi'k. " '' fiSDT3-4-6. Polished brnas patent swivel rowlock. '■ " 8St03-3. Galvanized socket rowlock. " " Mill. Countersunk rowlock. Used ou Ohio River tlat-boata. Wilcox, Crit- teudon &. Co,, Middlnlown, Conn. 1MS8. Bvwlook. Newport and Providence River style. Wilcox, Critlen- [den di Co., Middlotowu, Conn. fiS087, North Hivrr pattern rowlock. " " SGOeO; Ea«t River pattern rowlock. " " tB0l9. Socket-Joint tt.wlock. Frederick A. Gower. Providence, K, L "TlicBoiket-joint rowlock is iiKeuded to increase Ihe speed and improYB the oouvunience of rucio;; buaH. Its ndvantag^ li"'" pwved so eaaily | ^(parent looarsmi'ii th.it 1h''rr< is little utHHl of dvl&iling its strong points, Ibttt iho fbllowiug ate among ila leading fcnt 158 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND F18HBBIE8 OF UNITED STATU. Apparatus accessory to rig^g^D^ ashins-Tesscls. Witbliling of thii oar in wholly avoided. If the oar in m piopnri} ginl fit, it will bave loss than ( inch of fore-aud-aft motion in the lock. "Catching oralig" ie largely avoided b;r pi^TVDting the oar from jam- ming in the lock at the beginning or end of the ntroke. If a "mb' Bhonid be caught, the rowlook ia not strained, and the oar can be rmt- eied withont stopping the boat. A good grip of the water is aaaniad to even the inexperienced ouan by the shape of the back of the rowlock, which comwponda tothatoflbi oar. The oar settles itself into the proper position on beginning theitrrtK Any length of reach may be taken by long-bnilt men in going fonmdi avoiding an evil often complained of. A space half as wide admits passage of the boat. Equipped wiCli tkii lowlock a six or four oared shell passes through an opening the width of the outriggoTH. Crewa rowing on narrow or bridged water will God tlH advantage worth the price of the rowlocks in a single seaaon. Uniting the rods at a single point bringu the whole atrengtli of Iboit- rigger liilo play at every port of the ali'oke, and an outrigger thiu n can hardly be demolished while the boat standi. Any o!\TS may be used if of recent pa11«rn, i. e., withont the u[uij!l>l'5 "bulge" ou the loom. It is only necessary to make a slight cbEMr a the button, as described below. Better time may be made. Eiperimenta fbua far indicate thai li" Mcket-Joiut rowlock is perceptibly speedier than the common palteni, t* the stoppage of wabbUng, and general smoothness of action. Baising a rowlock with the common outrigger U a lialf hnnr'a wn^^ with rusty nuts (one or two of which usually twist the bolt off iui ing) ami experimenting to get the right thii-kueas of wa«hpra. Will I^ Bocket^jolut rowlock the same thing is done in two miuulM by slipl«>; half or tUree-quartcraof aninohof waslierson the shaft under the topnJ- . RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 159 I accessory to riggiiiS flsUni^-Yessels. Thole-pins for metallic life-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle- [town, Conn. Whitehall pattern rowlock. " " Detroit or Lake Michigan rowlock. ** '^ "Acme" oarlock. Pattern invented 1876. " " Oar-holder for Cape Ann seino-boat (old model). Higgins &. Gifford, GloacesteTy Mass. Oar-holder for Cape Ann seine-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. One pair white-ash oars (9 feet). B. T. Dodge, maker, Boston, Mass. One pair white-ash oars (6 feet). " " Pair white-ash oars (12 feet). " " Pair pine oars (8 feet). " " Pair white-ash oars (9 feet). " " Pair spoon oars (10 feet). " " Pair of oars (7 feet 8 inches). Waters & Son, Troy, N. Y., makers; Delong <& Sous, Glens Falls, N. Y. White-ash paddles. R. T. Dodge, maker, Boston. Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. George Qibbs. Indian paddles. « « Indian paddles. " Cape Flattery. GroorgeGibbs. Indian paddles. " Whaling. ** Indian paddles. ' * Indian paddles. " Indian paddles. " Indian paddles. '' Indian paddles. Fort Townsend, W. T. J. G. Swan. Indian paddles. " " Indian paddles. " ** Indian x)addles (for skin canoe used by Aleut iaus). Alaska. Y. Colycr. Indian paddles (for skin or wooden canoe). " *^ Indian paddles. " " " > Indian paddles (used by Trimsein Indians). Fort Simpson, B. C. 5 J. G. Swan Indian paddles. Passamaquoddy Indians, Eastport, Me. E. Palmer. Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. Exploring Expedition. Lieut. Wilkes, U. 8. N. Indian paddles. Northwesteru coast. Exploring Expedition. Lieut. Wilkes, U. S. N. Whaling paddle. Makab Indians, Neeah Bay. J. G. Swan. Whaling paddle. " Whaling paddle. " Whaling paddle. << WiiAliiiK paddle. ** tt tt 160 ANIU&L BE80UBCBS AKD FISHEBILB OF UMITBD SUTISB. Apparatus accessory to rigffing flshiny-Tc— efau Paddles. 25775. Whaling paddle. Makah Indiana, Xeeah Bay. J. Q. Svu. S6774. WhaliDg paddle. " 2f!773. Canoe paddle. " 2G772. Canoe paddle. 2G771. Canoe paddle. " S6770. Canoe paddle. " 26769. Canoe paddle. " 86766. Canoe paddle. <■ 267e7. Canoe paddle. " 26766. Canoe paddle. '■ 36765. (moe paddle. " 26764. Canoe paddle. " 26610. Double paddle. Made b; Waters A Sod, T107, H. T. ; Da L SODH, Glens Falls, K. Y. Poles and pushing sticks. 15653. Bidarka pole. Nunivak, Alaska. W.H. Dall. 15C53. Bidaikapole. " " 17443. Bidarka pole. Cave, Kagamil Island, Alaska. Alaska Com Company. Candlestick. Used in hold of vessel while storing fish. 32741. Candlestiok. A. UoCnrdj, aionoestsr, Haas. 32682. Candlestick or "Sticking Tommy." Olonceeter, Han. & t Goode. INIIIAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 161 paratos accessory to liggliig fishliig-Tessels. Pump box and haft for seine-boat. 29497. Pomp box and haft for seine-boat. Andrew Kennedy, ProvincetowD, I Mass. S9^9. Pump box and liaft for seine-boat. *' ** Bung-backet or "water-thief.'' 25784. Bung-bucket or '' water- thief^" Wm. H. H. Weston, Provinoetown, Mass. Devil's claw. Used to stop the chain when the windlass is wanted for other uses. 29442. Devil's claw. W. H. Hesbolt, Provincetown, Mass. Box hook. Used in closing boxes packed full of fish. 32680. Bilge hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. dSM95. Box hook or ''deviPs claw.'' Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. Barrel-lifters. Used for stowing away mackerel-kegs in holds of vessels. 29291. Barrel-lifters. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middletown, ConxL 32679. Chime barrel-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Gk>ode. Ice-hooks. For lifting ice on vessel from wharf. 32674. Ice-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode. Lance-hooks. Fastened on side of whale-boat to hang lance on. 25919. Lance-hooks. E. B. Sr. F. Macy, New Bedford, MasSi Grappling gear. Used to recover lost trawls. 25936. Grappling gear. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass. Ufarline spikes. 29418. Marline spike or pricker. Used for splicing trawl-lines. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn. 29455. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of sperm whale. Robert D. Baxter, Provincetown, Mass. 29419. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of whale. Frank O. Blake, Portland, Me. 25147. Sailmakers' marline spike. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, [Conn. 25148. Sailmakers' marline pricker. " ** 25164. Series of marline spikes. " " 25778. Fishermen's marline spike or trawl-line splicer. Alex. McCurdy, East Gloucester, Mass. 3un. N. M. No. 14 11 • 162 ANIUAL BESOURCES AND FISHESIES OF UHITBD 8TA11 Apparatus accessory to rl^gin^ fl»hit»Te— clii Marline spikes. 25146. Series of hickory hand fids. Wilcox, CritMndAn A Cik, IC 2S672. Copper marline spike. Made at eea by Thomaa FreMHH. splicing trawl-lines. Sanford Freemaii, Korwiohpacl, Jf 33693. Splicer. Gloaceater, Haas. O. Btdwii Goode. Best tor barpoon, &c. 11392. Beet for harpoon and boT and urow. Alsntdao lelaod. Colyer. Used on deck of kyak. Stretohers for kyak-line. 9836. Stretchers for kyak-line. Eskimos. Stool. 3978. StooL B. MaoFarlane. Used by Eskimos to stand ou while watching ftr ssil 49. Camp-outfit. Shelter. Lodges. Teats. HaDtiDg-camps. Hunters' houses. Fishlng-hoQseB. Pamitare. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 163 missary supplies. ommissary supplies. 2&695. Coffee-pot. 35696. Dipper. 26697. Toast-rack. 25698. Frying-pan. 25699. Bread-pan. F. & S. 60. Camp-stove and utensils. Property of John A. Nichols, Syra- cnse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Pablishing Company. 26673. Coffee-heater. Property of J. A. Nichols, Sjrracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26713. Camp-stove. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y, Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26843. Lehmen's patent folding camp-baker. Scoville &, Johnson, Mar- quette, Mich. able-furniture, reserved meats, &c anned meats. 24917. Fresh tomato soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 26649. Ox-tail soup (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me. 24913. Fresh soup and bouilli. Wm. Underwood &> Co., Boston, Mass. 26648. Soup and bouilli (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port- land, Me. 24921. Mock-turtle soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 26641. Cumberland potted sausage (star brand). Portland Packing Com- pany, Portland, Me. 24927. Ox-tail soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 24929. Original deviled ragout. '* " 2492a Deviled tongue. " " 24930. Deviled ham. " " 26645. Cumberland roast mutton (star brand). Portland Packing Com- pany, Portland, Me. 24920. Fresh chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston. Mass. 26640. Cumberland roast chicken (star brand). Portland Packing Com- pany, Portland, Me. 24931. Deviled chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 26646. Cumberland roast veal (star brand). Portland Packing Comx>any, Portland, Mo. 24916. Fresh mutton. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 26647. Cumberland roast beef (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me. 24910. Beef h la mode, Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. 24911. Fresh mince-meat. " ** 24915. Fresh veal. " " 26639. Champion shell-beans (star brand). Portland Packing Company, [Portland, Me. 26638. Portland blueberries (star brand). " " 22238. Fresh blueberries. Castine Packing Company, Castine, Me. 2tM9. Fresh beef. Wm. Underwood & Company, Boston, Mass. ^ Yannouth sugar-corn. (Patented April 8, May 13 and 20, and August '802.). (Star brand.) . Poirtlaiid Packing Company, Portland, 164 ANIHA.L BESOnSCES AND FI8HBBIES OF imTED STATES. Commisaary supplies. 36653. Yarmoutb sDccotash. Mode ttom Taimontli HOgM^OOTi ud dm pioD shell-boans (star brand). Pordaud Frckiiig Coastoj, F« land, Me. 50. Personal equipments. 26G55. CaDvas hantiDg-coat. Propert; of J. A. Niobola, SyneoM, ^' Contributed by Forest &, Stream Pablishing Company. 36658. Fur vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracose, N. T. Coottilnt by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26659. Buckskin coat. Property of J. A. Nicbols, Sy»«tue, M. T. C< tributed by Forest & Streoui Publishing Company. 26670. Mole-skin pants. _ Property of J. A. Nicboto, SyraciMe, N. T. C( tributed by l^'orost it Stream Publishing Company. 26671. Corduroy hauler's toat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Sjracuit, 5- Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 96675. Corduroy bunter's pants. Property of J. A. Nichols, 8yr»«nse,Ii. Contributed by Forest it Stream Publishing Compaaj. 36676. Corduroy vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, SyracoM, N. T- C' tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26701. Chamois shirt. Properly of J. A. Nichols, Sjracnsf, K. Y. C. tributed by Forest & Stream Publiabing Company. S6594. Hunler'snater-proof suit, with patent cartridge-holding Tot G C. Henuing, Washington, D. C. This suit inuludcs: 1. Pantaloons so made that they can bo folded close to the Ieg>. ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 165 ling. >otSj moccasins, leggings. 26015. Fishermen's red cod boots. Jonatlian Buck, Harwich, Mass. 26015. Fishermen's rod-leather slippers. '^ ** 26014. Fishermen's black boots. '' ** 2582^. Slippers made of sheep-skin, with the wool on the inner surface. Worn by fishermen inside of their boots. A. R. Crittenden, Mid- dletown. Conn. • 26671. Boot-packings. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 26672. Moccasins. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest &> Stream Publishing Company. 2G706. Rubber boots. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. ats and caps. 25722. Fisherman's cap, called ''Russian cap." £. R. Cook, Provincetown, Mass. 26651. Hunter's rubber cap. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. 29542. Series of sou'westers and oil-cloth hats (Cnpe Ann pattern). J. F. Carter, Gloucester, Mass. iothing for the hands. 25788. Pair of mittens. Called '^Newfoundland cuffs" by fishermen. Peculiar to Gloucester. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Comi. 25790. Mackerel cots. Used on the fingers when taking mackerel by hook and line. Capt. Samuel Elwell, Gloucester, Mass. 25787. Pair of "hand-haulers." Used by fishermen off the Newfoundland Banks. Joseph Parsons, jr.. East Gloucester, Mass. 25789. Pair of nipT»er8; peculiar to Gloucester, Mass. Joseph Parsons, East Gloucester, Mass. 25718. Pair of nippers. Used by fishermen to protect the fingers while hauling in trawls. David Conwell. 25717. Pair of nippers. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass. 26709. Rubber gloves. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. ^tection from insects: Nets for beds and for face. 26700. Mosquito-net. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con- tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company. Ointments (such as tar and sweet-oil). Smudges (such as pyrethrum powder). • Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor. apings. ^ts. Belt for sheath-knife. J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. 166 ANIUAL BB80UBCE8 AND FISBBKIES OF DHITED BTAin. Trappings. Crosa-belts. Game-bags. 2G667. Gamo-bttg. Property of J. A. NicIioU, SjraonM,H.T. CoDtriln by Forest &, Stream FublisbiDg Company. 9K!3. Game-bag. Indiana of NorthweHt cooat. U. S. Ez^odng £1; 1473. Gamo-bog. Comanche Indians. Lient. D. N. Coach, U. 8. A. 'J023. Gamv-bag of knit leather thongs. Dog-iib Indians. FortSiBf B. C. B. B. BoBB. 2047. Hunting-bag of "babiche." Fort Simpeon, H. B. T. B. B. B« 2020. Hmiting-bag made of "babiche." Dog-rib Indians. FoitSim; H. B. T. B. B. Boea. 255t. Hunting-bag of " babiche." Fort Bae Eslcimos. Hackeniie'* I district. Stratton Joucs. 2498. Gomo-bag. Indiaus of Northweat coast. U. S. Exploring Ei Wrist-guarda. 6927. Wrist-gaard. Used in shooting ^th the bow. Kiowa Id Fort Cobb, I. T. E, Palmer. 5520. Wrist-guard. Apaclie Indians. Arizona. E. Palmer. Optical instruments, Ac. Snow-goggles. 1^1. Snow-blind. Anderson Biver Eskimos. R. UtMFkrlaoe. 10292. Snow-goggles. 1650, 2147, 21.^ ANIHAI4 BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 167 [edical oatllt. Medicme^ests. Hnnter's and fishermen's flasks. S6684 Flasks. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Contribatedby Forest & Stream Publiahing Company. Urttllelal Ughte. Lanterns for camp and ship nse. ^ ' Torches. ' See under Sighi dtcoif$ above, p. 141. SECTION" C. METHODS OF PREPARATION. L PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF F0< 1. Peesebvation dukikg life (see noder E, 3). 2. Fbbsebtaiion of fresh meats. RefMgerators. Ice-boxea and re&igerators. . Allegietti iceberg-re&igerator. Altegretti IIcfHgwstor Co [Ke. . AUegretti le&igeTator show-case. " Baiita reMgerator. Banta horizoDtal refrigerator. . Bauta refrigerator Bhow-caae. Fiocssa patented Jul; 1, IB A. Banta, Now York City. . Zero refrigerator. Alexander M. Lesley, New Xort^ Be£rigerator-car8. (AccesBory.) The ice-trade: Ice cutting and handling apparatus. [^iNIMAL BE80URCE8 AND t'lSHLRIES OF UNITED STATES. 169 ke-drying apparatus. Herriug sn)oke-houBe». 12105. Model of smokc-faoiise iisimI iu preparation of bcrrlug {Ctupea harm- gtu). Luliec, Me. U. 8. Fiub Coromiasion. ISKCt. Model of smokcsIioiiBe used in preparatiou of snlmon {-Salmo talar). Laiiec, Mc. U. S. Fudi Conuuisiiioii. Halibut smoke-houses. I Sturgeon smoke -houses, ^^boriginal drying- houses. HHethods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California. 4. PRESEKVATION BY CANSINQ AJTD PICKLING. alting^ fish. Knives {see under B, 2). Jcaling apparatus. 26039. Eelnoy &■ Hosmer'a GBh-dresBer. Sandueky, Ohio. Pat^nlcd Srpt. 15, 1873. Kelsef it Bmmer, Baaduakj, Ohio. ibles, tubs, &c. I ils. 257ri0. Model of D. D, Parmalee's Waukegftn fishery. J. W. Hilner. This model shows in miniature all the apparataa employed in □leaning and salting dotv-u the lake whitetish. -ecessory.) Salt : Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish. Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days. Extensively neuit in the first half of the present reutnry >» obtaining uilt by evaporation of sea-\ratoi. Their remains ore fonnd on Cape Cod and Nantnckot, 25706. MoiU'l of salt-works. Nantucket, Maa». W. H. Chose, 2d. liag mealitf. f salmou-eanning establialimcnt. "del of sardine-factory, ccessoiy.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture. !6del of lobater-canning factory. 1, Model of Jolinsou & Yonng's lobstei-hoiise. Warren bridge, near Fitchlinrg ik'pot. Johnson & Young, Boston, Mubb. This model showa the factory with its vnta li>r steaming tho lobsters, the nhaif, and the derricks usml )□ handling the lubslHK. It IB aucompauied by models of lobsl«r-amack. and of the principal forms of lobttleT-nota; catalogued elsouhere. lei of oyster-canning factory. 170 ANIUAL BE80UBCB8 AND FISHERIES OP nHTTED STATU o. Pbepakatioit of baits. Bait-mills, knires* choppers, &g. (see, also, under B,Siii 26011, Voas" improTed Olonceater, 1 Bait-tubs, vats, &c. II. MANOFACTUEi; OF TEXTILE, FABRICS, FEl' AND STUFFINGS. 6. PBEPABATION op wool and HAIB op MtWfATA Preparation of wool cloths. Washing. Shearing. Stapling or assorting. Scouring. Combing, carding, and plneking. Spinning and reeling. Weaving. Fulling and teazling. Cropping. Pressing. ANDCAL BEBOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 171 ^paration of, or tli^iAng tbr wall-paper, flrom reflise quills. hreparation of fibers tbr manuflictare of plush car- pets. 9. PBEPABATION of silk op INSECTS. Preparation of silk of silk-worms. Boiling the cocoons. Reeling. Spinning. Dyeing. Weaving. 10. PeEPARATION of soft PABTS of OTHEB mVEETEBEATES. hreparatima of silk flrom byssns of Pinna. Preparation of sponge stuffing. H PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPEND AGES. * 11. CUBBYINO OF LEATHEB. ^cesses of currying. Dipping. Graining. Scraping. Dressing. ■iplements employed by cnrrierii. *Head-knivp^» * Pommels.'* * Stretching-irons.^ ^ Round-knives." Cleaners." < Maces." ^Horses" or trestles. * Dressers." * Treading-hurdles." and Indian currying methods and imple* "'sJn^^ J -id sinew. 172 ANIHAI. BESOUBCEa AND FISBEBIBS OF nHTTED BTATK 12, Leather SBESsma. Processes of tanning leather. SoabiDg. Liming. Tamting. Processes or tavring or oil-dressing leather. Soaking. Liming. Oiling. Apporatns or leather-dressing, recent and aborigii 13. FUB-DRESSINa. Processes of ftar-dressing. Currying. (See under 12.) Scouring. Tanning. Lustering. Ptacking and dyeing. 14. Peather-dbessdio. method of preparing ornamental ftathers. Scouring. Bleaching. Washing. ANIMAL RESOURCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 173 VI. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES. 17. Ivory cutting and carving. iuflicture of handlest trinkets, billiard-balls, Stc. timing and sawing. olishing. leaching. ufhcture or organ and piano keys. awing, trip-sawing, olishing. teaching. &c. ^r processes. 18. Preparation of horn and hoof.* ming.' isiniT*^ 19. Preparation of whalebone." ing and other processes.* uflictare of whip-makers' stock and irhips. lUflicture of umbrella-makers' bone. lafkcture of ribbon- weavers' bone. uflicture of hat and bonnet makers' bone. ufltcture of suspender-makers' bone. iUfkcture of stock-makers' bone. iufhcture of dress and stay makers' bone. uflicture of billiard-table cushions. lufkcture of snrg^ical instruments. lufhcture of w^halebone brushes. iniheture of rosettes, woven work, and trinkets. are iUtistrated in part by the specimens, showing the horn, whale- « 180 AHIUAL BBS0URCE8 AND E^BEBIES OF UITITED BTAT Fi^efl (eaatem coast) : Bonito {Sarda pelamya). Spaniali mackerel {Oybium maeukthim). Cero {Cybium cahalla). Striped cero {Oybium regale). Crevalle (Carangu» hippos and Paratraclua pfaqiielo^ Pompano (ZVocftjrnotM earolima). Biff-e^ed scad {Trachuntpa orumau^itkalmMt). Soath CaroliQa rodder-fish {Seriola/aaeiata). Silver-fish (Arffynoius vomer, Sec). Thread-fish (Blepharis erinitut). Dolphin {CoryphiEna Sueuri and C. ptmchUata). Black mdder-fish {P^iniaichthys pereifcyrMii). Batter-flsh {^mmoUu triacanthus). Short harvest-fiah (Pgn-tltw Oardimn). Squirrel (Holocentrum togo). Sqneteagae {Cynotwm regalia). Spotted Bqaeteagne or weak-fish {Cyaowion ogroKiwwwi). Dram {Pogoniaa ehromit). Spot [lAostomua obliqaut). Bed-fish, or spotted bass {Sciaenopa oetUatut), King-fish (Mentidrma nebulatta). Croaker {Micropogon rmdvlatua). Sheeps-head {Archt^argwa probatoeepluUwt), Scappaug, or porgy {St¬omvi argyropa). Grunts {Hcemylum arcuatum, &c). Bed snapper {Lutjanvs Black/ordii). mCAL BE80UBCE8 AITO FI8HEBIES OF UNITED STATEQ. }81 I (eastern coast) : d shad (Dorowma Cepedianum). \ cat-flsh (Aeiwticlithys marinus). {AnguiUa bagtamenris). rgeon (Adpenser oocyrhyncshviM and A. brevirastris). >onbill {Polffodon folium). fj or skate (Baia sp.). >tted-fin shark {Isogampbodon nuumUpiimis). S-flsh {Mu8telu8 kBvis). g (fresh Abaters) : rboty or h^wyer (lota nuumlosa). ish- water dram {ffapJoidonotus ffrvnniens). aU-monthed black bass {Micropterus galmoides)* rge-monthed black bass {Miorqpterui paUidus). 3k bass {AmblopUtes rupestris). i-flsh (PomoUa aurem). Qow x>6rch {Perca flavescens). Llow pike-i>erch {Stizostedium amerieanum). lite bass, or striped bass {Boecus ehrysops). se pike (Esox IwAua). oqnallonge {Esox nohiUor). kerel {Esox retieidatus). >ok tront (of eastern slope), {Salvelmus fontimlU). ^e tront {8almo confinis). mon tront, or Mackinaw tront {Oristicomer namaycmk). lantic salmon {Salmo %alar). ^o salmon {Salmo solar var. sebago). dte-fish {Coregonus albus). ce herring {Argyrosomus harengus and A. clupeiformis), ^gan grayling {thymallus tricolor). on-eye {Hyodon tergisus). ^ers {Catostomus teres and Ptyehostomus aureolus)* tblo fish {Bubdlichthys biibalus). ner {Stilbe americana). iflshes {Amiurus catusj A. nigricans^ &c). ^ (western coast): mon {Salmo quinnal). asels. •ms. 4)s. ''l^'2 ANIHAL SE80UBCK8 AltD FlSHEaiEa OF UHITKD SUIOL 2. Foods: dried jum mammal preparations. Jerked bear-meat. Jerked seal and valms meat (Indian). U13&. Piled (Jerked) flesh of harbor eetX (FtoM •WkRmi). Fl^tndtf PBaaamBquoddy Indi&iu. Eaetgoit, Me. £. Pala^ Jerked and smoked bnffaLo-meat 14381. Dried (Jerked) Oeeh at buffalo (Bitm a«*tanwi), M FV"* hDmbm' lue. Wyomuig. F. T. Haydeo, U. B. G«ok)giiL 10917. DriedCl(!rked)fleahoflKi&lo(SlMMa«HrieaMw}. ^nftnAifi TniHanrt: Aimf Modicol MlUBOm. Dried and smoked bee£ Ihried and smoked venison. Hams of varioas kinds. Jerked porpoise-meat (Indian). 11436. Dried a<"ked) flesh of harbor poipdae (FkooMM traakfttM). ) parodbf thePassamaqnoddylndiansoirEMtUDlfaiiiih Em9 Me. £. Palmer. Jerked sqnurels and otker small manum^ Pfflumican. 1S338. Femmioaa of dried flesh of bofCalo (Bito» MurionnH), with W ■Itio ease. Prepued for hnnten' oaa. Weatom FlaioA i Medical Moaeniii. ANIMAL HESOUKCES AND FISHEBIES OF nNITEU STATES. 183 imal preparations. Sausages. Chee^jc Sew in exhibition or Agricultural Department. 1 piteparations. Jerked birds (Indian). |»tile preparations. 'i>ried lizaids (Indian). I prcparatioui. Smoked halibut. , IDried cod, haddock, bake, &c. 3Si50. Aldeu's vapor-curod, miiw-fiii.keil, tnah codfiali. E. 0. Bla^ Dried and smoked mullet and roes. Dried and smoked garfish, flying-fish, &c. iSnoked herring, alewlves, &c., and their roes. 13130. SinokedNo.lherTingH(CIu;Miah(ireii!7ii*). Eoatport.Me. D.T.Odell. iai31. Smiiked "Magdoleua" herring (Clujiva harcii/iu). Eaetport, M«. D. T. OdcU. 12139. Bmokcd "scaled" herringB {Clapea harengns). Eostport, tie. D. T. OdeU. 2651)2-3-4. Smoked heiTing (Clupca iareiigua). Eaatpart, Me. QrifBu Broa, Smoked salmon, oulachan, ^liitc-fish, smelt, &c., and their roes. ISl'Jl, Smoked white-flBh (CoregtHttu albui). Luke Erie. ScboclitiBnia., Sandusky, Ohio. 11G08. Smoked fleah. of Iho quinnat aalmon (Satno quinnat). Prepared by the McCloud Kivor IndltuiB. Sbaata County, California. Living- ston StoQB. 1S1S3, Smoked sturgeon (Acipnuer nMcundtu). Lake Erie. 8clia«bt db Bros., Sandusky, Ohio. 19646. Dried flesli of trout (.Salmo, ep.). Used KB food hy the Ahgy K-Utt Indians of Walker Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers. 19353. Dried eggs of quinnnt salmon <_Satmo quinnat). Prepared by tha McCloud Kivor Indians. Shasta, Cal. Livinggton Stone. 11040. Dried eggs of qnlnnat salmon (iSalmo quinfial^. Prepared for food bf the Bannack Indians. 91716. Flour made from floah of quinnat salmon (SaJmo quinnat) by tha McCloud RiTCT Indians of California. Livingston Stone, £1712. Basket of dried salmon (5aIino qvinnat). Prepared for food by thtt McCloud River Indians, Shasta County, California. Livingstoi SS284. Dried flesh of salmon (Salmi?, sp.}. Prepared by the Sitka Indiana of Alaska. Alaska. J. G. Swan. 1S132. Dried flesh of the quinnat salmon (Salino quinnat). Used as food bf the McCloud River Indians. California. Livingston Stone, I I 184 AHUUL BE80UBCBS AKD FI8HBBIB8 OF DHXTBD 8Um> Fl»h preparattons. 13758. Dried eggs of qniniwt — Imtm ^BtHma qmtmmaf). Vmim^ti^tt HoClood BiT«r Indians. CaUfinnin. Sbasto CoantTt (Ubak UvingBton Stone. mtrr. Eggs of "hening" (,tp. incog.). UMd M fimd br OUa, WiM. CoUeoted by them upon bonohea of hemlook {Atlm Ma tmfuf), planted in Bhollow voter, upon tbe ^mwx — - . .. Sitka, Alaska. J. Q. Swan. Smoked sturgeon, VeeigOf prepared from the notochord of BtoigeoiL lasecta. Dried grasslioppeTS (Indiao). Worms. Dried worms (IndiaD). i nollask preparations. Dried abalones {ffaUotU) prepared by the G^ifomia Chinwe. Dried siphons of Sohisotlianrus prepared by the ludiaus of the Si** weat coast. Dried slugs {Limoic, &c.), nsed by Indians. Radiate preparations. LL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 185 parattons* tarkey. meats. S. Fieah tarkey (Ifolflo^pH* ^oUopova). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, [Maas. tSL Deyiled tarkey (Meleagri» ffdOapavo). << " 14. Comberland roast tarkey (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me. chickeiu goose. ireparatlons* ind canned turtles and turtle sonp. frogs. »1. Alden fresh green tnrtle. Prepared by Alden Sea Food Company. Sold by Lynn Manafactaring Company, New York. Presented by £. O. Blackford, New York. [larations* lalibuty halibnt fins, &c 1. Preserved fresh halibnt (HippoglossuB vulgarU). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. x>d, cod's tongues, sounds, and roe. !3. Fresh codfish ( Gadu» marhua). Wm. Underwood A Co., Boston, Mass. "3. Fresh haddock {Melanogrammui agl^nu$)* '< ** nackereL Spanish mackereL iO. Fresh Segain mackerel (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me. I&-60. Canned mackerel (Scomber 9cIuefisli. [)ompano. iword-fish. mullets. salmon. *4. Fresh salmon (Salmo salar). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass. »7. Pickled salmon (Salmo). iG. Fresh Colombia River salmon. Brookfleki, jCdliimlila BiTer, W. T. J; Q. Megler & Co. -% Canned salmon. A. Booth & Co., Cbimgi^ 18fi ANIMAL KES0UaCE8 AND FI8HEHIES OF UNITED STATES. Fi»ili preparations. Salted salmon. 26756. Freali Columbia River Bulmon. Brookfiuld, W, T. J. 0. MrglFtAC*. 26757. I'tobU Culumliia Bivor soluuu. Ittvukaad, Columbia £im, '0'. t J, G. Moglor &, Co. 26803. Spring Htilmoa bollies (saltod). Oregon Focldag Compuif, Fnl- laud, Oreg. SC747, Cook'a Culumbia Giver fresh aolmoa. Oregon Pa^tiiig Compof- Oanned menbadeD, in oil, " American sardines.'* 10609. "AmcricftDHarilincs." Prepared "&i'tauile"CromtbemeQhai](D(ft>' voortia (i/rannua). Amoriuan Surdiue Companj', New York. 16703. Coriiiah sardines (i I'huilo), first quulity. PrupanMl bj Foi 4 Fi;* Falmouth and Hevagis»y, Cornwall, IVom tUu pUubanl (Cl9» pikhardut). 16G80. "American bonelnss sardinoa." Prepamd in olive oil fnxalhvi hodcn {BrerooTlia tj/raitntu). Prucesa patented Ma; H, lA American Sardiuo Company, New York, 15516. "Sliadiuca." Preparod ftoni the meiiliadcn (Brrcoorlia (jm" Port Monmoutli Fisherj, Now York. Hooper Jk Coit, Nt* lat (Spiced lampreys) used in Europe. Ancliovy-sauce and "essence of anchovies." Canned menhaden, in oil, " American elub-flsh." Spieed menhaden, "ocean trout." . Ocean tront. Hoope Sc Coll, Port Mounioutli, N. J. Salted herring. •xniS. Qiioddy Rirci- hprring (s»ll*d). GrifBn Broa., EaBljmrt, Ma T* AKniAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 187 toh preparations* Pickled fish preparations* ■ 26555. Pickled eela (Anguilla hoaUmiensia). 96033. American eels (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York. 26636. "Hamburger aale'' (cans) (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York. 26630. "Hambnrger aale^ (pickled eels in Jelly^. Max Ams, New York. 26631. ''Hamburger aale" (wbole eels rolled and pickled with oliyeSi capeiB, and mushrooms). Max Ams, New York. 26629. Hamburger aale (boxes). Max Ams, New York. 26632. Hamburger aale. G. Dittman, Hamburg. Max Ams, New York. Extract of fish. 26749. Extract of fish. Made from the juices of the flesh of fishes (men« haden). 8. L. Goodale, Saoo, Me. reparations ormoUusks* Ganned clams. Canned Little Neck clams. Ganned scollops. Cockles {(Jardium edule)^ used in Europe as pickles and catsui». See supplementary catalogue of Invertebrates. 4. Gelatines. ammal g^elatines (see, also, under 24) (Gelatines made fix)m tanners refuse and fix)m sinews. (Gelatines made firom feet and hoofs. Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings. ird gr^latines. (Nests of esculent swallows {Calocalia esculenta^ C.fuciphaga^ 0. inr dificOj &c.), exported iiom Indian Archipelago to China.) bh s^latines or ising^lass (see, also, under 24). isect gelatine. GMlatine from cocoons of silk- worms. 5. Baits and foods for animals. repared baits. (See under B, 45.) NnI Air dometiticated animals. Oil-factory scraps. nsh-scraps. "^Xittle-flsli bone (see under 18). 188 ANIMAl. BESOUBCES tMD FISBERtBS OK UBTmD II. CLOTHING. 6. Fttbs (embracing the Airs in their rough etate (poUriee), aad vaiioos stages of preparation ; also the mannfii^iared aitidM as robes, mgs, eleaks, sacks, tippets, cnf^ mofb, hats, etpa, f trimmings, and linings). nammal Airs. Puma (FelU eoneolor), osed for caniage-robes, Toga, &0. H. ei. HisMDii. C. A. Herpich A Co. Ocelot {Felis parddlit) used for rags. 12S09. Texas. SmiUisoiiUii Institution. Jftgaar {Felis onea), naed for rags. . Texas. Smithsoiuaii luatitatioii. Cat {FelU domesttea), osed for robes and phOofiophied apptni Black cat. White c^ Maltese cat Tortoise-shell cat. H. 04. NatuToL United Btat«B. C. A. Heipiolt A. Co. H. e&. Dyed brown. United States. C. A. Heipioli A, Co. AHIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHEBIES Of UKITED STATES. 189 | Coyote or prairie-wolf (Canis latrann), used for rugs and robes. H. 73. Colorwio. C. A. Hcrpii;li &. Co, 1014. SmithBoaUn Institution. Sed fox (Vvlpea fiilttt*) tised for robes. 34T5T. Labrador. 6. R. Renfrew d; Co., CJuebec. H. 34. Connecticut. C. A. Ilcrpicb >L Co. H. 35. ludiana, H. 3. MiMOuri. " Silver fox ( Vulpes alopex, var. argentatuti), used for maffa and trim- J mlugs. 34753. Labrsilnr. G. R. Ren&ew & Co., Quebpc, CrORS fox { Vulpes alopex, var. decmsaUta), used for robes aud trim- mings. S4758. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew &. Co., Qiiebetj. H. 'JO. UoDlana. C. A. IIi:rpicU & Co. Arctic fox ( Vulpea lagopm). 24760. Labrador. Q. R. Rcn&ew &. Co., Qnobec. H. SO. White Arctic. C. A. Hon'ich 4. Co. H. as. Blue Labriulor. " Kit fox ( Vulpes velox) iised for robes, muffs, tnmmiiigH. H. 37. NoliruBka. C, A. Herpieli Sl Co. Graf fox ( TIrocyon virginianv»), used for robes, ruga, and linings. H. 32. Michigan. C. A. Herpich &. Co. I H. 33. North Coroliua. " I American or Ilndson's Bay sable {Mmtela americana)^ used for cloaks, muffs, cuffs, boa.s, linings, &c. 4393. gammer Arctic const. B. R. Rom. 10176. Alaika. Lieut. F. M. Ring. 4389. Arctic const, B. R. Rom. 460. Fort Boise, M. T. Dr. Geo. Buckley. 24764. Orange. Labrador. O. R. Renfrew ic Co,, Quebeo. 24763. Silver. " 24762. Black. " " " H. 2S. Lkbr&tlnr. Sniitbhoninn Instilalion. H.SS. If. W. Eoosl. n. 26. Lake &ui>erioT. '■ ■• H. 27. Maine. " " Fisber or pohan [Mvstela Pennanti) used for linings; tails u trimmings. 3230. Fort Crook, Orcg. Capt. Gardiner. lOOe. Fort Dalles, Oreg. Dr. Geo. Sucklej-. aOOO. 8tj>ilacooiQ, WuBb. " 1003. Fort Dalle^ Oregon. " M7ei. Black. Labrador. 0. R. Renfrew it Co., (JuebM. ' ANUUL BB80CBCE8 AND PI8HEBIE8 OS* OHITED B1;ai» immal ftir«. Ermine or weasal (Putoriua erminea) of norUiem hemiqriMK<« for cloaks, linings, &c 24765. Labrador. O. R. Benfrew A. Co., Qaeteo. H. 39. (6 apeciroeiu.) United Statea. C. A. Herpieh & Co. Mink (Putorius vison), used for cloaks and mofE^ 4395. Arctic coaat. B. K. Rom. 360. California. Lt. Trowbijdge. 3568. Poget Sonnd. Dr. Kenoerlr. S387. Cape Flattery, Wash. Dr. G«o. Sookler- 34766. Brown. Labrador. O. B. Benfrew & Co., H. la New York. C. A. Herpieh A, Co. H. 19. Hinneoota. H. 20. Ohio. H. 33. Maine. H. 23, HiawnrL H. 33. Florida. Wolverine {Qulo luacm), used for maflk, robes, linings. 34767. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec. 11339. Filmora, Utah. Lient Geo. H. Wheeler. 4379. Fort Simpson, H. B. T. Bobt Keonicott. Americaa badger (Taridea amerieana), used for mnfis anC 38609. Sonthem Utah. U. S. Engineer Corps. H. 70. United States. C. A. Herpieh &, Co. Skunk, Alaska sable {Mephitis tnephttiM), used for mnib^ _ ffoshitiiJtoi-i. D. C. S. F. Biiird. l^A. HcH'i'^h A Co. IMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 191 lal Airs. 3tter {JEnhydra marina)^ used for mufbj gloves, collars, cuffs, minings. L2262. St. Paul's Island, Alaska. H. W. ElUott 12265. " " " 12263. « " " B. 44. California. C. A. Herpich & Co. B. 45. Silver tipped. California. C. A. Herpich & Co. « k bear ( Urms americanus)^ used for caps, rags, mnfGs, robes, &o. 24769. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew &, Co., Qnebeo* 24770. " " " H. 75. Minnesota. H. 76. Kansas. H. 77. West Virginia. 12510. White bear (Thdlarctos mariiimua)^ nsed for rags, robes; extensively by the Eskimos. 19904-5. Grizzly bear ( Uraus harrihiliB), nsed for mgs, robes, trimmings. 12507. Raccoon (Procyon lotor)^ nsed for hats, linings: H. 1. Natural. Northern New York. C. A. Herpich &, Co. H. 9, Natural. Ohio. " H. 3. Natural. Virginia. " H. 4. Natural, plucked. Wisconsin. " H. 5. Dyed black. Michigan. " H. 6. Dyed black and silver pointed. Michigan. C. A. Herpich &, Co. seal {Callirhintts ursinus) used for cloaks, hats, gloves, mnffs, lings, trimmings, &c^ 12513-14-15-16-17-18. St. Paul's Island, Alaska. H. W. ElUott. 9526. Unplucked. Hutchinson, Kohl &, Co., San Francisco, Cal. 9527. Unplucked. Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl &, Co. 25757. Unplucked. Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl & Co. 25758. London dye. Alaska. C. A. Herpich & Co. H. 93. " " " 22233. Unplucked. Alaska. G. C. Treadwell & Co., Albany, N. Y. 22234. Plucked. South Sea. " " 26610. Unplucked pelt of fur seal. Alaska. 26611. Plucked " " " 26612. Plucked and dressed pelt of fur seal. Alaska. 26613. Plucked and dyed pelt of fur seal. Alaska. Alaska Commercial Company. arctic fur-seal {Aretocephalm aucklandicus)^ &c. 25762. Dressed by G. C. Treadwell & Co. Isles de Diego Ramires. 25761. '* '* South Georgia Islands. 25760. ** " " 25759. '' '* Staten Land, South Atlantic. 25756. '' '' South Shetland Islands. 25755. " " " 86764. " " " 90894-^-^7. Deposited by Duryea A Hallet, R^hway, N. J. 192 ANIMAL KE80URCB8 AND FI8UBHIB8 OF OHirKD BTllB. Mammal Air«> Banded seal {Bittriophoca equesirit), used by Eskimos as flit 7580. (Bag). Cape Bomaiusoff. W. H. DalL Square flipi»er seal {Erigna&us harbatut). iS^lZ. Labrador. QoTemocof Newfoiuidluid. Pacifle hair seal (PAoea Rkhardi f). H. 89. White coat. Pacific. C. A. Herpiob St Co. U. 9a Wbite coat, bUtot pointed. Faoifio. C. A. Her^db * Oh Hood or bladder-nose aeal {Cyatophora crittata). 12424. Tonng. Labrador. OoTernor of Newfotrndland. 12425. Bedlamer (I year old). Labrador. Governor of fiewfiKnuDtid 12433. Labrador. Ooveruor of Nuwfonndland. Harp seal {Pc^ophilua grcentandieus), with specimens of tlie vl fbr of tlie aobom cab and the blae fiir of the young. 11828. Unborn. Newfoundland. Uicbsel CarrolL 1242T. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland. 12421, Tonng. Labrador. Oovamor of Newfoundland. 12436. Bedlamer. " " " 13134. Sack made &om wLite ftir, Qreeuland. 8. F. Baiid. Hair seal {Phoca vituUna), used for coats, caps, linings fit *" 24771. Labrador. Q. R. Renfrew A. Co., Quebec H. 91. D,ved bUck, Halifax. C. A. Herpioli & Co. H. 93. I^ed brown. " " ANIMAL BESOUfiCES AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 193 imal Airs Ik {Cervus canadle {Scalops and Condylura sp.), used for robes and garments* H, 72. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co. oodchuck or siffleur {Arctomys monax) robes, exx)orted to Europe ^* " white and gray weenusk." 24776. Labrodoi-. O. R. Renfrew &, Co., Quebec. H. 71. United States. C. A. Herpich &'Co. '^Unot {Arctomys caligatiis),' used for robes and trimmings. 835. Robe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hoi>e, H. B. T. R. Kennicott. Uichilla {Chinchilla lanigcr) of South America, used for mufifs, ^^ntles, boas, cloak-linings, and trimmings. H. 103. Real. Bolivia. C. A. Herpich & Co. a. 104. Bastard. Chili. " ^1^*8 marmot {Spemiophilus Farryi). Bobe. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan. Bpbe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hope, H. 194 ANIMAL BK80URCE8 AND FI8HBBIE8 OF UNITED STATES. nianunal Airs. MuBQuash (Fiber zibethievs), osed for mufi^, capes, caps,aDdiii and imitations of beaver fur. 24779. Labrador. 0. B. B«iifrew A Co., Quebec 347B0. Black varietf. Labrador. 0. B. Beufrew A Co., «cie8). H. r>S. United Sliilc:!. C. A. Hetpich A Co. r ANIMAL RE80UBCE3 AND F1SHEKIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 19u Airs. 1011 {Cifiyinhiin torqiiutiui). 1302. UbimI by Mnkub IndiiuiB in maniifnotnre of rubos. Nevah Baj, Waeh- iugtou Territory. J. G. Swan. 1990. B()lH.-l'roiuilowuuf. NMiuhUay, WiuliingtouTurritocy. J.O.&wan. run's {d/ffHits amerimnns) furs and swan's clown trimmings. iwn pelieoa {Peleoanan ftucvn). gS59. TiboTou MaotU, S«ui>ra. £. I'nlmer. (Anwr sp.). H. 99. Uiuted StatvB. C. A. Herpkli & Co. H. 100. tJnitefl 6lat«H. ■' 1. Leathee. (See under 20.) 8. Textile fauhics. tared fVoin hair of mammals. [nman hair u«ed in maniifiicture of watch-cbains. [air of bats used in felting and in iduiting roiwa in Central Amerii-i. and tassels in New Caledonia. rof raccoon used in ttlting (larnely cxiJorted to Germany fur the uMe of hattent). tsir of weaaels and sables used in felting. r of fnr seal woven with silk in the niamtfaetnre of shawls. Eoose hair and its f'abrius. E and calf hair used in the mannfactnre of imitation woolen getH, and tartuns, worsted fiibries, stuffs, bombiizine?, eaiiilet-s, .ahawls, plusher and velvets, hosiery, and yarns, tklts, felt-clotbs, .ami feJt-hats. loats' wool with specimens of molniirs, cashmeres, phmbes, velvet- eens, camlet*, and shawls. {For manufactured wigs and x*enikes, e tinder 21.) jTak {Po^plwpwi ffrunniem) wool with spe<'imens of yak-lace and other fabrics.) mela' hair with specimens of fabrics, plnslies, fells, sliawls, &c.) iirof1hima,paco, gnanaco, and vicugna, with si>ecimeHs of alpaca, ^oanaco, and other fabrics, and imibrellas and other articles manil- 196 ANIMAL BE80UECE8 AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES Prepared CVvnt hair or uiamnialB. Hair of horses used in weaving fiimiture-covers, erhiolint-sfcirn aud bags for pressing oil. Hair of baf&lo used io pltiiting rupes, luiiats, &c. Fiu- of mole used in felting. Beaver (castor) fur with sppcimi'ns of tJie felt dntbR, hat--, &«. (Neutria-fur used in felting and in the manufacture of liat-.) Mosqnash iiir used in felting. Possum hair with fabrics of Indian and other manufactutv. Fur of rabbit aud hare used iu felting, with specimens of hatsmd cloths. Whalebone liber used in weaving clotli covers for telescopea, ic. Prepared iVom Teathers of birdtt. Cloths woven from feather (China). Prepared iVom silk of insects. (This collection sbouU it elude specimens of the cocoous, the raw silk, the spun BUk,aniiofik various fabrics, plain and figured silks, satins and satinettes. ^hinls damaaks, brocades, crapes, and ribbons.) Silk of common silk-worm {Bombyx mori). Silk of Samiat^ecropia, Samia polyphemus, aud other native .AjDfrrti motlis. (Silk of exotic moths other than Bombyx mori, such as the ^-^ (Bomhyx pernyi and Bombyx mylitta), the moonga {Satvnia meimft), thojorce {BombyT reliffiosa), the ena or artndj* (Bm** cynthia).) ANIHAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 197 MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MAN- UFACTURES. Hard materials. 9. Ivory and bone. y of inaininal#i. asks of walrus used for triukets, handles, jewelry, buttons, paper- knives, counters, &c. 25656. Tasks of walnis (Romnarus obeaus), Alaska. C. H. CrandaU. 15592. Commercial walms ivory. Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott. 16174. Teeth of yonng walnis (Ronmarus obesus). Used in making powder chargers. Nnnivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall. 24819. Ivory of walras in rough state. Joseph Shardlow, Now York. 248S7. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (Itoainarus). (Figure of lady.) Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass. 24886. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus ( Roaniarua), (Figure of lady and horse. ) Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass. 26896. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (i?o«maru« CooAii). Repulse Bay. Capt. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn. 25654. Harpoon head made at sea from walrus task. J. H Bartlett & Sons, New Bedford, Mass. 2631. Handle of walrus ivory. Northwest coast, America. United States Exploring Expedition. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N. 24815-6. Cane handles of walrus ivory. Joseph Shardlow, New York. 24812. Chain and cross of walrus ivory. " 24814. Knobs of walrus Ivory. " 24813. Scarf-slide of walrus ivory. '' 24817-18. Sword handles of walrus ivory. " 24820-21-22. Knife handles of walrus ivory. ** 24823. Crochet-needles of walrus ivory. " 24824. Pool-balls of walrus ivory. " 24825-6-7-8-9-30-31-32. Buttons and studs of walrus ivory. Joseph Shard- low, New York. 'eeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, peccaries, and other large mam- mals, used as implements, arrow-tips, and ornaments, by Indians. 6*^26. Bear teeth (used as ornaments). Bloonilield, N. Y. Col. E. Jewett. illk ivory (used by Indians for ornamentation). 1874. Ivory of elk (Cen'ns canadensis). Yamp Utah Indi«ins, Utah. Captain Gunnison, U. S. A. hisks of mammoth elephant {Elephas primigeniiis) from Northern America and Asia, with Eskimo carvings.' 15385. Tusk of mammoth. Alaska. J. G. Swan. 11041. Comb. Made from the ivory of fossil elephant. Saint MichaePs,. Alaska. W. H. Dall. intettKtang aeries of aboriginal carvings from mammoth ivory is displajetf bnologlcal diyiaioiL 1 198 ANIMAL nESOURCEB AND FISHERIES OF UNITED 8TATIS. Irory or iiianiiiial»(. Teeth of pecoaiTr' {Dicoiyleti sp.).' Ivory of uarwlial (Jfojiodux monoceroH), used for canes. . Tiwkn of nurwhal. Grecnlnnd. U, S. Fish Commiaaion. 13531. Canu niiule from tusk i>f uurnhnl. Eakiuiua of Noith Giwnliat. F. T. Comiaa^crt. Teeth of fli>enD-wbaIe {Physeter macrocephalua) uod their applicaua to the manufacture of balbt, buttons, and trinkets. SSOCa. Toeth of iit>enn-nlialp. J. H. Bartlctt it &om. How Bnlfurd. Mk 25T10. Teetb of cuw wliuli-. Cupt. Joseph Fitdwr, Pruviucetown, l(t» 35719. Toptb of ■piTm-wluiI*'. Andrew Kennedy, Pn>\-incclown. Ma» »490(]~^. TcuthofHpenn-wliali;, i>olitihe(l. J. H. Clark, Ktq-pon, ill. 20701). Teoth of tbi; cow viha\a (scriuisliaweil). Cupt. JoBcpb FUlirr, I -nr- 7436. TcH>rti of siivnu-wbalr. ScrimBkuived will) BrilUb cuat uf t.;* anil feinnlfi figure. J. Vurdpn. !i490r>. Tooth of (qienu-whati!. Scrimshan-iMl nud monnted o» viaUh ■«%< fignre of American eagle. J. H. Clark. Ni«wport, R. I. 24904. Tontli of sperm-whale. Scrinisbswcd with figuiv of ccncifii ui flonere. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I. 24901. Tooth of siienu-nhak-. tterimithawcd with ligurc of whaliBg-t^iP' J. II. Clark, Newport, R. I. SHOOS. Tooth of sperm-whnla. Sctilnshawed With lignre of Atnrnc) D colorH. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I. 349011. Tooth of Nperm-wbala. Scrimahawed with ti;jnre of girl dncinf- J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I. 76j9. Tooth of sperm- w hall?. Scrimsh.iwc-d with this lefcnid: "T»l'" ■ by • the • uhip • Montreal ■ of • I.undoD • in • the - i'iu-if • AHIUAU RESOURCES AND PISUEHIES OP UNITED STATES. 199 ' of reptiles. :tl) o( aUigiitor used for jewel ry, whiatlfs, caiie Laudles, l)attoiii:>, 96895. Ji-welry inauiifatlured from tiseth of nlligiitjr {AHigalor mJMiMiiritit- »(«). E. i\ Gilbert. JnckBonville, Fla, Antictcusirutriulp luulligntor tvctb lia« s|irmig ii|i vrilhin the last teii yoars. Ti-ii (.•stalilislnncutB in EastiTU Floridu urc- cuyagud iu tlii'ir niun- uk.H' tei'tli usetl in nroiiitg weapons.' etli of sUiu-ks and other fish used as triukcts.' >ws of tbl^ hleeiKrr-abark [Sonmioaus hrci'ipiuna) uacd for IiOud- dresaett by ludiiins. iifuutiii of Ushes. iolcfi -. Cot »f hbu Mth. Gulf of S t I.a it Sous. (Jui^lit-c. of maiuinalB. in of g])Iaucbno-8keletoD of fei-!E, naed as chamis. tues of bear and otiier large mammals, used by Indians for im- plemt^nts and as tablets for iiaintings.' of butfulu and of tbu domestic nimiuauts, used as subsiitute »r ivory iu the tuunuf)iul.imi of buttons, handles, combs, &c iM85£i. liouo ;>iLriuM)l-huii, mo£ ». V. tUri. 25791. Sail-tbiinbte. Mtulo itoni bono of nh»le. J. W. FostPi, BtktIi, S^T93. SoaiQ-riilibur. ITsod l>y hail-uinkem lu rub along Hams. Miul« bm jawlmnp of spcnu-wliale. Fmuk Wtat^rbcrgcr, ISi-vptIj. Uik ii5050, Sail-muki'r'H Land-JiU. Mailo M K-a from juw-bone of sprtia-»-l»k A. H. CriUendcn, UkUllftowii, Conn. 2!)G55. Snw-fninK'. M ado at w>a from bone of Bppnn-trhalo. J. H.BHtM Sl Suna, Kew Bvdford, Mohb. 25401. Pulle;. Mude ftotnjitw-boiioof Htmnu-wliaK E. H. Cook.ProriMt- '.S649. Pnlley-block. Madi) at sva from jaw-bone of 8penn-wha>. 1.L CritU'udpn, iUdrtl.'town. Conn. 25713. Seiui'-nwdlc, Made from jaw-bone of aperm-Tvhale. N. H. r»T^ Wullfleet, Mass. Hom-conM of niuiinaitt», used in mauufactiin' of assayers' cupdi. Bone or birdM. Bones of h'uds, iiHetl by Indiiius iiu«l^ iieedles, flutes, bird-calls, aii(J dress-tnuimuigs. Bone ol* flwhe!!!. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 20 1 M'aste bone and iTory. 10. Horn. (Embracing the varieties of horn known to commci'ce, the split and pressed horns, and the various manufa€tiu*ed iirticles, such as jewelry, combs, and handles.) font (employed as a matenal). Horns of ox, shoe]), and goat, used for handles, buttoms, combs, I)Owder-flask8, cups, boxes, stirrups, spoons, and imitations of tortoise-shell, also ** sensitive Chinese leaves,'' and fonnerly for transparent plates in lanterns and horn-hooks, for trumpets, and for finger-nails in lay figiuxis. 35277. Cow's lionis. Pliili}) R. WfHxlfurd, Boston, Mass. 25274. Steer's horns. ** " )$276. Buirs horus. '• <' Bom of bufiOalo, used like that of ox. 25278. Horns of buffulo bull. Philip R. Woodfoni, Boston, Moss. 25280. Horns of buflfalo calf. '* " 25279. Horns of buffalo cow. " " * 8489. Spoon of bufifalo honi. Assluaboiu Indians. Fort Boford, Dakota^ Dr. J. P. Kimball, U. S. A. 11030. Spoon of buffalo horn. VcUowstone VaUoy, Dakota. Lientenant Cusick. Som of musk ox {Ovibos moschatus), 1164a Arctic regions. Capt. C. F. Hall. 10389. Spoon made from horns of musk ox. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall. 25275. Ox horns. Philip R. Womlford, Boston, Mass. Series of articles manufactured from horn. Geo. F. Lincoln, Lieo* minster, Mass. : 1^9507. Horn as it comes from the press, cut out preparatory to making combf^ ^9508. Combs. Cut. '2%09. UnliniMhe71. Finiste*! comb. 29502. Polished jewelry (uncolorcd). Horn of mountain sheep and mountain poat, nsed by Aleutians in ms^ng spoons, bowls, and numerous other implements. 16809. Horns of mountain goat {Mazama moninna). Used bj' Eskimo for making horn spoons. Alaska. W. H. Dall. Spoon made from horn of mountain goat. Bella Bella Indians. X Q. Swan. I from horn of mountain goat. Alaska. A. H. Hoff, U. S. A* 202 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHKBIES OF HUTTED STAin. Horn (employed as a material). Honis of Rocky Mountain sheep (0ns motUana), 704. Spoon made firom horn of Bocky Mountain aheepw NeithwMl mmL George GibbB. 20B42. Spoon mode fhun horn of Roolcy Honntmin abeopw BUdak ladiML Prince of Wkleg Island, Alaska. J. Q. Siran. 14455. Spoon mode from bom of Bocky Himntain ahoep. H-Ute laduM. MaJ. J. W. PowelL Antlers of deer, oik, and moose (stag horn), used in the of handles for instruments, trinkets, and bnttooa. 26229-2 :-10. Carving Avm boni of deei (Corlaoiw vtrsfaiama*), Hanry 4 t'ord, PhiladolphLi. 3l:tl2. S|>i>oDcun-odfronant1erofelk(CmBiMiKutaMif). Hoo|iah bxlbM, Californiai. S. Powers. Antlers of iloer, elk, moose, and nearly all species of nunioaDte. cinployi^il for ormuncntal jturposes. (A series of these antlenti» used ill tln! (It'coratioa of the columns in the Government buitding.) Chemical and other applications. "Burnt horn {corn:i V3tum) used in dentiftices. Carbonate of ammonia (iiartsboni), maua&ctuied fiom dcer\fMa^ (See nnder m.) 11. Hoofs and claws, &c. (Embiuciii;; the commercial hoof, and the Tarious stages of bubo- fiicturt! n-pivscnted by specimens.) ^BnaiA] ,t RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF 0NITED STATES. SOS 8 of bear, puma, wolf, &c., used by Indians in oruamentation. Etlinologicul series.) lan nails, u»ed by Indians for ornamental trimming. ical application of hoof^ and claws. i iu nmuufuvtiire of jiiitKiuate of |>uta»h (see under 30). I in maniifaetiire of glue (see under 2i). I 12. Baleen. elvonc in an iinnianutiictured state. UOiiL Bulwnof hiiiu|iliiu-lL ^Klla.\e {Miyajilfii iflr*u6ifw}. Coast of Ciilifor- piu. I8T3. V. M. Smimuiuli. IfiSll. Ilono nf liniii|iliack wbnlc (Megaptera rerMblUt). Coast nf Culifonua. C M. fitaninum. I3K>3. Italc^n of hiimphnck wIiiiIr (Jfc^ptn-a nitabilu). Montiun;-, Cal. 1ST:). C. H. ScainmoTi. I30W. Baloon of Immpback wLalo {Mrgaplma t< L'nJ. 1HT3. V. M. ScammoD. 164W. Bnl™n. North Pacific. Capt. H«i>(loiie. Prepared for ftnaol-Bakaaf hm, J. A. Sevqr ton, Mass. 24D5I. Groaa dress-bone. A^*hBlclMnie piepared for ilmii iiiilin' w A. Sevey, Boettm, Haas. S494d. White drew-boDe. Whatebone (white) prapaird for i1rs>.bi nae. J. A. Serey, Itoaton, Uui. 24971^. Wlialebone. Prepared for bnuh-mnkeitf lue. J. A. 8ct(;, K [ 2042. WhftloboDe. Prepared for ribbon-woarnV oae. '* 34chelys squamata Linn.). 12387-8-9^90. Tortoise-shell (JS'rftiiiooAo^y* •giMunata I^nn.). Pacific hawk V bill turtle. Pacific coast. 24890. Commercial tortoise-shell. GeorgeY.Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass. 26891. Tortoise-sheU jewelry, &c. Charles W. Eennard & Co.^ Boston, Mass.: Comb cut and polished. Comb cut before polishing. Brooch and ear-rings. Sleeve-buttons. Necklace and locket. 14. Scales. les of* fishes used in ornamental work, witli specimens of flowers 1 other articles manufactured. Fish-scale jewelry. F. C. Keergaord & Co., Philadel- phia, Pa. : 25480. 8culcs of sheepshead {Archosargu$ probaioocphalu$)* 25481. Scales of 8hoepshea Biver-mnssels [Unionida), with pearis Mid nacre.' JUnssel^' oysters, and other conebifers supplying pearls and u Shells of nautilus and ai^naut, prepared to exhibit their nxt Ornamental pearl- work, imitating sprays of flowers, &c' Imitation pearls.' 16. Shell. Cameo Mbell.' fShcll of uonvh (Strombm gigaa), and can-ings.' Shell of helmet {Cafnn ru/a, C. tuberota^ and C. wia3aga»Mnrt with carvings.' Shells used ibr implemenls, &c.' Shells of Stromban, Triton, Dolmm, J'imhs, Murex, and Bvdi used for fog-lioms, lamps, vasej, and ornamental bonlent in flo AKIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 207 | lift UHcd for iHiplemenls, Jkc. Ik'IIs «if C'lprtwa, Rotcthi, Olira, TurriUlla, I'hasiaticlta (Veueti.in 1 xliclh), &<■., moniitetl as buttons and jewelry.' tniil'a-titiuii sliell-work for box-covers iiml frajnes, made by glniugl Rht'lLs ill mosaic' Ialeiii4>il wbclls, nw.il by dentifriw and iiorctOain makern.' (Seo, also^ 1 iiiidi^r ',i2.) iittlc-UsIi Itone from S^pia offidiialin, used as a pounce, aa a denti-! frite, as iwlinhinf: powders, ibr taking flno imprefisions in <;ouDt4!r- 1 feiting, and as finxl for binis,' (See, also, undej- D 6.) Dncn^ttons from Hie stoniiicli of Aatacug, known as "crali'seyes" aud " rTab-Btone**," and used as antatids.' nell of king-crab {jAmulug polypliemus), used ait a hoat-baik-r.' pen^ulu of iiiolhiskH, nsend {Ciiritnium nobilin), with BiHK^imcDS of tlie five commercial 1 pnido** (I,frotliof lil] ■nd whips in the BiMniudas.' of f:in cufid {HkipUlofforgift), used for Nkinimcrs and sUainera | tD tlie Itenuudas.' oml, UKeoIisliiiif; metalf, cubiner-warc, aud J pefimt-iii* of |)olishiug Klate, IripoH, aud oilier foivign iKtlisliiii^ I powder,' pecdiDimH of American infusorial deposits.' ■ Sm wider Put n of tMii cat»)ogiie. 208 ANDUL BESOL'BCES AHD FISHERIES OF UHITEU STilB. Infusorial earths employed in Mawftctmes. Infusorial earth, nscd in making window and plate ^HB.' Inrnsorial earth, nsed in making soluble ^asa.' InftLsorial earth, used in making mortar.* Inftusoiial earth, naed in making molds tor metul casting' Infusorial earth, used in making Alters.' Infusorial earth, used in making dynanut«.' lulusorial earth, used in m^ing fire-poof packing.* lnfu:»(»ial earth, as an absorbent for oils and Inpiida.' 19. OtUEB UATEB1AL8 FBOM INTKRTBBRA^B. From insects. Brazilian diamond-beetles, nsed in jeveby. Wings of beetles, ased in embroidery. From echinoderms. Spines of echinoids, nsed for slate-crayons. Flexible vuUeriala. 20. LEATHEBa (Embracing the hides in a rough state, in Ae fid stipes of dressing, and manufactured into shoe-leatltv, !■ ment, vellum, binders' leather, thongs, &c. Lcatber prepared fVom mammal skins. Leather {»rui>ared from human skin. s made from skin of mail. H. & A- HahrentKiIi, Hc« T931, Iiuitiitiun linckGliiD. Jlaniifaclurcd from skin of Auierican blMU (_eiaon anierieaiuu). Wilcos TunDeiT,, Elk County, Pennsylvsni*. S&953. tollor Irathor. Mannfui-turtitl IVoni itkin of Ameriuun biaon (fiiaon L amnrleaniui). Wik'ox Tonnwy, .Elk Coniity, Punnsylvuniu. ■MMk ^° loather. Mannfm^taml Irorn «liiii of Auwrivnn biBoii (itiwii HHIB amtrteimia). Wilcox Tnuni-ry. £lk Couuty, Pi'tinitytviMiiA. ^^^^nniftng loBthor. ManufnctitrcMl from ikio of Amcriojiu liUon (Ztwen ^^^^ oawricwiii*). Wllcux Taunc^ry, J%tk County, Pi'uuHylvuaia. leatber, wiUi spedmntiH of sain leallier, split leather, grain atiipj-, rawhide thoiign, whipH, leather lx>Us and saddles, and of i]f-8kEu8, jirepnred for biuders' ami bootmakers' use, aa Kuseia ath(!r and vclliun, and tawed, as pnrt'hnient,' ep l(5Utlier, with Kpevitnens ul' binders' leather, imitation chamois ather, wa^li b'uthtrr, buft' leather, roan, imitation luoroceo and BTchnient, with vellum made tiwra skins of deadboni lambs, id mannfiU-tared gloves, &c.* t leather, with siwcimens of shagreen leather, moroero leather, I used for linings, npholstei^, bindings, and poeket-books, ]>an:h- fcnt, dnini-heiids, &c., with kid leather, ustJ in niauTifaj'ture of toes and gloves, uuder-elotbing, and vellum madu from skin of ouug kids, also skiiibottlfs used in Asia.' and aHs leather, used in manufacture of shagreen, sole leather, leather, satldles, trunks, water-hose, iiuuip- valves, miti- ary accoutermonts, ladies' shoe-nppers.' SS71. Tannoit UK-xkiUi usod for sole Icatbur. Cbeyonuu Indians, Kfuiaus. Dr. O. M. ^t*nit>tr|j;. tl. S, A. rhide. S0S4!). Rawtiidp |iri')iiiTCr fruiu skin of Avvi {Caria'Mt marrolint). Tiuuied by Caddo Iiuliuns. E. Palmer. £2^ Biick-tunued dc^or'sktu [Carian* niairofii). Apaclic lodiaiu. E. 14383. Buck-taauod akin of deer (Curiiicvt macrolia). J. W. Powell. af ibc tucMDHire esliibition of lentbera in the Slion and Leather Building^ Mm Ii«s bocu nuule to complete tliis pait of the collection. lit JT. M. No. 14 14 210 ANIUAL BESOUBCeS AND FI8UBBIES OF UNITED STAIII. I^eatbcr prepared fVom mammal sbin*. Deer leather, &o. 6976. Buck-tanned skin of deer(C<)ri O. B. Ben&ew Jt Co., Quebec. S4787. Bnbber-Bole moccaaina mode from skin of moose (dyed). 0. B. B frew &, Co., Quebec. 247^ Indian moccasina made from akin of moose. Iioqnoia tiibe. & Renfrew & Co., Quebec. S4773. Indian bnck-Unned skin of moose (^loMMoUUt). Labiador. & Benfrew St, Co., Qnebec. 24786. Indian moccasins mode from akin of moose. "Lady's siie.' 0' Ben£rew &, Co., Qnebec. 83a Smoke-Unned skin of moose (JI«etMaZ«M«). 8UTe(L«keT}bdi R. Eannicott, Fort Liaid. Cariboo leather in ordinary and bnckskin finish. IflHlL EE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21 I r prepared IVom mamnial skins. a of ilifforent Iwilliers ilhistratiiig the manufuctiire of gloves: !5SS0. Baw skin of "M(ir»ub»miiwk" drnc (Cariaint* sp.)At>m Bout.li Amor- k-a. S, G. HutcliiiiHon &. Co,, Juhnatown, N. Y. tSJEST. Skill of "Uarauluun jack" deer, drvasod by f^ltive taanQfftctnrcr, rNidy for nntting. S. G, HiitohuMon &, Co., Johnstown, N. T. ISS88. Gtovea manitCuitnitid JYom skin of "Klntiinhum Jock" deer. B. 0. Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y. 25380. Saw akin of denr (Caruiemi «p.>. From Central Am«rira. 8. G. Hatchinaon & Co., JoIiiibUiwd, N. Y. tSSSO. Akin of town, N. V. 6^0i^ Skin of South American pcccai; {DUsotj/Ut laHatat). Dressed for glore ia:tniifacturer. S. G. HatohiuBon iL Co., Johnstown, N. Y. IG3M, Back-Uunt^ skin of sheep. " " 16905. DroMod skin of tiheep, tannml like kid leather, bnt smoked instfuul of colored. 8. G. Hutchinson &. Co., Jobnalown, N, Y. 96306. Shoep-shiu nuute into "kid luntbcr." S. G. Hutehineon & Co. Johnslflwn, N. Y, ISSOT, QloveH made from " bid-dreascd " sbeep-akin. 8. G. Hntchinson Jl Co., JohnstJjttTi, N. Y, S306. "Kid''-ilre98ed lamb-skin, ready for coloring- 8. 0, But«blnson St. Co., Johnstown, N. Y. BSOO. Lamb-skin "kid-ilroa»c(l," colored. 8. O.Hutchinson 4. Co., John»> town, N. Y. SBlO. OloTes mnde from "kid-dressed" lamb-skin. S. O. HutobitiRon & Co., Johnaliiwu, N. Y. BSll. ],auib-«kiu dreased in G«ntuuiy. 8. Q. Hutchinson &. Co., Johns- town, N. T. I 212 ANIMAL BESOUHCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED ETATB8. Iicather prepared IVom niainiual ikinti. Series of ditt^reut leathers iUustrating the maauiactare of sUn The following account of the gloTo tcadc iu Kottli Ameriois&oBlto pen of Ur. S, G. Hiilcbingon: "Tho niMtufacturo orgjoveeantl mittoiw from leaiber waa ttaitdii Falt«n Coant^E, Nevi York {according to best iiifonnn.tiOD). in tbe jW 1S09, by people from Connocticnt, wbo first engngixl in tho uisDalklv* ' of tinware aai in exchanging their tinware for tho prodncte of the ono- try. They thus obtainod deer-pelta, which they loamed to tan MVMiliof to the Indian proceiM, and, using paper patterns, cat and made Ibflnuit rough mittene and gloves. Sul)seqiienny thoy learnt a battoi pnna of tanning, and aiao have modo great improvenirputs in niaaufactmitf gtuvus; and from apparently inaignificant and accidental begimuDEtb* originated an ntduatry wliich is oHtimated to produce over (l,iH>,M worth of manufactiiroil goods, and which busincm has otvct 3« firt bds -mcGesaf'iUy transplanted else where. "The akins nacd in the manufacture of gloves and mittens an (tirJil- fbreot T»riotio8of deer-skioa and shcoii a.nil lamb skins. The ilnr-atw aro gleaned from the entire United Ktat«B, Mexico, Central and it Anjerica, and Africa, and there ia as much diffennct! in the quality st^ skins from the different countries OS in tho climate of thu uiouinst ]oc&Uti(« from which they come. The heaviest and most Ta1ti»lil> Aa come irom nnder the equator. " Sheop-skina are exteueivoly nsed in the mann&cturo of gloiw i well aa deor-akius. It is estimati>d that over 100,0(H) dozen are usd M nnally. Tho quality of these varies as much lut deer-skius, and rtcps' ag DiDcb Diioo the acctioQ of counlry from which tbay comt'. the cms wool akins making the best leather. A part of the sh«>p-«kiw M dressed in a similar manner to the deer-skins, and are finished lon^ ble bnokflkin. Many sheep and lamb skins ore by a very diffffM*!** Kt-Hn ninde into what is called kid teat Iter, I ho lamb-Hkiun, ajvW)!, making a ver>' nic* glove; iu fact, some of the lined fur-triaininl (I** IMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 213 r prepared fVom mammal skins. uf diflferent leatliers illiistratiug the manufacture of gloves : First into raU, low sunkt^n lu the ground, i TLe ralHinp skina aru tltniwu oilli biisky somiil, Anil there for daya ore suffered Ui remain, Until the vrat«f permeatea tLo gmtn, Aiid tbeir wbnie yielding tiirni aiid tvxture nuko FU»ut and supple, £ttiug tbum to break. I^vne o'er the sluitiiig iKJim the brcuher plks, With long two-hiuidird knife, hu energies AU the odherlag flesh to clcttn away. His is the hudcat work oud pootcat luj. Fleah-ltiiiiDg, or the hairing pruiu'as called. Is ni-xt in order and is next iiutuUcd. Ujion the flesh-dide of thtf broken skin ^ Quiok-ruiie ia npniad and wUely folded in; 1 Then in the soak or water vat with earo T 1b plaecd ton duya for louseiiiug the hair. And when the benni and kni fe auaiu nre prove4 I 'ThoUniry ciiot is Biudly removed! In lim^-vftts next the skins arc iinl la Uine ; From iiue tu six weeks is the allolU'd tuu«. Tliia proceaa, perfected bj luw degnes, ThickeuB the skins and imootha the stufacea. knife aga Parching is nsed for heavy skins alnne. The loeaoiug of the term is drying down ; Not in the tetvors oT the sconJiing snn, But in the Ahade aloue, 't is safely done. A Making then ensues until They "re softer made and lilted for the mill. Hilling in order next soccceds, of couific. Placed in the stock, by «tcam or nat«t force The skins are briskly run six hoars or more Beplaoed agaiu, and milUag is reaev«d. Each half Iraor oTteTward alt«raately The}' 're in tbestocks or out to aironddiy. Until thronghont the snbatance of the skin The oU commingles with the gelatine Or glue, and leaves the other parts together The true and genuine product we csll leather. The beam and seudding-knife again ore plied For scudding on the grain or facial side. The mucous snbatsuoe or reticular Tisane of the skin is shaved off liare. Tlie [irocees then, to perfect and in crown, Beqnires a day at moai for drying down. Ifiaxtin lye-liunoT vats they're placed awhile, bi vulgar partuDcc, 'for to outthe ile'; Bat by the ohymie law affinity The (ill gelAtinous and alkali Combine, withont a flgitre or a trope. And form the useful prndnct we call snap. A half hour in the stocks the akius being ran, The soap waahed out, and tbns the scnuriog '» dona. To soRen, to give shape, and natoral luze. Duly the slacking process ncxl< applies. Fast in the perch the pendent skin being placed, Grasped by the hand and firmly should er-braeed, The arm-stake then is vigoroasly applied d into ai|ii(Lro blocks fasliioued, is called IjoC^ 214 ANIMAL HESOURCES AND FISnEEIES OF UNITED STATES. Leather prepared froni mammal skins. Series of diflerent leathers illustiatiiig tbe mauufacture of glAm Whiuh b; the band is nibbed upon the ekin. ^^^h Pdroh bung until the ocbGr*!! well wrought in ^^^H And deeplf set, prodocini; n soft, mollow, ^^^H Golden, enduring, ineiDBivo yellow. ^^^H This buffing named. ThepiocaM next to Itriag ^^^H ^^H Tho manulwiture throagh ui flniBhuig. ^^^H ^^H A horiKuiitol nbutt, firm oveTlaid ^^^H ^^^^ With emery, and b; mnvhinocj' mndtt ^^^H ^^^^ To turn, elalxirsteti theakiu iilBovd on ^^^H ^^* To perfect snioothneas, und tlie -work is dou«.' ^^^^ "The manufacture of the different kinds aud style«of glovwislMMi- iag divided up bo that man; of our leading miumfajitDrers are nuUttl * specialty of some xi^i^eular kind of gloves. Some make eiclii>i*| fr»w & Co,, Qaebed. 9(119. fiuuw-aho<>8 niudis from sinew ofoariboii (womao's bIzd). Q. B. Bet^4 fn-w&Cc, Quebec. ^rcd flrom bird-skina (Eskimos). Eider leather.' leather.' Fort Anderson. R. Maiy I B. K«iinicott,A 'arcparal n>oin reptile sldiu* Alligator leather. 16810. SuIlodskinofaUigntarC-ini^rormutftiwriiiTiicaris). U]) per Saint JoIid'i Biver, Florida. G- Brown a(iodi>. leSlff. Tanned skin of uUigotor. Upiter Saint John's Biver, Florida, O. I Brown Goodo. 216 ANIUAL RESOURCES ASD FISHEBIE8 OF UBITBD SfATM. Prepared flrom reptile skins. Alligator leather. 35383. Tanned skin of alligator (JHigator MinfMl|9tauii). UpfS 8* John's Biv«r, Florida. G. Brown Ooode. 24791. Tanned skin of alligator (JI%aJM-«UMiM^VieM«{|). Schayer Bios., Boston, Haas. S4T96. Cigar-case, mado &om skin of alligator ( JlUgwIor * "Rosaet finiah." Bcbayer Bros., Btmtoa, Mam. 347112. Lady'BBatehel, mode trAn skin of alligator (AWfltt m tit). '■ Russet fluish." Sohayer Bros., Boston, HaM. 24795. Matcb-case, made ihaa skin of alligator (^AlUftor Miwiw^ifi— i "Buaset flnuh." Bohayoi Bros., Boston, Hata. 34793. Slippers, ntade from the skin of alligator (Alttfotpr m "Busset finish." Schayer Bros., Boston, Hasa. 84794. Slippers, made &om akin of alligator {Aliigator mim "Black Gnisli.'' Schayer Bros., Boston, Man. 26066. BiiUng-boots, made from skin of alligator {AUigator mimUf/imii, K.&.A. Mahienholz, New York City. SatUesiiake leather. 24797. Dressed skin of rattlesnake (CrolalM JariuM). Big Coon, ilM. I H. Hendeison. 24799. Dressed skin of rattlesnake ( CVotelat darisfw). Big Coon, ik f| H. Henderson. 34798. Shoes made from skin of rattlesnake {Orolabu dmrtttat). BI|Om^ Ala. J. II. Henderson. 9043. Bow covered with skin of rattlesnake. Used by Flathead Uk* Fort ColviUe, W. T. Dr. J. T. QhlMlin, U. 8. A. Other snake leather. . Boots made f^m skin of boa (Boa wmibiator). B. & A. Milnwhll [AL RESOUBCES AJSIJ) FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 217 d firom fish-skins. leather (shagreen used for coverings, and by the Alaska In- 3 for boot-soles).^ waste. manufactured firom waste. lanufactured from waste. (See under 24.) m blue made from leather waste. (See under 30.) 21. Haib and wool. ^ In weaTlngr and IPclting. (See under 8.) ^d fbr wigrs and ornaments. I hair as an article of commerce, with specimens of switches vngs, and also of the trade imitations of hair in jute, horse- Ac. wool as employed in manufacture of wigs and perukes. I scalp locks as Indian trophies.^ of animals as trophies.' 1 bristles used Ibr brashes (embracing the commer- and bristles, assorted and unassorted, and specimens of the ured articles). - skunk, used for fine brushes. 40. Gilders' and vamishers' brushes (black hair; flat). Miles Bros. &> Co. 42. « a << « « « it 42. <' ** ** <' " « « 43. " " " *' " (lound). " 14. Dnsting-bmsh (white hair; flat). ** r bear used for vamishing-brushes. 38. Varnish or dusting brush. Miles Brothers &, Co. 39. "Mottler" brush. " * American badger used for fine shaving, graining, gilding, lust brushes.^ 'American badger {Taxidea americana) adapted to the man- ure of brushes. ' squirrel, especially the tail, used in making fine artists' Is. JO. "CameVs-hair" varnish-brush. French style. Miles Brothers & Co. ^. "CamePs-hair" coach-painters* color-brush. " Its in Ethnological series. BDS in the Ethnological division. ^4lair bmshes sold in America are almost exclusively manufactured finom Wdgttr. The hair of the American badger is quite an well 218 A.miiAL BEBDUBCBS AND FISBEKIXS OF DHITEO 8TATI Hair and bristles used A»r brashes. Hair of squirrel, especial^ the tail, used in making Am pencils. 303S2. " Camers-hBir" Tamish or copying bnuh. t'inglhh ttj. Btotben &. Co., New York. 29333. "Camel's-lnur" gildera' broah. UUm Bnthen & Co., He 39334-5. "Camel's-hoir" lacquering bmsh, " 39336. "Camel's-boir" pencil, quill handles. " 2^353. Series of acroltiag mid omomeuting bnulies. " Tbose brushoa are mode chiofly tt»m the tail of the gi^ (&JHrM carotinauU), and aie known to the tnUl« aa "can bmahoa. Bristles of liog and peccary used in making coarse brodiee nishing, scrubbing, &c. 26020. Seiiea of briatlea (black). B Noe. 1-13. William WUka 1 26021. " " " (white). B Nos. 1-13. " 26028. " " " (yeUow). B Nos. 1-13. " 36027. " " " (red). B Nob. HI- " 26028. " " " (black). D B Noa. f-18. " 36033. " " " (black). ("Casings") Noa. 1-12. " 26023. " " " (natural black). ("Ca«ing»'')Koa. 1-lt WUkens & Co. S6034. Berieaofbii8Uea(white). ("CMings'')Noa.l-13. WUUh 26025. " " " (white). Medium rtiff, Nofc 1-12, ' 2ii029. " " " (union). William Wilkena & Co. 26030. " " " (blue). " 86031. " " " (unbleached). " Brushes made from bristles: S9337. Flat oopying-bruah, No. I. Miles Brothen & Co. ANIMAL RE80UECES AND FIStlERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21!) aad brUlles uitcd Ibr bniithes. r of liorses, used for lly-biiittlies. aom. Svrioi of aamplca uf horsp-hair (ilircd blue). William Wilkena Jk Co. 2tmLi. " " ■' •• " (.Ived red). " SlKXH. " " ■' " " (il'j-Btl wliitfi). " i used for striping aud letter- ile8 Brotbrra A Co, ul's-liair iicQctls. Mile« luur from tlio iasidu of cows' t log Ijrustics. S9ft«o~fi-7-*W>-G0. Frc«i;o-pnintere' briistms, 1-S. S!!X)5I. SiMiiwi uf (ix-liuir tttriiiiug-puDcils, euld aa ci Uruthem it Cu. used in other manuAictures. Ins asad in alioemakers* wax ends. les used in auat«>iiiii;iil iiistniuient^. KQd bristles usihI in Jirtil'icinl flics. (See under B, 45.) of cnttle used in sti'engtheniug mortar and plaster. ■sed fbr stuffing. Kse-bair, struight and carled, used for matti«sses and cushions. Ifiuio Lair of beaver and musquasb, cut from felting-tiair, used ttx itvnx of rabbits used for cushions.) VMd as a medinin Ibr pigments. ol-flockiug used iu tbe inannfacture of wall-paper, colored felta, tid rubber elotb. lical products. Tuse human and other hair used iu maniifaotiire of pmsfiiate of potasli, witb siiecimens of manulaetiired product. as. Quills. orinammal§. of American hedge-hog used by Indians iu embi-oideiiug. of birds. of swan and turkey for en grossing! leus. of goose and eagle for nriting-peus. [Is of 4:row and duck for fine pens. lis used in making tooth-picks, flsbing-floats, color-bottles, pen- l-bimdles, noedle-tiolders, &c. 23. Featdkes. (See under Furs, D 10.) 220 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF DiriTED STATES. Feathers used fbr implementt* (indadisg numafiMtand des). aOSSS. Fan. 36596. Pan made from featbera of roae»te apoonbin (FlmUlem 19^). C. E. Mott, JaoksonviUe, Flo. S6S97. Fan made from feathen of wbite tem (Sterna ap. }. lb>. C. E. I Jacksonville, Fla. S6596. Fan mode from leathers of white crane (OaruOaoaaMIMBa). C. E. Mott, JackaonviUe, Flo. 26599. Fan mode ih>m feathers of btne heron (Floriila eormlM). H&i Mon, Jacksonville, Fla. S6601-26S05. Fan made Ih>m feathers of water-tnrkey (PMn mU Mrs. C. E. Mott, JacksonviUe, Fla. 26602. Fan made from feathers of fisb.«row (CVirvM ot^frm§ai) «1 heron (Florid cteriilea). Mrs. C. E. Uott, JockBonnlle, Ftti 26603. Fan made Axim feathers of wood ibis(r(uilaIii«lo«alBtsr)aiidpMi {Fntiaua caroHnentit). Mis. C. E. Mott, JmIuodvUIc, FU. 26606. Fan from miscellaneone feathers. Mn. C. E. Mott, JackimiTQIi 36813. Domestic turkey-feather dusters. 5 sizca. Chicago I^thwD Company. Chicago, IlL Feathers nsed for plumes and ornaments (IdcIb plumes, head-dresses, cockades, bat and dress trimmings, &e.) 26604. Bonqnet mode from feathers of Florida bird*, ill*. C E. UoB,. sonviUe, Fla. 29o^. Flowera made f^m feathera of Florida biido. Feathers used in other manuniclnres. Feathered arrow-shafts. (See under B, 18.) Feathers used in mahing artiflci^ flies. Feathers used in manufEictnre of textile fobrics. (See ndt ANIMAL BESODRCES AND FJ8HEBIES OF tJNlTED STATES. 2211 aline. fze, or fttKien gine. 3531T-18. "A. A. E." MuDiifiicluri'ilfromhomsainlhotift. Wm.U. Brown,! Penbudy, Mass. latinos made from boue aad ivory sUaviugs. P«««ts of esculent swallows {(■(ilocaiia eHPiiJenUi, C. fueiphngn, 0. < dijiai, &e.) uxporti-d lioiu Iiulian Airliiiii'lago to Cbiua.) B'laiitf. inglOHS (iriitliyocniln), made from air-bladders and Nkiiis of fiRlies I 1 used ill tlif maiiiifactare of fine glues niid sizes, adbesiveaiid I irt plai;t«nt, diiimuDd cemeut, imUution glu»s, aud tiiblv-Jelly 1 r and confectioueiy (neo luider I) 1, D),iu reHniug wiuee and liquors, T [ in adulterating milk, in fixiug the lti8t«r of ai-Iilidal pearls, aud j I- In lustering silk ribbons (embracing the dried bla^lders and the 1 k'tnrod products) in their gi-adcsof "lyre," "heart-shaped," "l«af," aud "book" isinglass. jtgtaBs &om Miuiids of cod and bake. L iMinglim. (Fint tiuolily.) Miiiiiifiictiircilfruinwniiiilsuftflil.huke, Slp. CaptT Anit. Cava Ann l&iuglaas aud Gluu Compau.T, Rock- I I. (Sncnnd (juality.) SIiiTiuflictnn.iI ttnm twiinila of hake, rod, Ac. ' (.'ape Ann I»iU|jIn«N Aiid Glue Compnn;, fiockport, Mmw. I. Dried Bonn'l or t-Oil ((JdiluH moiThua). UhixI in Ibii manufoctnre ofa fBuigtass. Geor)^*H ItnuhM. Cupo Auu lHiiii;tass aud Gluo Coui>*f pail}', Rockport, Mnw. i. Driod*onndorlinkn(/'AgF^eAu«<). Used in mnunfactnTCof isingliui Hay of Fuiidy. L'i>|i« Auu Itiw^am nud Ghi« Company, Bockport, M Hata. k Sound of Imkp [Phieit chuKi), asml ii Portlnn.1. Ml'. H. Trpfctht-ni. I. Soand of liake {t'kyeh ohuu), iiwd ii Purtliind, Mr. H. Trefothcrn. I. IsiuglaaB. Mnunfnctnrcd from soiinda of cod. linko, Ac. taingl.-isB and Olnc Compitny, Bockpori, M:w». k Alr-tilnddor of vod (Gadiu nuirthiia), iiMxliDnianiifactiimorialnglubl Capo Ann iBini^buis and Ohio Conipuny, liockpurt, Mim k Isitiglnitsmiidt' from skiusof co<1(Garfii«fiion'AKa). Byuii' by the OlouceelcT laingloM and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Puii, J agnot, Boston, Mass. I, ALr-blnddnr of "foreign crab" (opecioi unknown), used fn mojiti- fitclurp of isinglass. Capo Ann Isiniflasa and Glue Company, Hocbport, MaM. ■, Ait-bladder of foreign "wa trout" (an nnknown fish), used i' nuuiuljusturi! of iEingliist. East Indies. Cap« Auu IsingJDSS anAa Gloe Coiuiuuiy, Rockport, Uass. 1 t.bi? m&nufartnrti of isingloM,! :i the manufucturc of isinglaa Capo Anitfl 222 ANIUAL BBSOURCES AND FUHEBIES OF UmTKD Isinglass. Ismglass from sonnds of cod and haifee. 25794. Prepived gine mods tram skins of ood (Oo^M ■iwfcM). Bf ffl cetitcr Isinglass and Glue Compan;. Wm. H. Le Pali, tfoii, E ton, Mass. 25797. "Conrt-plaster" glne made from akbu of ood (Oafci mmrtm). the Gloucester lainglBss and Olao Company. Wm. H. La h agent, Boston, Mass. 25795. GlDO made from skins of cod (Gadiu morrkna). By Okneottr h glass and Qlne Company. Wm. H. Le Pols, agent, Bostoa, Mi 20744. Driedtongaesof fish (probably cod), used byNtkAlndianainndi glne. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan. Isinglass from tbe squeteagne fomily {8citBnidae), principaSf n by confectioners. 25265. Ali-bladdoi of " belnga " (on unknown acinuoid Bdi), Mid m I mannfaotnre of isinglaas. Cape Ann Isinglaaa and Glne €<■;■ Bookport, Mass. 25369. Air-bladder of hake (PAycJacJkKsi), nsed in mann&etnieofini^ Cap« Ann Isinglass and Glne Company, Bockport, Uasi. S5312. Air-bladder of scianoid fish, known to the trade OS "tongae." t> Indies. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glne Company, BockpAlia 2S267. Air-bladder of 8<|net«agne (Cgno»e(imreffalU), used in maanbeOBk isinglaea. Cape Ann Isinglass and OlaeCompany, BockpcM,!* 13137. Dried sound of sqneteagne (CyiuMcum ngalU), nsed in th* »■■* ture of isinglass. Long Island Sonnd. Cape Ann LonglM > Glne Company, Bockport, Haas. kuial resources and fikhee1e3 of united statea. 223 26. Sponges.' Simens of American comnkcrcial sponges (nith the ?Bat giiulcs, and iik-acln^d sponges). ^cimens of Muditerraiieau sponges.) Bical apparatus, probangs, aurilavus, " KpODgo-tcnts," and oUier iHtni meats man ufactn reel. Spoiigou-piline used as a substitute for XK)u1tic«8. Bpougoa nsed in staffing mattresses and cusliiona. Unal oils. 27. OtLS AKD FATS. tr-oil and bear-fat nscd as a cosmetic aod in tlic manofaotiire of omatiiins. {-oil iiBed in the manuftictnre of kid gloves. 1-oiI, in its various gnides, used for lubricating. SS0S9-6CI. Oil of scnlg (C'xitoplutra, Pagophgtw, Puxa. aTid Phoca, sp.). New* fnnii. Harcn, ■WiiUams ft Co., New Lomloii, Conn. 30^8. Oil rif «va-<>lotilinnt (.ViurorAlnux frmiinn). Soiitb Goort;m hlaDd. UavMi, WUIiiuus & Co., New London, Conn. ft-lion oil. natec-oil. t BDd fot from domestic animals, (tallow, suet, lard, oil ased in taps, for lubricating, and neat's-foot oil used in dressing leather; I, manufactured mto various substances {see I>, 30), and tal- low candles and night-llgbt«.) 1 fWni body of whales, grampuses, and porpoises nsed in tlio hrts, for lubricating, painting, &c, S&OM. Oil of hnmpbock whale (Megoplera, gp.). Atltintlc Ocean. Haveu, • WilllaiimA Co., Nuw Loniloji, Coun. SQ(K&. Oil of H},'1jt-whBl«. Iluven. Williams &Co., New London. Conn. SS0B6. OilufHalpliitr-l>ot.tnni whnlc (SiAboMiuf, sp.]. Haven, WUliams & Co., Now London, Conn, on of lielnga (Dclphiitaplerat catodoa). Renfrew & Co., Qnobec. .Cmd* Arctic whnlo oil. Qeorge Di'lnno &. Co. BICMlir^ "winter" «(ionn-oil, fMm tbi* sperm-whale (Phyfcler ma- tTVO^kaluf), George Delano A Co.. New Bedford, Mass. 224 ANIHAL KESoaBCEB ASD FI8HEBIE8 07 UHTTED STITBL IKammal oil«. Oil from whales nnd porpoises. &S743. Oilof grampuB{GroMim«f)Sje)n). ErtnotedbyexpCM&nto tlcM E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mus. SS067. Oil of gramyaH {Grampui gritau). ExtTact«d bj expamce to tl son. Capt. Caleb Cook, New Bedford, Mbm. S6067. Double re6ned oil of grampus (_Grampti* grinaty. Cap* Cod. Cat Caleb Cook, FroTincetown, Uass. 116737, " PiesMd" oil of grampiu (GrowjNit griteut). E. E. flnwll, Pn incetown, Mms. S5967. Oil of cowflab. Capt N. E. Ati^ood, ProTinoetoini, HaM. 25958. Oil of porpoise. Marvin Brotbera A, Bartlett, Poriamonth, K. E 25738. Oil of poTpoise(£iii«Hmiiui). PawamaqnodJy B^ Maine. George H. Peabody, Eastport, Me. 26739. Oilof anoffer (_Phooma maeritaiia). Extracted by expommttti snn. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass. 21893. Cmdo "body"-oil fWim Bperm-wbalo (Pkjfettr i George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass. 26076. OU of black-flsh (Globicfpkala* imUrmediMi), North j Company, Wellfleet, Mass. !^741. Oil of black-fish (GlabiMpAofcu k«I««). E. E. Small, PrarineMn Mass. 25064. Heflned oU of black-fish (GfoNeepkoIw tetowaiiM). C^ Cb Capt. Caleb Cook, ProTineetown, Mass. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 220 al oils. B«k-Bsh (iiid pon'"''*e,iaw oil, &c. S60«. "Jaw-iuunww" uf liliick-ftsh [(IJobteephalHi metai). E. E. Sma!!, Pnivincetown, Mlms. SSviiii?uH(firumpHJ>yri«c"(i), Cai* Cviii('HO«-ii, Mhm, S&733. Oil fhmi liciul nf grampus (riraM/iui gritrug), Extntctixl li.v cip(Wii:i.' Ui the sun. E. E. 8m»l1, Pr<>vmratown, Maim. Mnn-oil used iu lumps, for lubricating', an an emollient in incib- cino, for lip-salveH, and in the uiaQufacture of spermaceti. mtH. Cnule "head" sponn-oil tram ajH^rm-vthali: {Fhnteler nuicrortphalus). OtioTgr DeUiin & Co., New Bedford, Miuw. Ilri7'4&. Crndo B|>cnu-nil from Bpona-whntaiPkuKtm- macroveplialut). E, E. Smnll, ProViiicctown, Mmki. laceti, with 8|iecimens of candles. 24^tM. Plniu refined sperm ocoti &om ap^nn-nliale (PAi/tcfrr Hiucrccf^Jtnluji). George Delano * Co., New Bectfonl, Mass. MffSl. Sperraueeti canilles. George Delano A. Co., New BeiU'unI, Mom. nnfiictured (flycerines, used as a presen-ative and antiHeptic, as ft cosmetic, ma iiu emollient, as a substitute for cod-liver oil, in tlie naniifitctttre of nitroglycerine, dynamite, dnaline, lithofhiet^-uri OOloQlunit^, anil other explosiTi?a, soap, &c. 90798. Pure looduroue glycerine. MAnnfnoturedliy II. Bon-cr, Pliiladcljiliin. John Wfcth & Bro., Pliiladelphiu. DDffwtnrcd stoariru^, with candles and other mannfactiired ar- ticle. ps manufactured ftx>m mammal-uil, so«la-floaps (hart], toilet, and ain soaps), potasb-noaps (washing, shaving, and soft soapr^), ^ochyhm plaiiter, &c, liter mude from milk of cows, goats, and horst^s. bontargurincM, with specimens of imitation bntter. B iif bufiklo nsecl in taniihig by ladiaus. vUs. of petrels and other sea-birds uxed by Eskimos ;tnd in the for lamp-oiL) all. N, M. No. U 15 226 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHEKIES OF nNITEO STATBfl. Bird-oils. Goose-oil nsed by watch-makers, and as an emollient. Oil of pigeon {Ectopistea miffratoriua), used as food by frontiersmen. Reptile-oils. Alligator-oil manufactored in Florida. Tortle-oil made from tortle-eggs, used in dressing leather and manu&ctttre of soap. Bat^lesnake and other snake oils. Fish-Oils. Stm-flsh oil osed by fishermen for cure of rheumatism. 25794. OU from Uverof eun-flsh ( Jfufa rolimda). Extncted bjaipmox the BDQ. £. E. Small, ProTinceUiwii, Haas. 35959. Oil from liTer of snii-fiBh (Mala rotunda). Marriii BtMlun A B lett, Fort.amoDth, N. H. S59()6. OU firom Uvor of aun-fisb (MoUi rol-iida). Capt. N. E Atn ProTiacetomi, Mass. Oil from liver of the cod family. 25982. Oil from liver nf I'.od-fiah ((radtu morrhaa), crude. CapL K. L wood, Provincetowa, Mass. 259ti0. Liver-oil of cod-fish (Gadiis nMtrrAtia). Mftrvin Brothen ft Bull Portamcmth, N. H. AKIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 227 i9li«Oil8. Herring-oa. White-fish oil. Stargeon-oiL Menhaden-oil used in carrying leather, in rope making, for lubri- cating, for adulterating linseed-oil, as a paint-oil, and exported to Europe for use in the manufia/Cture of soap and for smearing sheep. 26060. Oil of menhaden {Brevoartia tyranHus), Geo. W. Miles, Milford, Conn. 25744. Oil of pogie or menhaden {Brevoortia tjfrannua), kettle-rendered. £. £. Small, Provincetown, Mass. 26077. Oil of pogie or menhaden (Brevoortia tjfrannus). North American Oil Company, WelMeet, Maaa. Oil of Other fishes. 2S973. Oil of horse-mackerel (Orcynua aecundidorsalis). Capt. N. £. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass. 12117. Oil of herring (Clupea harengus), Capt. U. S. Treat, Eastport, Me. 12118. Oil fix>m lake sturgeon (Adpenser ruHcundua). Lake Erie. Schacht &. Bros., Sandusky, Ohio. 25960. Oil firom liver of mackerel-bhark {lauropaia Dekayi), Capt. N. £. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass. 25975. Oil firom liver of thresher-shark (Alopias vulpes), Capt. N. £. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass. 25956. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus amerioanua), Marion Bros. & Bort- lett, Portsmouth, N. H. 25961. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus amerioanua). Capt. N. £. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass. "25957. Oil from liver of skates {Raia Jaevia, &c.). Marion Bros. & Bartlett, Portsmouth, N. H. 25975. Oil from liver of cramp-fish ( Torpedo occidentaiia). Capt. N. £. Atwowl, Provincetown, Mass. 25735. Oil from liver of cramp-fish ( Torpedo ooddentalia). £. £. Small, Prov- incetown, Miiss. 2G978. Sword-fish oil. Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass. 26979. Mackerel-oil. " ** 26080. Skate-oil. '' '' 26961. Halibut-oil. " " Oulachan oil used by Indians of Northwest coast for food and illu- mination. Soaps made from fish-oil. 28. Perfumes. ■^ininal perAiines. Mask of musk-ox. Musk of the musquash. Castoreum of the beaver, including the various commercial grades, the Canadian, Hudson's Bay, and Eussian castoreiim, and speci- mens of castorine. ^M097, JSesnt-glands of beaver {Caator canadenaia). Nebraska. E. R. Squibb, M. D., Brooklyn, N. T. 228 ANIMAL BEB0USCB8 AND FISHEBIB8 OP DBTTED STlltt. namnial perAimes. Hyrac«um of tlie damau {Syrax capenais). Amber^s of spenu-wliale, witkBpecimens of ambrdne. 26894. Ambergris (commeioial}. Weeka Potter, Bovton. Reptile pernmnes. Musk of alligator. Oil of liawksbill and loggerhead turtles, used in ^ettamaj. 29. COLOBING HATEBIALS. Derived ttom maminals. Bone-black. iTOty-blavk (noire cTivoire), used in fine painting, and in the nu &cture of bank-note ink. Pmssiates, pmssian blue, ferrocyanide of potassium, made b hoo& and refiise human and other hair. 26093. Bed prasuate of potassa ( Potatninn ferroqianidt). E. R. Bqoibk D., Brooklyn, N. Y. 26094. Tellow prciasiate of potaau IPoltuHim /tmMguMtde). E. B. Sfri M. D., Brooklyn, N. T. 26794. Tellow pmssiate of potMb. Mannfaotoied by H. Boww, R delpbia. Jobn Wyetli, Pbiliidelphift. Gall of animals used in dyeing. Dong of animals used in calico-printing. Hsematin made from blood, and used in tnrkey-red dyewoikt,3 for the red liquor of printers. M!."'I,iiiK (.si-c uti.l.T I>, 21). AMIHAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 229 riTcd firom insects. Canadian cochineal. (Kermes and other cochineals of commerce, Coccus ilicis.) Lac dye and lac lake, from Coccus laccay C.polonicuSy C. uva-ursij and Ophia/abce. Dye prepared from bed-bug {Cimex lectulariu^s). (Dye prepared from Tromhidium^ in Ouinea and Surinam.) Nut-p:alls produced by insects, and used in tanning for black dyes, for woolen cloth, silk, and calico, and in manufacture of ink and gallic and pyrogallic acid, employed in photography. riTcd firom mollusks.^ (Sepia from. Sepia officinalis.) Purple dyes from gasteropods, Murexj Purpura^ &c. Purple dyes from nudibranch mollusks. Chemical products and agents employed in arts and medi- ^ CINES. riTed flrom mammals. Secretion of skunk. Album grcBcum of dogs us^d as a depilatory in tanning hides. Albumen of blood, employed in sugar-refineries, in certain cements and pigments, and as an antidote and emollient. Dong, used in calico-printing. GaU of animals, used in mixing colors, in fixing the lines of crayon and pencil drawings, in preparing the surface of ivory for paint- ing, in removing grease, and in medicine. i Pepsiue and pancreatin, prepared from stomach of hogs and calves. 26796. Saccharated pepsin. John Wyeth & Bro., Philadelphia. 26795. Pancreatin, saccharated. ** ** 25964. Saccharine pepsin. E. SchafFer, Louisville, Ky. 25963. Dry pepsin (concentrated). E. Schaflfer, Louisville, Ky. 25962. Pure pepsin. E. Schaflfer, Louisville, Ky. 29262. Acid phospho-lactate or milk-phosphate. Prepared directly from milk, by Gail Borden & Co. New York Condensed Milk Company, New York. riTed firom insects. Coccinella, used as remedy for toothache. (Trehala, made from nests of beetles [Larinas nidificans), of East Indies, and used for a substitute for tapioca.) Formic acid. Oarbazotic acid and its derivatives, made from sewing-silk scitipSy .. mofji used as a substitute for quinine. * Bee in Part II of the present catalogue. 230 ANIMAL BE80UBCB8 AND FISHBBIE8 OF UNITED STOEa, Derived Arom insects. Beeswax, used Id manufacture of candles, cerates, plasters, and artificial Howers, in modeling and easting, and in medicine. Honey, used as a preservative, a food, and iu medicine as ac 3p»- rient and demulcent. 1907C. Sugar uiiide of canp-liec- Pre])arod by the Cooynwe* loiliia!. Pn* luid Luke, Nevada. Stephen Powera. (Wax, Tised in Chinese pharmacy, secreted bytlie Coecua p^bi.) {ft'. Manna from the Tamarix mannifera, used as food, mi') i» medicine as a purgative. b'. Cedar manna from Mount Lebanon, from Pinna «rir "- o'. Arabian manna, of Sedyaanim uUingi.) (EireiJowder, made by Chinese from tlieTelini fly (iVyoiri^rirfnni) of India.) Derived IVoiii mamniRltt. (Koumiss, a fermented liquor, prepared &om mare's and cok's mitt, and employed in medieint's.) PLosphorus, prepared from bones, iritli specimens of maulif^ vermin poisons, and other proilucts. Vaccine limph, derived from cows. Ammonia, prepared fi-om tones and horn. Sal ammoniac, prepared from bonea and dung. Pruasiates, prepared from hoof, lioni, and leatlier waAte, ArtA blood, hair, and wool, with specimens of bine cyanide of t** slum. (See under Coloring Materials. rid bom.' ANIMAL BE800BCES AND FISHERIES OV TTNITKD STATES. 231 erlred flrom fishes. (Intestines of grayling, used by Laplanders as a substitute for rennet.) Skins of eels, used by negroes for rheumatism. ^erired ftrem insects. Vesicatory preparations from American beetles, Cantharis cinerea and C. vittata. Vesicatory preparations derived from foreign beetles, cantharides or Spanish flies {Cantharis vesicatoria)j and other species, and substitutes, Mylabris ciclwrii^ Cercavia Schcefferiy Mdocj sp., var., &c. Vesicatory preparations from American spiders, such as Tegenaria medicinalis. Gall-nuts, used in medicine (see under 29). ^erired flrom Crustacea. Salve-bug of fishermen of l^ixvkk^ [Caligm curft<«), parasite on cod- fish. Crabs' eyes, or concretions from stomach of astacus, used as an antacid. ^riTcd flrom worms. American leech {Macrohdella decora)^ used in surgery. (Euro{)ean leecli {Hirudo medicinalis)^ introduced into America.) (African leech {Hirudo trochina), introduced.) Leeches used as barometers. »eriTed flrom moUusks. (Cuttle-fish bone of Sepia officinalis,) (See under D, III, H.) Calcined shells, used for building-lime and in manufacture of denti- frices and enamel. (See uuder D, III, H.) criTed flrom radiates. a. Limes, derived from calcining coral and coral rock. * criTed flrom protozoans. Burnt si)onge, formerly used in medicine. Infusorial earth and its applications. (See above under K.) 31. Fertilizers. M«ral iruanos. : Bat gnaoo from caves. Biid guano from oceanic islands. 232 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FIBHEBIB8 OF UNITKD STATBI. Artificial pianos. Menhatlen guano. Series of preparationa illuHtratiu^ tbe manafoctore of soli Pacifiu gaauo. Soluble Paviflc Uiiauo Company, Wood's E Mass.' 26104. Crude South Caruliiiu i>boHi)Iiate. SS213, 36103. Cnishcd South Caroliua pbosphatra. 2610-2. Gronnd South Ciitulina )iboHphat«. 26100. Cnide N&vaiwta phoHiihnt«. NaTaaMt Iitlnnd, W. I. 36101. Sicily aulpbur, iiwit iu Diaaufactnn; of sulphnrio tttud, naed in 26099. StaasTurth kaiuitc, usrd in pivMrvation of scrap. S609!>. Crude meuliaddn M-Taii. 26097. Munhaden scrap, drii^cl by tbe Hoglv jMtent diying-nuieliiDB. 36095. Soluble PactficgiiuDO (unscreened). S6098. Soluble Pacific guaiio (»cieened). Other preparatiotis.' 260G2. Inland guano. Geo. W. Miles, Milfoid, Conn. 26061-3. Amnouiated hone Buperphosphate. Geo. W. UUm, MiUbid,C 3SS46. Leopoldshall kainite. Winfield S. Duuan, Baltimore, Md. Dried meat and blood. Dried blood. 32239. Black dried bloml. Conttuns 16 per cent, ammonia. WinM Dnnan, Baltimore, Hd. 29240. Black blood-duat. Contains 13 i>er cent, ammonia. WiH6EU Uunau, Baltjmorf, Md. 33341. Red blood-dust. ContaluB 14 per cent. SECTIOlSr E. PROTECTION AND CULTURE. I. INVESTIGATION. 1. Methods of the United States Fish Commission. [eth<»d8 or irork. Apparatus for collecting specimens. (See under B.) Apparatus for physical research. Appliances for working up results. This should include a model of coast laboratory with aU its fittings. Photographs.' 401. Headquarters of the United 8t(^tes Fish Commission, Wood's HoU, Mass. 400. Little Harbor of Woooue of the fishes of the bast coast ov North A3[erica. By Theodore GilL pp. 779-822. XX. List of Fishes collected at Wood's Holl (between June 20 and October 4). • By S. F. Baird. pp. 823-827. XXI. Table of temperatures of the Little Harbor, Wood's Holl, Mass., from January 1, 1873, tcv December 31, 1873. pp. 828-831. XXII. List of illustrations, p. 833. XXIII. General index, pp. 835-852. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II. — Report- OF THE COMBUSSIONER FOR 1872 AND 1873. A.— INQUIRY INTO THE DE- CREASE OF FOOD-FISIIES. B.— THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Spencer F. Baird, Commis- sioner. With supplementary papers. Washington: Government Print- ing-Office. 1874. Report of the Commissioner. (Table of contents precedes report. ) Appendix A. — ^The fisheries of the great lakes and the species- OF COREGONUS OR WhITEFISH. I. Reports ox the fisheries of the great lakes ; the RESULT OF INQUIRIES PROSECUTED IN 1871 AND 1872. By James W. Milner. (Table of contents on p. 77.) II. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE RELA- TIVE TO THE Whitefish. pp. 79-88. Appendix B. — The Salmon and the Trout (species of the Salmo). p. 89. III. On the North American species of Salmon and- Trout. By George Suckley, Surgeon United States Army (written in 18(51). p. 9i. Tabulated list or species, pp. 92-159. IV. The Salmon of the Danube, or the Hucho {Salmo- fcttc/to), AND its introduction INTO AMERICAN WATERS. By Rudolph Hessel. p. 161. V. Improvement in the Salmon-fisheries of Sweden. (Extract from the report of the Royal Swedish In- tendant of Fisheries, 1868. ) p. 166. VI. Report of operations during 1872 at the United- States HATCHING ESTABUSHMENT ON McClOUD- River, and on the California Salmonid^ gen- erally, WITH a list of specimens COLLECTED. By Livingston Stone. A. Introductory remarks, pp. 168-174. B. The Salmouida) of the Sacramento River, pp. 175-197. C. Catalogue of natural-liistory specimens collected on the Pacific slope in 1872, by Livingston Stone, for the United States Fish Commission. VII. Notes on the Salmon of the Miramichi River. By Livingston Stone; p. 216. Fragmentary notes, p. 217. VIII. The SALMONiDiE OF Eastern Maine, New Brunswick^ AND Nova Scotia. By Charles Lanman. pp. 219-'J25^ On the Salmon of Eastern North America, and its- ■nciAL ciiLTURE. By Charles G. Atkins. (Table- Qts on p. 336.) p. 226, 236 ANIMAL REBOUBCES AND FI8UEBIB8 OF nHTTED BTAIBL Results ofwork. Beports of the Commissiou. (United States Commission op Fish aki> Fishxbizs. Past IL] X. Ok the Salmon of Haikx. By A. C. HAmlin. t 33tf-356. XI. The Lake Trouts. Bf A. Leith Admna, M. A., &r. ■ 357. XII. On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake. By Di. C, Yarrow, U. S. A., Snigeon and Natntslist, Ac. 358-363, Xm. MlSCET.LA>~EOU8 NOTES AND COKKBSPONDEXCK RELAT, TO Salmon and Trout, pp. 364-378. XIV. Additional repobts relative to thb aATCHiKO * PLANTiNO OP TUB Penobscot Sauion. p. 380. A. New Hnmptihire. p. 380. B. New Jersey, p. 381. C. PeunBylvania. p. 38S. D. Ohio. p. 382. E. Wisconsin, p. 383. Appendix C. — The Shad and Alewife (species of CUpaia). 385. XV. Letters refebriko to experiments of W. C. Disa M. D., IN introdccinq 8hai> into the Auu BiVER. pp. 386,387. XVI. LETTEBS REFERRING TO SHAD IN THE SIVltRS TRIBCTl TO THE OuLF OF Mexico, pp. 388-391. XVII. Report of a beconnaissancz of the shad-siti SOOTH of the Potomac. By H. C. Yanow, U. pp. 396-401. XVIII. Report on Srad-hatchino opbratioks. pp. -iOM XIX. Report on the propagation of twe Shad (Jl AHIlfAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 237 alts of work. . Beports of the Commission. (United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II.) XXn. Papers relating to practical fish-culture. A. Method of treating adhesive eggs of certain fishes^ especially of the Cyprinid®, in artificial propa- gation. By Hudolph Hessel. pp. 5(57-570. B. On the so-called ''dry'' method of impregnating spawn. By Alexander Stenzel, inspector of fisheries in Silesia, Germany, pp. 571-574. C. Fish-cultnre in salt or brackish waters. By Theo- dore Lyman, Fish Commissioner of Massachu- setts, pp. 575-577. D. Descriptions of improved apparatus in fish-hatch- ing, pp. 578-587. Appendix E. — Obstructions to the upward movement of fishes^ IN STREAMS, AND THE REMEDY, pp. 588, 589. XXin. On fish-ways. By Charles G. Atkins, pp. 591-615. XXrV. On obstructions to the ascent of fish in certain RIVERS, p. 617. A. Obstructions in the rivers of Maine. By £. M. Stillwell. pp. 617-621. B. Obstructions in the tributaries of Lake Cham- plain. By M. C. Edmunds, pp. 622-627. C. Obstructions in some of the rivers of Virginia. By M. McKennie. pp. 628-629. D. Character of the streams on the northern shoiv of Lake Michigan. By J. F. Ingalls. pp. 630-h)2. £. Characters of some of the northern tributarii'S of Lake Michigan. By James W. Milner. pp. 632-634. Appendix F.— Natural History, pp. 635-636. XXV. The Crustacea of the fresh waters of the United States. By Sidney I. Smith. A. Synopsis of the higher firesh-water Crustacea of the Northern United States, pp. 637-657. B. The crustacean parasites of the fresh-water fishes of the United States, pp. 661-665. XXVI. Synopsis of the North American fresh-water Leeches. By A. E. Verrill. pp. 666-689. XXVII. Sketch op the invertebrate fauna of Lake Sipe- RIOR. By Sidney I. Smith, pp. 690-706. XXVIII. Food of fresh-water fishes. By Sidney I. Smith, pp. 708-709. XXIX. Natural and economical history of the Gov i: ami (Osphromenus goramy). By Theodore Gill. p. 710. A. Natural history. i>p. 710-717. B. The introduction and attempts to introduce the gourami into foreign countries, pp. 718-7*23. C. Rules for transportation and introduction, p. 727. XXX. Notes on the Grayling {Thymallm) of North Amer- ica. By James W. Milner. pp. 729-742 G. — ^Miscellaneous Papers, p. 743. 238 ANIMAL KE80UBCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STATES. Results or work. 1. Exports of tho Commission, (United States Commission' of Fisd and Fisberiks. Part U.) XXXI. Tempehature in tbe Gclp of Mexico, from beomh OF THE United Status Coast Survkv. pp. "ij-'t XXXII. CORRBSPOIfDENCE WITH COMPANIES BXLATIVK TO riOl- ITIES IN TRAKBPORTATION, ETC- pp. 749-756. XXXIII. HePOIlTB OV SPECIAL CONFERIUfCES WITH AX) FiSH-CuLTOBiSTs' Association and State C«a* EioNERS OF Fisheries, p. 757. A. Mectiug ut BoEloii, Jnnt Vi, 1872. pp. Ta) B. MeetiiigntNewYork, October 17,1872, pp.7(&-7n XXXIV, Bibliooraphv of Keports of Fibheky CommusoH By TliemloruGiU. pp. 764-773. A. Nnnies of CommiimionerB. p, 774. B. Bibliograpb)^ of reports, pp. 775-TS4. List of ilixbtrations. pp. 785-790. General index, p. 791. Ukfted States CotnussioN of Fish and Fisueribs. Past ILL— BmB of THJt COMMISSIONEB FOR 1873-4 AND 1874-5, A.— iNQITiaT I! decrease of the FOOD-FISHES. B. — THE PBOPAOATION OF FOOD-TUB* IN THE WATERS OF THF. UNITED STATES. By Spcucer F. Baiid, ( Bii)aiir. Wualiiugtoii ; Gi>vfnmnmt Printiug-Office. 1876. Appendix a.— Sea-fisheries and tue fishes and jntekixwui" I. HisTOBicAi. observations OS THE cosDrnn-"' or n FISHERIES A.MONO THE ANCIENT OEEESS AM> BOUD AND THEin MODE OP SALTiNO AND pACKDfo nm H J, K- Smidlo, pp. l,a. II. Statistics op the most important fisheries o' NoRTn Atlantic. By Carl DkinbccV. pp. -VJI III- On 1 ANIBfAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED SPATES. 239 ilt9 or work. . Keports of the Commission. (llKITED STAtES COMMISSION OF FiSH AND FISHERIES. PaRT IIL) XII. On the SPAWNING AND DEVELOPMENT OP THE COD- FISH. By Prof. C. O. Sara. pp. 195-222. . XIII. The Norwegian Lobster fishery and rrs histort. By Axel Broeck. pp. 22^-252. XIV. Transportation of Lobsters to California, pp. 253-257. XV . On the artificiai. propagation of the Lobster, pp. 258-266. XVI. On the Oyster industries of the United States. By Lieut. P. De Broca. pp. 267-320. Appendix B.— The river fisheries, pp. 321-322. XVU. The propagation and distribution of the Shad. pp. 323-350. XVIII. Report of the Triana trip. By J. W. Milner. pp. 351-362. XIX. On the transportation of Shad for long dis- tances, pp. 363-371. XX. Report of operatioiu in California in 1873. By Livingston Stone, pp. 372-427. XXI. Hatching and distribution of California Salmon. pp. 428-436. XXII. Report of OPERAifoNS during 1874 at the United States Salmon-hatching estabushment on the McCloud River, California. By Livingston Stone, pp. 437-476. XXltl. Correspondence relating to the San Joaquin River and its fishes, pp. 477-484. XXIV. The Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar). By A. G. Atkins, pp. 485-539. Appendix C. — Fish-culture, relating more especially to species of {CyprinidcB). pp. 540. XXV. Notes on pisciculture in Kiang Si. By H. Kopscli. pp. 543-548. XXVI. On the culture of the Carp. pp. 549-558. XXVII. The Gold Orfe {Cyprinus orfus). pp. 559-^2. XXVIII. Directions for using tables for recording the propagation and distribution of fish. pp. 5C3-568. Appendix D. — The restoration of the inland fisheries, pp. 569-570. XXIX. Fisheries and fishing laws in Austria and the world in general. By Carl Poyrer. pp. 571-G80. XXX. How can our lakes and ponds be stocked with FISH IX THE shortest POSSIBLE TIME ? By Mr. Vou dem Borne. i)p. GSl-684. Appendix E.— Natural History, pp. ()85-f)8(;. XXXI. Preliminary report on a sei{ip:s or dredgings made ON THE United States Coast Survey steamer Bache IX THE Gulf of Maine. By A. S. Packard, jr., M. D. pp. 687-690. XXXII. List of the marine Alg^ of the United States. By W. G. Fallow, pp. 691-718. 240 ANDfAL RE8UURCES AND FISBEBIES OF imiTED I Results of work. 1. Beports of the CommiHsioii. (United States Commission of Pish and Pisrxkizs. Vaki DI. XXX m. SecTIOM on TIIB OROAX8 OF RXPRODDCTIOX A> By Dr. Syvski. pp. 719-7M. XXX IV. Tbe food akd mode of uvixg of the Saimo TnoUT, AND THE Shad. Bjt D. Barfnrth. pp. 7 UjtiTED States Commission of Fish and Fishkbies. Part IV, — I OF THE Commissioner for 19?5-187ii. A. — Ikquisv into the dei or THE FooD-FiBHBs. B. — The propaqatio.x op vooit-nsHEs WATEB8 OF THE UxiTED STATES. Washington: GoTenuDent Pi Offloe. 18TS. 6vo., pp-ix, 50, 1029, pUtes vi (Hbt.of wb»l« fiab I. Report of the Commissioner. A. — Oenerai. COK8I derations. 1. Introductory remakes, p. 1. B.— Inquiry into the decrease of food-fibbes. 3. Ihvestjoatioss asd opebatioxb of 1873, p. *, 3. iKVESTIGATIONfi AND OPERATIONS OP 16T6. p. 7. C.-'THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-PISHES. 4. Gen AiAi. CONSIDER ATtONS. p. 8. 6. Actual work of propaoation of fooi^fishei t AND 1876. p. Sfl. The abAd. p. 20. The Cuifomia salmon, p.31. Tbe AtlMitic salmon, p. 25, The Inud-locked salmon, p. 85. The white-fish. p. 36. The cnrp. p. 27. D.— Tables. Table 7.— HATCBiNa axd distributiox or nn n ANDIAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 241 »iBlt8 or work. 1. Reports of the Commission. (United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part IV.) Appendix C. — ^Tiie propagation of food-fishes. VII. The carp and its culture in rivers and Ij\ke8, AND its introduction INTO AMERICA. Hy Ku- dolph He88i»l. p. 8()5. VIII. The PROPAGATION and DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD. Jlis. W.MihuT. p. 901. IX. On the COLLECTION OF EGGS OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1875 AND 1(^6. By Charles G. AtkiuH. p. 910. X. Operations on the McCloud River in salmon- breeding IN 1875. By Livingston Stone, p. 9*4*1. XI. Operations on the McCloud River in salmon- breeding IN 1876. By Livingston Stone, p. 9;)5. XII. Correspondence relating to the exportation OF fish-hatching apparatus to New Zejland, Germany, &c. p. 9^9. Alphabetical index, p. 1025. 2. Collections. (See under A, V to VIII.) liotagnraphs. See series of photographs and eolor-sketclies of North Ainericau fishes. ipwards of four hundred casts of coast aud fresh water species. (See under A, V to VIII.) ► • II. PROTECTION. 2. Preservation of game, Fisn, etc. ^ Front man, Nune laws. ^^ From artificial obstructions. Mdi-ways. Gap fish-ways. French, ditch, or "Cape Cod'' fish-ways. Oblique groove fish-ways. ingle groove. IS3C6. Mcxlel of fi.sh-way. James D. Bre\vcr, inventor, Munry, Lycoming Connty, Pa. Model offish-way. James D. Brewer, Miincy, Pa. T TJo. 14 ^16 242 AKIMAL BGSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATn: FIsh-ways. Step fish- way 8. Box or pool flsh-wafs. Steps contrived by airmigement of rocks and bowlders. ^TOl. Model of Diiucauson Ssli way. J. T. Bothe. Inclined plane witUout Bt«pa. 29283. Model of old Pennsylvania fisli-way. Built at Columbia, on Ibt S qiiebanna Biver, in 1866. Dosigned by Jamea W«mL So i inch to the foot. C. 0. Atkins, Bncksport, Me. S9284. Model of old Pennsylvania fiah-wny. Baill at Columbia, ontbFE quehanua Biver, in 1373. Designed by James Worral. Sa i incli to the foot. C. G. Atkins, Backsport, Me. Witb partitions at right angles. C9J0I. itloilul of rectuDgular return fish-way. Scale, ^ inch to the ioM. G. Atkins, BucltBport, Me. Brackett'a patent fisli-way. 2^65. Bra<:kett'« iiatent lii«h-\ray. Scalr, i inch to the foot. C. d. kiij», Bucksport, Me. MD37. Model of the tinh-naj' at Holyoke, Mubh., on tbe CoanectMnl Bi* Scale, i <.f an inch to the foot (^). C. Q. Atkins. This flitli-nay is on the Brackett plan. Asubmerged [iJ«carfQ work Bininoiinle Fish-ponds, flsh-fiirnis (moileU). Sl AHIUAL BESOCBCES AND FI8BBBIE8 OF UHITSD HatctainfT-appnralas. 01a8s-grille. Shad-hatching hox (No. 3). Brackett's patent. U. 8. Tid mission. 36906. Shad-hatching box. Bryant's patent. U. Q. Fish Conuniawi Sfi90T. Shad-hatching box. StiUweU A Atkins's patent. U. S. FU 2G908. Shad-hatching box. Banniater's design. U. 8. Fish ComuiB 2G95S. Hatching apparatus. N. W. Clark, Clarkstou, Hlch. . Shad hstching-box (model). J. C. Honse & 0. A. HcClun. V> ton, D. C. Adhesive eggs apparatas : Vertical wire-clotli trays. Hatchiog-basket. ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 247 hingr-apparatiis. ccessories: Feathering quills and brushes. Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs). Syringes, bulb, &c. Shallow pans. Aerating-pipe. i8portin§r apparatus. pparatus for transporting eggs: Cans. Case of cups (Wilmot's). Case of cups (Clark's). Case of trays (Clark's). Moss-erate« (Stone's). 25025. Moss-crates for transportation of eggs of Sacramento salmon acrocs the continent. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H. pparatus for transporting fish : Barrels. Cans, plain. 2G911. Milk-can, nsed in transportation. U. S. Fish Commission. 29377. Conical tank. Stone & Hooper, Charlestown, N. H. 26910. Conical can. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H. ans with aerating accessories: 2G914. Tank for ocean transportation. Invention of Fred. Mather. U. S. Fish C •.«raniission. 29379. Trant>|»'*r;iug-tank. Stone & Hooi>er, Chartestown, N. H. 26881. Transporting-can. C. W. Rogers, Waukegan, HI. 26932. Model of box nsed in the transportation of living salmon at the United States salmon-breeding station at Bucksport, Me. Scale, 2 inches to the foot (i). C. G. Atkins. When in use the box is filled with water and from 5 to 7 sahmm placed in it and carted a mile. Slack's. Clark's. M. A. Green's, anks, with attachment of baud- wheel to car-axle (Stone's). ?anks, with Freiburg aerating appai-atus.) quarium-car (Stone's). ive-box (Atkins'w). ccessories: Air force-pumps. Siphon- tubes. 26912. Rubber siphon- tube. U. S. Fish Commission. 26913. Aerating-rosOj with siphon. U. S. Fish Commission. 2 18 ANIMAL BBBOUBCKS AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UHITliD RAIB. Transpocting: apparatus. Accessories: Bellows, Dipping appaxatns. 26934. Hodclof dipping-bag aaediiurtead of A dip-not in handling nlw the United States eabuon-broodiiig station at Baekipail, Scale, 1 inch to the foot (_M- C. G. Atkins. 10. Peopagation of insects. Propa^atioB of silk-wonn. Specimens of plants use4 for food. Model of house and its appliances. Propagation of cochineal insect. Propagation of bees. For liives see under E, 3. 11. rKOPAGATION OP WOHMS. Propagation of leeches. 12. Pbopaqation op mollusks. methods of oyster culture. Stools for receiving spat, natural and artificial Otlier apparatus. 13. Peopagation op cobalh. PA.IIT II. CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ECONOMICAL INVERTEBRATES OF THE AMERICAN COASTS. BY MV. H. DALL. 249 aOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ECONOMICAL INVER- TEBRATES OF THE AMERICAN COASTS. MOLLUSCA. lusca cephalopoda.— Squids and cuttles. 32905. Sepia '* boue,'' or endostenm, in natural condition. East coast of the United States. Uses: Fed to cage-birds requiring lime. 32905a. Pounce: Powdered sepia-bone; used in rewriting over erasures to prevent blotting, in medicine as an antacid. 33005. Cuttle-tish (Octopus punctattie, Gabb). California to Alaska. Used for bait in the cos. Damariscotta, Maine. Robert Dixon. 32978. Ditto. Shell-heaps. Sheejiscot River, Main(\ Robert Dixon. 32'?10. Indigenous oyster (var. horvallx). Buzzard's Bay, Mass. Dr. Wni. Stimpson. 32?*14. Specimens showing ctilor-bands. Rhode Island. General Totten. Note. — The following scries of oysters from the vicinity of New York were funiished bv Mr. B. J. M. Carlev, ovster-.) Last Island, La. Gnatav Eohn. 3-2858. Brown muaael (Jf. cajHu-, Conr). Sou Diego, Cal. H. Hpid^ 3247G. Ditto. (Jf. modioliu, L.) MaasacbusetU Bay. Dr. W'lo. $i>nT< U2897. Ditto. Massaehuwtts Bay. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. . Ditto. Caatine, Me. A. G. Crittenden. 3*^1. Giant cockle (CarriiNm tnagnum, Bim.). Tampa Bay, FlofiiU. A. Coiirad. ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 267 32846. Ditto. (Tapes ladniataj Cpr.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill. 32854. Ditto. (T. Bt for making a superior kind of lime. Saint Angnstine, FU. Browne Goo-crab (JEjpitthus producius, Randall). Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill. 2244. Crab {Cancer horedliSf St.). Casco Bay, Maine. U. S. Fish Commis- sion. 2242. Common crab (Caiio0rtrr Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs & Co. 3154-66. Ditto. (S, dura^ var. graviday Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs &, Co. 3172. Ditto. Dried in natural state. {Aplysina aurca, Eyvktt,) Bahamas. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 3168-71. Ditto. (Cleaused.) {S, dura, var. puuctatay Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs & Co. 3177. Ditto. (Dried in natural state.) (iS^. cerebri/ormiSy Hyatt.) Key West. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 3173-76. Ditto. (Cleansed.) Key West and Bahamas. Isaacs & Co. 3178-9. Ditto. (S. tnbulifcrayljam.). Florida and Bahamas. Isa.aca&Co. 3160-85. Ditto. (6'. tubulifera, var. roiundCy Hyatt.) Florida Keys and Bahamas. Isaacs & Co. - 3186. Ditto. (Dried in natural condition.) Florida Keys. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 264 ANIMAL RE80UBCE8 AKD l-^tlHEBIES OF UNITSD STAIU. 3169-90. Ditto, (Cleansed.) (S. htbutifera, T«r. Ji*e0rwli, Hfsi Florida Keys and Bahanuw. laaacs A. Co. 3192-80. Ditto. (5. goi^pina, D. &, M., var. lumta.) Fknid* Key* : Bahanus. Isaacs &■ Co. 3197. Ditto. (5. jpwjrpna, Tar. (ftudrUfoo.) Florida Xbjw and Baluw Iaaac8 & Co. 3198-3302. Ditto. («. 9onyj)i)«itVtiirea,Vemll). Hatmvfoim, afttroji shell has disintegrated. Tineyaid Sonnd, Uaaa. U. S. Fish C mission. 32979. Boring spongo. Shells of Pocten showing rav^^es. Caatia«,lle. R. Crittenden. 32980. Ditto. Castine, Mo. L. J. Heath. 32820. Ditto. Showing effect on oyster-shell. N«w York Bay. B. J. 3147. Ditto. Showing varionB stages in shell. Slirewsbnr; BiTcr, M B. J. M. Carley. Rhizopods. ANDCAL BE80URCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 265 29314. "Cudbear." Product of a lichen (Leoanora)y extensively applied aa a dye-stuff. Western coast of North America. W. A. Ross & Bro., New York. b. Algm: 1. Having economical applications: ^Availaible as food. ~— . Irish moss (Ckondrus oriapus, L.), affording gelatine. New England coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow. -^~. Western dulse (Schuymenia edulUf Ag.). West coast United States. Rev. £. HaU. . Dulse (Rkodymenia palmata, Grov.), used for food. New England coast. Dr. W. G^ Farlow. . Layer {Porphffra wUgariSf Ag.), used for food. New England coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow. — — . Badderlocks (Alaria esculentaf Grev. ). Available for food. Cape Cod northward. ^^ Employed in the manufdcture of fertilizers^ iodine and bromine^ or " artificial staghom^ (Laminaria) articles. . Rockwccd {Fucus veHculosus, L. & C). New England coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow. . Bull-head kelp {Nereocyslia Lutkeana, P. & M.). Stems made by In- dians into ii8hing-linc«. Northwest coast of America. W. H. Dull. . Specimens of lines made of this materiaf. [See ethnological and fishing-implement series. ] S9373. DeviPs apron (Laminaria digitaia), dried stems for moiing "tcntn/' Newfoundland. Dr. £. R. Squibb. 29373a. ^* Sponge tents'* used in surgery, made from dried Laminaria stouis. 293735. Paper-knife, made of '^artificial staghom^' or dried Laminaria {langicruri8), by J. H. Batcheldcr, Cambridge, Mass. 2. Ornamental algOD: The following scries, preparego. 266 ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FIBBEBIEB OP UNITED STATBL Dasya Tumakowiczi, Oatty. Key West. Dasya L0PBOCLADO6, Hont^ Ke; Weat. Dasya plumoba, Bail, and Harr. Santa Cmz, CaL BosTBTCHiA HoNTAaNEi, Huv. Key West. BoBTRVcniA CAi.AMieTRATA, MuDt. Key West BOSTRYCHIA MORtTUANA, Mont. Florida. POLTBiPHONiA URCEOLATA, Grev. Nahant, Maas. Var./pfMtStwEi PoLTSiPHONIA Havamknsis, Mont. Vor. finryi, Ag., Key We«t, Poi.YBiPHONiA ferulacea, Ag. Key Weat. FolYbiphonla Olneyi, Harv. Doigh-Mtt. Long laUud Sound. FoLYSlPHONiA Habveyi, Ball. Xiggtr-kair. Wood's Holl, Uaaa. PoLYStpaONiA ELOKQATA, Grev. Lob*lrr-cla»M. Gay Head, Mim Polysifhonia VIOI.ACEA, Grer. Wood's Hull, UaM. POLYSIPHOKIA FiBRiixosA, Grev. Wood's Uoll, Ubbb. POLYStPaoNiA, VARiEOATA, Ag. Wood's HoU, Haw. POLYSipaoNiA PENNATA, Ag. Califoniia. POLTBiPHONIA PARASITICA, Okv. California. Var. deadrvUm, ig. C PoLYBiPHONiA Bau^yi, Ag. Pacific coaat. POLYSlPDONiA PECTEN-VENERiB, HaTV. FloHda. PoLYSiPHotnA ATE0RUBE8CENB, Grev. Wood's HoU, UaM. POLYBIPHOKIA BtPIMNATA, Post, and Bnpr. Weat coast. POLYBIPHONIA WOOMI, Harv, Weat coast. FOLYBIPBONIA NlOBESCEXa, Grev. POLYBIPHONIA FASnOIATA, Grev. Nahant, Masa^ Odontiiaua AI.EUncA, Ag. Oregon. Odoi^thalia Ltalui, Ba^^■. Neeah Bay, W, T. Rhodomela laiux, Ag. California. BqoDOHELA KIJ3CCOBA, Ag. Aleutian Islands. Bhoi>omela 6VBFUBCA, Ag. GloDcester, Ubsb. Var. fradlft, Maw b Var. Bodiei, Long Island Souad. DIOENIA SIMPLEX, Ag. Key West. ,HIMAL RESOURCES AND PISHERIE8 OF UNITED 8TATB8. 2(j7 UKI.KSSK1II.V Ai^TA, Linn. niiiacRMt^r, Mai». l>RL£S8ERtx UYi>0OLossUM, Liiniix. Chl'taWn, S. C. Dblbsspjua TBNnpoUA, Hutv. Kvj Wcat. DkLEWKRIA INVOl-VIl.VH, llurv. Key Wiwt. Dkixsscria Lepribuhu, Mont. Nuw fork. DXUWSKKU DGCiPIEve, Ag. West const. Niwah Hay, W.T. NlTOPBTLLCM PUKCTATUM, var. octllatum, Orev. Key West. Hnx>Pi!YixtJM sPKcTMUi-E, Eawii, tns*.. CalUbriiin. NtTOPUTixuM LACEitATCM, Grev, Califomliu NlTOPIiYLLL'ii [^TissmiTH, Ag. Califomlii. NiiuPMVLLUM AiiKoi.ATtJM, Efttoti, luu. Ciilirtiruiii. NiToPiivLLUM (Neuroolossum) Andeiisu.mi, Ag. Culifiiniia. HiTOPiiyLLUM Rdprechtianuk, Ag. "Wctt cuasl. CAU.lBLEPnABlS CtUATA, EUtx. Cspe Anu, Moss. (JRACU^BIA MCl.Til'AimTA, Ag. Viir. uHgiuititiima, lUtv. New York. Uraciuria CRItVlcOKXiH, Ag. Key West. tiBACiLAlilA coNKKItVoiDKS, Utey. Fluruln ; California. U&AciuiBiA AitMATA, Ag. Key We«i. CoSALLixA opyiciKAUS, L, Capu Ami. COKALU.SA wju-AMATA, ElIU BDil Sol. Situ DIo^k, Califomin. Jania RCHENfi, Lmx. Suu Diagu, Cullfuniiii. Jania CAPIU.AORA, Hftrv. Kpy West. Amphiroa PRAGiLUssiuA, Litix. FloHdn. ^^^^ Akpbiroa N0DDL08A, KUtx. FloHila. ^^^^1 Amphiroa debilih, Klltz. Florida. ^^^^| Amphiroa Caufornica, Docaisoo. Wt»t (M>nat. ^^^| HsutDBSiA FARINOSA, Lmi, £iMt cooat. ^^^H UBi.OBKau PUBTUUTA, LiRi:. Wood's noil, Maaa. ^^^| LiniOTBAMKioN poi.rHORrnuM, AicAcb. Eiutport, Ue. ^^^H HlLDICKBRA}II>TLA RQSRA, KUtl. Eootport, Mu. ^^^^| Qbuoicm corneum, Lmx. Florida; Ncn Huveu, Coniii ^^^^M OnJDIUM CARTii.AcyNEDM, Qfev. Saut Diego, Cnl, ^^^^| Gelidiuu CouLTERt, Horv. CuUfomia. ^^^H WURDKUANXIA 8ETACEA, HarV. Key Wi'bI. ^^H EcouxuUA IsirOKMB, Ag. Key Wnat. GucttKUMAt ACAKTUOCLAPU», Ag. (Ckr^jtyiRenJa, Ilarv.). Kry Wvat. BYP.VKA UtISCtFOBMItl, Lmx. Woml's Holl, Mass. HYPMKa Cohnuta, Ag. Key Woit. , Rhodymenia PaI:Mata, Gcev. Common ituUf. SwnuipHcatl, Mnsa. J RaoDYMKKIA PAUiKTrA, Qcev. Cnliforuia, I Rhodtmkxia CORaluka, Grtiv, Caliibruin. | EUTUORA CRI§TATA, Ag. GlOOCCStCr, HOSH. I PlOCAMIPM COCCISEUM, Lyilgb. VdT. /oIlflMHni. WcSt COilsl, &TENOGRAHMA INTERHUPTA, Mont. CntiftfTDia. PiKEA Caufornica, Hnrv. Ualiforuin- CtiAMPIA PARVULA, Uarv. Noaiik, Conn. LoMKSTAHIA BArutVAifA, Farlow {ChuUclmtia, Harv,). New York Bay. LOMKKTARiA ROSKA, TliiiTPt. Oay Ileud, Mam. RtunDONiA TKNERA, Ag. {SolieHa rkordalia, Harv.) Wood's tloll, Maaa. BltASDONiA ('OL'LTERi, llarv. Callfumia. CoRDYLocLAniA (.-o.KiTERTA, Ag. San Diogo, Cal. FotriDRa ROTUNDCs, Ajz- Cap« Ann, Mass. FBTBeo.VNELIA ATRO- PURPUREA , CfOnatif. Key W<^st. ^^^ Kkmauox Mi'LTiFiDu:!). Ag. Wotvli nil), It. t. ^^H SCIXAIA Fl'DCELLATA, DItod. Gny Ilc-ail, Mods. ^^^H 268 ANIMAL RKSOURCKS ASIJ FISHKRIES OF UNITED 8TAT1 LiAGOitA VaLida, Ilurv. Fl'irula. LuoORA PiNNATA, Uarv. Florida. LiAGOCA PULVKnuLKNTA, Ag. Kpy West, WRAlfGEUA PKKiciiiATA, Ag. Koy West. PoYT.LOPnonA BniiDifi, Ag. Iioag Island Soand. Phtllophoha MBMBBANirOLLA, Ag. Long laland S OYMXoaoNGiiuBNonVBGicus, Ag. (inc. G. TDmyi,AB-)- Peak'Bl*laiid,Me. Gymsogonorub TKNT3IS, Ag, California. CrYUKoooNORva QanrviTBei/E, Ag. Califbniia. Gtmnogo Nanus ukkasis, Ag. California. AnNFELTiA GIG AKTiNO IDES, Ag. West ooMt. AUKPKLTIA PLiCATA, lY Cnpe Ann, Mass. CVBToci^NiUM PUBPOHA8CEKB, Kiitz. Block Moai, New Todb \ CAU^PIIYLUa VARIEGATA, Ag. CaJifomitt. Callophyllib odtusivolla, Ag. Son Diego, CoL Caijaphyllib disciokba, Ag. California. GlOABTINA AOICUI.ARIS, Lmx. Florida. GlGARTINA CANALICULATA, HatV. Wcst COOat. GiOABTHiTA MAMILLOBA, Ag. Portliiud, Me, ; Sanla Craz, Col. OiGARTiNA uicROPHYLLA, Hurv., Olid vflT. horrida. Califomia. GioARTiHA luntiLA, Ag. West coast CuoNiiitns CRISPD9, Lyngli. IrUh niwi, Capa Ann, Maaa. Veiy M Chondhub AFMNiB, HoTV. Catifomln. IRIDJGA LAMIMARioiDES, Bor;. (inclading /ridiM winoiand tridaaiUAttmii: \ Weet coast. Endocladia MuniCATA, Ag. West const Ckyptonemiacrenulata, Ag. Key West, CHRYsruBNU i]ALYUK!noutK«, Hsrv. Kuy West. Chbybtuehia uvaria, Ag. Key West.. Halymbnia LtGULATA, Ag. Var. CaHfoittiea ; Santa Cma, Cal. Halymbkia Flohksia, Ag. Key West Pbioxitib lanceolata, Hnrv. West coast. Prionitis Andkiisonii, Eatou, insa, Santa Oil*, C»L SCHIZYMRMA KDULIS, Ag. Oregon. BohizymeniaI coociNUA, Harv. Sauta Cma, Cal. GRATiii.uopiA GinsRsii, Harv. Charleston, S.C. Gratbloufia CuTLERi^, KUtz. California. Orateloupia ifiLictNA, Ag. Floriila. Halosaccion uyDRoPiioRA, Ag. West coast Halosacgion fuciuola, Post and Itiipr, West ooub HAr.DSACCi(iN RAMBNTACKUM, Ag. EasliHirt, Me. BpyRiDiA ACULRATA, KiltK. Florida. SPYRIDIA FII.A1IBNTOBA, IlaFT. Wootl'H HoU, UaBS. MlCROCLADiA CoVLTBRi, Harv. West coast MiCDOCLADIA Californica, Fariow. California. MlOnOCLADIA SOREALIS, Eopf. WflSt COMt. Centrocerab clavulatum, Ag. Key West Cbntrockrab Eatosianum, Fariow. WMt coast CeRAMIUM NITIiNS, Ag. Key West. Ceramium RUdrum, Ag. East coast Cbrauium Desu)N'ochampsii, Cb. Eastport, MSi Ceramium diapiiakuu. Both. CaUfomio. Cehamium STRicrrM, Ilorv. New Englanil. Ceramium Yiiukuii, Fariow, mes. CanarsiD, L.L CsRAUiUM TENUiasiMDH , Lyngt). Kny West. ANIBiAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 269 Ceramium fastiqiatum, Harv. Southern Now Englaud. Ceramium . Key West. Ptilota densa, Ag. California. PnLOTA HYPNOiDKS, Harv. California. PnLOTA PLUMOSA, Ag. Var. filidnaf west coast. Var. aerrata, £a8tiK)rty Me., and Neeah Bay, W. T. Ptilota elegans, Bonnem. New York. Qloiosiphonia CAPiLLARis, CaiTO. Cape Ann, Mass. Crouania attenuata, J. Ag. Key West. Qriffithsia Bornettiana, Farl. Wood's Holl, Mass. Callithamnion tetraoonum, Ag. Orient, L. I. Calltthamnion Baileyi, Harv. New York. Caluthamkion ptilophora, Eaton, mss. California. Callithamnion Borreri, Ag. New Haven, Conn. Callithamnion ryssoideum. Am. Long Island Sound. Callithamnion corymdosum, Ag. Beverly, Mass. Callithamnion versicolor, Ag., var. seiroapermumf Harv. New York. Callithamnion plumula, Lyngb. Gay Head, Mass. Callithamnion h>:teromorpiium, Ag., mss. California. Callithamnion Amkricanum, Harv\ New York. Callithamnion PYLAiSiKi, Mont. Gloucester, Mass. Caluthamnion floccosl'M, Ag. Var. |>aci/!ct/m, Harv. Neeah, Bay, W. T. Callithamnion cruciatum, Ag. New York. Caluthamnion Lkjolisia, Farlow, mss. San Diego, Cal. Callithamnion Tukxkri, Ag. New York. Callithamnion Rotiiii, Lyngb. New England coast. Caluthamnion roskum, Lyng. New York. Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. iMver, East coast. Bangia fu8Coi'URPUREa, Lyngb. East coast. Chantraxsia kffloresckns, Thur. Gay Head, Mass. Chantransia viRGATULA, TbiiFct. Portland, Me. Erythrotriciiia ckramicola, Arescb. Cape Ann, Mass. Padina pavonia, Lmx. Peacock' a-tail. Key West, Fla. ZONARIA LOBATA, Ag. Key West. ZoNARiA FLAVA, Ag. Sau Diego, Cal. Taonia Schrcederi, Ag. Florida. DiCTYOTA FASCioLA, Lmx. Florida; Mediterranean Sea. DiCTYOTA diciiotoma, D. C. Cbarlcstou. DiCTYOTA CIUATA, Ag. Koy West. DiCTYOTA Kunthii, Ag. San Diego, Cal. DiCTYOTA ACUTiLOBA, Ag. Key West. Saroassum vulgare, Ag. Atlantic Ocean. Sargassum dacciferum, Ag. Gulf -weed. Gulf Stream. Sargassum dentifollh:m, Ag. Key West. Sargassum Agardianum, Farlow, mss. San Diego, Cal. TURBINAKIA vulgaris, Ag. Key West. Fucus fastigiatus, A<;. West coast. Fucus DiSTicnus, L. (/'. filiformiHf Gm.). Swampscott, Mass. Fucus furcatus, Ag. Marblebead, Mass. Fucus VESICULOSUS, L. Rocl-tcced. Swampscott, Mass. Fucus si:j{Ratus, L. Nova Scotia. Nereocystis LCtki:axa, Post, and Rupr. Great bladder-iceed, Monterey, Cal., and iioi-tbward. Alaria esculenta, Ore v. Badderlccks. Hmware. Cai>e Cod. 270 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHEBIB8 OP UNITED STAT88. Lamixaria BACCHAttntXA, Lmx. DeriFM apron ; Kelp. New Y^ nvU- word; westconst; Europe; JapauT. Lamcnaria lonqicruris, De la Pyl. Jfeviftaprtm; Kdp. New loglui Lamihama FLEXiCAi;ue, Le JoUh. DeriP* apron ; Etip. New Eaglui Agardh Turner), Post, and Riipr. Sea-oalanier. Nahant, Hkm STILOrHORA RHizoDKB, Ag. ViiicyBrd Sound. A8PBBOC0CCUS sisurtSL'B, Bory. Key Wert, AsPEROCOccue ECHlNATUa, Orev. New Euglsud ooast. Rtdroclatiirus CANCELLATUe, Bory, Noank, Conn. RAX.FBIA VERRUCOSA, Aresch. Nahant, Mass. Choi(i>a PILUM, Stack. New York. Chordahia Fi^GRLiJPOKUis, Ag. Eastport, He. CaORDARIA ABIETIN'A, Riipr. Santa Cruz, Cal. CiiORDARiA DiVARiCATA, Ag. Gloucester, Maes. Castac^vea viBRMCEXB, ThiiTct. Wood'H HoU, Mass. Lbatiiesia ti:derii-x>hmib, Gray. Walcfa Hill, B. I. Elachista ¥V.CicolA, Ft. N^w England. Mvrioneua btranul'lakb, Orev, Wood'sHoll, Haas. Myriokema Leclancherii, Harv. Gluiicestfr, Mass. ClaDOSTEPIIUS BPOSGIOGCS, Ag. Newport, R. I. CLADOSTEriirs VERTiciLLATUs, Ag. Gay HeDil, Maas. 8pnACEi.AKiA PUBCA, Ag. Oti Awph\roa CaUfornira, San Diego, C>L SpiiACELAitiA HAiiicAN'H, Ag. New England. ECTOCARCUB kirsius, Ag, (B. lUlorall*. Han',). Ni-w England. EcTOCARPUS Farlowii, TliiiTet. I'eok'H Island. Me. EcTOCARPUS HiLicL'LOsrs, I,yngb. Cbark-stoD, S. C, EcToCARi'UB VIRIDI8, Harv, Orit'iit, L, 1. EcrocARPfS FASCicri^Tl's, Harv. New England roast. EcTocARPtrM ciRAXULoSL'S, Ag, Santa Cnii, Cnl, KcTOCARPiTs HooFERi, ll»rv. Greeiiport, L. 1. Desmarestia aculeata, Lmx. Eastport, Me. Desmarestia virii>18, Ltnx. Now York. Debiiarebtia liul'lata, Luix. Monterey, Cal. ANIMAL RESOURCluS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 271 Vaucheria piloboix>idk8, Thnret. Wooers IIolI, Mass. Dasycladus occidf.ntalis, Harv. Florida. Dasycladus CLAVitFoiLMis, Ag. Key Wf»t. AcETABULARiA CREXULATA, Liux. Florida. Cymopoua barbata, Lmx. Key West. CfiABUSDORis AXNULATA, Mout. Key W^cst. Pexicillus DUMKT08US, Dne. Florida ; West Indies. PENICILLU8 CAPiTATUS, Liiix. Mermaid's shaving-bruah. Florida. Blodgetti A ? coxFERVoiDEs, HaTv. Koy West. ^ Anadyomkne FijiBELLATA, LiUx. Key West. DiCTYOSPHiERiA FAVUL08A, Dne. Key West. ASCOTIIAMXION INTRICATUM, KUtz. Key West. Enteromorpiia IXTESTINALI8, Link. New England. ExTEROMORPHA coMPRESSA, Grev. New England. Enteromorpha clathrata, Grev. New England coast. Ulva LATI8SIMA, Linn. Sea-letiuce, New England coast. Ulva FA8CIATA, Delile. California. Cladophora membranacea, Ag. Key West. Cladopuora RUPE8TKIS, L. Cape Ann, Mass. Cladophora arcta, Dillw. Cape Ann, Mass. Cladophora lanosa, Roth. Orient, L. I. Ci-ADOPHORA UXCIAL18, Fl. Dan. New England coast. Cladophora LiKTEViREX8, Dillw. Key West, Fla. Cladophora fracta, Fl. Dan. Eastern coast. Ch^tomorpha Picquotiana, Mont. Cape Ann, Mass. Ch^tomorpha melagoxium, Web. and Mohr. Cape Ann, Mass. CHiETOMORPHA 8UTORIA, Berk. Stonington, Conn. CHiETOMORPHA BRACUYGOXA, Harv. Key West. CHiETOMORPHA T0RTU08A, DiUw. Eastport, Me. HoRMOTRiCHUM YouxGAXUM, Dillw. Ncw England coast. Lyxgbya MAJU8CULA, Harv. Cape Cod. Lyngbya ferrugixea, Ag. New England coast. Lyngbya KDtzuxgiana, Thnr. Eastern coast. Calothrix confervicola, Ag. East coast. Calothrix 8COPULORUM, Ag. East coast. Sph^rozyga Carmichaelii, Harv. Wood^s Holl, Mass. Petrocelis cruexta, Ag. Eastport, Me. Spirulixa texulsslma, Klitz. Eastport, Me. Chno(^spora FA8TIGIATA, Ag. San Diego, Cal. H0RMACTI8 Farlowi, Bomet. East coast. rg^anic materials : . Scooring-sand. Impnre silcx for domestic use. Alameda, CaL H. Hemphill. . Glassmaker's-sand. Pure silex. Isle of Shoals, N. H. 272 ANIUU. UGSOUBCES AND li^SHBBIES OF DNETBD 8TA11S. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS D! THE UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE BR POKT OF TQE CUIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS FOE THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1877. By G. Brown Goode. The foUowing review of tlie cliaracter and commercial values atmnd products used or produced in tbe Uuited States is intended to ^y^ meut and explain in part the preceding "Catalogue of the coIlivM illustrating the animal resources of the Unit«d States,'' made luidecdt direction of the United States National Museum for the InteniUMd Exhibition of 1876. The statistics hare been arranged with n lifwti a concise oxiiibition of the extent aud location of the trade in all stances of animal origin. The classiflcatioD is nnifotm with that * ployed in the catalogue. An attempt is made to show — 1, The amount of imports, the countries from whirh the proeincB* imported, and the iJorts through which the import cjitries are dadf made. 2. Til e domestic consumption of foreign pi-oducts. TIic taWerfi* [Mtrts entered into consumption is more detailed than au,y of thettkA aud from this have been taken many statements which were not t\^ where given, as, for instance, the amounts of coral, whalebone. ckmi'A and siMJcimeus of natural histor.v. ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FISHEEIES OF UNITED STATES. i13 iroogh the Lake x)ort8. New York, with its extensive shipments from arope, receives the next proi)ortionate share ($111,501), then San rancisco ($4,708), Boston ($3,029), Baltimore ($2,113), Philadelphia 1519), and New Orleans ($200). The teams of emigrants have the right of free entry. The yearly itum of entries is placed at $26,070. The greater proi>ortion ($23,520) >pears to come from the British Provinces through the Lake ports. The imports of birds are valued at $109,879. Of this amount, $71,989* mies to New York, and consists principally, no doubt, of singing birds., he Provinces send $38,328, probably, for the most i)ait, fowls. Leeches are imjwrted to the amount of $4,227. All cjome through ew York, except $133 worth through New Orleans. The following table, compiled from the ^^ Statement showing quantities ttd values of foreign merchandise entered into consumption in the fnited States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1877, &c." (No. 20, p. 446-505), while it necessarily does not tally with the figures already iven, is instructive, since it shows in fuller detail the numbers and char- cter of the imports of foreign animals: Description of animoL Number. ■ttfe Snidt for breeding parposen Mrla, Imd and water 9,240 31,8U3 282.432 4,.'>34 6,370 Mm not elsewhere specified. ToUd Value. 314, 674, 416, 36, 73. 4. mi 618 094 883 876,, 476 793 187 288 737 2, 159, 847 The domestic ex]X)rts of living animals are valued at $3,306,308, as hown in the following table: Description of aniuiRl. tllM Dvn^catUe ^•fp.. .. . «* Xiinibcr. 2,042 3,441 179, 017 65.107 Valm-. $301,134 478,434 50,001 \ 1,593.080 234.480 G99,180r Total. .'{, :U)6, 308 The largest number of horses is shipped from New York (727), next Dm Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (363), Minnesota (196), San Die^o, Cal. •5), Corpus Christi, Tex. (82), Puget Sound, Washington (66), San Kancisco (52), and Baltimore (^3). The horses shipped from San Fran- ioo are most valuable, being woitli $500 on an average; those from York $150; those from Texas $40. * principal exports of horses are to Mexieo (603)eliietty Iroui Texas, HitariOy &c. (391), the Bri«sh West IntUes and Honduras (232), •* tlie Fren(5h West Indies and French Guiana (129). 10. U 18 274 ANIMAL RESOURCES AMD FISHERIES OF USITED STATES. • ^B Miil«s are Bliipi>e(l iu Uie largest imiubcisfi'tiiii New Yoik (2,058), S«3 Orleans, La, ( 1,030), Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (J 10), Salima, Tes. (K), aud Uiilvestou, Tax. (90). Tliey are seut chiefly to the British Wwsl Indies and Houdiiras (1,541 ), Cuba (1,018), the FrcDch West Indies ami Gitiaua (252), the Central American States (210), British Qniaua {'M), and Mexico (134). Homed cattle are sliipped chiefly from Texas (20,390), Key West, Fla. , {0,071), Minnesota (6,615), New York (4,803), Unron, Mich. (IJiS], I BosroD (1,500), Philadelithia (700), Piiget Sound, \V. T. (Oil), Detroit, I Blinh. (543), aud San Diego, Cul. (085). They are sent chieSy to ChIki (^7,388), Quebec, Outai-io, &c (13,020), England (4,!K>1), Liberia (2,S09), Clutl to the British West Indies and Honduras (1,741), the Bennndas > taking u large share of the latter. Sheep are sent principally from Texa^ (108,747), California (53,4^), "Washington Territory (9,484), and Now Y'ork (-1,744). and find their vruj' mostly toMtxico (161,549), Britisli Columbia (9,484), British West Indias (2,299), England (2,692), and Quebec, &c. (1,003). It is snlBoienUy eri- ) dcut that Texas and California send to Mexico, Washington Territory to British Columbia, and New York and the Atlantic ports to Engliiad aud the West Indies. Hogs are exportei,7(Xi), I'liiluii*!- phia ($32,111). New Orleans (*7,4(HI), Boston (65,2.53), and Key Wwl, Fla. (*2,;J3I>). The receipts from Canada (*il;t,191) correspond nearly to the auioiiut given tor the northern liorder ports, those froni China (*43,331) tollie entries of San Francisco, and thus*! frem Cuba {5!2,.'>4t)) to the entries of Florida, New York and Philadelphia receive nearly all the remaiuder, which is princii)allv sent by (iermany ($325,693), England {ii65,\6i), France ($63,119), Belgiinn (54,537), the Netherlands ($40,145), Ilalj ($ 1 1,957), and Mexico ($2,670). The total value of the import of honey is $61,205, of which New YoA iv::eives the ])rincipal share ($34,693), then New Orleans ($13,483) ami Boston ($8,019). Sausagi,'s, sausage-ski us, and Bologna sausages are imported toth^ ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 275 le of ♦83,187, of wliieli Kcw Yuik rf(-t'i\fS ovvr $80,000 and New ■Am over $1,300. i>iidea8e2 Ml!?? 42,118 W,0!3W :«.92B00 73,7TJ nd bmM, game, and poultt;, mbIsiI or uiuealed. In ca It(.»»8tl 13,624 6, MS, KM B1T.W3 W -^Tseou 2.71»,)51 82.131 1»,*I3 50 je following tables show the imports of eggs by countries, and the esponding entries by customs-districts. CannlilM. Egg«, Coimtcfca. 3.0MI IWl (M8,70a Jl»,ffi3l J.BflB.3W '4B»,«2J /A Smila, New Bmniwlck, Hondnnia »<>^Me DCt«!k,N.Y.. 7liiMTil,N.T.. plain, K.Y iaa.O>ilo iirfileh i,M.J.'- 7.W I >V»ji..M, H. I 13, OS.-. I KorlolkHnil I'Drtauunth,Va... no. -Ma ' Oii'Enn.Onii UH,42T ! 1U8.320 Is, MB. 271 ', 017. 6S£ 276 AmULL BGBOUeCES AND PI8HEBIE8 OF tlNITEU aUTiS Tlie aiuoiint of domestic exports is shown in Uie fullomng b ArtlKlM. I Aa fiee^BtUea... Motton Pork PrMcrred metU . . lATd Total... -. ia« i(iT.aAi,aM aMCT Fresh beef is shipped an follows : New York--.. ,- ...poendii.. a»,S30,«» nnM Pblladelphln _ -..Jw-.-- ft«, Ta^ and is sent to almost every eonntry, England (ll*,727,88:i pounib). Scotland (5,887,774), the British West Indies (2,774,804), (lei-inBiiy (2,185,090), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (1,297,GB2), and British (iniana (1,(142,150) receiving the largest proportion. Jlutton goe« fVotn New York to England (219,!)28 [khuiiIk) and Scot- land (120,440). Pork goes chiefly flvnn New York (3!t,239,2a4 ponnd«), Uosloa (10,703,002), Huron, MJoh. (7,748,C«0), Baltimore (3.901,O4J), Philwid- phia (2,144,7H1), and Portland (2,930,359) to England (I!i,7!13,I(iH.li« British North American Provinces (17,090,5*0), the British WcM liwllMi Provinces (0,8«7,4ft0), Scotland (2,847,340), Porto Rico (2,92.'i,975), ikr- many (1,251,100), and the Dutch West Indies (1,120,100), aM well w w all other qnarters of the globe. Uacon and hauis go cliif fly IVoin New Yoik (253,481,047 iKiuuds), EmWD (112,050,704), Philadelphia {72,7.is.ll!l], Portland ( 10,541,136), Baltiiuoi* (6,146,098), and Huion, .Mich. (2,1^75.004). lo Kngland (322,010,72(1). Srot- land (31,193,96i)), Belgium (30,840,038), (iennany (23.7I.-.,0'.I3). Fniiw* (23,107,230), Cnba (10,813,912), Sweden and Norway (■>.27s.22S). NVlliir- landa (4,442,700), tlie British Pmnnces (3,032,464), tlie British ffw* 'Tlie Joaroaluf the Bo.val AgrJonUtinil Society of Enclnuil <197T) Kiuftit tlii'iiii|"|* of l>e«U Iwef from New York nnd I'Uilwli'lphiu in lEe lirat four monlb* uf IJi (9a,ei2,12^1M)iiml»)tj)li(iv('escpe(lud tImwUoleimportof thepi'BceiUng juwilBi'*''''* poondB). I AKIUAL aESOURCUa AND FlSUEUItS QV UMTED &TATL». (1,241,484), Spain (1,004.S4U), ami hi enmllci' qiiuiititiex to almost J t ly other country. l'ieHer\-eL'4,2.") l)oaiids), Boslou I ' ;^it,;n;)). riiili.k-litliia (Il,(i82,l40), Baltimore (11,072,057), Poilland ] , I l.srtU), iiikI lliin.ii, Miuli. (.V^o,?;^), to England (00,196,750), Sirot- .1 (.>8,u.-«<.7il). IJelgUini (2;t,HS2,27I ). Franw; (2^,788,009), Cubftj I 'i'WijiWi), Sfotliiiid (ti.a'J«,«52), British Provinces (O.llS.SM), Noihir- f Ms(5,597,l60),UDit«dStat€8ofColonibiin4,549,!»95),Bmzil(4,2ti7,31(»), lela, Spanish Africa, llayti, and nnuiorons other conntriec. gofromSfw York (12,211 dozens), VYashingion TeiTitory (8,871), j Cnnatlinn lioiindnry (»,;W») to the British I'rovincos (18,81 (4,20(1), !ind Porto Kico (5».024). ilcii»ed milk goi's IVom New York (*!14,24(i), San Fi-aiiclsco ($24,006), Itimore (iE'l,'l2r>) lo tlie BritiHJi posResHions in AuHlralasiu ($37,609), 1 (*30,727), .lapan ($12,984), British West ludiew ($8,51)2), China Cuba (*4,74fij, llrazil (iS2,4»r.). British folunibiiv (ii2,405), Ceu- , riva ($1,754), and Ihiyti ($1,248). goes chiefly from Sew York (10;(,251,li01 iKauidn), I'liiladclphiikJ ,868), IJoHton (I,17LV'--). ai"l Huron, Mich. (l,ll(Vi2«), to Kii},'laildl ^~9),8cothtna (l,lO(M>l>9),anil the English colonics, with smalt] itiiM lu oilier connlrie.s, goeM chiefly from New York (10,771,003 pounds), Boston^ ), and I'hilodelphia (1,141,224) to England (10,501,040). Scot- 1 1,7.17), the British West Indies (1,277,1)4.")), Scotland (1,237,1)78), I Iritish l'n)vitiot%Cuha, Porto Eico,IIa,vti, thw Netherlands, f.'oloia-T 'enezuelu, iind the Danish West Indies. foreign <»xi>ortHof pmvi^tions amonnt to §04,478. chiefly ti-oin NewfiJ to England, Cu'm, Mexico, British Columljia, Ccntrul iind Soiitlt b qnandty of ll8h imitorteil not Hiibjcet to duty is shown in the I'ol-. Stable. ' The total value is $1,400,730. Ilcnlng, pltklnL Mnckcrrl, iiicklwL , ^ BamJs. DoUim. ButivU. K Knv OrniuwlFk, 2, 316 I 13, Ml 278 ANIMAL RESOUBCBS AND FISHBBIES OF CNTTED STATES. The remainder of tbe iiiiiiort subject to duty is Khovn in the nex The total value is $l,0r>4,748. Counlriea. SardiQM anil ucho- olltroiberiri*. HcrtJDg, ptckl.^ Ibekcrd. pickM roimrtB. Don™. Pmnd* DdUn. Fomid*. 1 IMbn 20 IK 1. 388 ^^.T. 84 61. WO No™ Soolla, New Bran.«lck, « lM(tohW«itlndir..»lBrit. 1 SOS 0,479 14 1 W 773,331 I4.trj3 WM5 The amuiints of Cana^lian tisli not liable to duty received in tb 0H3 ciustoms-districts are shown below: I I'iah. nni of Aniericm flalkertt*. ANDCAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 279 The entries by customs-districts of flsli not from Canada and dutiable are shown below: Districtm. BBltimore, Md Boston and Cbarlestown, Haas BnsoadeSantiaffo, Tex BoilUo Creek, NT Y Cftpe Vincent, N. Y Champlain, N. Y Coyahosa, Ohio DStroit, ^ Mich. OalveatoiL Tex — Qeneaee, N. Y Huron, Mich Key West, Fla Hichii;an,Mich... Now Orleans, La . . . irewYork,X. Y... Niagara, N.Y Oawegatchie. N. Y Phllaaelphia, Pa . . . San Diego, Cal Sandnaky, Ohi^.... San Francinoo, Cal. Superior, Mich Vermont, Vt Willamette, Oreg . . Total Fish, not of Anier- ican fisheries. Herring, pickled. Barrels. 338 2 1 21 Dollars. 2,686 28 12 21 45 14,428 6 8 770 185,926 All •other. Sar- Mackerel, i";S*??il not else- pickled. J^^?;^^- when^ in oil. Barrels. Dollars. 34 14,873 158 180, 615 6 8 14 Dollars. 309 43,130 417 1,082 43 o 67 65,188 578, 923 105 1,475 82,134 4 ■|- I Dollai-A. II. 8€9 ?9 im 9."»2 .1 -O 3K'{ 1. 4, 11, 1. .'1. 0 J 118 52 .'>.-i4 370 4(n 52 oai 864 238 085 310 200 148 ! 773,331 j 01. • (^4 The next table shows the amount of fish entered into consumption : Description. Fish, the pmdact of the sea-flsherles of the Dominion of Canada. New- foundland, Sec, under treaty of May 8, 1871, act of March 1, 1875, and not dutiable : Fresh, for immediate consumption pounds . . Herring, pickled iNirrels.. Herring, dried or smoked boxes.. Mackerel, pickled barrels.. Salmon, pickled do... Salmon, dried or smoked pounds. . Shell-fish and turtles • other fish, uickleil barrels. . other fish, dried or smoked pounds.. Prepared or preservwl in cans, or otherwise than In oil Fish, dutiable : Herrings, pickled or salt'ed barrels . . Fiah, in oil or preserved, except anchovies or sardines Mackerel barrels.. other fish, pickled do... other fish, pickled. .. pounds.. Fish prepare<1 in cans Pickled salmon bamJs.. Sardines and anchovies, packed in oil or otherwise in tin boxes: Whole boxes, 5 X 4 X 3i inches Half boxes. 5 X 4 X If inches •. Quarter boxes, 4J X 3} X 1| In any other form Quantity. I Dollai-s. (^fitera, dried. — I 13. 453. 033 61. 791. 50 316, 570. 50 44, 160. 50 21, 677 37,069 16, 004. 25 5, 645, 357 14,907 84 385i 690,856 i 3,813 264,285 7,985.401 31.-»,8.''.8 10 207, 090 5.'> 39, 4."i9 42 373, 792 38 62. 393 00 3,704 00 1,727 55 90, 706 00 229.0(11 00 19,2-3 7rt 190.431 00 15, 996 00 105 0(t 2, 4.''»8 00 48, 2(H> 00 7,271 Co 9 Wi 2,838 00 48.044 00 661, .597 2,"» 11,018 2J 722,997 50 ~l3, 44700 ' 280 ASIMAL AE801IHCES AND F18HEKIES OF UNITED STATES, The following table showu the amount of domestic exports of fi^: j a^,.„. tjumlity. DBiinJ im,SJ« ^"?'*" ''US 234, 111, ZB3 ™,>i K.tstai TUe fuUowing table allows the amouut of exjwrts by districts: "•iS" PUh, Fbih. plrkled. q,«tM Cwt. Uonsn. Dolkn. Bunla. Dalian. MUm. Boih. Mk £ «8 1,30,1 2 4,715 142 Ml M,1S(I OM iTi.oni TS,tllS "'2 2» '"■S :;:.:;; i^"ol^w"'s*"Y''" ■■ 11 Cupi-ViiicMt. N.Y ■■"ioi ""i.iw » „» ai I,»0 .^! iori gS?;&"«::::;::-.:::;: V . .' ii :«i M 1L338 M,niB 391 BO, 200 07 64,002 S,TM 388,778 ' i,8«i i.m at M,»S7 1«8,41S 313,042 289 ^709 ::::;■■ ::::::" 2,5K KSjiri.;:-.:::: -■* 032 -4.;ij. '2.*W7" 4.BB3 21. »H ■AM '"""i,i4!i 17, GOD E;": """--I 51.5^ i,"6fl^«3 ...'....: B,2M 6,1(0 7, 71U LIH) WilhuiM-.H', OT..B Vcnouot, [jikm fnuo C»- isftWi ISO, IJl 114,338 1 70, 217 1 468,738 2,48a,Ka 170, d" iW«,i«0 431. M r NIMAL'BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 281 allowing table shows the amounts of domestic exports of fish by js: Coontrieft. Republic jerican States Fish, ^ied or smoked. Cwt. Dollars. 105 'st Indies 'Ht Indies and French Guiana, ssessions in Africa and a^a- ids Messions, all other, iin: Englimd 45 170 1.316 343 624 19, 039 I 84, 228 a, New Brunswick, and Prince Island itario, Bupert's Land, and the st Territory umbia and and Labrador 'St Indies and Bi^tish Honduras iana - (sessions in Africa (Sessions in Australasia, [slands is st Indies. loira, and Capo Verde Islands. e PosM*8sions in Africa and ad- lands ilatic igo 22 86 242 163 380 012 Fish, fresh. Dollars. Fish, pioUed. Barrels. Dollars. 0 50 121 60 541 857 2,312 305 6,000 2,302 Fish, oth- er cured. Oysters. Dollars. 770 300 5,039 3, 420 2,572 Dollars. 812 12 1,841 240 2,555 27 2,714 18,480 0.502 2,002 87 70 5,084 040 104 815 41, 352 18.000 600 350 27,709 4,886 080 3,474 00 62,387 10 55 371 42 1 24,004 72 644 372, 025 60^ 406 1,238 443 7 77,818 315 611 22 3,205 00 oHsessions in Africa and a(\ja- ads id Norway ites of Colombia. Hlands and ports, not elsewhere 3,400 18,483 5,720 19,503 87,687 24, 077 196 1,997 760 12, 142 710 5 53,660 270 170 746 1,030 2,046 210 2 2.107 1,042 4,151 4,700 12, 137 1,628 16 86 222 5,540 1,478 81 626 026 20,737 33,066 0,280 866 4.652 7,352 225,040 143 430 4 6 2,102 3,117 43 56 11,416 2,480 43,307 7,286 612 13. 05.1 72,536 1, 587, 457 5. 514 50 21,787 2, 453 L20 25,280 1.000 201,606 341 207,468 17, 701 31.344 402 236 ;{4 50 i 18, 420 i 11K,6J4 I 2,CC7 5,003 I 56.516 1.849 I 68 1.401 I 800 38 ' 183 33,143 2,002 482 1 13 10 141 i. 2,523 3,048 5,067 I 2,112 00,200 I 588 I 1,258 16,534 5,146 8,137 20, 516 715 101,402 i 5, 232 5, 160 33 J taken frt)m Canadian reports id total 159, 648 791, 785 189, 151 980, 936 13 129 3.435 14, 315 20 360 66 27 6,757 65, 401 8,112 384 4,400 13,080 1,117 7,256 4,551 43 3,404 72 437 14 3,005 145 114, 138 76, 227 486, 738 2, 486, 225 224 2, 157 1.381 181 200, 620 170, 610 4.11,230 thousand nine Inindred and tliree barrels of i)ickled herring, at $9,088, passed througli Boston to Sweden and Norway as a export. ?llaneous fish to the vahie of 832,120 goes as foreign export to d ($22,098), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (8o,795), the Fi^neli adies ($3,932), Quebec, Ontario, &c. (8215), and Austrahisia ($80). i amomit Boston sends the most ($31,905) and Portland the re- r ($215). 282 ANIMAL RESOnSCEB AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UtriTBD 8TATe& The following tivble shown the foreign exxurta of fish : YiMb. bM at AmraioB liAalm. Comitriej.. piSn?s. Bunl*. Dalian. Donus. j Dd ODtnlAmeriiiiiSUiteB LM ••2i XocB Scotia. NeiiltnuiBwiok. and Prince Bdwacd IiUnd in S 21 KSM «mcb Wmt Ii lipH ajid Prenrh (iiijaiia 1 MAL RESOURCES AITD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 283 jht forward 12,400,747 , New Brunswick, &c 281 essious in Australasia 239 16 Baltic and White Seas 178 ^ 115 63 nd and Labrador • 52 43 fc Indies and British Hondoras 38 17 14 2,401,778 e imported chiefly to New York ($2,142,947), Philadelpbia Boston ($72,625), Montana and Idaho (from the Hudson's Bay of course) ($69,051), and San Francisco ($11,874). Lie of fur-skins and furs entered into consumption is shown in ing table: ' all kinds, not dressed in any manner $1, 544, 893 89 anufactures of: , on the skin 1,044,930 1fc{ , partially on the skin 198 10 , not on the skin, hatters', and others 1, 229, 322 64 undressed, and not on the skin 8,178 00 ips, muffs, and tippets of fur, and all other manufactures , or of which fur shall he the component of chief value... 97,942 87 3.925.467 73 nd lamb skins tanned with the wool on are imported to the 3 to the amount of $22,232. lestic export of furs amounts to $3,836,579. The amount of t, by customs-districts, and by countries, is shown in the fol- )le: Districts. a I larlentown, Mass T Pa Wash Cal rog Niagara and Vermout, 'anadian reports >tal Furs and fiir-skins. Dollars. 20,900 10,300 13H.4(}8 28, 640 82» 10 000 2, 777, or>0 210 1,728 7ri7, 986 16, 707 29, 337 21 10 3, 788, 802 47, 777 3, 830, 579 Conntries. Belgium France GfiTiiauy (rn»at Brit^iin : England Scotland Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island Qucbei'^ Ontario, Rupert's Land, and the Northwest Tenitory Biitish Columbia " British Possessions in Australasia . . Japan Netherlands VenezueUi I Total > Additions taken from Canadiin re- I ports Grand total Furs and fur-skins. Dollars. 605 8,397 1,000,380 2, WW, 253 2, 200 1,250 32, 044 37, 017 200 437 200 219 3, 788, 802 47,777 3, 8:ji!. ."7'J Ml- imdxessedy are sent a« foreign exports to the amount oi* id $105,020, Qermany #0,214, France $3,227, and 284 AMDIAL BEBOUBCES AMD FISHBB1E8 OP UHITXD flTlXSa. Uoug-Kong $625. All passes through Nev Yori:, exo^t tlte Hou^ Koug sbipmeiLt, which goes through San Francisco. There is also a foreign export of fiira to the ^-alne of $52^99: to Que hec, &c.f $37,518, England $8,025, Mexico $2,667, Fiuice $2,138, tom Oermauy $1,296. It passes almost entirely tlirongfa "Sew Y4lO ^ •-•« ss iSii 35 & ! Oft 8*^ s 61 94 IS ss ca •^sf kO « ^ of i. & '^ I 3S lis 83? ec §J e»eo< « i oo t«< CI 00 (S 9 iS '2 s 1 '& i m 1 1 a ^r Q S -3 art 3 a a o c a SSI o CO oo CD i-< ^ $ ^ § CO CO a

illLnuiiv.U aptliWo,Ti CluiDVlniwntN.nr Cli»inpWa,KT CoTinU Cliriatl, Xts IMn>lt.Ukti Dnluth. Ulnu Uuhlu, Mo Mimnl, Ohi.. Ifewburyporl, Muai* Oremui, ihrg PortlitDd.Uu BiobmrnuLVa Btiaa Mid Berorlv, Haw . . etoafm,CtL BhtuuiiiIi, 0 B«^wrliii.Mt WaUolnro'.He ... WULunellti, (teas-. WllmliialDii. N. C . Woo), nir and fltwm. PoDodB. IMUn. iuiia to Nlneus and Vcnnon' itdct^ Fraicb PouicuicHia in Afric.i n juccnt lalmula Vronch FoaBeoaious, at] ciilnv Gnat IlrStaio: ihiginiia . (jiii-bCL, UDtarlu,1tii|i.'ii Npwniiiiiillanil anii'tJihi ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISUKRIES OF UNITED STATES. 287 Wool, and manufactures of. Countries. Wool, raw and fleece. Carjiets. Other manu- Cuoturcsof • Pounds. Dollars. Tarda, i Dollars. 1 DoUarH. :m 100 138 55 150 121 60 2,940 1 ) 14,460 riftndff . . ,,,,..,.,-.., 170 West IndieB 127 ;al ' 275 ICadeira, and Cai>e Yexde Isliuids niese PosaeMions in Africa and :fint ialanda r 1,244 ' ■ ■ 1 100 1 10 , 21 85 06 1 2,225 I States of Colombia 1.153 ay • ' "4 1,040 uela 076 1 5.'i8 1 1,404 her islands and iM>rts, not else- re sDecifled 142 1 I'otal ons taken from Canadian repoi-ts . 1 79,599 1 26,446 670,008 23, 479 16, 377 275, 460 101, 106 1 096,454 436,506 ' ic foreign export of woolen inaniifactnres amounts to $373,753, that imanufactnred wool to $472,519 (3,088,957 pounds), chiefly to Canada 5,134), France ($23,835), and England ($3,550). SILK. le importii of raw silk are shown in the following table: Silk, raw e .. anv aa. I •Rons 44, 281 133,106 2, 192 170. 891 2,282 819,056 5, 360 Dollurs. 233,390 1,017,339 18,403 1, 113, 832 19. 979 4,371,886 18,108 1,186,170 • 6,702,937 aw silk coines entirely to San Francisco (801,106 i)ounds), New York ,328), and PhilaS5,3(>8, of which $240,487 comes to New York, $35,352 to Boston, 20 to the Lake x>orts, and $4,119 to Baltimore. WHALEBONE. nmanufactured whalebone entered into consumption to the amount .880 pounds, valued at $1,379. The consumption of manufactured lebone is valued at $851. ^ SHELL. jells of everj' description, including, doubtiess, both tortoise shell shells of mollusks, entered into consumption, $162,708.70. CORAL. umanufactitred coial entered into consumption to the amount of $.14; coral cut or unmanufactured to the amount of $28,049. LEATHER. • tie following table shows the amounts and values of leather and her articles entered into consumption : 8 and skins : joat-skioB, Angora, and sheep-Hkius, with the wool on (less the value of the wool) $7. 419 15 Joat-skins, raw 3,1B1,072 40 Ul other hides, raw or uucnre<1, whether dry. salted, or pickled; and skins, except sheep-skins, with the wool on 11, 795, 029 93 her, tanncfl, not nianufactur«Ml 4, r)«8, 491 46 ianufiujtureH of h-ather 3,449,979 7(> bneut. 8,938 00 iiatious of viscera : Hanufactures of bladders 10() 00 Sold-beaters' molds and skins : Entered into consumption 14, 23G 00 Imported (this whole import comes to New York) 13, 6;i4 00 Sinews, nerves, &c., crude 3, 798 00 L*atgat and whipgut unmanufactured, catgut strinjxs and gut- cord for musical instruuimts, also gut and woi-ni;;ut ior ^\ hi[) and other cords, entered into consumption 103, 109 39 ie total entry of catgut strings amounts to $140,210. Of this, New t receives $117,952, Ikiltimore 812,218, San Fnimisco S5,r»35, Boston 11, New Orleans $2,898, and Philadelphia $l,(i44. col pelt«, less the value of the wool, are imported to the vahie of IS. This import is entered entire at Boston. "^OL N. M. No. 14 19 2D0 ANIMM. IllCSOnRCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 1 inDEa a:(d skins. ^ Tlie roIlowLD^ shows the valne of importatioiis of bides aiid skius: i ArKuntino Republic ^2,071,181 ' Austria 26.S4S ' Beljriura SUETT Broial l,13fl,SW Contnl American Stftt«M A'lr. Cliili I9.K! Chiutt W! Frauco ZtJ.TH French West Indies and French Goiima IMS Frmiph FnMeaMona in Africa Wi,Mj All otlier French PoeBMBioiu l.Pi Qermany 234,13 England l.a*,l« Nova Suotto, Now Brunswick, dio 1*.3B Suubec, Ontario. &c 4a3,i» ritish Colnmbia a,« Neufrmndland aud Labrador i,Sl Brilbli West InditH and Hondnriu . 1T,ST -■ilbli (iQiaua m _ itiHh East Indies 1.279.«il Britiull I'osBPBsions in Airica lS4.'lli BrillKli I'OHsraaious ID Anatralasia ffl7 AHoUuT 38.W Hawaii 5ll^*l Bavti ?,«!> ' Italy CT Jagiaa m MMicb - i.m.m . S«therlandB !»» Ihitch Went Indict* and Dutch Guiana 93,7W Portugal A™ AKOTca, Madeira, and Capo Verdo Islands « 48,18 Saultomin^o _ 19,917 Ciilia *B,"f' PiinoRioo _ U.m SpiiiiiiJi PrawMsions claewhcro 14,6™ Tiirlwv ill Africa 5* Uiiilcd Sluti;(t of Colombia 1,033,OT ■ ITriinimv l,7!«,fK V,.ii,-j;it.'.la 7n3,fiU All iiumiLulterod ]ior(s in Afnta r^S3 ii,9ea,;iii Tiic nest table shows the ports at which tiides and skins are eDteid by the importers : lliUlmoiv. Mil Uonloii DiHl Ghnrlriitiiu'u. Magi llraiiis (lu HouUiigii, Ti'i Buflalii Crtck, I<. T C;«|M> Vluctmt, N. Y chic.ii.-i,"m * '.,... W' '..'.[ ["'.'. f.'oniiiH Clirinti, Ti-i ]lc;ii>)t.. Uli:h I'aiill.'W. CNn:i liiilv.-sl.iii.T.'X lll.iin-cnlvi-, Jl;,8» Ilimni. Uli-li Minni-xnlii, Jlinn Ki-w llrilf,ml, SlBM xl-Ii iliyi-™,'coni1?* .'.".'.'.y.'''. X.-wOtl™n.i,l.i N«wVciTk,r;.T .,,. HirtTs^d' klDB, OlllPT Hum Ian. 'Bs ■as ■,,7's -J'S fltt^M NiaKBra,N.r Oswi'CatcMp.N.T.. OawccD.N.Y l>siDlka,N.C Pa»dp|Norle,Toi. r«rlltiTer, Uiu... rivmoutb. Uass — I^nniilcnce, R I ... I'lijIFt SouM, Wash RkhmoBd, Va San VraDCiaco, Cal.. Sniwrlnr-Mlcbi^;!; Vcimmit.Vt Wjllauipltc. Oroa . . . WilmiBgloD. N. ideira, and Cape Verde Islands . I the Baltic and White Seas 5 400 465 41*7 16 97 33 424 60 283 62 112 nd Norway 80 2 'Ates ^ Colombia 805 115 55 162 12 42 1 204 a 1 31 a1 7, 447, 423 4,589,713 500,802 3, 128, 910 507. 014 exports of leather are as follows : if afl kinds, not elso-vrhere specified pounds. and other fine leather 1 shoes and harness and other manufactures .pairs. Quantity. 25, 122, 936 300,484 Value. $2,480,427 0, 010, 373 1, 280, 225 414,630 450,073 10, 047, 728 foreign exports of hides and skins amount to 8^4,415. This ex- j made from New York and Boston to France ($13,970), Nova and New Brunswick (812,068), Enj^land (810,608), and Germany )). That of leather amounts to 8100,7()2 (382,705 pounds), cliicfly ^land and Canada; of leather gloves 813,372 (2,280 dozen pairs), to Canada and France; and other manufactures, 817,857, to British bia, Scotland, Mexico, England, Canada, and France. 292 ANIMAL RESOUBCBS AHD FI8HEBIE8 OF UNITEO STATES. The tables below show the amoante of exports l^ countriw u districts : LaHher, imd munfutiuH et CooRtriei. I*.tl»rofril1tli»U. not »l«wh*rB apeci- ilBtoeea, P-ir. Doll.™. p™.u. UolUn. lu^ ™-. 144 215 3M 40. Ui 500. 3W » t^BU t .1^ 8, Ml las WH3 «;7H U.1M ..£ Pmich WMt Indlf* «iid Fnath lUqu^ LMgler, «rf St. Plara i.ai7 IK 4.1M i4«3 St4 41 flviD 4.4T4 1,M » 3,E75,Z41 1 'S^Si'^:-^ il.001 18. 1 ST n« iM,7i5 IS.W6 rt of common glue amounts to 1,112,527 pounds, valued at 345.00. lie consumption of gelatine and similar products, of which a portion robably of vegetable origin, is valued at $90,971. inglass or flsh-glue entered into consumption to the value of $32,236 267 pounds). tie total import of flsh sounds and glue is given at $16,125; $11,727 es to Boston, and $4,398 to other ports. lue is exported to the amount of 81,685 pounds, valued at $16,009. SPONGES. le total import of sponges is valued at $91,742. New York receives 524, Philadelphia $2,452, and San Francisco $1,693. OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS. le following quantities entered into consumption : OilH. Amount. Dollnra. rer oil, bronvTi or crude, from provimeH, not iliitiuMo (liitiablr gallonn . . do — 129, 2fl3 13. 732 81, 607 00 15, 4(t4 00 foUI 142, 99.i 1'7, 041 00 rstr oil Tcftii(>4l nifMlicinal 17 2, 522 22, 210 00 1 gallons..; do 1 ■id aU •»*«""^( not otherwise pruvitled fur 1, 124 03 KO 00 ]MHinds . . ! i 1,938 00 2. 142 03 296 ANIMAL BESOURCBS AND FISnEBIBS OF mriTBD STATCS. OILl A,^ Mtn n»T«uuW< issi • Tbo totnl Import ot ETOue UDOtmU to «ua,D7a , Kew York receive* tM,dta, BoMo, MW. Soap-grease is imported to the value of (5,384. Boston reccdvee|2,38 Kcw Yoil£ $1,469, tbe Lake ports $894, aud Pliiladelphia #637. The total import of sperm oil is $5,590, all coming to Sao FnnHMi The next table shows the exports of oils and fata: Olli.tliti.ltc ADMODM. Ddn i>;ta: i.flia.iiB ♦HI Tliere is a foreign export of whale and other iisli oils, appareotlyliM the British Provinces through Boston to Belgium; tliis amounts tolSJI gallons, valued at $26,669. A small foreign expoit of dutiable gilt<' this description goes to Quebec, Ontario, &c. (1,459 gallons), tbe BtitU West Indies (23C), and Brazil (10). This whole export amounts to 1.% gallons, valued at $794. It passes through Boston (1,363 gallMUJu' ABIIUL BESOUBCES ikND FI8HBBIB8 OP UNITED STATES. 297 FMR., ..TI^U. DtatrieU. '^SSS.'S While amaaih. not GaUona, Dothn. OoIlcHlL DolUn. 82.007 i'£ 10.1W «,78! %m wo iB3S Z(N 12> tS IS 1*8.708 84,088 FEBFITUEBT HATEBULS. The next table shows the quantity entered into consmnption of mate- itate used by perfdmero : Oimcn.. Uollun. ^m COLORING MATEEIALS. Hk uext table shows the quantity entered into consumption of sub- •Manceu used by color-makers : DoKFiplian. Pounds D..1U.™. ^WteHl 1.304,370 *54;78i jE4^n«.SM«l.bntt«>.ud.tlek _D,Wli The total import of cochineal is 1,324,1(k) pounds, valued at $640,325. The next table shows the quantity of cochiuad imported, by conn- Importt of eochtKeal. W Ccantrieg. Pffimda. DoUan. ||>» »ffi BBS- 298 ANIMAL EBS0DBCB8 AND FISHSUIKS OF DHITED STATES. The next table shows the quantit; of imports by costome districU: Slatrict*. New York .... Bdston FhiladelphU.. Saa Pnuialico. In addition to tlie above, we find that 66,9S6 pounds, raloed * $52,938, -p&ss through New York to England {foreign cxiwrts). The nest table shows the quantity entered into cousamptiwi of ■ aud manufactures thereof. Dwrrii^n. AnouiL - Wu..iidioiilhct ore. or. 1&8K J CuUtOttM nrlnepnyldedlbr ^ The total import of wax aniouiiti^ to $16,844, of which Sew Yort»- ceives $11,764 and Philadelphia 63,330. The total export of wax amounts to 276,891 pounds, valuint at i The total export of bone-black, ivorj-black, and lamp-black (I ier not of animal origin), amounts to 515,488 pounds, valued at I ANIMAL BK80URCES AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES. 299 die mannfactore of fertilizers," is placed at $82,882. The amount en- tered into consumption is $56,935. The principal' import is through the Lake ports, whidi enter to the ralne of $52,469. Baltimore, the seat of many extensive fertilizer fac> wiies, receives to the value of $23,857, New York $4,937, and Bostou Kl,475. The total export of bones and bone-dust amounts to 7,072,000 pounds^ rafaied at $121,493. GUANO AND OTHER FEBTILIZEBS. The imi>ort entry of guano, except from bonded islands, is placed at ^1^482 tons, valued at $873,790. The^xport of guano amounts to 954 tons, valued at $41,530. 2,757 OBS, valued at $77,190, goes as a foreign export to Ireland (1,537 tons),. England (680), and Cuba (535). It passes through Petersburg, Ya. 1,437 tons), Beaufort, S. C. (779), and New York (541). Other fertilizers are imported to the value of $157,471. Of this* iBUHmt Baltimore receives $48,230, New York $18,897, Philadelphia W^13, and other ports $80,647. ■ lianures, probably mostly animal, are exported, to the value of Mt/>76|602. SPECIMENS OF NATUEAL HISTORY. The following entered into consumption : of natural history, botany, and mineralogy for cabineta, ^c, and ^Ni lor sale bMons _ and other preparations of anatomy •rfMbirds!^".'.'!!."""'..*.' !.".".'.'"///..'."'/."/. VmUb 112, 191 4,040 11 li097 375 Total 17,714 The following table shows the countries from which guano is imported r Countries. ^H. m^ West IndicA and Rrit- Hoodunis Guano (except Irom bonded islands). Tons. 1,832 Hi 4 615 100 70 Dollars. 55, lao 790 317 7, 123 3,178 143 Countries. Guano (except from bonded islands). Mexico Venezuela All other countries and ports in South America Total Tons. 18, 481 4,403 25, 582 Dollars. 741. 124 f55, 27G. 873, 390 Gnano is brought chiefly to Kew York (1G,738 tons), Baltimore (7,732),. idelphia (673), Norfolk (300), San Francisco (122), and :5^ew Or- 2U4 AKUUL KEB01TBCE8 AND FI8HEBIE8 OF tTHlTED STAin. The imports of hair, by countries, are as sho'wii below: Hair, u ™™° HoneJuirferiran big. Coimtriee. =£ Hair, other iMlUn. DolUn. Ponud*. Didlua. PMBfc Dd B«,H1 M1,M» M*.»| a ST 335 1«,71B »S.«6 OlSU BS2 ia,7« »»,TH B,Z78 !l.lff7 IT. Ml 1,1IB IS* a. ITS i;£ «oi >.„ 3,926 5>S "f!S. * 41 7T,075 162. 5M KI3.14S 213. SW Tbe imports are made chiefly to ^cw York, Boston, and Plijladel}ita 'Xweuty-one thousand and three pounds of horse-hair for weaiii valned at $1,201, pass through Boston to £u||hiud as a foreifni eipv also manufactui'es of hiuuau hair to the value of $19,320, chiefly to ¥n l;iiiil. mill (illii-riiair maiLurnctiiivs fw: !..-.',»:) rliirllv in !;.1jjiimi 4 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 295 QUILLS. The iMnoant of quills entered into consumption, prepared and unpre- pared, is valued at $1,051. The value of toothpicks entered into con- mimption is $15,441. FEATHERS. The value of feathers entered into consumption is shown below : Feathers and down for beds and feather-beds $12,531 50 Ornamental feathers, ostrich, vnltare, cock, &.c,, crude Go4, 450 20 Feathers, dressed, colored, or manofactured 15,352 00 The total entries of feathers amount to $11,313, of which !N^ew York receives $10,431, and San Francisco $727, with trifling entries at other ports. There are also feather-beds to the value of $1,404, coming chiefly to New York and Philadelphia. GLUE AND GELATINE. The import of hide-cuttings for glue-stock amounts in value to $a20,722, of which New York receives $163,593, Boston $156,448, and Baltimore $081. Hoofs and other glue-stock of that description are ▼alned at ^10,650, of which $10,188 comes to the Lake ports. The imjiort of common glue amounts to 1,112,527 pounds, valued at $28,345.60. The consumption of gelatine and similar products, of whi(*>h a portion is probably of vegetable origin, is valued at $90,971. Isinglass or flsh-glue entered into consumption to the value of $32,230 ^fi,267 pounds). The total import of flsh sounds and glue is given at $16,125; $11,727 comes to Boston, and $4,398 to other ports. Glue is exported to the amount of 81,685 pounds, valued at $16,069. SPONGES. The total import of sponges is valued at $91,742. New York receives $74,524, Philadelphia $2,452, and San Francisco $1,693. OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS. The following quantities entered into consumption : Oils. Ood'liver oil, browTi or crude, from proviut-cs, not iliitiaMo gallonn. diitiabU; do. . . Total Cod-liver oil, refined, medicinal Wbale or fish oil from provinces, not duitablc gallons . . dutialde do Amount. 129, 263 13. 7.TJ 142, 905 Dollara. 19, 620 26, 711 Totia tWoot, and all animal, not otlierwise proviiled for gallons . . do 46, \m 2, 597. 50 410 jm Xdtal. pounds.-! 2.5,522 81, 607 00 15. 434 00 1»7, 041 00 17. 21H> 00 10, 9KJ 00 11.237 00 22, 21ft W 1, 124 'j;i KO 00 1,938 00 2, 142 03 INDEX OF OBJKCTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. A. Page. 184 'rowbridgii 88 ilbird-spean 88 drying-honaes 169 fitb-q;>ean 83 t, Inftuorial earth for 208 •bora moscoidea 266 Thierii 266 uaohlmrgus 38 nigricans 38 es, hatching 246-248 of bows and arrows 89 of obtaining and impregnating ova 245 to artifldal baita 138 to hnnting-birdi 137 to honting-doga 136 iria orennlata 271 Ineatos 26 tMzotic 229 boUo 177 mic 229 lie 177 ic 177 r brevirostris 64 macoloBQS 65 rabicnndas 64 storio 64 ■id» 64 eggs appiiratas 246 preparations 135 jys marinns G2 pipe 247 >e€h (llirudo trochina) 231 lae 12 8 gibbosiis 12 rumeri 270 ollecting-tank 176 33 gigariinoides 268 plicata 2C8 sonal 142 pumps 247 anes 90 89 *i8ton 90 leservoir 90 :nlenta 269 kble 190 40 i^ea 59 59 * Albumen, &c., Imports of. 299 ofblood 22» of eggs 280 Preparation of 175 preparations, Manufacture of 17& Album gnecum of dogs 22f^ Aloes malchis 7 Alcohol 176. Alcoholic specimens 176^ Alewife 60 Alewives, Smoked 185 Alg» 265 for "artificial staghom".... 265- for fertilizers 265- as food 265 for manufacture of bromine 265- for manufacture of iodine 265 Ornamental 265 Alligator 21 misaissippiensis 21 leather 215-^9 Musk of 228 Teeth of 199> Turtle 22 AlligatorK)il 226- Alopecid® 68 Alopias vulpes 68 Alosa sapidissima 60 Alpenstocks 142^ Alcidium Blodgettii 266 Alum, d&c 17» Alutera cuspicauda 25 Amber-fish 4:* Ambergris, Imports of 29i^ of spermwhale 228 Ambloplites rupestris iS Ambreine 22^ American Iladger 4, 190 Beaver 17 Buffalo 7 Club-fish 18ft Elk 8 I-.eech 231 MUler's Thumb 34 Sable 189^ Otter 4 Sardines 186 Sole 2C Amia calva 63 AmiidsB 63 Amiurus catus 62 Amanaia multifida 265 Ammodytes americanus 31 301 INDEX OF OBJECTS. OBJECTS. 1 uf^H Bomb.L;D» ::::::i.iS Btt^k-amaRodkBOi BIiuk-flHli uU S2i-tai lO^^ I :.:...: n 1 ::-r - HUakrt dc™> (for utdopn) »i ExpoHsof aw 1 iiii>llvui>BbaviDgs,GelBUiieirrom.. Z21 J importaut m-m ^^J BlMClllUg 1«2 Fi*li nv-^^^l Bl«l««ttL. Oowmlo UT.^^^| m 1 Bovld> ^.^^H 1 1 Mnlndoa nude* T7 -.^.l^t-pt™ m^^ l1UTOt-8^ 38 m ^^ Bow-nionthed Ciir-flsh '] ...Ml M,61 " J SiiuplB s .J utkto Bl».hM.I«dfllllBk M SB Obua-gtiUed iCoite'O !<«'^^l . «j 1 - .. in 1 BB.U ua-ita ™ 1 lr»"Kh» 39S BiMI-iK>lii<-. Pii»p.b(ii ud haft A>r M«.1M Ibhiiw. Cat-rigged 148 niB6-no» ^ , L sT" °.:::";:;:::: :::": ::::::"uJ« Brwrtplau. ..*S^^H ■ sun K. ^" IM B™T««tto|«tra™ i^^l BHdgB^Port-W» *!^^H ^^ Bull 2f. M. No. 14 20 ^^^^^H INDEX OP OBJECTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 305 P«ge. per » 17 lBi4di « ,l«^MIHnUlL *i BwMll-ininnhwl «S tKkU S5 .B Clnlp*di4, liJurioM n CirroBl4rml ,..._, —,,,, 1* CiiBt, Import* of. n CUdopdora tircta-, ,- TTl tnc^« n Unau. mmibr tup«trU.- in uiiKuii* m Cliuloatopliii* (poDStMOl . ft r«rticfllatiia , Tk Clun-liooks. lum, indploks. • ClUD-kiiiTca % Cliua-nlu* - a Cluo ahoreU V CliuuH N CMocd a Deep-tea . ........ ft Hen - IK LiUle Neck, CaniMd Hi CInp ncU fur biriia I» Cbirk's tnnB St: liwiebn .... 2tS Cbnr,lievn« 10 Clints .... 30 of l>e;ir X ofpnnrn SB otwuir ao Cl»ja 1- ClpaniTB.. in ClfoainK fln-arms. s Clearing.rlD^....., 1^ Clcar-noaoil Skate « Clews ISftlSl Cl<»ct«,Dark I" Clothing 16I,MMI»-I» FcallnTS fur W forban-U ■. '» Clubii.AnnHl ^ (.n ini«Hib'«) ^ INDEX OF OBJECTS. 307 Pag«. tie 185 story, Model of lobster 169 Model of oyster 169 eats 169,170 reoervation by 169,170 Jmoa, establishment, Model of . . 169 145,146 3h 142 jhbark 142,143 ;-out 144 ter f. 148 oden 148 247 '8 247 I's 247 247 '8 247 138 B, Imports of 299 as oooidentalis 25 "flah-ways 241 /. 66 nes 127 J 95 92,93 91,165 95 41 hrysos 42 ippos 42 im (Stone's) 247 lUratus 62 Bs, Manufacture of 175 acid 229 id 177 of ammonia (hartshorn) (see un- 200,202 Imal, Imports of 209 m Atwoodi 67 170 >lumbianus 9 acrotis 9 ir{;iniax&iis 8-9 irrcn Ground 8,193 ather 210 'oodland 8 'oodland 193 61 f 228 aports of 286 :yprinus 61 gerator 168 rxe 177 lolders 95 Ball, shot, and wire 02 Methods of preparing 92>93 137,142 I (used in Kantucket) 142 rory 173 ols 108 ps (Clark's) 247 (Wilmot's) . 247 ijBCGbak's) 247 .95,245 P«ge. Costagnoa virescens i 270 Cast-net 180 Castor canadensis 17 Castoreumof beaver 227,298 Castoridae 17 Castorine 2ST Casts, Apparatus formaking 177 Casts of fishes ... 241 Cat (Felis domestica) 188 Black 188 Maltese 188 Tortoise-shell .* 188 White 188 Catalogue of illustrations of inyertebrates of American coasts 251 Cat-fish, Fork-tailed 62 Mud 82 "Cat-gut" snoods and leaden 116 CatostomidA 01 Catostomus teres 61 Cat-rigged fishing-boats 148 Cattle, Foreign imports of 274 Cattle, Hairof 219 Caulerpa A shmeadii 270 clavifera 270 •' ' crassifolia. 270 '• cupressoides 270 ericifolia 270 •* lanuginosa 270 ** paspaloides 270 •• plumaris 270 " prolifora 270 Caulolatilus microps 44 Caviare 186 Cedar manna (Pinus cedrus) 230 Centrarchida) 4^ Centroceras clavulatum 26B " Eatonianum 268 Centropristis atrarius '. 50 Centroscylllum Fabricii 61 Centro8C3rmnus CGelolepis 69 Ceramium Deslongchampsii 268 •• diaphanum 268 '• fastigiatum 209 nitons 268 •' rubrum 268 strictum .' 268 " tenuissimum 268 YoungU 268 Ceratacanthus aurantiacus 25 41 41 7 h B 10 27 27 27 31 Cha?tomori»ha biachygona 271 *' molagonium 271 Picquotiana 271 sntoria 271 Cero Spotted Cervida) Cervus canatlensis — •• dama Cetc Cha?nop8etta dentata.. " oblon;]:a . ' ' ocellaris Cbsetodontidtc tt INDEX OF OBJECTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 311 Page. (Caxiaona Tirginiaima) 8,0,198 168 218 200-210 "2 ar 165 a 267 plena 267 ogloaanm 267 tlvens 267 rienrii 267 rcifolia 266 lifolia 267 paratna, Other 178 echanical 178 \m 10 acatodon 10 10 10 rdii 10 ibifrona 10 illsof 206 lorial, Specimena of. 207 at 182 ik 182 culeata 270 pilata 270 ridia 270 urioua apeciea, Apparatoa for . 243 acl speara 83-85 161 Terrapin 21 1*8, Brazilian 208 aatns 0 9 i favuloaa 271 loba 269 a 269 >toma 269 Ola 269 thii 269 20 i^iniana 20 ex 266 146 23 Boioularo 50 128 171 ratua 248 122 137 ibyhaml) 87 ra 241 38 137,142 137 188 69 id 69 16 S ledPralrie 10 69 C9 137 Page. Dog-harness 142 Dog-muzzles 137 Dog-oil 223 Dog-aledges 142 Dog-whips 136 Dogwhiatlea 13^137 Doga 136 Albom grscom of 229 Kennolafor, &e 243 Teethof 197 Decoy, used in hunting ducka 139 Dolium, Sheila of 206 Dolphin 48 • Small-spotted 43 Domestic animals, Oil and fat firom 223 Domestic exporta 277 Domeaticated animala, Food for 187 Door-trapa 133-134 DoTosomidas 60 Dorjs 146 Dory scoop * 100 Dorysoma cepcm 232 mullet 183 siphons (SchizothcDrus) 1H4 slugs (Llmax, &o.) 184 worms 184 Dried and smoked beef 182 flying-fish 183 foods 182-184 garflah 183 roea 183 Drift-nets 124-125 312 INDEX OF OBJECTS. DrUE" 'Ti pKBh-wnter ** UrjiKB, Beaeb 1«S I'yyiag aod etnamlng auid-bktli ITS Jlr.t-big-bDUHi, Aborigliial ItB Prjing, Pre«er™Uon by lBB-170 DuftUne 61 Iiiickin«-boBl» lis Duek, QnlUs of 2JB l>udle)r huntora' knivaa 7! Hugong-cD ^""S I »nng of anlnula da UapUeidenUlu Ruskj Slack DnunnUeridB ...«.__.. .....^. Hyp, Bed-bug Cooblnool L»o . ii.vBtoe n Pyo^tofi. BctMDBilB for I)>?1 frora gut^rgpodi (Unrex, Poipnni, &0.) I>3~fl« frDm nadibnach molliukB. _. iDfntarlal cnrtb lilt E. F^gle, Qnlll* Dt Rv Eu-alull* (HdiotlOie) Kiirth, luftiaarlBl Eurlha InfiMotial a tiiiflr.Cnib Eelti»iM u^™-_ EgI-w Jrs with ll^BM. .i.ii EgE-nipperm ,.....^_... SgS*' ■Albnlovli of __..- EiportB md Ii>90rti odiaf-.- Enhydni marina la Deg paratas 89 76 traqoatie animals 244 DCS 97 117 117 117 iro of, d^ 172 117 Ipaper from leftise qoUls. . 171 228 3 21 21 18 17 21 27 27 27 28 26 26 27 27 26 97 55 55 54 183 33 pie reels for 118 do 95 138 160 129-130 dfor 265 Is 187 x>rtoise der I ion spotted h r th'back lem ry er rded k-winged »rfly d and smoked. Page. Food, for domeatioaied animala 187 Bivalve ahell-flah for 263 Bivalves fbr 256-267 Lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, crabs, for. 260-261 products, except fish, Exports of . . . .277>27S products, except fish. Imports of ... . 276-276 poisons 136 Preparation of 16ft-170 PresenratTon of 168-170 Sea-snail used for 261 Foods 179-187 Canned 184 Dried and smoked 182-184 In a fresh condition 179 Pickled 184 Salted, canned, and pickled 184-187 Foot-path snares 134 Foot-stops 183 Forceps 178 Force-pumps, Air 247 Foreign animals, Imports of 274 Fork, Blubber 174 Forks 81 Fork-tailed Catfish 62 Formic acid 229 Manufacture of .> 176 Fossils 300 Four-bearded Bookling 30 Four-spined Stiokle-baok 64 Four-spotted Flounder 27 Fowls, foreign, Imports of 274 Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) 189 Cross (Vulpes slopes deonssatus) 189 Gray (Urocyon virginianus) 189 Kit (Vulpes velox) 189 Bed (Vulpes Ailvus) 189 Silver (Vulpes alopex argentatus) 189 Squirrel 14 Foxes, Teeth of 197 Frames 177-178 Wire 178 Wooden 178 French bird-trap 136 fish- way s 241 Fresh-water Drum 46 Herring 69 Friar 53 Frog culture, Methods of 246 Frost-fish 29,56 Frosen glue 221 Fucus distich us 269 fastigiatus 269 furcatus 269 serratus 269 vesiculosus 269 163 Fulling 170 Fundulns pisculentus 56 Funnel-trap 1 32 Fur of beaver (castor) 196 Furof hare - 196 of mole 196 of musquash 196 paok-saddle (Hudson's Bay) 142 II Fuel. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 317 Page. ilifoniJb 17 «y 15 Kskot 17 >uched 17 oall-footed Poached 17 rix>ed ^. 17 ixaa Pouched 17 ellow 16 ■toise, Florida 21 armata 207 oenrioomis 267 confervoidea 267 nmltipartita 267 g:-tight8 98 171 11,13 piseua 11 tfottled 11 >teani8U U SVliite-headed 11 ill 225 81 •gear 161 irona 81 Ale 12 looka 80 1 48 «rpaate 137 «r8,I>iied 184 iaCutleriie 288 fllicina 268 Gibbeail 268 tomed troagha 245 era 246 (Urocyon virgiDJaniia) 188 tier 15 Intestineaof 231 Michigan 58 »it 19 6 per 48 rrel 14 le 12 e8,Boat8of 149 iportaof 207 Dog-flah 69 Scolpin 84 Turbot 28 He 22 na 247 Bonettiaxia 260 246 176 63 .Americana 266 ar 4 152-153 50 Lack 50 ock 50 ' Eaat American oystera 255 wkled 47 tknr-lhmfld 47 ■tf '. 195 Ifllkartetfliaen^Exportaof..... 300 ti Page. Guano and other fertilizcfrs, Importaof 30O Net imports of 301 Bat 231 Bird 231 from dried meat and blood 232 Menhaden 233 Pacific, preparationa illastrating 232 Preparation of 176 Guanoa, Artificial 1 232 Natural 231 Guards, Wrist 166 Guasa 50 Gulf Menhaden 60 Snapper 48 Guloluacua 4 Gun-caaea 95 Gun-cotton 91 Gunpowder : 91 Gun-racks 95 Guna, Humming-bird 90 Guns and pistols 90,135 Gunwale winchea 119 Gurnard, Flying 33 "Gut," SUk- worm 222 Gymnogongms Griffithsia 268 linearis 268 Norvegicua 266 tenuia 268 Haddock 29,183 Norway 34 Hnmatin fhnn blood 228 Haemylum 47 araia 47 arouatum 47 chrysopterum 47 elegana 47 formosum 47 Hag-fiah 70 Hair of American badger (Taxidea Ameri- cana) 217 of Antelope (on skin) 218 bracelets, Sec., Importaof 294-295 and bristles for artificial flifea (see un- derB45) 21!> and bristles for brashes 217-219 ofbats 195 of bear 217 Bufblo 196 Camel*s 113 Cattle 219 Consumption of 294 cloth, Imports of 294-295 curled, for mattresses, Imports of . .. 294-1*95 of deer (on skin) 218 for felting (we under 8) 217 Fur-seal 195 Guanaco 195 hog's, Importaof 294-295 Horse ...196-219 Human 190 human. Imports of 294, 295 Human, for commerce 217 human, Refuao of, &c 219 IHDEX OF OBJECTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 319 Page. Lnggm-neto 123,124-126 oil 227 pioUed, Foreign exports of 288 Imports 0^ 27a-270 Bound 60 SiOted 186 Sea 60 Smoked 188 smoke-hoosee 169 TaQor 60 TbnMd 60 White-fish 67 ring-Hog 11 ring-seines 127 pcramys leaoopns 17 srosomsta 26 alines U6 1 60 >8 and skins, Exports of 292 Imports of 291 skins, &0., Net exports of 801 importsof 801 SDhrsndtia rosea 267 poesmpidsB > 25 [Mwsmpiis antiqnoram 25 pogloesoides limandoides 27 poglosens americaniis 27 iophoms americaniis 89 riophoca eqnestris 6 fis(seennder£8) 248 lisr insects 244 sad peocary, Bristles of 218 Choker 26 Heiring 11 Viseeraof 215 ^ Sxportsof 274 Eoreign imports of 274 :csnthns dliaris 80 •• tricolor 39 '<^iiotos pulohellas 38 ** rhodotems 38 Ion 89 leentmmsogo 44 M^hali 65 rthurians, Dried 184 Hers 05 im'svats 245 *y 230 Importsof 276 cy-knires 76 dedSeal 6 d or Bladder-nose Seal (Cystophora cis- ta 192 ds 137 boots, Ac 135 b and daws 202-205 of satelqpe 202 of bison 202 of deer 202 of horse 202 of mnskox 202 of ox 202 161 123 80 Page. Hooks with ardiiclal flies 103 Baited 05 Blubber 81 Boat 80,160 Can 81 Clam 80 ny 188 Gaflf. 80 Grasping 80 Ice 161 Jank,&o 81 Lance 81,161 Lip 81 Many-pointed 81-82 Heat 168 for minnow bait, Gangs of 06 mounted on leaders 116 with movable lines 05 Pickerel 135 Plain 97-100 Babbit 80 Biggers* 152 Single-pointed 80-81 Spring 135 Squirrel 80 with stationary lines 97 Unmounted, recent and abonginm . . . 97-114 Whalemen's 81 Hoop-nets 128-129 Hopples 243 Hormactis Farlowi 271 Hormotrichum Youngaiinm 271 Horn 201 Burnt 202 of bufEMo 201 of goat 201 Imports of. 4 290 and hoof; Preparation of 173-174 asmaterlal 202 of mountain goat 20] of mountain sheep 201 of musk-ox (Ovibos moschatns) 'JOl of Bocky Mountain sheep 202 Pout G2 Horn-cores of ruminants 200 Homed cattle, Exports of 274 Horns 04 of ox 201 of sheep 201 Horse CreTall6 42 Hoofs of 202 leather 209 Mackerel 40 Horse-fish 25 Horse-hair 219 Horses, bairof 196,219 Imports and exports of 274 or trestles 171 Horse-trappings 142 Hosiery, &c., Importsof 2d6 Hound-fish 64 Houses, Fishing 162 Hunters' 162 smoke. Herring 160 Human hair 106 INDEX OF OBJECTS. ■Ita. Lcalher j HamMlng-blrd gmu. . . Hampbuk WhBla flulu im hmiu« ua linlreB n-7S ihcath-knlTei 74 UnntlDg-UTowi 88-8a HoDtliig-bbda, AoDHaorlea to ]ST HoDUng-flobB,, --.',..,.. Hnntlng-doga, AoceMorlM to. . . HimtSii|t-fl>bt« HtmUne-lodge* HuitSng-sklA ■ - , Rnnting-mlts . ■ . Horled spcBn . , , vf8ieht« HjdnrgfniuaJsIIa Hydrate chloral Il;droi:litt]]nia cuicfUatai njdrolagu* Collici Hyodon tergionfl -^.•, HyodonUilw Hyperoikrtiii - - - HypraproHipan BrgeDtani Hyprrotreli of toreign u Fonlgn, of bT«e4iiig *DiaiiiU - ■ -' of anlmaJj not Hptfciled' INDEX OF OBJECTS. lafltUblebagB Ill InfnsorlBl deposits, SpsolmeM of MT euthftirabaaTbaiU '.-- SM earth 131 eart]) for dynunita M8 earth forflro-proof pncliiiE SOB earth for flltr™, .- »B •.arthforsulublPglnaa ... 208 earth for mnlilt* rurmi'tiil eutlng. 208 Mrtb for iniikia>: murliir US Mrtba 207.408 «rtha employed to manntUtim. 208 <«rtbs fur wlDdow and pbto glaae 108 I^jecUng-tjilDge* 1T8 imariuotblvalTea StS-VS UB.aru.itc« SM Iiitpjilmefiof gTHj'lIng 23] of mammala, Leather prapatBd from 214-215 liiTvrt.'l.nit.'B. n^ilble nialertiU from 222 Other material! ftom 208 iQVrntiKiition 233 Iridm lamlnDriuidoa »g Ironn, Flagging, &c - 100 Grappling 81 Lily 83 InluglBSB 187,221-822 from alT.bladdent, &o. (lobth;s- coUb) 221 nudgcbtiuo 220 I'uuBimiiiliun'Of 290 fnim Boundi of cod and bake 221-222 from B(|uet«sgne (Scbeiddae) 222 Isogompbodon niBcuIlpiiinia BS iBOBpondjli 3* lanropBia Dekaj-i 67 Italian BablDg-lioala 147 iTorj- 1OT-1B9 lTory.corTing 171 iTory-cntting 173 322 IKDEX OF OBJECTS. PWB. Kd1t«, nilcUns _ ofrepta™ IM J. Mtactog.... Ripping Stgw ISS 8P"Mto« » JW ITHMfl Straight ThiOBtiiia J«w«dtnpi iS*-US KogUiUB ^... JwkedbMrmMt 182 L. mv loo-ioi Lm, 4c, Import, qf. „— JohiiP.w(fldD » L»cKT.I.i7*Iriginiii. — ■ INDEX , OF OBJECTS. 323 Pago. ing-nets 128-129 ma «.... 162 for camp and Bhip 167 for fire hunting and fishing 141 for BtiU hunting 141 for woeqnaahing or fire-fishing — 141 oil exports and imports 276-277,297 smooth Black Bass 49 ts 86 « 86 ida 44 mda cenricomis 266 gemmifera 266 implicata 266 obtnaa 266 panicnlata 266 papilloea 266 pinnatifida 266 virgata 266 I, Game 241 OTS 116,163 Hooks mounted on 116 B, Aimed 80 i,Cnp 80 bg.knives 174 ing and mincing 174 ier 195 Alligator 216-216 Ass 209 Auk 216 Beaver 214 Belnga 214 Bison 209 Bnflklo 209 Caribou w 210 Consumption of 290 Cunyingof 171 Deer 209-210 dressing 172 dressing apparatus, recent and abo- riginal 172 Eel 216 Eider 215 Elk 210 Exports of 292-294,301 Goat 209 Horse 209 Imports of 290, 301 Jacket 43 and its manufactures, &,c (oxxK)rt8 and imports) 202-294 Mountain-sheep 210 Moose 210 Ox 209 from pharynx of seal and walrus . . 215 Porpoise 214 prepared from bird-skins 215 prepared from flsh-skins 216-217 prepare<1 from bumnn skin 208 prepared from intestmcs of niani- mals 214,215 prepared from mammal skins 208-214 prepared tnm reptile skins 215-217 iweparod from scale-fish 21G Bat 214 Page. Leather, Kattloanake 216 Beindeer 210 Seal 208 • Sea-Lion 208 Shark 217 shavings, &0., Gelatine made from . 220 Sheep 209 Othersnake 216 trimmings - 214 Walrus 208 Waste 217 Leatherback Turtle 22 Leathers 208 for manufiicture of gloves 211-214 Leathesia tuberifonnis 270 Leech, African (Hirudo troohiDa) 231 American (Macrobdella decora) 231 European (Hirudo medicinalis) 231 Leeches as barometers 231 Foreign imports of 274 Propagation of 248 and worms, Injurious and useful ... 263 Leggings^ 165 Lenses 178 Leopard'hunting 136 Leopard Seal 6 Lepidosteids 64 Lepidosteus osseus 64 " platystomus 64 Lepiopomus pallidus 48 LeporidsB 18 Lepteoh«neis naucrateoides 52 Leptocardians 70 Lepus americanus (var. amerioanus) 18 amerioanus (var. Bairdii) 19 amerioanus (var. virginianus) 18 amerioanus (var. Waahingtonii) 19 aquaticus 20 19 19 19 19 20 19 Baohmani califomicus callotis campestris palustris sylvaticus sylvaticus (var. Audubonii) 19 sylvaticus (var. Xuttalli) 20 timidus (var. arcticus) 18 Trowbridgli 20 Leuciscus pulchellus 62 Leucorhamphus borealis 10 Levels (attached to guns) 93 Liajiora pinnata 268 " pulvcrulenta 268 valida 268 Lice, Fish 264 Lichens 264 Lifters, Barrel 161 Lights, Artificial 1C7 LUy-irons 83 Lime 230 Bird 135 Burning of 176 Limes 176,231,232 Liming 172 Limph, Vaccine 230 dM >. d INDEX OF OBJECTS. ]jDe.fliwlAufwlkIi Lnaletliia Ln^anii* BUokfbriU • SteanuU Lutra caoiulnuLB LutrliuE Lycodlila ,.-, LjDglij a foiTOBliie* nioJuKoU Lyaii, Hay {Lyni mftu)... MacEniliug-yals MMhioc. MiBcliig Markoirl fiillO'"- 1>ick]«il, Imparts of „. fi«llr<] ralldir , Soad , Shark iUdgo Mackpfil rimmm Mackiuav blolikrta Uocrocholii iBoerUuA JklacmridK - - - - MncninisBaiidli.. UTDEX OF OBJECTS. INDEX OP OBJECTS. Page. MMboiU or cnlturu of doneMlcatcil ani- , or dreulug gnt and linev ITl orUnllcdStaUiFlahComnilMloii Hi at IVog cultnre SIS a(dr;li>g tulioUa 160 ot bellotyplng and CDgnving — 17B of nmrafentorliig Ttlflciiil Ice -.. U8 of mlitk DTiItnifi , -'.._ 244 of oyster cnltnre 248 ofosLriili cnltuni.- 2*4 of prepuing ball! (acceuotiea) .. 139 , of preparing cnitridges V2-S3 ofpmpuliigoniamciitBlfeiitlierB 173 ofpaisultaod *pplluiDea 14!:-1ff7 of terrapin coltnre 346 orttButportstlon 142-lfla otWDTlt 233 Metraguter ageregattu sn Uflxlcui Oroand Sqalrrel 15 Utehigui GTBjUng S8 UloToeUdtobareBlia 2«8 Califomlo* MS Coulleri - !S8 WcrogBilua pro limn* 29 Ulcropo^n nndalatna 41 Wlctoptenia pdlidoe 49 aalmolfloa 4B MicrostomidB Sfl Uldge, Uaekorel 30 MUk, Canned 184 I>eiloppen,fta ISS^ITO wincing and loaning 174 INDEX OF OBJECTS. ige-taak. AgHlU model. ■ . orU and ImporU of. . . Jlf DinlcaB — rnwDTlUet... «cLiDcberil._. !l™ll«Hmft. Page. -. r& or»c.ilentiw>U(nn .. m gill, aalmon hook .. U4 Barrier .. 122 gUl. Shad. nKd In SontlKm rim* . . .. I£4 Paitaof, tormuiDfiuiMTetaaoNNr; .iBo-iai SBttlntgUl. a«v)» .. iffl Mettiuii hung to Urns, Sample* of . NMling-nBedlai 131 KtltlDE-tirins ISO Nciilrta, or cojpa (Mjopotunm oojpiu) ... IM fur l»e NowtouncUand fl«kiM 108 NcwhouMj trap* 131-13G New York StioklcUck IB Nippers M lIlppen.BgE He mtophjrllum (Seuraglonnm] AndonanU — Kr? " knobtom 187 Utinlmum 267 " punDtatma.... ........ ........ 207 Rupieehtlanum 207 apKtalilla Zfl7 Nitroglycerino SI Kocweii S6 Koo«6.t(»p« IJt VoTtUorD Barnoada... 63 Hkb 18 NorlhwMleni MaimoC IB Norwuy Haddook 24 NotemigouaB amerlouna m " chrraolenona 92 NoEElfi-nua (for washing ogga) ............. 247 Nodibraoeh moUiuks, DjM faun 2211 None Shark 69 Nulrgallj 22St OaiB - IM ObUqae giDOTs flali-vnya. 241 ObMoiHi, CuDCnt. 17S "Ocesa Treat " 18C ODcanlo Bonilo 40 Oovlot (Fctia pardalia) I3§ Octsrtiair 5 INDEX OF OBJECTS. Pnec. Shark-lii-er Turtle ~....... fhnn vholca, fto..._. Whiter ... ^.....1 mid Ota ...SO' Tlnh - uud gokllaea Importi of Ointmmrs laa lar uid B«Kt«S) OMwlfB OlooniiLr^Tliws...... ............ OUgDplltca oo OUn, Sbntlaof... Onchorbynobtu qninnat... Oa[~anncd chopsUoka Openuki, MuUnaks at Opbidihlw Opbidinm marglaataiii C^iitbaBcmaihrUa OpUcal iDstnimnilB. Ac... OquDHaTrDDt Oran^ FUc-flah JUDEX OP OBJECTS. ^^m^ti^LM . 283 . 218 .«,M . IM . zn . 183 83 . IBS . 1«7 - MS 7 . m . 203 . 2M . 315 . 103 . M8 . 2+S IS . 12S z^3-!!sa 213,214 . 2M . 354 22 3 . 143 . 1»5 ISO-ISO 43 Puu P»g* ahjia.m»>iBt) Pmfflno P»BUlt«.Ert.nnl r"::::::::::::;:;;:*:::: rio* of obhtlnlDg ud Impi* PuopbTf ■ Totulna P»nM-fl»li Puiy'B nurmot (SpennopbUQi P«rtj». PutM r»ir.John ■=si» oviturt (Arlouliito) lllttlodDgWTBlfM »5T 'Vmia 30S IM 1'oci.llarilte. of fonn of XMt AnxiriOU PodicuUU 23 renlciUos capiUtUB iir {HudBon'B Bay Territory) Pen» HuTlatiU* lied Striped ^Vbilo (for buffiilo-biuitLDB) PercnmioB noodlo Perfumery mstoHal*, Conimnption uf . . . ■ ITS. 227 INDEX OF OBJECTS. r.Tf,m,™ Mi«Dm^ PBa>;. ..,. 228 .... 1« Plamhookl -Ighl' - Mtmgln " -•-■— Plant. 41. for food. 8p«4iMB« .... 0 PhOCWB ;::; I " ri™mn«tide PluctiDK -J ..333.W ?o«lict-tnpi Poeto Bloed ^ .... IS .... 135 l, 1 INDEX OF OBJECTS, S«lt«d I, Fisb (modeli)... A^ShkTk lain atock, Se»«ulla br... ipHis, WUto-halrad Tellawhaired n (DiiUlpbx>tlr)dnliiia«)... PnirleBan Sqnlml Wolf. Pradktoij auimila not elMwIier* exhibited. Pnparatlon of ■IbnnwD of b»lt» of bod;«ll of tho bODM DblDHil wdon. . . of of flab wilo work .. 174 otoarlodbalcforKnffiDg... .. ITO o( bom and hoot. .173-17* of other hard tiMue. .173-17* (ottolMlbeU of tUk f^om bjuna of ploDa. . . of ^Ik of kswota . of the abtD and 111 I i>f (ptniuHitl of apon^Btofftng...----. - of aoft paita of oUwr taiTaite- otbeadoU 174 of atofflnga - 17D ot«h>lab(ak« 17D,lT3-m ot wDOl^kitba 170 ■ of wool and balTof marnnul*.. 170 Pnpantjooa. AdbsaiT* lU Blnl ISMes rub 181,181,187 Uammal 18^184 ofmoUuk* 18*. 187 of piokkdOah 187 liy pli^kllng PreservuioDs Preserved neata, JU: PrcBervlng flsh. Specimnia ol . ieft-170 ..188-170 Preaaing 170-173 INDEX OF OBJECTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 'mlwl pndocta from 231 irkni xa ■fOl !m es la SS OS W m M w m 81 r , M cota 170 B3 IT IT IS 214 18 fountain 18 18 cMher 219 84 IformakliiiirtlflolillUM 188 loTDtla 180 SOS r « «d 08 es OS t 04 .*. 48 mlliamnoblli*) SOT IpwAilTiu) 180 IS 4T 14 napper 40 'errapin II le 98 Vrata 47 3lii»«hMked 41 nii»4triped <7 -lulTTtl 47 11&-110 lying 11&-110 110 118 ITD-lTl 1T4 210 oaodotberlialr ?1D Buta 108 Mrt 108 ■ j«e Ihtr 110 ted 184 < Uppogloaaoidw ae 52,137 iiacbrptata !S 333 KendariDff whale-oil, Ina&imifDtB and appU- ' inccaaf 1T4-17& Braiospa tlbnm 88 Kenncta, Import* ot 200 Jtepalriiie,«lgbCl ilii' I'. S. I'IhIi Comululon Z33-28T Beasuch, Apparalu* fbr pbyalut 233 Baaetvolr alr-gimi 00 But fbc hatpoon, Ac IK Beaulu, Applianoea tot working np 235 0fvorkorU.a.FI*bComail*«laD..=»-241 ■■ Rl>v»lvm;; iHionis" - IIT Jilialiiloiiiu rouUrri 287 iLUfra 297 Rbod^eula oonlUua 287 " palmala 2A7 lihaf hlinoclfa );kncn« 112 BhscbochllijaliiiatfB 38 HbluobntiilB 87 miii]Dl)BtDB i>nKliicluii 07 TUiinoncmiiB CBadncato 80 Tlliiiioptera qnadriloUt 85 Rbodomdia Oooeoaa 200 larii 288 •ubfotoa 288 libombocblnis oalcocblr 82 Bhomboganoicli!! 84 Ithoiabaplitea aarorulntu 48 llhombuBliDTlj 28 " iqmlniM 28 KliyiDpcKk tTai'ful 2« l;il)tioiin'i>3vi?r9' buno, Mannfaotore ot 173 Kidliij^'imilii Ifiir biig;Uuil>b micken BKori-Bah tongopA of Imlb Mling,rHli Salt-milli. Uodeb of |C«t» Cod). Eatta, BpecImniB of, uafi in vi'llntiH foni iilU.. f unim i«n>i>l>. Slllc uT p«ljTi*"3onii, Silk of . . . Smiiiili'B KiU nctUng of netting hung to 111 Sand-bBth drrlne and n INDEX 01" OBJECTS. ise^aos iM 205 >«ther prapmd from MS ntus ie» 01 , :* amDRD. 21T Heal IB nUtiu. la Inud* 217 ewerl U •wnMDdil U ^hopa plAtjrhjnahiu . ^ ^ ^ - - - _ . - 05 JS ilgunlli K a« M idn» as 1 ua (flcoccinea 2<8 wlulU 2«S Cnl flBhlUS-VOaMlll H9 clblllU « ualw 14 lUU 307 inallsot Kg)T>t 230 • 14 nii ., 14 liiu'iuiii - 14 mw 14 id» 54 . «cut«Uatu> 93 40 160 llng-nMUDe BO trummta 70 34 .170-172 tot 12D ck leo d pare™. Skin 70 lo 79 171-172 ■Is lJT-178 187 31 ■nliuid 34 SwLioD Uon, Throat of Ottar BaToi Sobln, BToad-flngand . . BoUn, Striped Stod.... Snail Sea-boat* SeHUphant oU Sak-Uonleatber... tor bait 2JI lorn* fordfe-Btalb IiOnriooa for pcarl-thell, &o for poroolaln (took.. ■ DMd In Indian trade ■ Sea-urcUna Seal, Banded Elephant _..,.._.._.„... hairCPhncaTitollDa).. Harbor Harp HiHided... leather . . . Leopard r. Slneweof... 21 Sqnare-fllppcr (l,l> Walrus, leather (rem pharyoi ol 21 riciiliDij'irai, Import! of S9 f^bogo SiUmun I> BoboslranuLriDun 3 "riripftruK B Sebnsludw pinciplnis 3 SeliutoiDD* aarloDlatns 3 " vloneatDS I ilalrd rulWting . . INDEX OF OBJECTS. INDEX OF OBJECTS. 337 Shot 92 Sbot-holden 94-95 Shot-measares 92 Shot, Slang 71 ShoukLer-alingB 96 ShoTel-head Shark 68 Shovel-nosed Sturgeon 65 Sborels 79 CUm 79 Oyster 79 Showtl 16 SfbbAldiiis borealls 18 •* snlfurens 13 " tectirostris .*... 12 ** tuberosns 18 Blgh^deooys j 139-141 Breech 93 Globe 93 Oradoftting 93 Mtmle 03 Peep 93 PUln 93 SUt 93 Telescope 93 Silk tram byssns of Pinna, Preparation of. . 171 dress-goods, Imports of 289 of ena or arindy • 196 Exports of raw 289 hosier)-, Imports of 288 Imports of raw 288-289 of insects, Prepared fhmi 196 of insects, Preparation of 171 of Joree (Bombyx religiosa) 196 lines 114 and its manufactures, Consumption of. 289 mannfikctures, Foreign exjKyrts of 289 other mannfJEu^res of. Imports of 289 other manufbctures. Imports of^ by countries 289 of moonga 196 of exotic moths 196 raw, Net imports of 801 of Samia cecropia 196 of Samia polyphcmus 196 of silk- worms, Preparation of 171 of spiders 196 of tussah (Bombyx pemyi) 196 of common silk- worm (Bombyx mori) . . 196 Silk-worm gut 222 Sflk-worm-gut snoods 116 Silk- worm. Propagation of 248 Silarids 62 Silver Fox ( Vulpcs alopex argentatus 189 Fish 41,45 Gar-fish 54 Hake 3d Squeteagoe 44 Sflrer-sides 53 Silvory Mole 13 Simple bows 88 reels for fly-fishing 118 Siaches 142 of boffido 215 of deer 215 Gelatines fitnn 187 BulL K M. No. 14 22 Page. Sinewsof goat 215 of seal '. 215 of sheep 215 of walrus 215 Single-groove fish-ways 241 Single-pointed hooks 80-81 Sinkers 117 Sinkers, Not 117 Siphons, Dried IW Siphon-tubes 247 Sirenia 'J Slsco gill-nets -. 123 Sixe 221 Sizes and glues (see under 24) 200 Skate, Clear-nosed 66 Eglantine 66 Long-nosed 67 Sharp-nosed 67 Spring 66 Spotted 66 Skate-Uver oil 227 Skates 142 Skeletons, Sio 300 Apparatus for making 177 Skewers, &c *. 168 Skiflk, Hunting 147 Skimmer-nets 246 Skin and its appendages. Preparation of . .171-173 boaU 146 of Eels 231 Skins, Apparatus for making and mounting. 178 of eel (Anguilla vulgaris) 216 Skin scrapers and x)arers 76 Skipper 65 Skunk, AlaskaSable 190 Conmion 4 Hair of, for brushes 217-219 Little Striped 4 Mexican 4 Porpoise lo Secretion of 229 Striped (Spilogale zoriUa) 190 White-backed 4 Slack's cans 247 Shito, Polishingof 207 Sledges, Deer 142 Dog 142 Steeple Shark 09 Slides. Fish 131 Shad 131 Sllme-flsh 70 Slings 167 for arms 95 Bird (used by Eskimos) 86 India-rubber 89 Sa Slugs, Dried (Limax, &c) 184 Slung-shot 71 stones 71 weights 71 Small-footed Pouched Gopher 17 INDEX OF OBJECXa Solon Tulgoris ....^ ., Soleiilffi ,,,,,. Soluble gUu. lufdHtti^ eiib te -.. SomniosuH fuii,-nic«ptulliu od Squirrel „_„ Boiuid-ilcco> • - ,.,. Suuiiditis-inuhlae. B of cod >; Soulhem Flounilet ... ElDg-fish... Sowerby'B Wlml* Spuki, BlubbeT.iiiint C li B TbimW Wluilo Wbukmoo'iboat.-. Wide Spuiiiib Lady-Osh MKlnnl nuKktrel, El Sp.rel» , SpuidiP. gpal, Slooli for rHfJrtnc tu cUl BpftwnliiiB-roce (AiMwqrthI Spawnio); uilmaii. 6ttal^Jacket br... Spaimlng.«crepi] mllAr (CdUIbb) Spawninji-T»t (Bond) „. Spntr-blli Spuur.flsh Snoliflr ;..,. DfDEX OF OBJECTS. Tagr. Czpmttof ar ES Bxportittf 207 PniMnttmot 174 ud wax, Import* of. ^.. 297 PtaoUlnl IS gnnmnnu (BeevbjU U HafTkl IS moikuKU 15 PiuT]-l « Bichudaoni U ■pUoiomk IS tcnUotodla IS TownModi la tridtoeni'UikeatiiB IS lOiKa 270 TBdian* S10 ) Carmlcbadll 271 0 22 ilr.nd» (B ID £2 &"" 68 ua f^j* IK tudau in kol IM b 222 3B 2» rtluB IBl-iej W e> ;-8»h Stephanolcpla letUto 25 INDEX OF OBJECTS. Dried... Straieht SUniiiiDtiai;. Lmitenis tor SUngKny CKlitamla Smooth Stluxtedtum caiuideiue. vitrenm .. Klock'DiakerB' I SMna Imiiu . . pIseoiiB .. filiwlii foe OjlUH Stopping ■ Slupa,Foot SU^ra^Uuk, m Slorer's FUp^flal "SlOBh" Sword-lUll „.. Smulrying mppiMtd* _ — Bmf-tiwklorortlirowtiigaBdhHiliac 8w»]low^ MctUrat. HhUoT «.< Sitmu. DoitD of SwimmliiE-blrd., Dauy [i>n«di>«<«A.- INDEX OP OBJECTS. TdMsope^hta TelcKopta TenaplDed Stlckle-baek .. TonCbldld« caItDn,U(itb>kUof S4S B«d-lMlllad 21 TetniptiinnilbiduB. »• TutrodonlBrtgatM M Tel nidoi] tills 24 Teini I'onplied Gopher " Toitllo fubrii'ii MS ftbrira, FeatlwT* for OO Muubcture or. 1T0-1T1 Thilucloa muillmiu S ThnliiiMorlirJjB^kDtiUuk 32 Thechii»viiDdtbefl«heriM 71 ThB Finb -CommiuliiDcr. BeporU Df 23a^n Thief, WuWr IM Tbomoniyi diuliu IT t4lpoidea IT Tlifwici-anh. Horrljig 60 ThnahOT at TbnwliiiHlinivMi T* Tbmjil of^ii-llDii Z15 Thnmb, Amerl Thjmallii-lriMlor tS Tiiin-dnlljiig Unkle M Tis« shirk aa Tinder 230 Tbiveuele 34a Tlpe,R>bbit 131 ToMl-flBb S3 Tobacco-pipe FUh M Tobaccu, mDlT. lued u pre«emtiTH ITS T»gglo-pin 191 Tolllng-b»l(B im Tom Cod 29 Toll)!^4c BS Coral 86 Uj-eler 8S .Snake M Sponge M Tongnes, Cod's 185 SalUid, ut bpflUo. deer, hone 184 sailed. Import* of ?7« Tools 193, 17» ArtiniUling ITT Carrtng... 168 FUjIng - 176 342 INDEX OF OBJECTS. T»e«- Tnii»,SprfngJ»or _„ , Steel „.,„ Tniwl-linoranen „„ TDbite(M(.BBd«nMA4 Modeling Soniplug for «tolllng, Taiidenniirta' ... 1T7 .-- 17S Tnvl,B«m „. T.inwdo ... 0« ... S05 ... 16 Triobtaniileptnni. „, TrigUdB _ Trod*. I« (MtMSorj) ... 188 THpodB ud aUIul, Cmen with hU Tiiuiiportoaui.,UBlhod»of. -.u2-m FEKs. Appnnitni for .-. in TnUing-UcUe ™..— . TrombidJon dye ,-, ... i« T"-!- (JntTel-bottonwl INDEX OF OBJECTS. 343 Page. Tub for traw-line (8M Trawl) 110 Tnft-eared Squirrel U TuIAkthm. Raftof 144 Tunny 40 Little 40 Turbinarla vulgaris 269 Turbot 28 Greenland 28 Spotted 27 Turkey, Canned 185 Quillaof 219 traps 131 Turning 173 Turritclla,8hen8of 207 Tursiops erebennna 10 •• Giim 10 Turtle, Alligator 22 Canned 185 Green 22 Hawksbill 22 Leatherback 22 Ix^ggerhead 22 on 226 Pacific, Green 22 Pacific, Hawkabill 22 Salted 186 Softrshell » 22 soup 185 Tnsks of mammoth elephant (Elephas primi- genius) 197 of walrus 197 Tassab, Silk of (Bombyx pemyi) 196 Twine, Netting 130 Twisted lines 114-110 Twisting-rods 82 U. Udotea conglutinata 270 " flabellata 270 "Diva fiuciata 271 •• latissima 271 Umbrellu-makors' bono, Manulkcture of — 173 Umiaks 144 Unarmed clubs 71 . Uranidea viscosa 34 Urano«copid» 32 Urgulata 7 Uropbyds reglus 30 Ursidn 4 Ursns americanns 5 •• horribilU 4 V. Yocoinelimph 230 Vat,Spawning (Bond) 245 Vats 245 BoiUng '.. 177 Helton's 245 Macerating 177 Roth's 245 Vaucheria plloboloides 271 Vehicles 142 Venison, Dried and smoked 182 Imports of 276 Page. Vertebne, Shark's 200 Vertical wire-doth trays 246 Vesicatory preparations fhnn- beetles, &o... 231 Vessels, fishing, Schooner-rigged 149 Tin 246 Vests 95 Veziga 184 Veals 170 Vicugna hair 195 Virginia Deer (Cariacos virginianus) 8-9, 193 Hare 18 Viscera of bears, Parchment ftt>m 215 ofhog 213 of ox 216 of seals. Parchment from 214 of sheep 215 Vomer setipinnis 41 W. Wad-cutters (accessory) 92 Wadding 92 Bulk 92 Waders, Decoy (carved in wood) 139 Decoy (stamped in tin) 139 Wade, Prepared 92 Wagons...: 142 Wallets for lines and other tackle 167 Walrus 1 6 leather 208 Sinewsof 215 Tusks of 197 Waste, Bone and ivory 200-201 Water Rabbit 20 Water-guns 90 Water-telescopes — 106 Water-thief 161 Water-proof suits 164 Watery Flounder 27 Wax (Coccus pehlah) 230 Exports of 299 Imports of 299 Manufactures of 299 Woy8,Fish 241-243 Weak-fish 44 Weapon-holders 95 Weasels 136 Hair of 195 Weaving 170-171 Hair used in 212 worsted doths 170 Web, Spiders' 222 Weequashing or fire-fisLing, Lanterns for. . 141 Weighing-scales 92 Weights (dropped) 87 Hurled 87 Slung 71 Weirs, Bar 134 Eel, with leaders 132 or pounds 132 River, with pockets 131 Salmon (Upper Columbia River) .... 131 Spring (St. Lawrence) 130 West coast oysters 254 Western Argentine 66 INDEX OF OBJECTS. Wtude-bwit (whiilo-fl«liCTle«l l« WholctKHin bnuliM, Mmufaetnt* of 173 CotuuunplLoD of 2flO flbiT IM line* US ■.Otbcr 174 mof. lT«,lTS,i;i 1 BpdagB, Eaklmo ]M (lumuiubiltaredatiKe) 3(0-305 Tmale, B<.ttlo.b«d 13 Bowbeid 13 FinhMk K-l» ■ndaBtlall,£lpIlrtoimdlmpoIlgof.28a-39T Qtus n Oraj IS PMdfloIUgbt 13 PorpolM Bpenn 13 night 13 Scngg 13 Shnip-liMded Fliuwr 13 Sowerhy'a 13 SalphDr-batloiii 13 WlwlA-laooei '. 73 Whale-line drag 117 WLilr-oU, iDsCmmcnlB and appUncM of rmdoiiniE- , , , 174-175 BeOsctlon of (with modelaj . . . .174-178 ■Whii1a(tu> (uroof 173 Whip*, Dos IM Whlitlm, Dog - lSe-137 WhIM-baaked Bktuik 4 18§ raral (OcuUna) M7 Miilln S3 Peatl -_ 20S Habblt 18 Wbuls - 10 Wbl(€-fisb IB, S7 Chit-f Mountain Loko ST oU 227 Smokwl 183 Whltiufhoted Mijuw 17 WUIie-halrwi Pottiipuut 18 Wblle-bcaded Oranipaa 11 WblUng K LakB ■■n WholiMale dmtncUaa appantot. IM WtsB, Hairnwdfor u: WUUamaoD'a (nrnglu Mi Wiucbco. OuDwale in Wlnden lit Wlndluar*. BbIdc IM Window and plate ifftm, InAuorM ewtte t«r m Wblgsof beeOci - M Wing-abdI. B;Fasaa of (MuiaBablUil IK WinloFlmnHlvr m Sbad. a Wlnftamea 171 Wolf{CanUIiipna) IK Clawaof. S Wol/.fisb. , r WolveTlno(GololiMci«) iW Woodsbnck or SUBeoT (ArotsfD5a Banail. .UlIM fhunM W Woodlaiul Cariboo (TaiBBdnanngUtrt ... t,lS Wood.powdor . ■ --.. W WoodBi do4h«,P Kiportaof. !iT-%JBi Hooking .niiO' GoBt'a (for wigs, ic.) Its, -IT andbair a: ImiHrtlMor 3B-»l*l nnd bairof maminala, PTcpatBlien ot IT> pclta, Importa of . . . . . _... 3i Sliwip'a (on »kin) ;i< wDTit ..._ m Woolen mil*'*' Eiporta of W7-W Woorai*....... ._..__... .,-,..- .. (36 Work. Reanlls at; rmind Stat« IMih I'om mioslOD aWll Wonna lid W Dried W In1«BtinAl. .,..,- M and iHcbi'B. injurloiu K andlM«br8,uaefnl SI Chemical producUtltiln .. 3' Prnpagntion of ... •" -Wonna" and oiber loading tool« '> WoniUd cloth*. WaarbjB '^ Wmnpulia pmirillaia . J* Wrist-guanlii .- i" Wrj-.moiitb. Spotted " WurdeiniiiaiiB oclUMa ■ '*' X 3:ipU»a Eladtna . * Xipbldlontldn " SIphiidai ^ INDEX OF OBJECTS. 345 T. Page. ik (PoSpbAgoi gnumlena) 105 BlknrCieTaU6 il Goplier 16 Haokerel 42 Perch 49 Pik6-p«roh 49 T«a 45 eUoW'flimed Omni 47 eOow-ibotedMinnoi 16 •haired PoTOopiiie IB Paifc. Yellow-tailed Spot 45 Z. ZalophuB GUliespii 5 Ziphiida 12 Ziphiins 12 Zoarcee aagnillarls 31 Zonlohthya flMdatos 42 Zonaria flava 260 ^^^^^^Sde^f^onthibutor^^^^^^B p.g«. Abbott, Dr. CO 240 P.g.. Bowcbon, Brtndley 238 Bownuai,J.B 9 BoHUigs, QiuMve 306,328 Adam. J. O 131,18B,H« AcLuu., A. Leith 2H AiRhIi, A!..Biaer, 24, 26. 20. 41. 44, 4B, 47. M 68,68,08. 80, Oa, IB, 86. 68. JO Alkan, C.E 4.7,H Bradfoid 4t AnttMay.. -77, W, 8% K B7. 08. 102.114. Ill, 120, 128, IM, 268 Brmnd.C.C 81 ■fc-V^ ™ BreotA.J 238 ^Bwaieui KMdl« ■&& nri>.Hook Conpuiy . .Ir7, 08, ■^ 08.100 ^■XiMricui Net ud Twine CompMij. .125, 128. m, ISB, 180,181, 132, IM Am-^ricu, Whli, Cumpmy 203,205 Am«a, JiiDin T 252, 2B«, £GT, 268 Andnraun, Br.O.L 26S C. ■t 341,!4S.24T,St8 ^^«ood,Cq>I.V.B 228,234, MO, MT, 251 CcDtnl Whuf Compui; . .15, UN, 101, UT, 111, 122. lOS Ch.paiiiD!w.D.,&SB, 101.117, m,14l,lt&,S04i:£6.'WI Cmok.KB 16i Crook*, H 140 CiillwrtHni,T ^ IB Curie]', Rer. June* 84.10.110 CiutU,H.A 30 Cnllok. Denteiuat »1 Dall. W. U ..0, B, 10. 12,70, 81, 83, BS, se, 8>, OS, B4, M 100, lis. 131, 132. ist, 142, iH. 100. lae. is; l(r7. SOI. 214, 318, 2S1, 2Nl 2M. 250, 2CT, M l>anJ*U.W.C 23 Damir UuDboturbig Cavpuiy 16 DavJi. Mr«.A,S M IhiTJs, BenJimin 2-'! DoviB. Edward 1 DHBWn, J.W M Be Freer, A. B.. * Co 2S1, 262.25 Deboo. Heorgo, * Co 2*8,224,22 DflDBg i Son* 158, 1« Dewey . 2o I>linn, R"l>ert,... M £iall,a tl EiplartngEii«dilf0BlI.8 ^MmWaB F, Foddordln, A ■ fUrle. Janiea ■ Fiilta,4-J ,. H Fartoir,W.G JRVKM Feiner.LientJohB ■ Faooet.C.A ]■ Fergn»Pi>, S. W fl FirROaoD, Ui«J. T. B m«MlLV FiahCc>auiiiuiim,D.S..S,U,I3.1);IT,]ll«H,« T4, T5^ Ts, M, B% a, n, SI, ui. i3Mm mw ltD.151, iaa^IM.16>,I78.1M,M^)n,WS Flihet, Cspt. Jo*. W FiUbogh, D. H HI Filihiich, n. L W Fcimt tnd liliwua Pabti*hiii{;Coinpaaj. HRft 1% 101. 102, Ut, lis. 131, UT. IKMniM MM Fa«l«.G»TgFB T%T];1SkllI.III.tt» Prestnoii, SanloTd IM^MIMW Fm»-li,E.B miM.ma Fuller, C.B JRSI FuleJ.CoLJ 0 e. Gabb, W. H » Gardiner, C*pt. J. W.T KP G*Ddet,C.P • Ghiaalln, Dr. J. T ■ Glbbe*,T>T. L.R... ,. » Gibb*,TbM. . 4,S3iU,WtIai.U^l]^ll%l4S Glironl,JohBD. ■• GiffonJ, Thorn** J ■ GUbrrt.K.F ....■»» GUll«», J. M - • GilLTheo «at* CiilpJH. Dr. Ik'ni TNDEX OP.COKTRIBUTOBS. .Dr. A. I, 1*,1S iPortablaFoUlngBoatCompMiy.. 14S .H 2tl,SH,2H,2GT,MI.3K2eikm .a.J.H !OI.SW,ai« ... U3,1H 7.8J,B1,1« ... !S3S,JW tUiBtanl IW, IM,1H k.a. N 22 A. H HIW.201 I.E.. ft Sou 118,130,133 r m,is*.i3s B.U s«,eMio CptL n,T«,i«,ns CmptKH 30,82 DU. S. a, & Co 211 OD,EDhl*Co 131 )r 12,S«,39 mO CuUaiy Conpuy Tl-Tl JahDmi, 7. B 37,rt.Xt,U Jaluuaii,C^t.Q. A S3 JohunD ft Tonng U>, 133, I4B, IN Jon;, P. LonU 13» Jndte, Edwin H 137 Jndp^EdwJD W >3 F, C, iCo... M KfU'j JcDumnor lo Kmp, D«j t To 19MW, M Kenn.i1t, Andrvw lie, 181, IB K-'unCTlV, Dr. B, 1IM«, 1»0, IB KtiiDicott,B 1^M.I00,1I8,1U,138.1« 139,110.11 Kennud. CbcrinW So Kent,D. F 1 KImtMlI, Dr. J. F 20 C. J.KlDC 1 Etdg, Lieat F. W 8 KlnftW.B 1 Kiiby, JIumpliTi'yS 81,(1, It KIrkby. W, W 18 Klrttkud, Dr. J. P 1 Kuoi, S.B 3 Ksbn, QnaU* ll,tt>,lHilS&10l>.M Kop«cb,H 28 K>id«, Jolm 1»,U Kuril, T.D tt LUnftJ.M 13 LuimnD. Clurlia 23S L< Pall, WUllIm H 111,212 Lawlo.C.H » LUliuD, JuDU H 13, 131,141 Lcnlcr.JtMiiph.. 143,173 Lftwrencfl, Alft«d 10 Lawnoce, Am« 203 LeBT«iw(irth,J.n 8 Lelb,T 32 L«inuM,H.L Ill LmIbj.A.M IM LMliPpC.C 48 LevBy,J.A 20 L«wl«.G*orBeH »• Lewis, WLUlMD 01 LincolD, Oeorgo F 201,202 Liverpool rtee PobUo MoMnm 20, 30 Loce,Ja»on 07 Ljmttn, Theodore 23T Liman. WUliun .'. ., IM MiiOT.K.B.ftF T«tTa,Sl,lSl.l«l HnhrenWi 208,210 MiiD.'iflftld, (I, E. A Co llt.Ui Miirct fnpthln 1* Martin. C»pLS. J m Munrln Droa. & Bartlett 220,227 MiiBUchaMtMAnnaCompma)- SD.D1,B2,B3 Mmbw Fnsd ao.sa,24« Mutlirw,G.F ; 2M Muth>ws,Dr.V \* 350 INDEX OF CONTBIBDTOBS. McBrlde,SknJ UcCuleb, Vloald IS Ui-CUln.A.0 Mfl UL-Curdy, Alex. . . .72. 7S, BO, H, 101, ]2% ISO, 161. IffJ McDoDald.M S42 H<:[>aDdi<],AnuiL llft,lU McFBdd(ul.F 150 M'^Fadjo. l£Bleolm lKW RoH ftnudfalr INDEX OF CONTB3UT0BS. M,US lOI Ma ...T0,22t,32S,ttT [uUtDUcin e3,H8S,8^«.Ul. IBS, 18a Tbw 2M M.X..«i.tt,». Vn, IIT, m, 128, 131, 13a,lM,ll>3,S44 itge MpM ryA 13a,lM .rimn 7,18 I B8,aa7 ai,is2,2H,aM,2«a IMlKl 260 per 244.247 ^loa. . 2t^ H Sfc 3T, 58, M, OS, «T. es, 12«, 3, l»4, IBS, 210, as, 230, 240, 241. 248, 247 : 8« iiBii.&3oDa 18B.14I) George 0, 14. 18. ti. 84, 143, lf», 100, 235 rohn 2S,44 l.78,8«, 82-g},8g,M.(X.8«, 1(H), IIS. IIT, . I5S. im. 188. 184, 1»3. 105, 11^. 201, 202. 214, 215, 222, 251, 2.S7, 250 Trovbildge.LlsatW'.F 17, IN Tiriw,U4rd,H.A 5,0,l^Sl,e7 V>m!ti.LientQ.K 8,8t,M Welch. Georgo 4 Welplry, Dr. P 8,18 ■Wemlchi Wanilfl 318 Weeterbergor.Fnuilt,.. -.,..-... ........... 900 WeMoii.WllliuiiiH 180,101 ■Willi*, J, H. 868 Wherlrt. Ll.-iit- (itoriw M 180 Wlieelw.W.K 7 WbippU.Lieul. .\. W ... 83 WtilteMiiiuIkcturliieCanipaDy 141 Whltv.Ur.J.B 141,148.144 WhitP.I.ii-.il.J.W .'.. 118 WIriiiir k Aimi f.-ompimy 80,01 Wilcoi.Criltrnden&Ca 73,74,88,88,117,122, ]28. By A. E. Terrill tf Radiates. By A. E. Tebbill B iMSEcro: DiDHSAi. Lepidoptkra. By W. B. Edwabds W Insects: Htmenoptera, KocnntNAL Lbpidoptxka, Bipteba, CoukvbUi NEUItOPTEEA, AND ARACHNIDA. Bj B. H. SCCDDEB ANI> OTHBRfl 9 PlAKTS. ByAflAORAT I" LlCBENS. By Edwasd Tdceerman . . INTRODUCTION. Bt L up wig Kdmuks. e vessel coDTejing the Ilowgato preliounary Poljir Expedition woa ^orenoe^of Kcw LoiidoD, Conn. She is a fore-and-utlsutioonerof lis tons, and was built in Wells, Me., in 1S51, for mackerel, and blbseqneiitly iiscfl as n sealer iu (lie «oiittiem seas, ■oagb «• KtaiiDcli and Ikir &ea-l>oat, as far as her diinixiutive dimen- boDld allow, a less siutable vessel for the puriiose could hardi; been chosen. To say tiiat she wa^ too small for thorough scientillo ■overs the ground, hut quite fails to eonvey a proper idea of \rhat hdcB all scicutific hiburs were subjected to on this uecuunt. nehoouer was lltteack proved to be quite loose, Xmt. ejiteusive, and the does ratUei I'luU, but the winds were invariably contrary and quite still', and tlu I most impenetrable fog made the uuvigatiou dangerous and tediomifl ■ were often obliged to tie up to a doe and await a "lead" in the pa* or the lifting of the murky fog veil. Godhavn Harbor, Dtsko Island, Greenland, was reached ou the 'M^ of July. Wo were all in high spirits iu auticipation of news from hoiiM ' not tlie presence of tbe exjiected expedition steamer. Of course tit "iblo disappointment was sorely t^elt. I'hc adveut of the expedition was awaited with great anxiety, iii'if |i«>ciaUy as no word had been scut us ria Denmark, so wo natiirallj ificluded tito vessel orves-sels were belated from some cause; batwhei ; f u weeks of waiting brougiit us no news, the anchor was weighed, and - Florence put on a course for Cnmberland once moiv, to i-etnru the l^gkinw aud tliaireffecta to their country. S NATURAL HI8T0BT OP ARCTIC AMERICA. Daring otit sojoom in Oodhaven eveiy attention was paid to oar OOB- fort by the higtily enlightened Danes resident there, and these thm short weeks were to ns the most enjoyable of the whole cndae. Wc puTsned our scientiflo hibors here as elsewhere when an ancdiongem made, bat in this case had tiie misfortnne of being on an cdd SDd wd- rorked Add. On the evening of the 22d of August, the Mocence left GodhaTcn ai sped on a southerly course, with a fair north wind; this Boon veered to ESE. and blew a gale. For four days the schooner lay bove-to nnd* close-reefed storm-sail, while the hatches were battened down overtbt poor native^ iu the hold. We were entirely at the mercy of the eienaw and drifted with the sea. An impenetrable fog, with heavy rain, oa- tinaed the whole time, and we were drifting among hundret,ain Penny, who rediscovered it in 1839; and the North*/ ambcrlaud inlet of Captain Wareham m 1841. During tbe last quarter ceutury it has often been visited by Scotdii] .111(1 Ameriuin wiialemen, ships frequently vintering on tbe southwest I' I'll shores. It ia at present unknown if it be a sound or gulf; it is generally con-l sidered as a gulf, but some Eskimo say tliat the Kiugwab Fjord, one o tlie arms extending to the NE., openn into a hitge expanse of watw,~] to them iinkoowii. Icebergs arc also soineHino» foimd in tim Qord that, from their positions, seem to have come from the northward, and not from the south. The eastern shore of this soimd forms the western boundary of thi iwrtion of Cumberland Island which Ues botwet^ti its waters and Dari Stniiti*, and known as the Penny Peninsula. In about lat. C(i° N. the Kingnite FJoixi extends from the sound in a KN'K. direction, and nearly joins Exeter Sound from Davis Stratti^ I y are separated only by a portage of a few miles. The Cnniberlandi . >klmo make frequent excursions to tlie eastern shore via these Qord9, but seem to have e)ct«nded their uiigmtiong but a short distance nortfe-J wanl, finding Cumberland Sound uioro 1^) their tastes. The width of Cumberland Sound opposite Niantilic Is about ihir :tk'S, possibly its widest part. It is indented by numerous and lai I J Ills, few, if any, of them having been explored ; many islands are scafrfl ' r>_-d along both shores, and in some instan(«s form quite considerablti -.Kips. ' Tbe present Eskimo are few in numbers. We would estimate ttu e jiiipulatioi], men, women, and chQdren, on both sides of tbe i^nndL 12 NATURAL HISTORY OF AECTIC AMERICA. irom Cape Mercy on tlie east to Nugumeute on the vest, Dot to rxG««d four hundred iDdividnals. It is certain that within the last thirty yei rs the mortality has been very great among them; even the vbalemeii remark an astouiahing diminution in their niunbers at the present day, as compared with twenty years ago. Kumerous traditions exist among them of the time when they wamd witli other trilies, and old men, now livin;;, have pointed out tu ii.s iBlaudu that werc! once tlic iicciic of Imttles, where the besieged party was starred into submitttjion by their enemies. According to the nsnal st8eiit Eskimo eay these stone fonndationa wi^re made by the Tunabi. They a: ■ri in variona out-of-lhe-way places, especially in the grontAr Kingwah Fjord. \lioat twunty years ago, s man and women (Greenlandoni)Iaadetl near Capo Mctcyi^ iiii: fiot adrin. on a piece of ice nn the Oncnlanil iNHtBt. rrom this oooitrrence w«.J ......jictuTv that the sl»ry haa received a modem adarts of it. The ridicoloos story abou the dogs is firmly believed by the present Eskimo as the origin of Umm That the Tunuks have been seen of late years in the west is not is- probable, — that is, natives, different in dress and stature; but theyvcR most likely the tribe known aa the Pelly Bay Eskimo from ttie doiA shores of Hudson's Straits and fh)m Fox Channel, they being Isrgs and more robust than the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day. It ii certiun that since the whalers have begun coming among the Cumber land Eskimo, and introduced venereal diseases, they have deteriotstcd very much. They now almost depend upon ships coming, and as a oco- sequence are becoming less expert linnters, and more careless in Ibe construction of their habitations, which are merely mde temporaiy ditl- tera made at a few minates' notice. Great suffering often ensues fr« living in these miserable huts. The seal skin that should have gone te rcpa^ir the tent in bartered to the whalemen for a little tobacco, or sow valueless trinket, which is soon thrown aside. The men are employed le catch whales, ■whm tlioy ^ilimild he hniiliTi;; m OTflcr to <:niijily tl^r ETITSOLOOY. I aoy scasoD. Tbe priiicipal ones are known as Nngameute, Kiautilii:^ Bwtjoyiutt, Eemeauit, Annanactook, Oosooatlluin, Ejiijunjiiiti, Eikker- , and Middliejaacktaack Islands, and Shauineer, situate at different bnts on botli sides of Cumberland Soaud. During the winter tliey con- tegate at these points in tittle villages of snow-huts. Tbe present principal he^idquarters are at the Kikkerton Islands, or at Siuntilic, according to which jioint the whalers winter. The old harbor r Kemasnit, once the winter harbor of whalers and a favorite resort of ) Eskimo, is now deserted, except by a few 6Uiieninuuat«ow-legs are almost the rule. Tliis probably arises from the r in which the children are canied in the mother's hood, as well k Che early age at which they attempt to walk. The habit of sitting •-tegged may also have a tendency to produce this defoiuiity. Tlieir [aaudfeet are small and well fonned. Their hands are almost covered b the scaraofcut« and bruises. It »ecms that in healingthe injured part I, and is always afterwards disgustingly prominent- Tliere is a great tion in the color of their skin, and a description that would answer r one might not apply at all to another. Even among those that are r pure breed there arc some whose skins are no darker than a white M*s Koold he if subjected to the rigors of wind and cold, and the iTor-rcraoveti accumulation of soot and grease. Others again seem to ne been "boni bo." The children, when young, are quite fair. The gren are small, oblique, and black or very dark brown. The hair is Kb, Rtraigbt, coarse, and very ahiindant. It is rarely wavy or curly nong the full-blooded Innuits. [ There are, of conrse, exceptions to the above in cases of half-breeds. : fiices are broad and flat, with rather large lips and prominent tbones. Atidde is not practiced among the Cumberland Eskimo at the mt day. I have learned from some of the most intelligent that this pons custom was in vogue in former times, however. Among the a of Repulse Bay and those living on the north shores of Hudson's kits, It is practiced to a considerabje extent, e.specially with the tribe 1 the Pelly Bay natives. The practice is confined almost en- 16 NATDBAL HISTORY OP AECTIC AMERICA. tirely to female children, the reason being, they tell os, titiat they ua anahle to hunt, and consequentl; of little acconut. It seems to iam b<«n referable to the same cause among the GTunberland EsidmoL Thca biterconrse mth the whites seems to have modified some of tlie mort barbarous of their primitive habits. Twins are not common, and triplets veiy rare. The males oatnnmba the females. Infanticide may, to Bome extent, be the c^nse ; bnt Imtf diseases, which are alarmingly prevalent, seem more fatal to the woon than to the men. Children are often mated by the parents while they are still mar ii- &nts. There is sach an extreme laxity of monls that the yoong mmm almost invarialy become wives only a short time before they are mothen ' It is impossible to say at what age the women cease to bear chiMMi, as tlicy li;"tvc no uk'ii uf tln'ir own age, ami few :iri' :tlilf to fount at"''* ten. Puberty takes place at au early age, possibly at fitorteen with lit female. They are not a proliflc race, and it is seldom a woman has mm than two or three childi'en, and often ooly one, of her own ; still dih;, or almost all, have children ; bnt iuqiiiiy will generally divulge tb* fiW that some of the children have been bought. Almost every young vtoga has or has had a child, but the Identity of the fatlier is in no vriae oecBt- sary in order to iusiu^ the I'cspcctability of the mother or child. !'•«* children are generally traded or given away to some elderly cotqifa • soon as they are old enough to leave the mother. The fostft-iianM falce quite as good rare of sncb iwlopted cliitdren a? if they wotp iks ETHNOLOOr. 17 • !r tliTCQ wives ill one liiit make an aUogctUcr banaonioiis Iioust-lioldj I 'lit all little (ItiHouIties are generally Hettlcd by the biisbaml, in a u lur better calcitlated to insure reverence to ma^euliue streuyth t risiMHst for Biiporior iutelligeiice, The seairity of women at i)reecnt in proportion to the men makes |pi>lygamy a luxury only to be imlulgeil in by the wealthy. Divorce, if It will b*' called by that mime, is very frequent among them. All that ^ neeiletl is that the husband tires of hi,t wife, or knows of a better one 1 li:it he is able to procure. Neitlier does it seem to trouble the v ;iucb : she is quite sure to have another offer befoivloug; and a u < >l' this kind seema to benefit both parties. One rather reuiarkiible a i-ry laudable practice among Ihe^w people is the iuloption of yomig' < Itildn-u wlioae poi'eiits are dead, or, a;) oft«u happens, whose mother is > only recognized parttnt. Orphans, so to spt^ak, are thus twice as mun as among civiUze a perfect little satau; and, thongb lie gave ns much annoyance, he SA oever-failing source of amnsement to us all. The girl, again, wa« tve of Exeter Sound, on the west coast of Davis 8taits ; still, both fiidenMl as their own children, and well cared for. if-breeds are said to be of more irritable tcmi>crame!it8, and 1 p to liear exposure and fatigue, than the fiill-blootlcd Eskimo. Bfood of the Cnmberlnnd Eskimo consists entirely of desh, andii tBeotions of Iho sound of Pa^mnyK fatulm. In fact, this animnlil ' principal dependence for food, fuel, clothing, and light. o will eat a few of the berriesof Vacdnitim uUijinngumanA Emjietrum I, the roots oS PetUculurU, nnd ixwasionally a little Fiiciia reaiculo- 1 Is winter, but this eonstitntes a very small and niiiuiportiiut part 0 rfood. B soon OA the ice has fairly left the sound, the Eskimo hunter lean b ttlnler encampment, with his family and such )>ortions of his house- il good*! an wdl be needed, and takes a tour inland or np some of the D fjords after reindeer. The larger jKirt of ids possessions, including !i,dog8,hiiiiie.sses, winter elothuig,&e., he seoretes among then i Miifi^iieuted spot. Uis dogs oiv pat uu some little ru(^k^,' \ 1. Sat. MU3.JJ0. 15 2 18 NATUHAL HISTOET OP AECTIC A3IERICA. to shitt tor themselves. They eke ont a scanty sabsisteoce by hl good ase of their time at low tide, Cottus soorpiiu coDstitatuig the gi part of their food at this season. There ai-e at present so many whaleboats owned by tliese £e tliat they experience little difficalty in making quite - extensive cr three or four families constituting a boat's crew. They will load a i boat to within an inch or two of the gunwale, and then set ont for weeks of enjoyment and abnndance. The squaws do therowiiig ai *'captiiin" stands mi^vBtically in the stem with the Bttrcring oar, the rest of the men are either asleep or on the lookout for gtuiw. cargo consists of their tent-poles, the skin-tenta, pot«, and lamps, sundry skin-bags containing the women's sewing and skiiittiiig iit« Their hunting-gear, of course, forms a quite conspicuous portion o contents of the l>oat. Very few there are at present who have m come the possessors of a lialf-barrel. and this vessel occaiiies a cm uoos place in the boat, and is almost constantly receiving lulditio animal matter in some shape ; a few young eiders or gulls will kw covered up with the intestines of a seal and its flesh. From this i tacle all obtain a piece of meat whenever they feel hungry. Tbij sel is never emptied of its contents, except by accident or when aca of material forbids its repletion ; and, as the temx>eratiire at this M is well up in the " sixties " rluring the day, this garbage heap hee 80 offensive as to be nnbearable to any one but an Eskimo. They proceed at a verj- leisurely rate, rowing for a few minutes ETHNOLOGY. ^md then the younger people engage' in vanons ganu while the older ones grather around some aged crone, who eseitedly i-ecounts the hiiuts of her gjrlhoorllonit of the old gagas and legends with which her momorj- is replete. Th(i8 they live from day to day, the men hunting and the women stretch- ing the skins, till the ueaHon eume^ aronnd when tlieyninst retnnt the eoast. nappy, contented, vagabond race ! no thunghts of tlie row disturb the tranqniUity of their minds. When a deer is killed any ditttJince from camp, the meat is cachi rith the intention of returning after it in winter; but with what the >0lve8 and foxes devour and what the Eskimo never can fliid again, y little is bmugbt back. 3fany have now firearms of some patt^M■^ or ntlier; and though they 1 Imnt for a ball that haa niisseootis. r^35iey ha%'e an interesting custom or superstition, namtOy, the killing f the efil ipifit of the deer; some time during the winter or early in [ng, at any rate before they can go deer-Lnutiug, they onngregnte Jier and dispose of this imaginary evil. The chief anooot, angekok, i medicine-man, is tlie main performer. Ho goes through a number of ftttions and contortions, constantly hallooing and calhng, till suddenly t imaginary deer is among them. Now begins a lively time. Every a Is screaming, running, jumping, Bpearing, and stabbing at the imag- y deer, till one would think a whole mad-house was let loose. Often T proves very agile, and must he hartl to kill, for I have known 1 to keep this performance up for days; in fact, till they were com- y exhausted. e of these performances an old man speared the deer, anotlier died out an eye, a third stabbed him, and so on till he was dead, a who are able or fortunate enough to inflict some injury on this , especially ho who inflicts the death-blow, is consideretood ; this mnkes a thich aiid ratber greasy sonp that mnst tie nuite noiirisliing; the oliildren are very fond of it. It seems irossiblo Siat tvom this disli has originated the popular error that these i)eaple_ IHnk oil, a notion that is Eiiiiply preposterous. ^B ' I found among some of these i>eople a little spoon, or rather a miDiM ^ITB scoop, made of ivory, ^Lieb they used to drink the sonp with ; it Ippears to t>e an old ntensil, now faet going out of use, for they can now [Hroonrfi tin mugs. A reindeer's rib, pointed at one end, is used to fish 1^ the ineAt with, and sometimes to convey it to the month. These tastnunents are found In the graves, l)at seem to be but little used at fee present day. > Wlien a seal is brought to the encampment, especially if they have not ^eea plenty for some days, all the villagers an.' invited to the but of the Ibeby bnnt^r, and the seal is soon dispatched. A eoujtle of the younger tout skiu the anihial and distribute the pieces to the assembled company p &st OS needed. The testicles, being c-onsidered ns tbe choicest titbit, pn asnally banded over to the hostess: tbe spinal coM is also rated as Itae of til© choicest portions of the aiumal. During these feasts tliey lor^ tliemselvos t{i their utmost capacity, and arc in good humor and piuious. Though there may be ever so poor prospects to prociu* more bod for the morrow, this docs not deter them trom gluttonously devour- iBg the last morsel, aud then go on allowance till tbey can get a tVesh tapply. I have seen tbem thus gorge tlK-mselvos, and then lie down to feep with a piece of seal meat by their side, wliieh they attacked every ^me lliey awoke. ► The intestiaes of binls, notably Litgupm and Somuteria^ are Iooke4l ^xm as cboiwj parts, and birds brought to the encampment are gt-ne- JUly "drawn" by the hunters. The fatty excrescence at the base of the ^per mandible of tbe male Sotn. spcctaldlin is too great a temptation Ik" tbem. It was with great difficulty (hat wc could induce them to bniiig these birds to etunp without ba\ing them thus mutilated. ■■ Since whalers began to cruise in the Cumberland watere, tbey have kNmd that it is deoidwlly to their advantage to hire boats' crews of lUivcs to assist In the captiin^ of whales. They make good whalemen. K^ett «ucb crews are secured, tbey wisely count in all of their fjimily in the bvgain, so tliat to secure the serv'ices of a crew of seven men one uiust bed thirty or more. While working for whalers, these Eskimo depend tfmost whollj- on the ship tor their foot! supplj ; as a consequence, jKjifogt bewniiiig poor hunters, and prefer to lounge aoxjund a vi pend 22 NATTTEAL HISTOBZ OF AfiCTIC AUEBICA. and pick up swib scraps as offer tliemeelTes rathra tban to strike oat for themselves and live independently and in compaiutiTe plenty. As to meals, or regular meal-times, they eat when hungiy, if they have anything. They always eat in the morning before going oat to hnnt,* hut the principal meal is in the evening, on their retnm. "When sappUed with rations by the ships, they often have their regular meals aboud: but this does in no wise hiuder them from taking their nsnid eveiiiii{ allowance of raw meat when they tetnm to their huts. That the Eskimo possess considerable powers of abstinence canixit be disputed ; but it is not so remarkable after all, for they cert^nly Inn bad ample experience in this direction. That they are able tb bear us- porary or sustained exertion better tban the whites is donbtftiL ntf are acclimated and hare clothing snited to the climate, and readily adipc themselves to the rude shelter of a snow-bank, if necessary- ; bat gjn ■ healthy white iniin lis good clothes, and he will stand as much £ui^, and perhaps more. While hunting with the Eskimo, we often had onr nose aud fuoc iitwa, when it did not seem to affect the Eskimo in the least; but wLf>u it one to a tramp through the suow all day long, few of tlieni would staod a any better than we could. Some have judged their powors of endurance from the muuur il which they will follow their game; hut it seems to us it is r.ttherlkt> wonderful patience, for we have known them to follow animal tradsf* a wliole day, wlu-ii \v<' roiifi'ss wu (.■otihl nut iHscovcr the iiiiute«t tnst ETaNOLOGT. in al8o made of tbe same kind of seal, unless they are ibrtanate enongl) ' In {inxMire Calluvvphalvn TituUnus, \k)ucli skins are so liiglily ptized that tliL'y iiAetbt>meveu though there is only suihcient for a part of the fronts of their jackets. Both the men aud women wear a garment the osiu;t duplicate in shapj iiridvr tlie unter one; this ^^^armeut is made either from the youny 8 HI the whit« coat or of reindeer. The coat of the men does not open iu ftont, but is drawn on ove ]\vaA like a ahu't, and ban n hood that QXs, the head snugly, while tb^ .'Oman's hood is large and loose, and the jacket is quite loose-litting, so IS lu receive the chihl, which is always carried in ttie hood. The woman's i.irket liulher diil'ers from tJie men's in being shorter in front, and end- mi; in a rounded point, while behind it reaches quite to the ground iu 1 he form of a lauce-shaped train. This appendage is eaught up iu tlie , Kituio manner qh the fashionable train of the present day among civQ^ ized ualions, when the condition of the ground is uufuvorahle for i trailing. After all, is not this fashion borrowoil from the Eskimo j Thert^ is often an approach towards this prolouf^atlon in the men's els, esiK'cially when made of deer skin, hut never so long as on twi] woman's. Npilherdn little girls have a long train to the jacket; but as Boon MS they arrive at the age when they are no longer looked upon aA fhildren, they leaiu to imitate their mothers. There are never any iiool^ j r\H in the jackets of either sex, the hood siTving for this purpose. The paiita of the men ai-e made from the same material as the o with tlie exception that the young seal iu the white coat is olteu used for the uHt^er as well as the inner garment. The pants rea*'h only to the iiI>I>Gr part of the jwlvis, and are kept up by means of a string around I lie body. They reach a little below the knee, where they are met I I lie l)ootj«. When made of deer skiii, tliey are usually ornamented bffl iriages of cut skiu around the lower edges. h Uie women's pauts ditfer from the men's in being composed of t lamte pieces, tlie lower reaching from a little below the knee to tblj e of the thigii, and ai-e kept in place by a string which runs to I upper edge ol' the other [lortion. The lower portion of these panta- pis is removed while they are at work in their igloos, and the bare Bgli U8eed underneath its body, and this is probably one canK tf bow-leggedness and possibly the shortness of the lower extremitie*. f have scoD tlie Eskimo mother, with a child fiist asleep in hor hood, Iwild. ing a toopik. This work often necessitated her stooping over so mod as to seemingly endanger the diimping of the infant over her h*w! ni the ground ; still, it did not seem to inconvenience the child iu the Irait as it slept soundly througli tlie whole proceeding. The Jcdmil; or, as generally pronounced, kummtng, or bootis are (ain- cipolly ma<1o from tlie skins of adult Fagomya fostidus, with the ImirfA the soles being made &om the skin of Phoca barbata. For winter m« a very beantiful and serviceable boot is made irom the skin of mnibw legs sewed together lengthwise ; they are used only iu dry tinow, Uat quite useless when the snow is wet. Another style of boot is to luw the leg of netsick skin, but with the hair on. These hoots n^cb nwrfj t» the knee, and are kept in place by means of a string aronnd the 1"!^ ETHNOLOGY. ^tsick skill, witli tlie hair on, aad the Lair Hide r pniinl itiid till' hair iiointiiip fixim IIib too Tiai-kivards. ThiH v«ry muc3 » llic drawing ou of the lioot. !or summtT wear tlie yoiiug of the nt-taick iti tlic woolly c-oat is siibut 1 for reindeer for tbe stiK'kiugs. Dog skin is also RonietimeH used fi ikingK, but not so commonly among tlie Cumberland Eskimo a* p uf FliidKOU'^ Stniits, who nsc do*: wkins for pants as well a; Lll tbe dotbing is Hewed with sinews, it'indeer or white wluile. llie plfom tbe animal, aiUl an^ !t nfT as needed. Tlie fibres are separated as line aa necessary, junl B drawn quickly between tbe twtb toseciuf a more unilonn sine. Tb© ben nil «ewtowaiil« tbeuiwlves, nsliig ,the Miinihleon tin- lir«t finj:er; w m^orn UHo bnt one kind of seam ; the Hlges of the skin arc ejvra- w matebed together, and joined by sewing over iiiul over the o Tlieir thimbles ((tailed tlMk, alno stgniDes first finger) aivi madeM I the skill of I'lioca harhata ; in i^hape they aro inei'ely tin nblno] J willle.ieiitly large to eover tbe point ol' Ihe finger. A rim is col tnd the oiitttide edge for nlwuC one biilf its length ; this j}>rins n mil p uiulcr u'liieli Mm linger ia pa^wd, »ud in tliis iimiiiicr it \^ kepi I'l; fonnd tbis style of thimble mneli nion"* convenieut tbai^] telAl one of the usnal form. F few of the Tumberland Eskimo at tbe present day use unytbinj l»t«?l ueedleH, or Imne ' mineing-knife. Nejirly all the Cumberland Eskimo Iiavc noirj hired Iron enough from some wouree or otiier so that thcv ean bavftl Ion knife tif this pattern. Before tbcy eoiild proeiu'e iTioiigb imiti'l tnnulu tbe knife of ivory, and merely sank flakes or pieet« of irotfl ■the edge, in Uie same manner as the natives of Xorth (Ireeiibind dof B present time. Tbia same pmctii!o of sinking iron Dakes mto tb(tl 26 NATURAL HI8T0ET OP AKCTIC AMERICA. edge was also used ou tlieir large skinniug-ktiires, wluch were made fivm a walrus tusk, and mueli after the patteru of au ordinary steel butcher liuite. Some of tbese ivory knives have uo irou iu tlieui } but ut tlio l)resent time tbey are used principally, if uot entirely, for cnttiug snow aud removing ice from their kyacks. The women seldom use any other kind of knife thuu such us jti»t dc scribed. With them they remove the blubber fl-om the skius, split skiiu, cut upmeat,aDdwheusewiug this instrument is used luslead of scinson. lliey begin a garment by sewing together two i»ieces of skin and sliap' ing them as they go along by means of the knife, cutting for an iucli w two and then sewing. They always push the kuife from tbein when working it. Tattooing does not seem to be as prevalent now as formerly, for it ii mostly on the aged women that oue Huds it at present Tho marbiiigi resemble India ink iu appearance, and are done with gunpowder at piw- eut. titill, some use the old method, by taking the juice of Fucui r«H» losits L. (or a eloaely alUed 8i)ecies), and some small aigai that appjr ently contain a good deal of iodine, and mixing with iampblacik. Instances camo under our obserratioD of people of apparently greit age,— siiy seventy years auU over, to judge from appearances; tlioj lud gray hair (a i-aro thing among the Eskimo], and were nearly mai; the women had the tet^th worn close to the gums by chewing 8kin& It is impossible to arrive at any definite conclusion regarding tbir age, as they keep uo record of time and cannot refer to any past ewA by any ineaus of notation. We could not learu of the nidost att^npt at picture-writing or hicrogl>i>Iiice; and, as they possess no records That- ever, their traditions are handed down fitim generation to generstJoB without being fixed by any means which allow eveu «u approxbnatB estimate of their growth and prosperity. Most of them are unable to count beyond their fen fingers, and noV arenuable to go over six; some, again, are said to have names forimn- bera to twenty, but they are few. The numerals are (Ufl'ereutly pro- uounced, and we found difficulty in getting oue sufficiently conversanl with them to give us tho numerals to ten. One^Atdma, or atansal, Two=lldcho. Tlaec^Pingasvit, ovpuigasat. Foar=s S^emin^, or sesemat, FWc=TMHmetu!, or tddlimdt. F ETHNOLOGY. Sevtii=Pingashumg (?). Eieht=Aukbini0aniHaclimH (G ami 2). 'Sme=8chiackmam (T T), T«n=£owoIin. [ Above ten tLey aro said to fiouiit tUoh' toes and take ten and o 1 two, &e. ; bnt we were unable to find one who knew tlieir uaiucfl. Siey will tell you thfty have eaught scale or birds up to sis, but if more ley generally put it amashuadly {a good many), which may be any niuu- p ftom seven upwards. * In the treatment of the siek thcj' are very superstitious, aud in fact If resort almost entirely to their ancoot, angekoks, or medieine-men. K^ie following la a Greenlnnder's legend that pixtposes to give a rcasmil y people die : " The cause of people's dying is laid t« a worn (bare discoiu-sed thus : ' Let the people die gradiuUy, otherwise theg 11' not have room in tlie world.'" pOtbei-8 relate it in this manner: "Two of the first people quarreled. hie said : ' Let it be day and let it be night, and let the people die.' The ler Baid: 'Let it only be night ami not day, and let the people live. , 1 long wrangle it came to pass as the first had said." ^It is interesting that this same carious legend exists among the KskimtfS "of Cuinberland Sound; tliey say though that "those who ipuureled finally arranged matters and had both entire day and entire night at the different seasons, so that both parties might be suited." The lungs of Xg?iw glacialU are considered as a sure cure fur boils anneath them. As soon as the mother with lier new-bom babe is able to get up ud gu out, usually but a few hours, they are taken in charge by an igtd ETHNOLOGT. 2^H to end faUlly o tlip patiPtit, even though liis ailmout might uut haiiijH ii<->-n 80 u«k to lii» igluo, iuid looks uow as if hv vaa ;;oo«i for a number of years yet. Stories are conuuuii of how aged and infirm pi*ojde are pat out of the way by the yomiger ones, to rid Chem- -Ivc8 of a uselesH burden; but of tliis \re know nothing from ix>rooiU^| i 'Mcrviitione, or from ixOiable sources. ^| Uccaaional inntances of suicide happen, geuemliy when tlm pert^on |H alllinted with some incurable disease. Hanging soeius to be the I'arorttqB uhhIk of killing themselves. ^ The ancool'n manner of operating is various, and almost every one haa 0 metliftd peculiar to himself. ^V'e conid get but a glimpse of somo Ethem, as tlu-y are averse to Iiuviiig a white muu witness their puiform- i, and we had the gn-ateat difficulty in getting any one to explttiu I their nieaiung. The folU>wing legend is i:iupi)osed to give the ft for becoming an anmot; it is interesting that this legend does-v I lliff«r vsttentially from the Greenlauder's. ( V»Wp (i^a^uhlnds U}!i^| iastration, Idler Nuturel-Historie, Hans Egede, 1741.) ■ PTe would here add that those who beruuit- ancooU ak only sticli aJ B natorBlly iHmsesaed of a more penetrating mind than their fellowaj terally the biggest raticals in the encampment, who st^Idom pay aPiM bcution to what in right or just, but ply their vocation so as to win fi)|^| DiSi>]ve« n^'nowu among their fellows, and iKissess themselves of adjM JBted article as remunurution for tht.-ir Hcrvieea. ^M The manner in vhick one may htcome an ancootf or iinfjikok. ^H nj one wishing to liecome an ancoot must go away u long distance B where there is any other person. Then he must llnd a large stone, I scat himself by it, and eall on Tomfjorind:* Tliis spuit will then, _ e himself present to him. The would-be oncoot will at lirst bo vajH 1 frightened at the arrival and appearance of this spirit, so mao|^| t he is seised with severe pains, and falls down and dies, liud l^fl a dead for three days. Tlien he comes to life agaiu, and retiiiqfl D a very wise man. H ^ Tomgartuli nt 1ljt> unlives ut' SuutL GrcpiilAud, uud Tomanak ut Notlh Gri'fiilaiK^H e hi^icrt omck, tliv nmetvT apint of tlivw peoiik. TbcfD are innnj' spirit* i>f lM[^| r, callnd Tontrl; thcao e»u bo aocu ouly by [he angrtokt, nflvr tboir iinwliiig wd^^l mfOTtiit, It iipp'^urs thai tliis noiil stguiflc-s tile {;rFati'Rl spirit of GihhI.mi wiiB^^I Tliej now cnll Uio Devil Tarn^ariiik, nail lu their aiiclcnt Iwlinf tUcir Qixti^^l Msk, the «4UDii. ^^1 30 NATUBiX HISTOET OP AfiCTIC AKEBICA. An aiicooVs daty is, first, to matter over the sick, t veil again; secondly, he will talk with Tomgartuk, and get h fh>m iiim as to how he must manage ao that they will have b their undertakings; thirdly, of him be learns if tuiy one is abottt tod and what the canso is, or if some unusual death or miafortone is abc to occur to the people. Their devotion and belief in the aneoota an onlimited ; they can hi be induced to trespass on the commands or disbelieve tJie jnophee of these imiwrtant personages. When on;e has been a very eoneai ancoot for a long time he may become a great ancoot; this neuaaiU a period of fasting, and then, as the story goes, an ftnifnal tb^ i amarook (the same word is used for wolf, and for an animal whiek probably mythical, unless it can be a Qvlo) comes into bis but andbi the man, who immediately falls to pieces; his bones are then conwi to the sea, where he lives for some time as a walrus ; be finally nm among his people, a man in appearance, but a God in power. If the prophecy of an ancoot does not come to pass as he had mi would, any phenomenon of nature, as a halo, corona, anrom, &c^ it t ficicnt to have broken the spell, and the ancoot loses nothing of his iq tation by the failure, for it is then believed that the measnre, whatn it might have been, was not pleasing to Tomgartuk. The i>eople come to these soothsayers after all manner of inftwrnatit Wo knew of one case where a yonng woman asked an ancoot if her; unborn cliild would be a boy or girl, lie retired outside the hut tar ^H ETHNOLOGY. dfl ^^Raftor; one differs from t)ie other only in this wise,'t1iat if dcatli in vaosetl by ccrtiiin lueaiis tboy {lo to tlic one, aud if tliey die a tiatiirall death tbtiy go to the other. I Tlie fnlloniDg is their idea of the future: "In tlte spirit-land all wilfl hitve it as go -turora bormlis i» tbo spirits of dead Eskimo dancing and having tfl •fi time generally. It has even considerable influence over tbcm, ao^l ■ y are well pleased to see a bright aurora. The Greenlanders, on th^fl ii.r hand, say it is the npirits of dead Eskimo ^Afint;. ■ N\'o have been told by some that those who hunt in the kyaossible tUl the whole mass is a raisedfl plutfunn as hard as ice. They tlien cut out a stpiare block from the mid4 die, about eighteen inches deep. After this block is removed tliey havd a cbanec to ent otliers from around the sidcfi, and this space is eulargeS till it becomes of the desired dimensions. The sleeping platform is lelfl aa tliey finished treacling it, no blocks being cut from this ]>ortion; ifl 32 NATDEAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AMEBICA. alsosen'^s to sfand on while conBtrncting the wall, vfaicIiUalvajrt do fittm tbc inside, the builder being fiimiHlied with fresh sztow-blockstn the outside whcu his supply gives out. The wall ia built in & spizalftt so that, if viewed from above, it woold have the appearance of a com coil. The only tools used in building are a saw, if they can get it, for a iug out the blocks, and a long knife, made from a wahraa tuak, forni miug them into shape. In cutting and fitting the blocks of snow, 6 show skill and ingenuity, so that they make as perfect an arch as tlw b mason. When the but is done, or rather enclosed, there is neith» d liur window, and the builder is a prisoner. A door, however, is k nmde, but at the opposite end from where the entrance is to be; tluM this ui>ertuie the women and children begin dragging in the "fnrnitoi while the men " chhik" up the places where the blocks join each odi The structure is so strong that it readily bears a man's weight no i toi). 'When evorj'thing is ready inside and out, thelampsare lit; m times mure than tlie usual number are piocnred, and trimnted to ban lirightly as possible; the heat begins to melt the inner surface of i structure, but it soon freezes and forms quite a coating of ice; tliit. course, lulds considerably to the strength of the building. The inaidt now lined with the seal-skin tent of their summer toopiks, fastentd all around the sides and top by means of small pegs of wood or Iw A window is cut through the wall over the entrance-way, fociag i south ; it consists of a half-moon- shaped bow of whalebone, over wb •■'MOMt any timu au iiuiiisli-lookins la-iul, tovcred with u tliick iiiato ^U-d blatik hair, j)k'ntifull,y pomliTed willi reimIo«r-liair of varioiid •zHiH atii-otrudiiit;fiiim among (he pile of skins, 'ilie ^Iiote , Illy crowd lugt^ther on thia platfonn, like so luauy inga. Tbe l;ii:ipf| Lcpt burning day and night, and the woman's plaeo is diixwtly la 111 iif llioin on the »U'eping jdatform. Here tliey xit cross-legged annd amiind them they pile np their nieat^ 1 1 ^ accumulation of garbage is only cleitned out when it hecomL-s mi'Cti- .s;irj' to uiakii room for a fVe&h supjily. This pile of pntrifying tiesh soonl bM-omos cxti-emely uffensive bi^th to siglit anU the cause may be that the body of tlic animal immeiliately frcezea the ontsidv and forms a coating of non-condncting iiw, which prct its the escape of gas, which instead permeates the tissues. If thfr I iiiial is disemboweled as soon as killed, it does not happen. SevcraLj n';iSHe.s, still warm, iire often piled one ujion theottier, and the anima] It is probably suHicient to start dceomposition bpkilu» ffra-nlandktu. The forward part is made from what I hey term mamma, which is prepared from the skins of the nelsick in Uiu following manner : After the bliibl>cr has been remu%'ed in tbe naoal BmII. Nat. Mas, No. 1 31 NATURAL IIISTOKT OF AltfTIC AMKIMCA. way (tlie skius of pregnant femalos and Iliose siicklJug youiis uonB best), tltoy split the skina, or ratber remove a membrane that lii'ii be- tween the bhibber and the skin proper. The eiihttinf^ is done wiUi Mm vomau'u knife. The skin is laid upou a flut surfuee and tlmknifuptiHk'd away from the operator. When the mamma is removed from the skin it is treated in tlie same manner ns the skins, stretched, and drietl in tbe Bun. It is tough and transparent, and, being very oily, dues not eawly get satimited with water. When the toopik is about to be raised, the iskiti eovering is flrst atretebed out upon the rock, and the poles are pushed uiidemeath, Bod tbeu raised up, stretclutig the cover as tightJy on tlie poles a» posMfahi Tbe toopik is carried with them when tbey go bunting in summer. Such babittitious are of variable dimensiuuB, regrdated by the nunbcr of occupants somewhat, but more by the industry of the hunter and tb« economy of his wife, for tbe skins need repairing very often ; and, as b consequence, many of the more shiftless natives liave extremely jwar shelters, patched up with dog and bear skin and old cast-away piece* of canvas, which they have paid well for in serviceable seal-skins. Their greatest concern is to procure the irales. At- prewnt niauy get broken oars, lance-poles, &c., fW)m the whalers; bnt Htill, ingenioo^ lashed together, bone supports for the tent arc yet fonnd among then. The inside ari'angement of the toopik does not differ essentially btm that of the igloo, except it may be a little nastier as a nile and smell ■ trifle stronger, Sometimes whale-ribs are made use of instead ofpohfl, and are very ingeniously lashed together. TheKO were more in TOgut formerly, before they could procure poles from the thips. We thiuk they were perhaps less nomadic in past times, as tJiew •» still extant sod foundations, which were no doubt used iis pennaatot abodes. At the present day, so many of the Cumberland Eskimo have pfo- cured some kind of firearms that their primitive modes of banting and their hunting implements have, to a great measure, been modified, and even in some iustaiiees altogether lost. Bows and arruwa are ftat be- coming an institution of the past; th»y do not now rely 00 theniftr killing reindeer as they did at one time. Bows and arrows are fomtd around the settlements, broken and out of rei)air; the arrows, of differ- ent kinds, lying about unused, or doing service asiH)me oUter tool, Tbt' childi-en nil have bows and arrows; but tbey sehlom kill larger gBnie than suowbirtlij and lemmings. ETIINOLOOV. r primo importance to tlic Kskiuiu is Itis wiinHy, or spear. At tbe lent diiy, the sealiug: spear is often uiiule &'om au old wliale-lauce, riii)j a woodi-n liitndle and an iron Iiarpooii liead {rliie eUel^bos). The socket of the laoce is put on the opjraHito end of ttie handle, and is ns»'€l for a variety of purposes. This kind of Hi)ear is very uscftd to the Eitlcimo iu mtehiiig the seals in their afliilm through the iw. Thoy are exti-enifly expert in the use of this weapon, and p<}ssess such uiarrelons patience that they will stand by a seal's atluk all day awaiting the ro- tnm of the aniniaL This upear is can-ied on all occasions wherever they go and whatever kind of game they parsne. The opposite end of the spear troiu which thfi harpoon ia fastened is also their princijiol tool iu hnihliug fox-traps wt' ice, cutting down hummocks so as to get their sledges over the shore- i«*, &c. Not the least important use of tliis instrument is to soiuul tbe ii'« with it. In traveling they very often conic to places whei-e tJie nipid running tide has worn the ice very thin, and by means of this (tjiear they carefully feel their way along. They will even cross on a Him? that is completely rotten by feeling around till they get uiwu a more Ri>Iid Hi>ot and then advancing. They are very much averse to gcttii^ into the water, as none of them are able to swim. The harpoon-head used with this speai' is mjule of ii-on, and is abi Ihree and a half inches in length and one inch between the outside taps iif thf^ barbs. They mannfaoture them entirely by tiling, and will sit and file for many days till they get the instniment in the desired form. For whales and walrus they use a much different weapon, the Bamc« we imagine, as they used before the whites came among tlicm. It is fl large, awkward, bidky-looking afiair, with a shaft made from the horn of Monodon monocerox, or from parts of a whale's jawbone, ingeniously lashed together, when wood is not pi-ocuralile. Some have the handle composed of as many as eight to a dozen pieces, l>eautifully and < puclly lashed together, till the whole is as firm as though it were c [Hised of a single piece. Althongh such large spears were not rare among tliese natives, we found dilQculty iu getting them to part with them. A favorite harpoon- bead is also hard to procure, though they may not have ns«l it for years. Borne considerable value seems to be attached to these old implements, especially if they have been snccessfnl with them in former times. We HAlV«utl more upon the illustration hero given of this spear than npi ^^BjB choice of words, Tlieir old harpoon-head fur seals was probaUl 36 NATURAL HISTORY OP ARCTIC AMERICA. of the pattern here flgured. This specimen is from a grave at Exeter Sound, and greatly resembles in pattern the iron seal liarpotui-beaiU li tLe ])rescnt ([ay. Others were made like tlie walrus harpoon, Irat Lav- ing barbs, instead of being iron-tipped. A very ingenioas contrivuxx about these old spears is the perfect ball-and-socket joint vhich onites tlie echcetnung, or boue iwrtion (on which the harpoon is planed), wtft the shaft. The shaft, if made of wood, has a bone tip, which is capped to receive the rounded end of the eebeemung ; they are kept in jdace by two thongs of seal-skin, which makes it sufficiently firm to use, bnt it the same time will allow the eebeemung to double upon the shaft witbon breaking when an animal is struck. Ab before mentioned, so few bows and arrows are now in use that it is almost impossible to procure a bow and set of arrows that are actually or have been in ose. In the following illustration, no less than eight diflo- ent patterns of arrows are represented. We have derived our infiKU- tion from various sources besides our own obserrationB. We bad i>- stmcted some of the most intelligent Eskimo to make for us wooda models of all the different kinds of arrows that they ever knew wen in use. So far as we wero able to procure or see the original, these modcb were faithfully and well executed, and leaves us no reason to think tbt they in any instance imposed upon us. Some of the arrows we htn seen in the possession of sailors that had bartered for them for a mat song, bill woiiUl lint traili^ lliciii to us, iinK-r the iiiiprcssitui that IhfJ ■ Stal.'s. T]..-\- ii.i\\' ui.ili.iMvadoni i:thxuloi!V. h]p iron supply, No. 8 is butii' tippi'tl. I cuiiUl not Ipttrii wliy th« jmim -honld be 80 Iwiit, liiit many had them so, and oven prpferrcd it. All livir HtTow«wow laiiheil with liuolyseiiai-atMdet'rsiiu'ws. tbv fttatLcr- iiies were nwiili' always miule troiri the priniari^-s of Stnx HcaniHixm. or ' ' racHlm carlo. The arrows wi-re all short ; in fa«t, their length di'iK-ndccl -iiiiit'what on tho wood supply. Wo were unable to find l)ut. a * N|>f>cinioii of flint arrow-heads in the graves. Thu bow is nitule troin reindi-er antlers; thL-»e art? split, using on] ■no of thf halvi's in the coiistrut'f ion of the bow. It is ahvaya made iOr' ihree piixMw, ingenioiialy lashed together. On the back of the bow are tlirtxi or more slrings, made like the bow-string; these are fastened at both ends of the bow, and also secnivly at the middle of the back. Tliis of eoiii-w:! gives additional strength to the iitl'air, and is a eouvenient place to earry an extra sti-iiig. The bowa are very short, often not more : lian thirty inches. Not every Eskimo is able to mannfauiuro his own i>ow; but eAch eneampment has generally nt least one skilled mechanic, •who Hupplies the rest. Bows and arrows were principally used in the captore of the reinileer, 1, and birds, st'Idom seals. These bows are surprisingly elastic, and i Eskimo ore able ta use them with woiidppfiil rtosterity. In shootiug b wuapon, tbe string is plaeed on tlielirst Joint of the llrst and second H of the right band. Liiotber Eskimo implement fast going out of nee is the Jcakirak, or mon spear. A glance at the Wgure will give a better idea of this ia- inent than we ean express in words. The two outside tines are each bnt seven inebes in lengtli, and are made of reindeer antlers. Near B tip and enriing inward is a tooth-like prong about one and three- Ilia inehcH in length. The iH>iut)« of these teeth eome to the end of B mlddlo tine, which is about six inches in length, perfectly straigbt, I made from walms ivory. The three tines are securely lashed to a e of the jaw-bone of Uie wbale, of varj-ing length, sometimes only a :, but often two or three foet. When the bone shaft is too short to (, tlM?y generiilly have a Rhort ■wooden handle lashed to it to iimke it B deatred lengt h. The two outside tines of this spear arc very elastic, 1 ftitring out when a fish \s stniek, bnt elose iigain wIk-ii the liody of b B»b ha« passed beyond the tootli points whieb project inwun!. It k'tboH impossible for it to esea)ie, the central tine Imving eiiteretl tlie Jiother instnmieut, generally used ii eelion with the kalira 38 SATURAL HI8T0RV OP ARCTIC A3dEBICA. the ajdk-kaljujak, or ivory fisb-bait It is about four JDclies iu Intgti and is made to look as much like a fish as possible. A line is iKun throngb the middle of the back, aod is fastened on the belly; here is small ivory hook that reaches from an incb to two inches below the & The principal use of the ajaJtiaijvjak is not, however, to Jkool fish, b to lui-e them wltbio reach of the sitear. The Eskimo takes his ivoiy fi and bobs it up and down in the water, generally in a tide cravk a hole in the ice on purpose, and watehes till he spies a fish making for He then gently begins to haul in on his line, if the fish follows the hn till it is within reach of his spear ; sometimes a greedy fish will swaDc the bait and get oiught with this primitive gear. At the jmte day they seldom use this implement. Iron fish-hooks are supplied iIk &om the ships; but they are poor fishermen compared with the Grtt One little implement of comparatively insignificant importance stet not to have been superseded by any modem substitute as yet. It iat) hzdjuk, a small piece of ivory of diSieront shapes, used to insert inil lips of the seals while dragging tbem over the ice. We have given iflo trations of the principal patterns wu foniiil in use. Ifo. 8 is the same i 9*0. 7 when seen from the top. This is a verj- ingenious piece of «oii Tho main body of the piece is hollow, and the portion yo. 1 1 has a bo which prevents it pulling throngb, but at the same time turns fivrlj and prevents the line from twisting when the seal turns over. It wt well made that the inside piece cannot bo got through any of the opti irrRNOLOGY. 3H 1 instriuiicnt in uisvil only to catch tbe youiig of I'ngomys /atidv^M IB thuj' are still inthewliit* coats; they ai-e caught cither while lyiMB Be the atluk on the ice or while still in the SDUw-buirow. Wheu uH Imo sees a yomig seal on the ice, he begins to make hia way caiitional;n ftnl it, stopping ircqiienlly, and giving the animal ample opportunity I uigfy it8 curiosity. The sea.! will work its head and fon^ part of tli6 |r In njerky, awkward inaiincr, and keep edging nciirer and nearer katluA-; the Eskimo watches every movement of the iiieul,and knows Itlio proiMer distance apart to suit the size of tbe skin. The skin Kured in ])laee by sealskin thongs passed thi-ough tittle slits alotl] idgCD and made fast to the poles. When the skin is ]iro))ej'ty stretch A ■ tbe frame, it is put above the lamps incide tlie snow-hut to drj'. Inui gets highor and begins to have some effect, the skins i ■dbod*, flesh side up, on the sunlhem shipes of snow-banks, and a msd by means of wooden or lione jn-ga olwut a foot in length. kason advances and the snow melts they begin to stretch the skin^l ■ tfao ground by means of the beforc-nientioued pegs. Tbe skit] ■otiulinwed to rest npon the gi-onnd, but are raised a few inches It the air to circulate undej-neath. Skins dry very fast when ex]>ose llfi manner. IW first days of spring are always a busy time with tlie Eskin 40 NATrilAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERIC.i. ■^onieii. One tbiug 13, tUcy get niofo iresUly killed Hkins to prepare, tai tboii tb(e got from the sicetcb than by a descrii>tiao. Siieli scrapers aie still in use, bnt sene as a sort of auxiliary* to a semper made from a tin can, resembling a little scoop in sbai>e, and having * vooden Imndle. This is the stjle of sei-ajHT made at tbe present d^, and is by fur tlie most ctfoetive iustntment of the three. Tbe miuiiiff of using these scrapers is to take tbe skin firmly in tbe left handmd ]intting the knee or f(x>t upon tbe lower part of it holding it secure];, wliile tlic Bcniper w workcil wltli tbe right lumd, pushing downiriri witJi some foi'cc. If the skins ai'o very Avy, when they begin tbeyve somewlnit softened by rubbing with tbe bauds, or even chewing tta most stubborn parts. Tliey continue uwing these tools upon a hide till It gains the desii-ed pliabilitj. All the work of stretching, dri'iug, eleaning, washing, and softening tbe skins falls njmn the women. Tbe skins of Phoca barhafa are sti-etched on a frame like those of tbe notsick, but not till the hafr has been removed. The cutting of tlieliur is one of tbe nastiest and most disgusting sights one can imagine. Itgtft- ei-ally fulls to tbe lot of some old woman to do this. Tbe skins ani tillomd to lie and become somewhat putrid, a itortion of [he blnbbei- reniaiuiugoo. The only tool usedistbe woman'«kuife Ix'forcnieiitioni^. Wbenabuat to clean one of these skins, tbe squaw takes oH her boots, stockings, and pantaloons, and, tucking her feet undei' lier body, lays this dirty, bliiody, greasy, stinking sldn on her bare thigh, the rtcMh side down. She tJitsi pmhes the kinfe against the hair, cutting, or rather ahaving it off. her band l>ecomes too oily to bold on to the skin, shy puts licr fiujen iut^o her mouth, and thus cleans them. When properly cleaned, it >< di'ied in the manner already spoken of, cxei;i>t that tbe back aad belly of the animal are dried separately, aa tbe skiu is dilTereot on those ^ ^H ETIIXDLOOY. 49 ^lolis of tlie !ki(I.v, mifl wmild ilry nncvciily. Wlieii dry, it is ulmost M stiff amUinrd as a boitnl, Tiiis wkiii is itwd mainly for tin; soles (M IvMitu ; lliL> piitt^'i'ii in cut I'l'inn the liitle, iiiiil tlii'ii clinccd till it bt'comsl -iirtioifiitly Nofteiieil to sew. This Iiwt oiwration is also mainly peM !'>! iiiehe feet. Nearly all the Eskimo become snow-blind in spring, thon^ tbey M* eye-blinkers of wood. These are only a piece of wood fitting daadr over the eyes, and having a horizontal slit abont one-sixteeotJi of a inch wido; it affords a good deal of protection to the eyes, but tliey an generally not put on till the condition of their eyes forbids them goia| withoat. Some cye-blinkcrs of bone were found in a gTa%'e; they *(» apparently very old, and of a different pattern, but so much decayed a not to admit of handling. All the Cumberliind Eskimo of tho present day have sledges of wooi This has either been bartered from the whalotneu or secured fhxn tk wrecks of ships. There ai-e, nevertheless, some remains ocuasionaQf found of sledges that were composed entirely of bono, whales' jaw -bow apparently. They were made in many pieces, and ingeniously lacM All their slL^dgot^ of the ptiMcut day nw sho«) with Iton&aad when about to undertake ii joitmuy they pour warmed btuod upon li ETHNOLOGY. 4S Kioi liiiKl of game, a*,, for iostance, bears ; then they carry s* 1 », which, however, dixrn not materiiilly difler from Uio whuli- luiM ft omiak, or wouiau'it akm boat, ia iiow rare among them, as they i > to iirociire whale-boats from ships, ami one boat will accomiao- e sercTnl families. Some of tlie^so bojits still exist iu the -siciiiity of :umeiite ami farther Hoiilli. It required about fifteen ektiis of Phoca 'to/a to conatruct one, and several years' occumuUirtion of drift-woe mlt Heeins very probable that before the atlvent of whalemen they pea i ft gKat many rites and ccreiiiouies, many of wliieb are now obi I, or exist oidy iu tradition. Sometimes one of these old customs v repeated, but, as a general thing, not in tbo presence of a white n jb«y can help it. ■uu of these customs, wliich possesses a good deal of interest, ia tl luier of greeting a stranger. When a strauger arrives ut an encai nt, and is personally nnkuown to all or the major portion of { ibitants of tlie village, he receives an introduction after the foUoi I inouuer: Tlio vUhigcrs (the men) form themselves into a sin^ :, tUI of them, with the e.\<;uptiou of the stranger and the head anoo 0 village, having hare-skin mittens on; they then begin a mono) I eiuging chant, keeping tiiuQ with Ibcir anus, swiuging tlieiu j ot, raii^iag the hand as high as tlie shoulder, with arm sliglitly Ixs I tJien desei-ibing a half circle by lowering tlio hands as far as tl men. Finally, the ancoot and the stranger step out fi-om the ranlq [ fhoo one another. Both have mittens of seal-sUin. The strangt iplaoeuLly folils his arms over his breast, and inelines his bead to a Bide, so as to fully expose hts check, fvliile the ancoot deals him » ribleblowon it, sometimes feUiugbim to the ground. The two aelora i change parts, and it becomes the stranger's turn to strike 8 with a veugeanee; the two then ktss each other, and the t by is over. The stranger is now duly initiated to share in any ; leir customs, and due hospitality is shown liim Ity nil. Among fail leges he can also choose for himself a wife during his sojourn. lOtber custom, which was once very popular, is the following : An 4 dresses himself up in the most hideous manner, having se\eral 8 of pants on, among the rest, and a horrid looking mask of skins. I men U'lid women now I'auge themselves in separate and ojiposite I, and the ancoot takes his place between them. Ho then ])icks E a nuui and conducts him to a woman in the opposite ranks. plo thwi go to the woman's but and Iiave a grand spree for a d 44 NATURAL HISTORY OF AECTIC AHEBICA. or two. Tliismanuei'of proceeding is kept np till all the womaitrntoM are di8i>osed of. This one is always the aneaoffa choice, and her hen serves fur liiuiself. The people thus a88einb1e08ed upon the rocks. All the "Sjism liave a grcathorrorof handling a corpse, so that when a person is voyaA lie is carried out to die, and where be lays the stone pUe is erected anal iiim. The hunting implements and many of the valuables of the deeMwi are put by him ; saeh things as he will need for a long time iiuiit,mk the rest outside of the grave. We have fonod in one grave the akckUM of two dogs, remains of a sledge, whip, &c., and the partial skekM of a Pagomys fcetidua. The right femur of the Eskimo skeleton in (to grave was deformeil, and had the appearance of having been btokea al allowed to grow together without setting. He was probably lame te- ing life, and the dogs and sledge had been given liim in order to Ad- tate his traveling to tlie happy hunting-groands. In another giana 'discovered portions of a kyack. That decayeil bow and arrows, tpi^ and all their hunting implements, were at o&e time plenty in gran^ii viTv Jiiipjiivnt; l»il of liit<( yoiii's tlicy liiivo so iimended tbls DftjtfpM ^H ETH.XOLOGV. 4a>l ^^Bft rule, tlicy are D»t kind to the ng^d or feeble We know of odu I ^^Bce where an old cripiflu, wlio hati no oue wlio would recogiiiiu liia I ^H^ty, was obll^'iHl tu gu sciding I'ur himself. Xlt* had but one dog, ] kiid no Kk-d; no, taking a Hciil-iikiii mid allowing the dog lo iUng it, he cKiiveycd to the H<.>iiling)j:iYmiid on tliis novul t'ouvi-j iince. Tliero ■ 1 1- overy duy largt' aledn Ii-uving tliw «iicauipmeut, hut no one offertnl t'l Itilp tJi»* old man, aa thfi-c wsia no prosjtert of Ids heiug able U^ iveiii- I rmare the favor. I Among their many superstitioiw notioiiN, tlio wearing of charms about \ tli'j |>erMin is one of the moat curious. These aro railed amgoouk, or J ■m-'Huit, and may be nothing but pieces of bone or wood, birds' billM or I . s, or an aniiual'tt teeth or skin. Tu tbese eliaruis they attribute J I niiittinLl powers, and believe them Uy be able to keep the wearer 1 I siekncsa or misforiune. It is a common custiim lor the wife ta J ^v~ a piece of seal's blubber on her husband's kyaek when he is about I : <) hunting; this will give him success. Little strips of deer-skin are. I ■j; about the person in different places to insure success in some nntler- 1 ! I ig or to ward off some misfortune, real or imagiuaty. We diseov- ] I I ''>, the gmnd mother suid, is that a very long time ago an Kskimo, I M whom she was a lineal descendant, had discoverwl the iron, and I ' I'ickexl np a stone to break a piece off and take home with him ; I " lien he struck the inm (ire tlcw fioiii it, and he soon learned how I I >kc u^eof this nccidental discovery, and liecame a great man among _ 1 l'(Oph-. AtthispointwuhHittlie thread of the old woman's nai-rative, I ^ill we t^oidd fnrtlier learn was that these two small jtici^'s luul Ix^eit I > rvwl in the funiily for successive generations, ami were inherited by I ' 1 1 im her mother, and tliat she had now given them to her graiulchild, I ' liild's mother being dead. The child will in tuni give it to her I .^cn. She thought tld.seharm of inestimable vahic, and could not I liuced to part with it, for, whe said, "No one has yet died while I :ug thi.-^ charm." I ii'ther eharin of gi«at value to the mother who has a yuiuig babe I !■ caidue tooth of the polar bear. This is used as a kind of clasp to- I 46 NATURAL HISTOaV Or ARCTIC AMERICA. a seal-skin striug, which passes around the body and keeps the bnastt lip. Hex milk supply cannot fail while ahe wears this. SlaJiy of the ancooU by long practice become quite competent jug- glers, and often take advantage to show ofl' their powers to the edifica- tiou of their fi-ieDds. A common trick with a fnU-fledged ancoot ia to come Buddenly into a hut with a harpoon toggled on his breast, and tbs handle sticking in his buck, the wound bleoding profosely. Sach demon- stations make a lasting impression upon the minds of those who wit- ness it, and it becomes no less marvelous when they see that he enrrires, without even a mark after the woimd. A very interesting legend is one which they tell as to the origin of man, as regards creation, and the beginning of all things. They say it came so of itself. Of tlie creation of man they say ; In the beginmnE there grew up from the earth a man ; he got a wife from one of to thumbs (t), and from this pair the race baa originated. But the whites, whom they call ct^lunet, or codluTiak, they have sprung from dog». At Eskimo woman at one time gave birth to human beings and dogs. Tbeit latter she put in an old boot, and threw them out into the sea, saying, " Go hence, and become whit« people." From this they say whites Bw On the SCO, and their eliii)fi fire like tho Innits' boots, round at both MAMMALS. IBAOMENTJRY NOTES ON THE 1141IMALU OF CUHBERLAND BOTOD. !bUowiug list coutiUns little else than tratfiiK-uUuy notes on sach [ procured, or witli cerLiiiity identified, during my sliort 8o- 1 tlio northern waters of C'iinil>erlau(l Sound (the Hogartb Sound y), at about. !at. 07° N. pcgion about oar winter hai'bor was inar\'elously barren, and very mmals are fonnd there. ItH location is such that many of the thut freqnent the sootliexn waters are seldom found iihout An- Mk, as it is 80 far " inland." It is-u nmty for a bear to stray up nd any distance, and some of the sealH and most of the ctitjiceans |r of irregidar occurrence. the soutbem outraiice of the eound, however, tlie harp sail, polar 'alruB, and many of the cetaeeana, are regular visitors. I Iiave least doubt that many cetaceans are found in these waters that t see. Should I placo confidence in the information of whale- putling whales, I could ea^ly make ont many species, and some ftrrelous ones; liut my experieneo has been that nhalemcn gen- B not to bo relied npoii in this matter, as they confound species I a degree tliat one can nevex unravel the snarl, and their own r nomenclature makes nmtters worse instead of better. tfiy was also much too short foranythiog like a satisfactory inves- B of certain iuteresting problems. I was even obliged to leave •laablo skeletons, and could hare procured many more bad there y place to stow them away on shipboard. B seems to be a prevalent belief among the Eskimo, as well as the , that the mammals have disappeared from this section of ^ at a wonderful rate within the last few years. I found the re- f Tricbechus rosmanis, Cistophora crintata, and Vrsiis maritimtut in lent kitohenmiddens in Eingwah I^ord, in localities where these i occnr at the present day only a^ rare stragglers. It is hardly a tliAt such large animals could have been brought any distance, 48 NATURAL niSTORT OP ARCTIC AMBBICA. H eo tliey must at a comparatively rectint date Iiave been fwuidTi immediate viciuity. I could find no trat-e of the musk-ux,or Miy E^iiao that hail ee&a ouc; but almost any of them <;ould ileseribo the atumal ■wry iiitelligPDtly, aud would t^?!! yoti tlicy an* foiitid fiir to tiie iHRtfa. The E»Idmo name for this aniuiiU, "umingmuk," \a by no means a ran name anmng them, and it is possible that tLey were once foand «o Cnm- berlaud lalaud, but are now extinct, as otlier spei-ies arc in a fair wayuf becoming'. The vicinity of the Kilikerton Islands offers many adnuitAgos t« naturalist ; it is now a pennauent wbaling station, and a person coul I at any lime secure the valuable assistance of natives, besides baviuf; ampl* conveniences for drying, stowing, &c It would be comparatively «i«j; to secure a good skeletou of an adult right wliale at this pIiKte if a ym- sou went about it in the proi>er manner. Almost any of the smaller wta- ceans, and all tlic seals, adult^ young, and fietal, could be secnrMl al a very trifling outlay of ijresents to tbe Eskimo. 1. Ursus matltimtia, Liiiuif. "Xuiiuok," C till] brrl and Eskimo. It is a rare occurrence to And a bear any distance up Cnmberlwtd JSonnd ; they are common about Cape Mercy, Sbanmecr, and K^ugnmeot*, but seldom sU^y above Niantilic, or the Kikkerton Islands. Bdoir Niaiitilic, on the sontheni side of Bear Sound, in the vicinity of nts* the Eskimo call Okaglik and Kokaluyah, they are (piite plenty. Huy are captured hero every yeai", e8pet^ialIy in spring, by tbe Eskimo, who fearlessly attack them in their trail kyacks, but are afraid of them « tbe ice or land. From Nugnmeute to Hudson's Straits they apiK-arto be even more plenty, and westwai-d, in the nortliem waters of Budi«Hi% Bay, whaletDcn often procure twenty or more skins in a season. lu October, 1877, an enormous female nith two cubtt paid tbe Eslamv oncampmeut, at the Kikkerton Islands, a visit. They swam ^)^'c^ the Salmon Fjord, probnbly scenting 11 dead whidethat was on tbe beach urar the huts. The bears made a lively time among the huts, and a coii aiderable outlay of ammunition and dogs was made bcfoni Ibiy »«*■ finally captured. There wore about two hundred dogs and half as DiiUi> natives, iHisides tbe crews of two whalers ; sill this motley crowd mndtt witr on tlie bears; one of tbe whaling captains, a little braver than tl>eiiul< got too close tu the old bear, and she dealt bim a blow wbieli kuodiid his gun many feet into a snow-bank ; sbe tlieu bfgau to make way irilli him, but was prevented by the Eskimo and dogs. A yonng Eskimo ww MAMMALS. Bprved in a similar manner, bnt sustained quite serious injuries. CJ ci^nstcmation and fear prevailed anionj; tlie women and tliildrcn, aiu tliat memorable oight, when the nannokea besieged tlieir quiet cam] .v;ts long a lively topic of coDversatioa. HTieii the Florence took the pack-ice off Cape Mercy, a Imge male wi -mldeidy espied alongside, but he did liia best to get away iis fast jiosstblo; a boat was lowered and Ills capture was as devoid of excil meiit as the killing of a sLeep in a bam-yanl. "We hswl at this time teen Eskimo and thiity dogs on deck, and the greater portion of tltfi meat was utilized as food by one or the other without any sj-niptoms of |ioisouing. During the season that Pat}ected, the dogs of the Cumberland Eskimo areafflirtwl with the much (h-eaded rabies. I psiid considerable attention to the subject, in hox>es of being able to throw some light on the cauiie of Una disease, but, like many others before me, with little snce^wt. In tlie to* place, so far as the dogs about our winter harbor were coMcemodatlottl. there are other causes besides the so-called hydrophobia that lessen* their ranks, though when a rlog dies this is always the vaase aHsigned. Some of the best dogs that die^I at AuTmuaetook during the wlulw of 1S77-78 died fttim injni-ies inflicted on the head by » dab in tbe b MAAIMALS. 51 of their masters. After tliese dogs were disableil tbey wandered about ilie settleinetit staggerinp and howling, and were to all appeanmee bona fule vietiius of hydrophobia ; bnt ou disse^tJon it was only too plain what the matter was. Many of tlie dogs ai-e so overworked and so illy treated that they could not survive the repeated injuries inflicted upon them if I they were as sti-ong again. Tlio Eskimo have the habit of putting a slnt in heat on ahead as 'j leader, as by this method they considerably accelemte the raovementS'l of the restof the team, and save themselves some extra labor; but these dogs often prove themselves too eager, and rnptnre blood-vesselH. I have seen snch cases where the dog vomited clear blood, and also dia- . barged it copiously through the anas; such cases survive but a few days j i^i'neniUy. Again, many young dogs are taken from the mother longfl before they are prepared by nature to shift for themselves, I have posi- tive evidence of this being a prolific cause of so many young dogs dying. Of nil tlio dogs that died at Aunanactook, at least four-fifths of the adults were males, and the greater number of these died about the time the J f<.'inale8 were in heat.. I was very much interested to see if the theory that hydrophobia itfi in'valent onlyiu countries where the females ai-e subjected to India* I ■ 1 iuiinate slaugliter, or aiumal instinct thwarted or i)erverted imder the I uaii of.au ignorant and false modesty, would work here, instances l>eing j cited of Turkey and other countries, where the dog is held sacred and j allowed to run at large, that hydiopbobia is unknown. According to * Iho theoiy, then, that its origin is always the result of nnrequited affec- tion, we should not find this disease among tlio Eskimo dogs, where it may reasonably be expected that natim) has allowed the jiroper propor- tion of the sexes and man does not interfere; but here is the point; Una the Eskimo dog unrestrained freedom to follow the instincts of J liis animal natiuv I We answer, By no means. To be sure, there arftl I ilenty of females, but they are appropriated by such dogs as possess tfa^ I t:ivateit streuglh ; the females go to them, and the weaker dogs are given Ibo cold shoulder. As a geueral thing, the iiossession of a slut is a dis- puted |>oiut, which ends in a hard light lietween the dogs; but there is no further question after the battle, and the vantpiished dog has to bear ^ .t double disappointment; this he seems unable to do, and worries hta M'lf into a mehincholy that soon takes the form of the so-calleil hydi ifliobia. ^BX carefully watched a team of three dogs that I often went scaliod ^HKIi; one was a female and two were males; the slut seemed tq be « 52 NATUBAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AMEBICA. propriated by one qt the dogs without qoestion, tall one day a dog from another settlement was added to theteam. The the slat now became the canae of a series o£ severe fig^hts, vbidi foM in favor of the strange dog, which immediataly becune the gnardiaii t the penis, testicles, and sometimes the kiitM^ Why this should be the case I am at a loss to say. There is not otba theory that may throw some hght on the subject, viz, the constant inM- breeding of the dogs. I have known of instances where a dog h«i iwssession of the mother and lier yearling whelps, all, mother incluU. of which he was father to. It is certain that the progeny resoltiaf from such connections are very inferior, and tend toward degenentiaj the race. It often happens that female dogs cohabit with woItw, lh« dog being driven off by the superior strength of the wolf. This pnc- I is clmmctfrized by snperior strength and yrcat pnwaBrf MAMMALB. 531 BBbre tlie reindeer herds alxmiid. It i>fteu happens that the Eskiinol dogs and wolvos interlireod ; the female dog is especially liable to fo*! Iiabit wiOi a wolf, and the progeny arc considered much superior beaiita,! tiiit are very hanl to manage. I liavo seen Eskimo dogs that corr«>l ■-l"iiuled Lair for hair with tho Arctic v Tho E»kiiiio Bity there lire packs of (logo now in sonic localities tbatfl li.ivc run wild, and in all probability returned to the original wolf tj'pfi.l Tliire are ittories of some kind of animal, that from the descnption ^renl -^< ime may be a Guli>, but. others say it is only thu common dog ; suckl iials are always reported from the interior. li is said that the female wolf is considerably fleeter than the miilSr J bung longer- bodictl. Tlie females, the Ilskimo say, always distan<'e the mnle^s in tho cliuso iifter the reindeer, and generally siicc4M;d in killing the deor before tbo male comes up. 5. Mustela ermiaea, Liim^. Two Bpet'imeus, pi-ocured in tho Kiiignile Fjord, one in the summer J i one in the winter fur. Appears to follow the lemming in thcirl :; i^tioiitj ; in nowhere abundant in Cumberland, and even unknown to^ ->>iiK- of the Eskimo. Said to be able to capture the bare and ptarmirl :::tn by atttu'hing itself to some vitut part and not loosening its hold I till the victim isdeatl. I am rather skejiticul ou this, however. Still, j tbe Eskimo say they have seen them du it, and it really puzxlcB we tol tell what else they shonld live upon during winter, as they do imt hiber' J nntd). 6. Myodea torqnatM, ose of returning for it in winter. This seldom hapjtens, however, ami the wolves generally make way with it. It is said that when a herd is first approached by a hunting party that has been liviug on the let- coast^they scent them along way off', but that they soon lose this power: tlie fact being, I take it, that the peculiar odor of the salt-watw has left the Eskimo. During the winter they herd together iu large liroves, and when a suitable valley is found paw up the snow for a coiuuduubk extent, till it looks as if a herd of swine bad been rooting in the sdov. These droves are continually beset by x»acks of wolves, which keep a vig- ilant watch for any that unluckily stray out of the henl, for such a «ne is immediately atta-.-ked and run dowi. It is seldom, however, that tin? wolves can do ninch damage to the henl when they keep logol they form a cuele, with 1 lie weaker ones iu the centre, and can the wolves at baj. ogottag* iitl^Bfl MAMMALS. !■ CaUoceptialoa vltalfiias, (Lina^) F. Cut. ^M I " Eaitsit'iak," Cambirrlautt Eskiinn. H pa fio-cUIcd " fi-esli- water seal*" of tlic wimleiiicn is one (if tlic rurflfl bi*^ in the Cuinberlaud -watexs. TUey are mostly mot witli far oH Rjonbt nnd iu the fresb-wntiu* Htn-.nniR iiiid puuds, ivliore tlicy go aftJB Boii. Tliey ai'e rather dilHcult to eaiitiire, as at the eeasou tliey asfl pDouly int't with Uiore is ko little blithher on thimi that they sinfl B shot. The ukiiis are higlilyiirized hy the E^Uiino ■nonieii forthf^fl ttbi, and if tliL-y do not havi* t-uuiigh for the entire garment wfflB mrfaat they have, always putting it %^*ithiii the most eoavetiieut si^fl me wearer. It in said by the Kskiino tliat the young rpjiiajn in tb9 fee coat but tliree or four day», dili'vring gi-eatly in tiiis res[>ect froaB mimy» fatidm. Neither do they make an eseiivation underneath thfl m int the reception of the young, like the above-mcntionotl specieifl b>ii|i later in tlio seaeoii, ou the borv ice, fully esposed. Tlie adii^| ■B ofleu engage in serrre eombat^ with eaeh other. I have se^fl b m ficratehed up that they were nearly worlhh'BS ; in faet, the^ Brno eonsidor a "kaasiarsoak" (a very large kasaigiak) as having an BHt worthle-Rs skin, ami seldom use it exeejit for their skin tents. The b Of tho youTiff) on tbe contrary, an.* a gieat ai^quitiitioii. It is said, ■My with a shade of exaggeration, that the affeetions of the Eskimo btairk," iwlnltit gencnilly; ''Tigftk," Adult ma1i«; "KetsSavili,'' yiinii); aitiH } abndiUng and till one yt-nr old; " IIhwd," yimiig iu white fonts, of iho Cna^f L bfrltui) EHkiniu, "Pf('kHiiiDii]'T'iiwy,''}'UUii);, plg('im-Kn^'lisliurihi'n-lift]«ii^| pSs seal is very common iu all the f}onls and bays from Ilndsoi^H ■tsiiorthw-anl along Cnmberland Island to the e:((renie head of Cusfl pnd Sound, on all th(^ outer islands about Cai>e Mercy, and on thS I coast of l)a^'is Straits. I have seen skins from Lalie Kennedjfl II could not distinguish fi'om thot«e found in Cnmlterland Soundfl I soot was never noticed but a few miles from land ; was not met wit^H ■0 pack-ice, nor on the Clreenland coast except far up the ^onbfl ■ wa« iu July and August; bntlam informed that they become moin BKHi toward autumn, and are found iu considerable numbers somJB Bnrafhtm land; they are less common here, however, than on tJifl It coast. I t was a source of great cu^iot^i1y to the GreeuhLnders to see tltlfl I 56 NATURAL EI8T0ET OF ARCTIC AMERICA. clotliiu;; of tlio Cumberland Eskimo made from Uie skins of Uif ywng seal ; they at first mistook it for bear. I was infonnwl that, io the vitiBily of l>isko at least, they never procure enough of the skins of the yoniiK in the white coat to nse them for clothing to any extent. In the Cumberland waters they are resident, aiid do nut migrate at tQ nnlots mneh disturbed, and then they merely sc«k a uiorc »>>cludtd locality. Ou the Greenland coast they aptiear to migrate op tlie in fjords in summer, but to be more generally distributed at otlicr aeuoBl The nctsick shows a decided predilection for the qniet still bays and ^ords, seldom \'enturing far from land. They are the only seal cmgbl tlirough the ice in winter, and are consequently the chief and almutt sole dcpeiidonco of the Eskimo for food, fuel, hglit, and clothing. The skins of the adults are made into summer clothing, wbile tbe young are in great demand for under-garments and for iroti«e». Children often have entire suits of the young in the white voats; tat^ clotbuig looks very beautiful when now, but it is new but a few days, and after this it is repulsive enough. The females were fnanil ejiceinte in the latter part of October, and a ftntus nearly rea such as ha«l not yet arrived at maturity — were seldom, if ever, killed io this open water, but lived in colonies by themselves. When an EskiBW finds a number of atluka (breathing-holes) near togitther, he always Btti^ the place by raising Uttlo mounds of snow near the holes, for h« kiKHfS tliat here is a colony of young autmaUt which have better skins awl ■Uat than Hie old ones, and are moreover much easier to capture. 3fH Hiave counted iiunrly seveuty of these atlukt^ on a space of two acres. H B Wlioii 11 pregnant female lias cliosen the place where she is to havef H|er yoiuig, she makes an excavation from six to ten feet in leugth under Hbe snow, and from three to five feet wide, the height varj-ing with the Hbickness of the snow covering. The atluk is at one extremity of this Bpoavatlon, and in ^ucb a position that it is always a ready vhauiiel of ■Mreat in cuse of danger. Wt The first young found in the Upper Cumberland waters was during Bpe early days of Man;h; still I have taken a fcetus fi-oiu the mother iu Bho middle of April. The most profitable time for hunting the young HbkI ia daring tlie month of April ; after this date they have shed so ^pnch that tlie skins are nearly worthless till the hispid hiiir has got to ■h of the proper length, when they are considered as the prime article-, ^pDd second only to the youug of Callocepltaliut vituUnus in ijiiality. ^ The first young oue I procured that had begnn to shed was April 15. Hlfaave seen esaiaples tliat were nearly or quite destitute of the whito MWat, but still not having the next coat in sight. Such sp<.H;imens on ^Hose examiuation will be found to have a very liuc coat of the new hair, ^■■t BO short as not to be perceptible except on close examination, still Hnowing tlic e^act location and distribution of the dark and light mark- ^■Bga; the akin at this time is very bla«k, and often much scratched np, H^ffobahly by the mother in trying to make the young one shift for itself. Htxtften exanuni>d the stomiielis of young as well as adult?, but till after ^■bc^ hod begun shedding the white coat, and were, in all probability, ^HB to 30 days old, 1 found nothing but the mother's milk. After they H^e^in to shift for themseh'es, their food, for a time at least, consists of UBtmtmari of different species. B Before the youug shed the white coat, they are from 23 to 3C inches HBtom the nose to end of Dippers; the average the season through, from ■k good series of measurements, was about SO inciies. They are verj- HvBriablo in color; some are pure white; otiiers very whitt.^ on the lower Bptrt*, but moiii or less dusky on back; others again are a fine straw- n^Bilow, with the same dusky variation as in the white ones. TIui yellow ■b also vaiiable in the intensity of shiMle. Rarely some are found that Ib|V6 quite dusky all over, especially on the hond and back; these are ^generally small and scrawny individuals. The hair is also quite as \'ari- ahlo in texture as in color. In some it is fine, long, and woolly (mostly iu the pure white esamples). In others it is straight or wavy, while 58 NATURAL BISTORT OF ARCTIC AlCESICA. some have eliort and quite hispid hur. They weigh at birth from finr to six anil one-half iMnnds, hut grow at an astODuding late, beoouing exceedingly fat in a few days. The blubber on the young a few dayi old is almost white and thickly interspersed with blood-vessels ; it is not lit to biun. There is usnally but one young at a birth; still twins u not of rare occurrence, and one instance come under my obeemti« where there were triplets, but they were small, and two of them Todd probably not bave lived had they been bom. The season for hnntiiig the young at lat. 67° N. begins about the middle of March and oo- tinues until the latter part of April. The first two weeks of Apiil an the most prodnctive, as later the bidr Is apt to be very loose, and bsq even have large bare patches on them. When the season lairly opens, the Eskimo hunter leaves the wiatir encampment with liis family and dog-tt^am for some favdrite reswi rf this seal; he soon constructs his suow-hnt, and is as well settled u if il had been his habitation for years, for the seals he catches bring W» and his fitmily food and fuel, and snow to melt water from is alnji plenty, so that his wants are easily supplitnl, and be is contentMl and hapi)y. The manner of hunting the young seal is to allow a dog lo nu) «« ahead of tlie hunter, but having a strong sealskin line about Iiih otvt, wliicb the Eskimo does not let go of. The dog scents the seal in iu « cavation, which could not have been detected from the outside bylta eye, ;iTid the Iniiiter, by a vigorous jump, breaks down the cnviT Mm ^%omi Jome of the Eskimo Iiuoters Ijelonging to tlie Florence broiiglit asm mnny aa seventy at one loud. Theywea* kept frozen, aud we uliuosfrfl lived on tlie meat duiiiig the season, and learned to like it veiy nineh, V Sunie of the hispid seals pup ou the ice without any eoveriuy wbitt- 1 ever. Six instances of this nature came under my observation, and they I were all young animals. The young exjrased in this manner ainioafcl always fall a prey to foxes and ravens before they are old enough to | take care of themselves. As the season advances aud the young begin to shed their coats, tbflil roof of their igloo is ofl*n, or perhaps always, broken down, and thft|^ mother aud young can he seen on sunny days basking iu the warm sun- \ whine beside their atluk. The mother will take to the water when the hunter has approaehed within gunshot, and leave the young one to shift for itself, which generally euds in its staring leisurely at the hunter till . suddenly it finds a hook in its side ; a stout seal-skin line is then mado I fast to its hind flippers, and it is let into the atluk; it, of course., mak«8 ^ desperate eflbrts to free itself, and is very ajtt to attract tlie attention of the mother if she is anywhere in the vicinity. The Eskimo carefully watches the movements of the young one, and, as soon as the mother is oliserved, beginn to hunl in on tlie line. Tlie old one follows nearer and J nearer to tlie surface, till at last she crosses the hole at the proper depth, | and the deadly harpoon is planted iu her body, and she is quickly drawn J out. If the mother has seen the hunter approaching the athik, however, f she will not even show Lei-self. I have never known of an iiistancdl where tiiey have attempted to defend their offspring from man. I onca I saw 8 raven trying to kill a young seal while the mother was making J frantic but very awkwaixl attemjtts to catch the bird iu her mouth. I When the young first assume the coat of the adults (about the time the J ice begins to loosen), they seem possessed of a vast amount of curiosity, ' and while swimming near the land, as they tUuiost always do, can be Inred within gunshot by whistling or singing. They wotdd olten play uboat the schooner, diving nuderueath and coming up on the oi>i>osite Hide, apparently eiyojnug it hugely. They delight to swim among the ^ pieces of floating iee iu thell f keeps well out at sea. I have never seen any numbers togethetj J KaJmost always singly. The old males do not seem to agree well, an 62 NATDHAL HI8T0ET OF AHCTIC AHEBICA. often Lave severe battles on the ice-floes when they meet. Tbey on tbe foie flippers, instead of the teeth, in fighting. In Cnmbadaiid they begin working northward as &8t as the Sue edge of the ice breaks np, amring in the vicinity of Annanactook sbiat the latter days of Jane. In autumn they move aoathwvid as Suit m the ice makes across the sound, always keeping in open water. Thtf are seldom found in the smaller Qords or bays, but delight in wide et- pauses of water. They dive to great depths after their food, vliidii almost entirely enistacea, moUusks, and even clams of considerable mt This seal has a habit of turning a snmmersaalt when about to din, especially when fired at; this peculiarity, which is not sbfwed by ur other species that I hare seen', is a characteristic by which it may bt distinguished at a considerable distance. During May and Jone dw; crawl out upon au ice-floe, to bask and sleep ; at such times tbeyaie easily approached by the Eskimo in their kyacks and killed. An adnli will often meiisure ten feet between the two extremes. The color it variable ; the tawniness more or less clouded with lighter or darker mak- ings irrcgtdarily dispersed. By July some of theni become alnort naked. At this season their stomachs contained nothing but stowt; some of tliem nearly of a quarter jwund weight. They seem to eat notfc- ing during the entire time of shedding, probably six weeks. Colain it is they lose all their blubber, and by the middle of July have oothin; but " wliitehorse," a tongh, vhite, somewhat cartilaginous substance, in Qlncc of blubber. At this season they sink when shot. So ^H MAMMALS. 63 I ^^Dolor uniform grizzi; mouae-color, witli a tinge of olive-gray. Mnz- J zle, crown, and irregular patolieB on buck and fore flippers white. From I noae to eyes a, black line crossing the head back of the eyes, forming a I l)erfect cross. Nails boni-bliie, tipped with white. Iris dark brown. I Nose black. Mnzzle wide ; lips full and flesliy, giving the animal a I bull-dog expression. Body long and slendtT. Beard pellucid, abundant | white, stout, the bristles growing shorter fixim the eye toward the nos- I trils. Hind flipiwrs large and heavy, looldug disproportionate. The ■ Imir rather short, bnt flue and somewhat woolly. There was intersiietaed another kind of hair, stilt' and of a steel-blue ; the next irout, I take it. The Eskimo are firm iu the belief that the ogjook sheds its first coat within the litems of the mother. In this instance there was certainly j I)lenty of loose hair in the utenis; but the specimen had been dragged ] some miles iu it« envelope over the rough ice, and banged around consid- | erably, besides ha\"ing been kept three or fom- days in an Eskimo igloo i among a heap of decaying garbage, so it is not to be wondered at if the ' hair was loose. There was Uttle blubber on the sjtecimen, and this was thickly iutersi>er8ed with blood-vessels. The uiteatines toward the anus were filled with dung. The kidneys were verj' large, /he heart remark- ably so. Tho eartilaginoua prolongation of the thonix, so prouiibeiit ' ill Fiujoviyti fcetidus, is wanting in this species. The ogjook is of great vahie to the Eskimo, who prize the skins very highly. All their harnesses, scaling-lines, &c., are made from the raw skins ; besides this, they make the solas of their boots, and sometimes olher ptirtions of their dress, from the skin. In such locaUties as tlie whalemen do not visit, and the natives ai* obUged to construct skin | boats, this seal is in great demand. It takes fifteen skins tor an omiuak, j or akin boat, and tJiese skins require renewing very often. The skiu of I the back and belly dries unevenly, so the Eskimo skin the animal by ■' cutting it longitudinally along both sides, and drying the skin of the upper and lower parts separately. It is a prevalent belief among whale- men that seals' livers, and more esi>ecially thoseof this species, are poison- ous; but 1 am incline4l to rate this as imagination. Wo ate the Uvers- j of all species wo procured without any bae Mercy in July. About Kngameate tiiey are largely hunted by tltt Eskimo living tbore. The Eskimo say the tasks of the male alwifl boud outward toward the tips, while those of the female baid iovaid. 14. ClBtopbora oilBtata, (ErxIcbO Nilss. TIic bladder-nose appears to be very rare in the npper Cambcilnl waters. One Bi>ecimea was procured at Annanactook in antomn, dt only Olio I saw. The Eskimo had no name fbr it, and said they had Mt seen it before. I afterward learned that they are occasionally tsta about the Kikkerton Islands in spring and autumn. I found Atit i-euiaius iu the old kitcbenmiddcns at Kingwah. A good many iof- Tiduals were noticed among the p%ck-ice iu Davis Straits in July. CETACBA. 1. Balfena myatlcetno, Liuu^. "Akbik," CnmbcrltkQd Eskimo. Also called " Pnmah." I thiuk the word bad its origin in this wik Wht'n whalemen first began to cruise iu these waters, few, if tnyrf theui, liiid a knowledge of the Eskimo language, and, to make the natina understand what they were after, imitated the spouting of the whak bf Itkmu;.'. 'Hiis wns soon tnl-.cn up Y-v tlir T!s1iimrt ns; llir ".■>«ninal:' MAMMALS. 65 have succeeded in permanently frightening others, which, instead Peking the upper waters of the sound for a few weeks' quiet feeding, :e out and are seen no more. stead of allowing these animals to go up the sound, and find their rite feeding grounds, they are attacked and chased as soon as they r themselves at the mouth of the sound. In fact, they have been ersistently persecuted that now very few pass up above Niantilic or K^ikkerton Islands. le fall whaling begins late in September and continues till the ice es across the sound. The whaling at this season is attended with t danger and hardships to the crews, and it is while prosecuting fall " fishing'' that the foundation to many a stubbori^ case of scurvy Id. le spring whaliug begins generally in March or April, and continues g the floe edge until July, when the ice has left the sound, le Eskimo from the southern part of the sound and along the coast Nugumeute to Hudson's Straits report whales as foiuid in those ities all Avinter ; it is then quite probable that they reproduce on 9 coasts during the latter part of winter. 3Cording to Eskimo tradition, these animals were once very abund- n the Cumberland waters, and their remains now bleaching on the y shores faithfully testify to this fact. * late years, whalers frequenting Cumberland Sound have been in liablt of employing natives to catch whales, supplying them with s and all necessary equipments. It is needless to say that they are ) successful than the whites in this hunt. ith their own primitive gear, the Eskimo seldom attacked a large e; but yearlings were frequently caught. I was presented with a oon-head by the captain of a Peterhead whaler, that had been taken >f a very large whale caught near the Kikkerton Islands; it was im- etl in the muscles, so that the whale must have been struck while it quite small in order that the harpoon should have pierced through )lubber. The weapon is, moreover, of a pattern which the Eskimo »wed it to say they never saw before; but I must confess I can see i very slight difference in it from those in use at the present day. e "black skin," called ^'muktuk" by the natives, is considered as ?at delicacy; when they have not eaten of this food for some time, then get an opportunity to indulge to their heart's content, they eat tiey can hardly move. Bull. Nat Mus. No. 15 5 G6 NATUEAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AHEfilCA. 2. FhysallB aotiqaornm. Gray. Kazor-liock of whalers. I cannot positively assert that the lazor-back freqaents the Ciudi land n-atcrs to any great extent ; in foot, I somewhat doubt if it do one reason being possibly the Bcarcity of fish. I have seen it no of Hudson's Straits and abont Cape Mercy, as well 38 on the Giecsli coast in Disko Bay. 3. Megaptera tongltiMuia Gray. Hump-back of wbalers.' I could not ascertain that this whale is common in Cumberland st i season. It frequents the southern waters, but is little tronbledbfi whalers. The {Eskimo do not seem to have a very clear idea of it. 4. Orea gladiator, (Bonn.) Snnd. "KiUer" of whalera. The killer is a very common whale in the Cumberland waters. H arrive with the white whales, which they follow up the Qords. Mi thrilling stories are told by the Eskimo as well as whalemen of despa fights between this animal and other whales. The Eskimo are tati afraid of it, especially the solitary kyacker. I have knon'n the wl whales to come in close proximity to the ship and lie along her siil when they were pursncd by those voracious sea- wolves. 5. Fhocsoa commanla, Brooks. The porpoise is by no means rare, especially in the southern nt MAMMALS. 67 are covered with parasites ; but after they have been rolling and nib- bing themselves on the sand-beaches for a few days they look much smoother and their color is a creamy white. The Eskimo say the males and females keep separate, but I do not think there is much truth in fhis statement. Some think they go on these shoals to avoid the attacks of the killers, which play sad havoc among them outside, but do not follow them into shallow water ; but if this were the reason, they would take refuge in any small bay or inlet, and not choose this particular Qord year after year. I found no external parasites, but the internal ear eavity was nearly Med with worm-like animals nearly two inches long. They were firmly attached by one end, and stood erect, having some- what the appearance of very coarse hairs. While migrating into the sonnd they always keep just at the floe edge, and if the ice is broken do not seem to like getting among it. In the winter of 187G-77, a couple got belated and firoze up in the Kingwah tide rifts. They were harpooned 1^ the Eskimo in January. A considerable number of these whales are caught by the Eskimo from their kyacks. T. Monodon monooeros, Linn^. Narwhal of whalemen. ' * KUleluaksuak, ^ Eskimo. By no means abundant, but of regular occurrence in spring and au- tumn. These whales give the Eskimo much trouble to capture, on account of their agility. The horn is often used for the handle of the liarpoon, and for various other purposes where wood is scarce. lie following list is of necessity CragiueDtary and very iocompleto s rojisDDs. lu the first place, tlie expedition did not iirrive I the proposed wiDtfir-quart«r8 until October, when the weather haine 60 inclement that most of the birds had gone southward. Dur- f the brief stops that were made at difTerent harbors in the autumn of p7, 1 was often obliged to remain on shipboard for want of a boat, 1 of cmi»iDg about, as I would otherwise have done. Of coiuve ten went out with Oie Eskimo; but as they were looking for whales 3 seals, I got only such bii'da as accideutally came in oiu* way. lu t ing, the scboouer was luider weigh before the birds hi»d fairly begi ting- The last three weeks of oar sojonm in the winter harbor I ^ fevented from making any exploration.^, ejtcopt in the immediate viciri- f of the harbor, on account of the ico, which vas drireo northward by i long-contiuued southerly gales. This ice formed so perfect a barrier but ns that we could not get out of the harbor, and to hare ventured long it wilii a boat wlieu the strong currents were whirling and crash- I it in every diiiictiou would have be«n a piece of foolhanliuess tJ Ud but have resulted disastrously. Siere is no point on either side of Cumberlsiiid Gulf or Sound tb^ ( Buitable for a naturalist than was Aunauactook Harbor. It is 1 by a clustCJ' of small rocky islands, the outermost of a large np lying between the Ctre«t and B tnMK'lierous romlition of tlie ice, it was almost wni* that one or M 70 NArURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA. other of these drawbacks tvould uideflnitely postpone a coiifeiD[dtM journey. At this time I had the use of bat one hand, and coald not manage a kyaek. All the islands in the vicinity of Aonaiiactook are rocky— fiolid rod. in fact — with extremely scanty A-egetation. The shores are genenllf steep bluffs, and rerj' Uttlc beach is exposed at low Hde. A few nila up the Crreater Kingwah, however, are v^ry extensive beachea, ail thither itll t]ie waders congregated as soon as the ice began to kma from the shores. After leaving our winter harbor, the Floreoce naie brief stops at different points, but for such short periods that it gan me very little time for explorations- After our arrival on the Greenland coast I received verj' gi«at asiiS- auce &om Governor Edgar Fenckcr and lady, of Godhavu, through wbon kindness I procured m.iny valuable specimens. I can iievcr forget tk kindness and unbounded hospitality of this educated and refined gn- tlemau and enthusiastic naturalist. To Inspector Krarup Smitz and lady, of Godhavu, I am nnder ro}' great obligations, not alone for the valuable donations of iulen;«ttii( Eskimo implements, but for their untiriug zeal in making our sojoni as pleasant as possible, and the ready and entertaining infonuatioii m many little known subjects pertaining to Arctic matters. I was not a little surprised, as 'well as delighted, to find in Govmw Fencker a person perfectly familiar with the birds of Korth Amoria u BIRDS. 71 I p liotJi sc'ttlemeiits for the interior every suiumor, bo tliere woiild bo I \o difficulty ill &<-ciiring Esldmo (piidea and iisiustaiib:). wltu nrv iibso- ] iitely JuvcHftsiry to the sncfiess of such an ('nt*rj)ri8(!. Good strong dog- »im», U) carry boats and all tht^ rcqiiirod equipineJits, ran l>i- secured ] i-om the Kiikinio, tliey driving tium' oivn feaiiiM. TIio start should be made iu May, atid the conxBe ny the fo-caUedJ ' Mollu Kdtook " Qord that opens into the fjulf about forty luik's iiorUil f thu KikkertoB Islsuids on thy westom sliore. This Qord can at thisi ea«oD be traveled with ease with sltdgea it^t entire tlistance — about 1 jncty miles. During tliis stageof the journey the Eskimo couhl secure 1 oougb Hi.'iil iit the tjonl for both man and beast. Wlit^u the iulaud I tiuutry wait reached, roindMT would uiake a very acceptable substitute. J Jut this supply ifhoiild in no wise \w sok-ly dciH-ndcd ujioii. 'WHien the ] lead of the ijord is reached there will Itc found a fresh-water stream, the | Oi^tcrii exit for the Keniicily I-akc waters. This stream should be fol- i>wed to the lake. If it be late in the ik.-u«on, a whale-boat may be takuD 1 ip the stream witli comparative case. There nivi some places wheJ"e the I m>am runs in narmw gorges, but Ibe surrounding couutiy offcnf suitable | Aatc found an | itiundanec of snow for traveling with slulgcs on (he land, and the com- H :i I ively level character of the countrj', wldch becomes more «trikiugiy J I-. one iiears tlie lake, will pwseut hut few obstacles to a good dog- 1 \ light canvas t«nt ahouki be a part of the equipment. While thtM 'v Intti^^ this could I>e inclosed within a wall of snow, and later be'| iimh' very comfortable with a stone walk The take alxiunds in nnmei'ons small islands, has sandy as well aafl rrsissy beaches, (1d<1 is a favorite resod for uiyrinds of waterfowl It i«T ■ l:iige that one cannot sec across it. Its Iw^ation is probably between <>f windtvr. Wolves and I \>\on are very numerous, and amoug the Eskimo there is mentiou of an | iijimal that from their destTiptiuns imd drawings -seems tobeaOuItt. I'lssils (Silnrian) seem to bo very abundant, and petritiictious mar--] ! iiisly jierfect alxtund in the lowlands. The »un'outidiug coiuitry InW I :< li the gouenil tis|)ect of a high nortlieru prairie, heiug quite Hut and.*! 72 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AlIEIHCA. snstaiiiing a good growth of gmss i»id plunts. The a«coDt lo Um) Cfln- berlaod coast, ou the east and the Fox Channel on the west ia so gnulml that it in hardly porceptibk', the coaetrline in both instati<:«H being pr» dpitoHs. This is especiaJly true of the westerQ slope, where it is so gradual that it is with tht- greatest astonishment one suddeulj Dnib himself on the summit of an enormous clifi', with the breiikets of Via Ohannt,'! dashing on the rocks below him and an expanse of watex stretd- ing to the westward as far as the eye can reach. The westci'Q outlet of the lake is largei* than the eastern, and is wd to empty thi-ough a deep gorge near Point McDonald. A far less satisfaet^iry time to go is after the breaking -up of tin In- There is no doubt it coidd be perlbrmed with less labor and fatignett Uiis time, but fur the naturalist the liest season wonld be over. When the eollections are ready, they can be safely cached till wiDUft and brought down in comparative safety ou dog-sledges, A very inl* esting station tor a naturalist would be near the mouth of the gut^ in the vicinity of the liikkerton Islands ; at this jilace thia-e would Iwopto water hi April or May, and many valuable birds couJd be seeured brfiw they scatter over the countiy to breed. \VIien the biixls anin »t Auuimactook, the seitson is alre^y eo far advanced thui they imnwili- atuly begin nesting. 1 have concluded to retain in the present list BUOf species ou very slight evidence in the hope that it may iu some degm assist future explorers and put them on the lookout lor some s|>m3m that might otherwise escape their notice. The birds do not congregate in large numbers on the islands in Cumbeilaud to breed, the way they do to the southward and on the Greenland coast. There is an exception with SnmutsrUi moI/i'MUM. Borne species that breed by myiiads two hundred miles to the soulhwirii and ai-e equally numerous on the coast of Greenland to 73'^ N. biL, are found only as occasional stragglers in the CumberUiud watetu Some idea of the barrenness of the islands around Annana<-t4X>k nt? be anived at from the fact that from October to July oiiti bare ood two ptarmigans wore brought hi, and there vren.\ twelve Eskimo tlM hunted tlie greater part of the time, and I vas out on every ocatetuD when I thought it at all likely that such game could he procured, Sonlii whalers have told me that near Kugumeiite they have had as high ii* two hundred ptarmigans during the winter, and hares in abundance. I have added the Eskimo names of the birds in sncb indtuiieiis i^ ' could do so with certainty. The Greeulnndei-s' names «rc ufteniiniw- ^B^TO^mHD the Coinberland Soniid Eskimo; these liave also becin willed. These names will be of use to any one Tisitiug tins region natM coiiverHaut with the Eskimu hinguago. I 1. Taidua aUclee, Bd. ■ t.)no siniuuii'ii ciiiiglit on shipboard off the coast of Kewfuuiidhiudfa tUtober -JS, 187S. ■ 3, Saxicola l staiitly n-i^ognized them and said tboy breed tliere, bat are not plenty. ■ 3. AattiiiB tudovlciauna. BvM^liHt. I Kiing'Uiik.tciok, Cuuilierlonrl Eskiriio. ■ The first specimens were seen in the spring at Anniinactook Harbor ooJ the .TOtii of May. There-was no biu-ugrunnd; but they frequented tJiM tide rifts itt low water, sean;hing after HniuU marine animals. I Ft looked very strange to see thisbinl rimniiig about among the otonelM Aiui in the water like a Ciacliui. 1 examined the stomachs of sitecimenifl killed In these loeahties, and found tlieiti to contiun QammantM, T^tmodi^^ ;».(/(«, Ciiprdtn, iind a fe\F small tnollimiM .' There eau be no doubt th^fl tli('> wen^ f(M.-ding on this food from neee^ssily, and not choice^, for Ihei^fl ^^ isnobiiro gronud and no insects at (his time. During the first ofl irieweliad tlie severest snowstorm of the season, ami I think mo^9 1 lieui perished. They would eome around the observatory and sheltovB I iiiselvesa* best they could. They were bo far redueeesidcs their diet of insects, they feed on the berries ofl /ijietrum nigrum and Vacanium uliginoswm. During summer their foojH . ■ ■iisistjs almost entirety of insects, largely of dipterous lurvie, whieh the^| ['loeure among the cnricai lun^nnd the IK'sh-water ponds. At AnnanaoJ [•'Ilk they began building about the 20th of June. The nest was alwayd pldi^il deep iu a rock ei'es'ice, so far in, in fact, that I eoulil not KMureil any of the nests I found. On the Greenland coast, espiwially iu theJ rieinity of habitations, they ofttiu build iu a tussock, much like a suarrow J II there the ravens ai-e not so numerous or destructive to biiils ua^M „'--s aa in Cumberland. fl 74 NATUBAL HISTOBY OF ABCTIC AMERICA. They practice every artifice to decoy an iutmder from tlie Tidnityi the uest — HhammiBg lameness, and nttering Uie most plaintive cries ; fli ting fiecoiue more or less gregaikm and seem to migrate along the seashore. 4. Bitta catolineuls, L. Caught oil shipboard off the coast of Kewfoundlaud October ~ 5. Dendrosca coTonata, (L.) Gray. A single e^sample, an adult male, in GoW4h1 it lo all the Kskiino in ttie vicinity. None <:uuld I'ecu^iiizu it; Bt Botno fluid they hitd sei^u such a bird at Lake Kennedy, but t hat they rere ''tiimmiuuik alwrtook," all i-ed. This may have heen Piiiivola, ciiu- toator, CarpodficUH pnrpuram, iir PyrrhuUi europca, as I duubt not but k} last KpccieH would be called '' all rutl " by an EHkiioo, The red part Mild eei'latnly make the most lasting inijn'eHsiou en his nihid. I tiied ft mme huur» tu x'"^^''^^ "'■'^ binl, but at last it Hew over a mviue that ptaiolil not cruss. I never got an uppurtunity tu revisit the louality, Hid lids interesting discoveiy had ti> be left unsettled. The bird was Kforently s^ute-colyred on the bwast, the upper and lower toileuvei ■)8X>icuousIy whitfi, the tup of heiul and throat much darker tbuu H mtk. The flight wus undulating. It kept whistling almost eonHtautlj Kiob led me to think it was a male bird. BCatpodaona purpuTeua. (Gm.) firuy. Bpnrlng a dense fog, September 1, 1877, nff Resolution Island, norMi ■ Hudson's Straits, one of Uiese binis was eaught on board the Flor- ■De. The Eskimo describe a binl a.l>ont the size of the ])urple finch Bitoeetirs in the iut^riur, and in "all rtnl." Such infonuation is, how- Ber, in no manner reliable, as '' abertook" may be any color D'om umber BTermiliou, and "all," especially when it comes to red, may be but%_ Kail part of the plumage. ■, Loxla leueoptera. (WiU.). ■Caught on board the schooner in a fog oft' Bouuo Bay, Newfoundland, Kgust lii, IKiT. Very common in the low pines at the head of Oon- ft>tion Bay, Newfoundland, Oetober, 1878. B. 2:glothuB Unaiia, (L.) Cah. P "Anuriili," Ciunberlnuil Eakinici. ■'OrjiiugwaljmV," Grtcnliuwlpre. I Arrive in Cunibeiland as soon as tl»e enow begins to disaxjpuar from Bpi mouutaiu sides. I foiuid them about Niantilic and the Kiklcertou HaDds in September and October, but very few at our winter harbor. Bey tut: now common fixtm Kugumeute to lladsou'a Straits, aiid inlaud Krard Lake Kennedy. Wherever tliere in a valley with any eoniiider- |b1e vegetation, especially low willows, they are almost sure to be fouud. pi>gOTVtd abuuduntly on Uisko Island, Greenland, where I found half- 76 NATURAL BI8T0BY OF AECTIC AHESICA. fledged youDginthelastdaysof July. The oestberewaa bofltinsiall willows, like a Chrysomitria. Aithoagli they seemed to be mignting is October, I did not see any flocks, bat only a few straggling individoak Tbey seem to wander fh>in the land veiy often in iTogs. I have ooontei a dozen or more in the rigging at one time from Hudson's Straits to ^ autilie. Off Kikkertarsoak Islands, on the Labrador ooast, as much h ouo'btuidrcd mUes ih>m loud, these birds came aboard of the scboont in a gale. They were all young birds. 13. JBglothaB hoIboUi, B«inbi1t. A largo linnet was couglit in a thick fog in Grinnell Bay, Septenhcr 3, 1877. It measured G.25 inches in length. The specimen was "picked' by one of ^e ship's company while I went down into the cabin atter bit skinning tools. The body (withont feathers) was preserved in aludwl, and Air. Bidgway pronounces it JS. holbolli. It was the only sped- meu I procured that differctl in the least from a typical linaria. 13. ChiTsomitiifltriBtis, n reduced to the mere skeleton. I Iried onJ - ii-al ocuksious to catch them by baiting a hook with a piece of meat^ I larefully concealing the string in tlie snow. They took hold of t I I very eantioasly,aiid lifted it till they saw the string, and then £ iv in great haste. I luriug the winter, while making skeletons, I nseii to thi-ow the refiw ' -id« of the obsen'atory; and I have repeatedly watched the ravei inmnd aTid wait till I went to dinner, about IWO p. m. It was t] I'liiirse, iinile itark; but as s(h)h as I leiY. the hut they came and ( iiir meal, bm were extremely cautious, ofteii turning ftifc V*^"*'^ ^ 80 NATDBAL HISTOBV OP ABCTIC AHEBICA. many times before they swallowed tliem, and even throwing anil totwins them, to be sure that there was no trap ahout it. Some pieces tlial looked suspicions they would not eat^ bnt walked around llieiQ and turned them over, bnt could not bo convineed that there wa« not «mi« trickery about them. I have often found tbeni hunting about tlic ob- servatorj- after somfe stray scraps, even on my return from dinner, wba it was BO dark that I could not sec them but a few feet away. On moon- light nights I liave known them to make visits to the rubbish pile out sideonr observatorj- ; but such eases are rare, and only at the eeaaim when they cannot get any food without the greatest diillculty. At Annannctook Harbor they began building as early as Man^h 20, but I saw some carrying pieces of skin and hair from the Eskimo eiicumpioeiiU many days earlier than this, and when we had a (*?mperature of -iffi Fahr. « They nest only on the south side of tlie Iiighest and most iuaet»«aM( cliffs, so the neat can seldom be reached. 1 examined on*.* ni-st built (« a httle slielf of a high cliQ'. It was composed almost entirely of pieeH of Eskimo skin clothing, among which were scatt*'rcd the larger winj- bones of gulls, the larger primaries of several siwcies of binls, twigsrf Balix, &c. The iaaide IiM a gucxl lining of Foa alpina, aiul a mmib/t- able quantity of reindeer, fox, and dog hair, the whole pi-esenting arny cozy apjiearance indeed. As soon as the seals begin to pup under Hi snow on the ice, they follow the foxes, which find the seal and drag llnsi out. Now the ravens can faro well on the leavings. Tlie Eskimo Hnnly believe that it does not luirt the ravens' eggs to freeze. They «ay tte shell cracks, but the inner membrane is very thick and tough. I fouuil that the Scotch whalers are also of this opinion, Aome i>ositively atwett- ing that they had known .froaeM ravens' eggs to hatch ! The young are full-fledged by the latter part of May. Dnriugthe autumn months they feed largely on the berries of VacciRium vUginuwrn and Entpetrum nigrum. I have often observed theui lishiug at low titte among the stones. I killed a conplo to ascertain tlie nature of the fnKt they got. I found it to be Cofftw scorpiua and Liparis mitgnriii f, willi a few smalt crushiceans, They are resident in Cumberland the entire year, but »pi>car more numerous in winter, from their bal)it of staying about the Eskimo eu- campment^. The raven is considered as worse than useless by the Eskiniii. IVj make no use of them except to wipe the blood and greaM teoui thwr hands and face with the feathers. ipldouax flavivenUiB, B<1. Tiiki-ri iit HO.SI off Cape PartweU, Grueoland, September, 1878. This I tbiuk, tiifl first recorded itiataiice of its occarrenve in Greenland. . BraobyotnspoliutTia, (tluoliHt.)Guutd ' "Sntiiuk"(I), GniPiiIondfjit. ^Pimrf^iitly rare. Found breeding iu the Kingnite Fjord in the Penny iiisniii; iilso iu the Greater KingwtiL. Prolmbly will be fuund more n in the inteiior toward tlie Nouthwpst in Hall's Lund, if it be the ji's dejfcribed to me by Eskimn fi-cini there. They say it nest^under- I ti an overhanging shelf of I'ock oil or near the groiuid. Aiii>eara to | nire on the eoaot of Greenland. Is found as far north us "Hi^ N. lat. .. NyctftH acaodlaca, (L.) Xcwt. '■ Ojiigjiiok," Cumlwdaiiil EBkimu, " Opik " aud " Opirksouk," (itw-uliimlcre. 1 wan vrry mneh atirpritted not to find this owl more common. At the i il> kerton Islands and np Kingnite Fjord were the only loealities where I ' i It on the west eoast. From Hadsou's Stitiit** to Niigmneute, in Ilnll's ■■\, it is more eommon, probably on account of the firooter abundiuieo ii^ires and ptarmigans in this region. It probably breeds on the .■le Islands in Disko Bay, and ou the "islands" (the rocks projeetinjf ' 'i^b the tj;Iavier) in the glacier on the mainland, to the eastward of I I > 11 bench, Greenland. They arc by no means gtrietly nocturnal. I Keen them chasing ptarmigan at midday in OctolH-r, when the nun ' shining brightly. I have seen them coursing along the nhore at Inw j 1 r, appnri'ntly j^Aiwy; but whether they were hunriug fur sniiR' nr fish iT[i uiiablu to say, as they were so shy that I could not get within rifle i>,'e of them. The primaries are highly prized by Uie Eskimo fortlteir '.VF<. These birds migrate to the southward about the same time as I iiiiyority of the waterfowl, raloo caodlcans, Gm. " KirkMivciunk," OrcealnDili^i'H. I 'iiring the whole year's collecting on Cumbei-lamI Island I saw but j ^ingIe specimen, late in November, 1877. Ue wan Iteset by a large .< iinrse of ravens that were teasing him, as the Jays do hawks and I I ~ at home. According to the Comlterland Eskimo, they are very 1 • . and seldom seen except in winter. Many do not know them at all. Disko Island, especially in the Godhavu district, they are eonunon I '. resident. These hawks seem to prefer nesting in the vicinity of I !rd rocks," where thoy can procure iilentj of birds with very litUo I ^ Bun. Kat Mns Ko. 16 G 82 HATUEAL HISTORT OP ABCTIC AHERICA. tronble. In winter they eabsist wholly onptaraiigaDS and hares. 0« emor FeDckcr, duriDg liis long residenoe in Korthero Greenland, hash good opportunities for stadying thib bird, and he thinkB there in bat o species inhabiting tho country, having known of instances where t parents of a. nest represented the two extremes of plumage. Xor d( the difference seem to be sexual, seasonal, or altogether dependent up age, but more probably partaking of that rem^kable phenomenon fm iar in Scops asio. During my frequent excursions about Disko Island I often had opportunity of witnessing this hawk prepng upon jaegers, kittiwab &c, but was surprised that they axe not possessed of Bwifter flight, duck hawk would have made a short Job of catching a kittiwnke th one of these hawks followed tiU lie fairly tired the binl out. Th«r a cess seems to dei>end more upon a stubborn perseverance than aLuTii of flight. The flesh of the young birds is by no means despicable foo and is highly prized by the Danish colonists. 23. Paloo ooDuuniils, 6m. A regular breeder in Cumberland. Usually found about the Eidt Islands. Procured nearly full-fledged young in August that were Ub from the nest on a high cliff in the Greater Kingwah Fjord. 24. Aator titticapiUns, (Wils.) Jard. A single specimen, at ffiantilic, September 19, 1877. 25. HalUetas albiolUa, Uua6. tlifiro is a rankei' growth of willows. The stomocha of those I e I' tbis species containeil willow buds and small twi^s. From Niigi iiiute soutliwan] aud westward in th« interior thi-y aix? abnndi I -'warding tn the EHkimo stories, but which species is of com'm; iiiipoe I ]•■ t» say. Th«y begin to change color a« soon as the snow coniineuot r • I fucit, in lat, 07° N. aboiit the middle of May. This chaogo in pluin^ ;igo is more tawly as one goes farther north. I was informed hj inteUi- urirt Grcciilaiiders that north of ITpoTiiavik, near the glacier, they hail '■iTind ptarmigans nesting, aud that the nialewat; in perfect winter jduni- .v^f. This was probably L. rupexiri». If this befme, it is iMwsible that. .11 sections where much snow remains during the summer the change is ^-l■ry late, or, [terhaps, does not occur at all. 27, IiagopuB n]p«Btris, (Gmpl.) l.curli. "Akagik," CiiinbcTlaiiil (^kliuo. "AkFiksok," (jit>unluu(lon. I am nuable to IJjfow any light on the distrihutioii of these birds in (.'umtx'rhtud, as 1 wa« unable to procure hut a single specimen of tiii^ ■ I'wies and two of the proeeding. The crop was crammed fidl of !. "Koodlnkkitlcnk," Cun>t>eeie8 has hitherto been ititrodue«l into ti Nortti Aiue.riean fauna, though loug known as a ex>mmon bini ou ( tlreenUind coast, where ^. aemipalmata is rare. It is apparently u conimou than the preceding in Gnmberland. Arrives about the « liiue, and breeds in similar lo(^>4dities. Very eoinmou about Disko Islai (ircmland, where young birds were procured. This bird is readitj distiogiiudiable &um ^. scmipalmata by il« greater size and matcli above und Iwihilid the e^e, and much mder pectoral baud; it will also befoond that imly the outer and middle toes are uuited by a web. 30. Strapailas Interprea; (L,) 111. "Telligvak," Greenlandem. Common uboiit Disko Bay, Qreeuland, aod northvard to 73^ X. liL at least. Breeds ou the Green, Hunde, and Whale IsIaDds in Dvbt Bay. They nest among the Sterna arotiea, and it is impossible to dit- tinguish between the eggs of the two species. Ifot observed in Cub- I)erland Sound, nor on the east coast of the Penny Peninsula; stiD, ifce bird was instantly recognized by the Cumberland Eskiioo, vhen Ibe;r iwtw it on the Greenland coast, and they liad the same name for it as tbe Greenlanders. 31. ReonrvlrostilB uneiloaDa, Gm. I enter this bird on my list on Eskimo authority, — ^poor ant1iority.it is true, but I have in my possession a drawing, made by a wild Eakimn. that is so unmistakably this bird that I do not hesitate to accept ii, especially when he gave me a perfect description, and that witbont mj attempt on my i)art to draw him out. He says he saw them for the fiist time in the summer of 1877, while reindeer hunting, south of Lakt Kennedy. 33. Lobip«* hyperbormia, (L.) Cuv. "Shatgak," Cnmberland Eekimo. ■ filUcMllUB. (L.) Bp. fl " Sliataak," Ciioiborlnnd Eskimo. •■ Wlmk-bird," or "Bnwliead Bird," of I n LiUcniGli. I These birds were met with at great distsnws from laiid. The flrst a wen «n our ontward iiassdge wan tm Aiiguat. 1, 1877, ia Lit. 41° N., 1 liHii;. C8° W. ; bore large Docks were met witli. Ab we proceeded north- 1 iiii, tiieir numbers iucrea^ied till we reaf^hed Griunell Bay. Off tbev iifftMik Islands, on tbo Labrador coast, two hundred miles fironi IbeM iiesire.st land, 1 saw very large fluelu during a strong gule. Hardly a I Say pii£8cd bnt some n'ere seen, either flying about in u rapid and vig- 1 orons iiiauiier, often rising to a considerable height, and then suddenly I parting ofl' in the direction of a spouting whale, or swimming aboutii they can of course discern one at a much greater distance than the I -i in the boat. I doubt if it be altogether the marine animals brought I r 1 le snr^e by the whale that they are after, for if the whale remainx V ' V f the snrfatM; any length of time they always settle on his baeen killed some hours; they looked to me like CapreUa pheuima I I t'yammixti. According to the Eskimo who killed it, tlie birds were I Ling something from the whale's back. I have often seen them dart fl II among a school of 7Mi>fttmii)fCT*(>t(« leuctu and follow Ihcm as far as I Mild see. On one ooeasioD a pair suddenly alighted astern of n)y boat, I I vven' not three feet G-ooi me at times; they foUowwl directly in the I ^ :ike of the boat, and seemed so iutent on picking up food that they I 8G NATUBAL BISTORT OF ABCTIC AHEBICA. paid no attention Tt-'iHtcver to us. Thej' had probably mistaken the I)oat for a whole. Tliey are -witliont doubt the most gracefnl of all birds on the water, so light and buoyant that they do not seem to touch the water. Wliik swimming, they ai-e continaally nodding the head and turning from oor side to the other. Tliey have greater powers of flight than eitlier Jipf- boreus or tcihonij and fly much more swiftly. In Cumberland, as well u on the Greenland coast, tliey nest with hyperboreua. Governor Fencker tells me they are not found as far north as kf/a- boreus; probably few breeil above 75° N. lat. Are common on thewil lying islands between Kugumentc and Hudson's Straits, About tb( entrance of Exeter Sound, on the east coast of Penny Peuiusubi, an Homo islands which the Eskimo call "Shatgak nana'' — PhahirafiN land^— so they are probably very common there. "When they begin nesting tliey live more on shore, and probably gH tlieir food along the beaches at low tide. Tliei-e is great vuriution in plumage, even among the apparently adult birds, in spring. I think it ■{uite probable that tliey do not attain their fnll plumage the fir^^t year. 34. TrtnEa mloutiUa, Vieill. Noticeil in Kiautilie, September, 1877, aud ui Disko Fjoni, Gn-ealaol August, 1878. 35. Titnsa fuMlooUla, Vieill. Breeds in Kingwah aud Kiugnito Fjoixls, and probably in other coii I wei-0 very couimoii in all the localities that I visil LOiiniberlaud Islsuid. Saw a good many on the Greenland coarit. It laid thiit some reniaiu in the Qords of South Gret-nluud all winter. [riicy soeui wmiilctely devoid of i'eiir, and ean alinoiit be tmught with p hand8. Altiongh sueh lovei-a of the rocky sea-shore, tliey nest on B borders of fresh-watur lalces. Hundreds were bmeditig a few uiilea u our wintei' harbor, but it was iaipoasihle to reach the mainland on wnnt of the treaeheruus condition of the Hoaliug ice. The siiecimeiis lected by nie ou Cumberland Inland diflcr BO much from the Aliiskau, bt I conjectui'e the probability of a western %'ariety when a series can I brought together for compaiisou. " By the latter days of June very few were to be seen i>n the «ea-»h» ley having gone inland to bri'ed. They appear very sociable, and wbt-u a hirge flock is togellicj- tbej 1 up a lively twitter, by no meaus unpleasant. As the breeding n ap])roachc8, the males have a peculiar cry, resembling somewhat ]At of Aclitnrun hartramiiig, but lower and not so prolonged. When H note is uttered they assume a very dignified strut, and ortt-u raise i wings up over the back and slowly fold thcni again, like the upland lover. .iViler the breeding season commenees very few are seen on the El-sbore till the young are fuU-giowu, Tlicy are somewhat crepuscolai- I their habits. '. Ttlnga Hubarqiuta, (Gould) Tcmm. PNot iincommou in North Grecnhuid. Eggs were procured at Chi lab, Greenland, throngii the kindness of Governor Edgar Pvad BTot observed ou any part of Cumberland that 1 visited. I. Trlnga canutus, Litin^. A Kiuiill iloclv lit on the schooner's deck in November after the Imi-bor a frozen over. Saw none in the spring or summer. Seem to be qui ton in North Greenland, but probably do not nest south of k >, Calldris areaaria, Liiiii. One small dock in September, 1877, at Niautilic; no specimens v wnred. a tmdBonloa, (I) (Lulli.) Sw, ' Two godwils were seen near Cape Edwaida, on the west co nborland Sound, in September, 1877, but I could not, witli certainty, [i tliu si>ectes. — r^" > 8e NATDBAL H16T0BY OF ABCTIC AHERICA. 41. TotautiB m«lauoleactia, (Om.) VieilL A single specimen on Arctic Island, Onmberiand SooihI, 14, 1877. 42. NomeninB boreali^ (Font.) L»tli. A few flocks seen passint; northward ap Kingwah fjord id Jmc One specimen procured. Not noticed in automn. W«ll known to the Cumbei'Iand Eskimo. 43. Gnu ( (pTObably frmteroulnB). Quite common in some localities. Breeds in Kingwah and Kinfailc Fjords in Cumberland, In Exeter Sound, and Home Bay on the wcii coast of Davis Btraits. Common, especially during spring, at Godhftn. 4*. Cysniu 1 Swaus occiBionally occur m the Soatbera Cumberland waters ; bat the npecics is imcertain, as I could not procure a apecimon. Said to be of regular occurrence in the Lake Kennedy region. 45. Anaer albtfrona, vur. gamlMU, (Hart.) Coues. Kot observed in any numbers about our winter harbor, but undoobt- ©dly occurs in abundance on the fresh- water lakes. This i^ probably the goo.se that the Eskimo take in such great numbers at Jjake KeoHdv. where they drive them towards the sea-coast while they are in moult. Are common on the Greenland coast to 72° N. lat., and probably anA farther. Large flocks were met with on the pack-ice in Ibe middled Davis Straits, July 24, 25, and 26. Eggs were procnred in the Godba^vi Plwks of whistlers wei-c observed on three oot^AttioDS iii Slay; but I bid nut with certainty identity tJio spooien, ua none were killed. B. ptultca is. (|uite eommou iu the Godhavn district on the coast i uihuid; bre(.-ds near Cliristiautjhajib. I HlBtiionlous torqnatna, (Lino.) Dp. "ToriiniiidrliMtk," Ortx^nlaiiilurB, ree exuHiples seen, and one killed at Annanactook. Not in the Owlhavn district on the Greenland coast. \ Hvelda glaclalie. (Liiiii.) Lvucli. "Agiii^nk,'' Cumlw^lapd Efikiinn. "Agli'k," Grcunlanileis. rived at the heiul of Cumberland during the latter days of Ml|! \ soon U8 there was extensive open water they became cjuitw i I, and their loud and ineesxant cries could tie heanl at any hour out of b twenty-four. They nest on the suuill roeky islnnds, espuciullj' about I Great«r Kiugwah Fjord, but singly, and not iu eolonita. I'huy arti irious when they tirst arrive, but soon pair and scatter. Couimon on b whole Greenland coa^t, and l>reeers to breed, r nru at all times gregarious. The old males separate frt ftles and young as .soon as the breeding season Js ovei', aitd a ' tbcmselves in large flocks. Thoy also migrate southward i 90 NATUBAL HISTORY OP ABCTIC AMERICA. earlier tLan the females iind young. During tbe autnmn of 187T ve pi-ociuYul about seventy of tLese birds; but not a single adnlt nule nc sbot or even seen. They veie met vith in largo flocks at lus off tbt out^r islands on the east coast of Hall's Land; here I also remukcd that they seemed to be all males. As soon as there is any open wata they are found in spring; still they were not common at Annanavtook till the latter days of May. Eskimos from the south reported them oa the doe edge near Kiantilic early in May, and I saw a few on an webet;; near the Middlii^uacktwack Islands on the 30tli of April, lliey a* stand almost any tempei'ature if they can find open water. I saw tut adult male iu the tide rifbi of the Greater Klngwali in Januai^*. Tit day I saw him it was — 50° F. ; but ho proveil too lively for mv. Tbf Eskimo could have procured him on difiereat occasions; but tbfvhid some superstitions notion regarding so unusual an occuneuc«, aod would not kill it. In tbe fall of 1877 I often found broods still unable to fly, ibeugfa moi'C tliDU three-fourths grown, as late as the middle of October. SauD Hocks coutiDued about the open tide-holes till 2^ovemlM^r 17. At thi; date I kille4l six young males; the temi>erature was — 7=^ Fah. Thej had at tlii» time about fifty miles to the open water. Xheii' food in autumn consists almost entirely of moUusks. I faarr taken kIicIIs from the cesophagiis more than two inches in length; frm ii siuyle biiil 1 have taken out forty-three shells, varjing from act- I bebiiid to see how tlie ducks would act when tlifg As soon as the boat was gone they began to return to ihtd I, botli mules and females. It wus vety amuKiii)^ to soe a uiiUts aligU li, nest, and with a satisfied air settlo htmseU' down on the iiriuldled olf in search of his own home, where he found his t'uithM B iustalletl. Sow followed an pxiilauatiou that seemed to be hugely fcyed by all in the vicinity. A pretty lively conversation was kept ■I>rohably ou the purport of our visit, as llicy seemed much L-xcitw fuhl spare no moro time to watch tJiem, and crept out from my hi i into fall view of all, and a look of gii^ater disgust and astonisli- Bt than these birds gave me is dillleuU to imagine; they evidently nled such iin^lerhand work beneath the dignity of a human being, I i>robably n^ted me wor^e than a gull or raven. So sudden and ied was my apiHiarancc that many did not leave their nests, but 1 and squaketl at ine like geese; the.se ^amc birds left, their nestS > when the boat was within a qusirter of a mile of the islam!. 3ie first eggs were procured June 21. The islands on which tb^ t are but small barren rocks, of an acre or less in extout, and often h a few Ceet above high tide-mark. There are a few patches of Aw t and Cochlearia officinalis scattered about, and ^Iiese cont^iin the mbor of nests. Eatili nest has a Uttle circle of green sod alK jirbich is manured every year and becomes ciuite luxuriant. nndti are sometimes a foot high and as much in diameter, having been ' t for many years in snce«ssiou. Very little repairing is jary to fit the nest for the reception of the eggs, — merely a little hs or moss. But little down is usc<) till Mie full complement of eg|p[ ^id. Th« nests al^• often so close togt^tlier that it is impossible t k without stepping on them. A nest seldom contains more tJian fl^ I, otlen Uiree or four, and I never saw as many as six but twic a principal breedingphices in Cuiulwrland are between lat. 60° a \ N. The lower of tliese places la aljout ton miles off shore froi3 iDnkeitu; the greatest number of birds nest here. The seven islands liie uorthwaitl about twenty-five miles are favorite resorts; also the Ml islands to the 8E. of ^Vunanactook. There is also a group knotfi 92 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA. to the Eskimo as the "Shiitook" IstaudB, in the Greater King^ali, wliiTv 1 found tlicin extremely abiuidaiit. In the Mallutvcitu Fjonl, acconiiu;; to the Eskimo, is another very luueh freqiienKMi brueding-iilSTO, bnt 1 did uot visit it. Thouwiods of eggs could be gathered on thene rocktt daring the latbt X>art of June and tlie Jlrst three weeks of July. It seems to me that ll woidd pay whalemen to gather the down which can here bo secnrnl in great quantities. The islands arc so close together that they could all be worked within two days of each other. There are a great man)' im- mature bii-ds, both male and female, that do not breed j Uiey assenblr iu largo flocks, and are often met with at considerable distanises ftmu laud. I have found sach Socks conmiouly in Cumberland, on the vett coast of Davis Straits and Daffin's Bay, and uii the Greenland txaa abundantly. Many large Bocks were seen in the middle i>f Darii Straits, among the pack-ice, in the latter part of July. During the flnt days of August I s:iw iuimense flocks of eiders on the western end Of Disko Island, all males, flying southward. The specimens collected b; me in Oimiberland present certain striking and reuiiu-kablc jioiulsof difference from specimens from the South Labnulor and Newfoundluui coitsts, cspociolly in the form and size of bill. I had prepared a serifs ol BkulJs, selected fmia over two hundred bii-d3, that was wJcnhited t4PBlio« the variation among them; but, unfortunately, they were nmuug tbe 8i>ecimens that I bad to leave behind, iu the aunece:j6ar>* haste of dui departure, of wldch 1 was given hut a few hours' warning. These ducks are of great use to the Eskimo; their eggs am eageiiy sought after and devoured in astonishing quantities. The birds theio- selves constitute a good portion of their food at certain times, and tl» skins are used for a portion of their foot-gear in winter, and somctiiiies for clothing. We found the flesh of the young iu autimtu vety aceeptnldc indeed; but the adults in spring were i-ather rank. Some specitncns were procured tiiat weighed over five pounds. They bocom« extreniEb' fat by the end of June ; and when an Eskimo can get a number, be will eat little else but the fat. I wau often saved much labor by having them remove the fat from the skins, which they did wirh their tL-etti, and uiiidi more eflcctually than 1 could have done it with a knife. These birdH suffer much &>m the depredations of gidls and ravens. Laru* gtawivi even nests among the ducks, and the ravens live ofl' the eggs aad dltfilt!-. lings the cutira season. Siorakitsook" nnd "Kiugalik," Grc 94. Bomateria •peotabUla, (L.) Boii'. "KiDgalalik." CnmbeHnnd Eskiu laaiten. TbR king eiders were not noticed till the JOth of Jmie. I saw a few l^ir(5(! tlocks at different times daring spring; but tLero were a biindred i»olli»sima to one spectabilU. Tliey appear to keep hy themselves, and ^int to mix with molltssima, at least during the breeding season. I nevei -:nviiuyon this <.'ider islands. The Eskimo say tbat some years theg iire veiy plenty and others very few are found. One Eskimo t«lii i that be nuue found tbein nesting in great numbers some distnne« up t (ireater Kiugwah, but not in company with the common eider, arrive later and leave earlier than violUssima. in July I saw many of these iluuks, mules and females, alniut America llarbor. The. sexual orgiius of those I procured were not developed, itnd they were all in the plumage of the female. I suspected them to he such birds us wes tbacbed very late the preceiil]Uiil«ni. A very few of these birds visited the npper Cumberland waters i ''^he, and soon disappeared. 1 doubt if they breed there. I saw bnj i> few in all tbe localities! visiteccimen wai found (lead ou the ice, with a ^trought-iron nail three itiehes in length id Uie a:sopliagU8. The nail had probably fallen out of a whale-boat thafl linil been dragged over the ice, and the bir)l had mistaken it for a Usltj !i[s s|>eeles has probably the mast northerly rangeof anyof tliejacgem > '•-<)» in tliB Waigat Straits aiul about Oinenak on the Greenland c il by the Kskimo to be the first to return in the spring. 'X'huy c iLiiy were the iii-st to visit Annauactook. ~ 3. I.ania glauQtl*, ItrilDQ. " Nu»|;uh,'' Canibvrland Kskituo. "Kagn," Un^tiitnnitvrH, TIds gull is thcfirst bird to arrive in spring. In 1878 tliey made their Ltf ifrearanee in the Kingwah Fjord by the 20th of April. It was still abuuH -. <'nty nnlcs to the floe edge and open water; still they seemed to fitrt 1 \ well on the young seals. Many are caught by tUem, and those pai Illy devoure«l by foxes are carefully cleaned of every vestige of flesh . Ad I ..^ seastin, the Eskimo deUght in capturing Ibem in various ways. Oiia Ui ilic must |)opnlar is to build a small snow-hut ou the ice in a localltjj 96 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA. freqaenteil bj- the gulls. Some blabber or scraps of meat are expoaed to view on tbo top, and seldom fails to indnce tbe bird to alight on tbe roof of the stinicture. This is so thin that the Eatdrao on tho inride ca i-eadily see the bird through the snov, and with a quick grab vill bnak throngh the snow and catch the bird by the legs. Some ose a speat, thrusting it violently throagh the roof of the hat. Maiif are killed \>f oxiMsing piecea of blabber among tbe bummocky ice and lying concealed within proper distance for bow and arrow practice. By the middle of May they had become very abnndant aboat Anutt- actook; still, there was no open water within fifty or sixty miW These were all adults in full plumage ; saw no iminatare birds till Jnlj. They settle on ice around the Eskimo encampments, and even on tk rocks in close proximity to the hats. Daring this sea^oD they ke^ up an almost constant screaming at all hoiu^ of the day and night. May 24, 1 noticed a couple of pairs building. I think this ia theeariieet date they would begin nidification at this latitude. June 4. I saw a few L. gUiueus among a large fiock of Som. mollUsima that were dinnp for fooi» they continue oi>en. I hnre oi^amincd souiv uestM that were built on the duck islai iilways mi Iho bigh(wt eminence; tbu stnu-tiuv seemed to have be< used iiud lidded to for many years in BUcveH8ioii, i)ix)bably by the same pair. In sliape tbey were pyrauud-fonned moniids, over four feet at the Imsc and about one foot at the top, and nearly two and a half feet in height, Thwy wei-e composed of eveiy conccivablw object found in the \ icinity, grass, wa-woed, uioss, Hcbeus, feathws, Imnes, skin, egg-shella^ .. &c, Tlie normal niiuiber of eggs is tbifc, but often only two are fouadj Have taken the downy young in the littler part' of June. I bad an < I'ortimily of seeing how these young hopefuls are inHtructed ui egg- MK-king, The parent ranicd a duck's egg to the nest and broke a hole ri it, ami the yuuiigonejust tielped himself at his leisui-e. Alter the \iniug aiv full-tlcdgpd, these liirds are eminfiilly grogai'ious, nud are iftcn seen feeding iu ronsidemble flocks. The flesh in highly esteemetl l>y the Eskimo; we found the young by no means despicable footl. Tb« Eskimo use I he skin with the feafliers on for ii part of their wia tor's (oot-gear. Thoy nre extrnoi-dinarily gix'eoints of difference have proved good so far as my obwr- vations have gone. Thuy mis indiscriminatt.'ly with giatunu M ^ liiiK'?", but arc :ili\-:.ys rcjulily ilistinKnishiil'lc I'v 'lirir sm;iII.T bm^iTed ill Ciiuil>erlaud ouly iu iate iMitumii ; raunot UHu-itain Xhi t lic.v IjiL'pd tliei-c ; iitiit« common on the Groeiilaud const form Oa^ to 70=^ N. lilt. Abundant iu October on the Houtli Labrador coast and Xew- fouiidliuid. 11 iitulreds daily frequcntSt. Jolm's Harbor. If ewfoundlaJ 67. L«nts argentatua, ItrUuu. ■■NowyiiL," CuinlH'rIund Enkiiuu, Not UDComujou in Cumberland, and breeds to lat. GT'^ X. A mei Htratiglcr on tho Greenland coaat. Bpeoimen eliot Juoe 20 in CamlM land contaiued ova as liu'ge as bucksliot. L Paeopblla ebuiasa. (lui. ■' Nnyanarsiik," Orcoulamlei'M, Very common in Kingwalt Fjcnd and vicinity just beforo it fl'oze u r u fuw days only. None seen iu spring. Does not breed in (.'umb< By no means common on tho Greenland coast. The food of tli03e mined conaist«d of small crustiwi-ans. I saw one trying to .-iwallow b wing of a Som. motlisHima that tlii^ cook had Uii-own overboard, when Itaot it. The wing was so lodged iu the (esophagus that it would cer- itnly have cbokwl th« bird had it not disgorgnl. Those tliat visited • neighborhoo{1 seemed to have a very dccideti prefercuce for meat. iuco saw throe or four alight on a seal that bad just been killed, and bcmpt to get at tho flesh. They are easily decoyed within shot by wing pieces of meat on the ice. Were one of tho most ;ibiindcint I greedy birds around a whale carcuss that had been killed in the alty. Tlie Bi)ecinmns I procured that were nearly in a« 1 presumed o young birds; but in Jidy, 1878, 1 found a few of these dark-colored mea, darker than any I over saw in fall, breeding near Qniekstep Harbor, 102 VATUHAL HtiTOET tJT 111 OiiiiiIh'I'IhiuI, »ii mauh .ibaII rovfcy b>fcuii6t>. Wb^n freifc At* Ack- ciilim'il lilitlH liuv« a bri^t ^i^t-^rttm ^Mim. «^p«cully ip| iiwt «■ Ac iHH^k iiml Ixivk. Tb*: b«K t^ •honef. stnacf. Jul :bBefc«iL: K'jOBCain. fKi£i&. i1 1 1 r nf ii1 tkMr Ihi4i \\wn\ li,v myriads lo tb>^ t*tj ^ami^x of ilw- BHiimsjia- atMVt ^MVfrn. \ttltlK. In I'lxiititr Hoamt and c<> cm tH-^rrbwud aloa;c tti^ v<^ ikMr»»at Dani HIltlltM iirul BaffinV Btkr. ULc>^fcjuBU& ^ar < '11)111 Hffiri': ii»*:v aft- *-sm>>r>iitiArflT' abimiiaat. hcvolic^ ^>t tboana^ oil Mil) I'adlie hixoA. and ;b^T u^ .^o tdm« iboat tb#ir zteitinf-pfarts 1 hat tlii^' <^n V killed *ith a «i^fc- Th* "^g^ rv«i after beis; bt*i. for iriuiiy mrfOth.* ?>ull r^caia th^ nuL^ky otlor p««iiti:u to tbtr bods. EVf- fwitly fr*sh «rK^ are (|atte gw-i nD;>-u. ;b ti ibrT ii>- 1 llftlfs too mncb for a civilizeil palat>^. Hf>r tUrfc hinL* werv 5«*n in HTise Itiari ill ThIL i^ •-bunk-irrii^tit.' of the yuaiii^ Tlift KMJIimoke U on*- of th«r 3Tee«li»r>t »i t^inla. I havr seen thrti fffrdin;; on tb« tranrar^ ti( a whale, when ifaeir lot^s an*! aaition^ t«i« frr fMrtly tb« of a vn! tore.— completely begrimed with bloMl and gP'.t.'c. and »o fan that they coohl not take wing. I found ^reai diffienlty in pnxniring white specimens that were not more or less ilaabeil over witfc '-^jiTT.'' e:ipeciany aboat the head anf October. They remained about onr winter harbor as long as there «rii* opeu water, and even one or two staid in the Kingwah rifts all winter. In spring tbey returned as soon as there was oiwn water. About tijc Sonthem Cumberland waters some remain all winter, — I be Iii«kiWj ■ (tay only the young birds. At Anuouactook Harbor tbey beg^HHH ^^ iuij; about June 25. The normal number of eggs is two ; ^"O^^^^^l B^^omnoT Always nest in {■^G^iceH and fissures of cliSs, where it mtten extremely difficult to get at tlieni. Tliey are very tame ; but it kext to an impossibilitj' to Kboot one on Ibu water if tbe birti is watch- B yon, for tJivy dive (luitc as i|nit'kly as a loon. I bavo seen tlirec ■rely bla«k specimens, whicb I consitli'i-ed to Iw U. carbo. One was Icarvd in Omnborland, but was lost, with many others, alter we arrivei^ Bie Uuit«d States. I have examinetl s|>cciinenK of cnrbo since in t^H ■tlisonian collection, and my bini was oothiug but a nielunistii; »pe4^| ■ of U. ffryltc. I also liftve seen an albiuo 8]H>cimi>n. ^M Bieru wore a few birds in an air-bolu in tho icu ne&i- our harbor in t)^| wr days of Jane tlnit to all ai)j>earanc« resembled tbe autumn plui^| w>f t1i« young; but thciee Vfas too txcuurhoroiis for metovonture ou^H ■ sent an Eskimo, llu returned and reiKtrtod theui >< Knnituealcn ■mlak" (very near a Guillemot). But if he meuut that they wetd ■n]>erfeet plnma^e or another spe«ii« closely ro«embliug grgUe, I couMH ■make oat. Ho could not got close eiioufjli to tho uir-holc to proeord ■specimen he killed, and I never saw or heard anylliing nioiv of theil^| ■liomvla airn, Urnaill. ^M ' "Akpn," CluuIhjiIihiiI Kskiiiio iiiul Grei-tilaiiili-ii.. ^M X liatl bopetl to be able to throw some light on tho subject of the re^ Uoiisbii* of the Murres, but 1 ftinl ii)y matei-ial coiresiwuds with myn ■Drtuuities for obsen'iition — very ]>oor and uusatisfiietory. I first met ■e binls in numlx^rs otf tbe coast of Resolution Ishind, but many were ■ farther south. About Giinnell Itay and I-Yobisher Straits they are Imoii oven as far as tho mouth of Ciuulwrland, but apparently quitesJ ■ in the waters of that sound Tlio Eskimo say they formerly breuj ■rent numbers on the Kikkcrtou Inlands; Init they have now apjta- Bly absindoned them. There are larye breeding-pla<»s about Cape ■cy and Walsingham, the largest "rookery" lieing on the Padlie Inda in Exeter Soitud. On Ihe Greenland coast they are very abund'J K breeding by thonsands in many localities. ObseiTed plentifiUly ifiu vpack-ico in July. AH the epocimcns collected by me were typicaS ft. I procured but one single troHe. Tho var. ringvia, Itriinn., Gor'1 Krr Teneker has not met djiring eleven years' collecting on the Greeo^ ■ coast; and var. froUe apjieareiu|[fl Bo on the throat (juite to the bill, and again 1 have seen si>eeimoii|fl ■rely black. The dark markings on the oggs of L. arra and troile, l^H m as .4. tortJa, eau readily be obliterate*! with lukc-wann water. ^M n FISHES COUECTED IN CUKBERLAND GULF AND DISXO BAT. By Taklkton H. Bean. The collection of fishes made by Mr. Kumlien embraces ten species* as follows : 1. Bareogadus saida. 2. Oadus ogac. 3. Oymnelis viridis. 4. Idparis vulgaris. 5. Cyclopterus lumpus. 6. Coitus scorpius. 7. Cottus scorpius sub-species gronlandictis. 8. Cottus scorpioides. 9. Oymnacanthus pistilliger, 10. Oa^t^osteus pungitius snh'Hj^ecies br(ichypoda. With these I have combined several species collected by Lieut. W. A. Mintzer, U. S. K., in Cumberland Gulf in 1876, the two following being additions to Mr. Kumlien's list: 11. Lycodus mucosus. 12. Salvelinus Naresi. Besides giving a report upon these twelve species recently obtained by the United States National Museum, I have maossession of d Eskimo who live between Cape Baleigh and Cumberland Strait. Ofv. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Furh. 1864, p. 531. Cbristiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. No. 14, 1878, (p. HO). Men ioNTigt stemmc do i Skjoelbekliedning, Tandbygniug, Stillingen af Anus og i .vert Ponkt af deres Legemsbyguing saa ftildkommen overcns, at nogen Adskillolso Uem den ikke er mulig. — Colktt^ L c. 110 NATURAL HISTOBY OF ABCTIC AMEHICA. 6. GaduB ogao Rich. CidB* oym- Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., iii, 1836, p. 246. Godu* oeak Budt., Vid. Selsk. Naturvid. og Math. Afb., dc«l vii, IfSia. OadM ooat ErOykk, Voy. en Scanrl.. Ac, pi. xis. ■in^a. {1417.) i Oiidtliaab, Greenlimd, Angust 11, ICTe. D. 13, 13, «. i SI. V. 6. Lt^ngtli iif spucimeu 330 millilnctrea. A black spot ou the second dorsal, § as loTig jia the eye, between tbt thirt«entb and flfteenth raj's. ai724- (1418.) 9 Godtliaab,Grctiiland, August 11. lS7a D. 14, IB, 20. h.», 16. V. . SO. V. 6. Length of epocimen 300 miltimotreR. KichordsoQ records this species at Cape Isabella, Peninsnla of Boothia- GdtJiiK oijac Rich., may be only a viirioty of O. morrhua Linn.. »■• claimed by Dr. Giinther ; bnt after examining many siwcimens of tbe latter species and comparing thoni with Mr. Kiimlien's examples, I prefer to consider these distinct from G. morrhiia and identical with Itichanl- son's species. It may be that a laiger series would lead me to the same coucliisioii reached by Dr. Giinther. I have studied all the common cort in the Uiuted States National Museum, a verj" large series, ivccutly in creased by the addition of a monster weighing 100 pounds, and find thai <}ad)is ogac is distinguished fi-om (!. morrhmi by several inipoi-tant cliar acU'is, among which are (I) a more slender caudal peduncle; (i!) a longer barix'l ; (3) a larger eye; (i) a gitatcr distance between the eyes; {'>) a longer pectoral ; and (fi) the more advanced )io.iition of the vontral,'*- These differences may be seen in the tables of measurements, in wLidi are given the proportions of parts of the Irody in hundredths of the total length without tlic caudal. The general color of Mr. Kumhen's specimens is very dark brown, and the sides are inarblcd with white. I Tabh of MtMurvmeittt. Siiede*, Oadut agae lUcb. Concnt Dnmber of ipvcdiDaD ■ ■ IiKallt? Boa J: l,ciut hiaeht uf tnU HiMd: (init«MqHlm«> 1T,«5. Lolbten. Ndt- 17,IMa. Hargeo. 17,40«». 1T.4M t. Ib-rg™. metTM. IDMhl Mmi- lOMha uuu- metna. '<^h. 1 urn. length. Xxti*nMl«uthl) .. 341 <13 1 »00 39 n 1" H 15 51 :::::::■ lai " 1 Itonallflnt): IS lat M M ■* 1 •** V«lh«l: 112 NATUBAL HISTORY OP ARCTIC AUEBICA. Famfly, LTCODID^. 7. O jmnella viiidis (Fabr.) Rhdt. 21739. (726.) Head of Cnmberlana Gulf, June 13, tsra Length c»f ImgaCSail I^ngtb of abgrter 59 tuillim. "Qravel betusL, at low tide." — Kumlien, 21749. (G4e.) Head of CumbeTland Gulf, Hay 30, 1878. a, lOBmiUIiB. l,llBwI c, 6D tnilliui. d, 60 millim. " Coogjannemak of the Eskimo." — Kumlien. 21757. (6G1.) Head of Cumberlaod Gulf, Jnno 6, ISre. D. 95. A. 77. Ln|II specimoD 104 millim. " Gravel beach." — Kumlien. 2175». (G47.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, Uay 30, 19;a D. 105. LengthofEn 147 millimetrea. "Tide-rifts, among stonm."— Kumlien. Color-sketch accompw;] ^1759. (C4G. ) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30, 187% D. 102. Length IttjBl "Tido-rifts, among stones." — KvmlieTi. 31700. (G45.) Head ofCumberliuid Gulf, May 30, 187a D. 100. LengtbltiMil *' Tide-rifts, among stones." — Kumlien. 121999. (80.) NiaDtilto,CumberlaDdGulf, Augnut, 1876. W. A. Hinti«',U.&K. aiOmillim. ft, 170 millim. ; D. ca. 95; A. 77; P. 13. «, 175 millini. ; A75;P. ^134 millim.; A. 78; P.m. "Fonnd between high and low watermark." — Mintzer. This BiHjcies ia recorded from Prince Regent's Inlet (Bicb., F. B. iii, 183C, i>. 271 ; stomach of kittiwake gnll); Korthnmberlaod Son rescrration. As there is Uttlu on record conccmiBg Uie species, and Ui« example under consideratinn is mncli larger tlian the typos, and, while it agrees In nil important parliculara with Kiehardson'tt descrip- tiou and llgiire of L. ntimcoKVK, still bIiows some diScreiicoB in the orementA, I have drawn np a dciscriptioii and prei)ar«d an s€conii)anyii)g table of iue»Aureinent8. It will be obsened that in Lieutenant Jlintzer's Bpecinieu the liead is longiir and widt^r and the height and width body slightlj 1p8» than in the tyjies, wliieh variations may bo acconnt< for by the difference in size. I-ilto all the other desciilied species of Lycodcs, except L. paxilli (loode & Bean, of whicti I have knowledge, the width of the body at tin vent is Terj* much less thnn jnst behind the pectorals, and the height of the body at the same jtoint is also considerably less than it is in the anterior jiart of the body ; in other words, the body tapers decidedly, and the tail is much compressed. Description. — ^The length of tJie eiample is 430 millimetres (17 Englinl inches). Scales arc entirely wanting. The greatest height of the body (at the pettorals) is contained ^ timi and its greatest width (jnst behind the pectorals) 0 times in the tol longtli. Tlie width at the vent Is contained 8 times in the length of the head, and twico in the length of the longest dorsal ray. The height at the ventnilB about equals the height of the I»ody at the i»ectoriU8. The height of the body at tbe vent equals half tlie greatest width of the h< and is C4intained 11 J times in the total length. The head is very large, its longtli being ^ of the total, and M greatest width contained GJ times in the whole length. The iltstanee fn>i the tip of the snont to the nape is ^ of total length, and J of the leuj the mandible. The distance between the eyes is (M^ntained (i timi I lie length qf the head. The length of the snout is ^ of the leni oi the head. The nostrils are much farther from the eyes than from eaol otber, their distance from the eyes being contained 4^ times in the leuj of the hciul. The length of the upjwr jaw is contained (JJ times total length ; of the lower juw,Gg limes; the npperjaw slightly exceed- ing the inandri)le in length. The eyes are very small, close together, !M!d high, their long diameter Iieuig equal to i^of the length of ,M.l. 1 ho distant^ from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dors 1 1 in contained 3^ times in the total length. Tlie lirst ray of the d i'lntained 5 J times in the length of the heat], and the longest, 4 t ITie distance of the anal (Vom the snont ia JJ of the total length i L Bull Nat. Mils. No. 15 S »g r'a M 1 114 NATURAL BISTOBT OF ASCTTC AHEBICA. almost equals twice tbe distance of the pectond ftom the snoot Tbe flrat anal ray is contained 9} times in the length of the head, the kmgwt 4^ times. The Tent is nefu'ly in the middle of the total length. The distance from the tip of the snoat to the base of the pectoitl ii contained 3^ times, and the length of the pectoral 6} times in total length. The length of the pectoral eqoals that of the mandible, and only slightly exceeds one-half of the length of the hettd. The distance of the ventral &om the tip of the snout equals the tength of the head. The length of the ventral equals the long diiuneter of tte eye. Badial /ormuUi.—'D. (including half of caudal) 90 ; A. (indndiDg lalf of caudal) 71; P. 18; T. 3. Colon. — ^These agree, in the main, so closely with Bichardstrn's d^ scription of them, that it is annecessary to say more than tliat the oon- markings are faint and narrow. The gape of the month is very wide. The character and arrangeiDesi of the teeth agree perfectly with the original description. Table of JfRMur«Mmt*. t ber f Im 1«-U T?^ IDOtluaf UM. 4M ^^ik FISHES. 115 9. Lyoodes polaris (Sabine) Blch. Blennius polaris Sabinb, App. Parry's First Toy., p. ccxii. Lyoodes polana-RiCH,, Last Arc. Voy., 1865, p. 362. Described firom North Georgia, lat 75^ N., long. 11(K> W. Eecorded, also, from the west Bide of the Peninsnla of Boothia by Capt. J. C. Boss. 10. Uronaotes Parryl (Boss) Gilnther. Ophidium Parrii Boss, in Parry's Third Voy., App., p. 109; Polar Voyage, p. 199.— BiCH., F. B. A., iu, 1836, p. 274. Discovered in Baflin's Bay and Prince Regent's Inlet Observed near Felix Harbor, ^ected by a glaucous gull. — Rich.y L e. Family, STICH-^ID-^. 11. Centroblennins nnbilns (Bich.) Gill. iMw^ffemu mubiluB BiCH., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 359, pi. xxviii. This species was described from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76^ 53^ N. Family, ZIPHIDIONTID^. 12. Mturasnoides faaoiatns (Schn.) Gill. OwnneUui fasdatus Bicn., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 357, pi. xxvii. Bichardson records the species from Northumberland Sound. FamUy, CYCLOPTERID^. 13. Bomiorotremiui apinoaiui (Fabr.) GilL Cydoptenu tpinaaua Gt^NTH., P. Z. S., 1877, pp. 293, 476. Gilnther has examined specimens from Franklin Pierce Bay. 14. Cjroloptenui Inmpiui Linn. 21726. (1411.) Godthaab, Disko Island, Greenland. Mr.Kumlien brought down a single specimen 430 millimetres in length, and furnished the following notes of color : ^^ Varying shades of dusky olive green. Dorsal light. Belly nearly white. Iris umber." Family, LIPARIDID^. 15. Zaipaxls vnlgazis Fleming. « Lipari8 Imeata (Lep.) Er()ter, Nat. Tidsskriit, ii, 2, p. 284; ili, 1, p. 244; Voy. en Scand., &«., pi. xiii, fig. 2. Liparii lineatus Collett, Christiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1878, No. 14, (p. 32). 21762. (657.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf. D. 42. A. H, 34. P. 35. C. 11. Taken in " 7 fathoms. Nee-fitz-shak of the Eskimo." — Kumlien. 21763. (859.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 1878. (a) D. 19, 23; A. 34. (b) D. 19,21; A. 35. " Fastened to kelp in 7 fathoms." — Kumlien, 21764. (860.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 187a " Fastened to kelp." — Kumlien. 116 KATUBAL BISTORT OF ABCTIC AHERICA. 317QS. (858.) Head of CumlwrlMid Gulf, JiuwS9,ie7& D.41. A.S4. P. 94. CM ''Fastened to kelp in 6 fitthoms."— £iimH«fi. 31763. (&73.) Anniuiactook, Camberlaiid GdIC Beferrcd doalitftilly to L. vulgaria. The specimeD is young and in bid condition. It was taken in 9 foUioms. Bicliardsoii (F. B. A., ill, 1836, p. 263) mentions this species from tke west side of Da^is Strait in lat. 70°, and from Regent's Inlet. Professor Collett fonnd the alimentaiy canal of one of his e filled with small amphipods, one of tbem being CapnOa * Kr,, together with many individnals of Proiomedda/tuciata Kr." 16. Llpaila F>biloU EiSy et. LipaTi$ Fabrieii QttUTHER, P. Z. 8., 1877, pp. SH, 476. Dr. Oiinther has examined specimens collected in Discovery Bay » Franhlin Pierce Bay. Family, AOONID^. 17. A>pldoplioiold«a monoptoiygltu (Bloch) Storer. A»pidO])horoidf» monoplcryglvi OUmtb., F. Z. S., 1BT7, p. S95. A young individual was taken in 30 fathoms, lat. 65" N., long. 53° W. QUntber, I. c Family, COTTID^. 18. CoUqs aooipliw Linn. 21989. (151.) S Kiantilio Harbor, Camberland Gnlf, A. L. Kntnlien. 31743. (IBO.) S Niontilic Harbor, Cnmberlnod Gulf, A. L, Enmlieu. FISHES. 117 was presented to the United States National Museum by Prof. Robert CoUett The agreement between these two in all essential particulars is very striking. We may safely record this species, then, at least as tax south as Eastport. The true Cottus scarpius may be distingiliiihed from the sub-species which follows by its narrower interorbital distance, and the lesser length of the dorsal spines, particularly the anterior ones. Table of Measurements, Species, CoUut teorpiu* Unn. Current number of specimen Locality 21«742 a, d- Cumberland Golf. MilUme. tres. Extreme length Length to origin of middle caudal royi Greatest heiffht Greatest width (at pectoral base) ■ Height at ventrols Least height of tail Head: G reatest length Distance fit>m mont to nape Greatest width at base of pneop. spines Width of interorbital area Length of snout Length of upper Jaw Length of mandible Distance ttom snout to orbit Diameter of orbit Dorsal (spinous) : Disisnce from snout Length of base I^ength ftom end of dorsal to origin of mid- dle caudal rays Length of first spine Jjcngthof second spine Length of third spine Length of fourth spine Length of fifth spine Length of sixth spine Length of seventh spine Length of eighth spine Length of ninth spine Length of tenth spine Length of longest ray Length of lost ray Anal: Distance from snout Length of base Length of first ray I^ength of longest ray Length of last ray Caudal: Length of middle rays Pectoraf: Distance firom snout (upper axil) Length Yentral: Distance from snout Length Bxonohiostegals I Donol 100 140 Pectoral Tentral. { lOOths of length. Right VI > LeftVUj X,16 14 Right 10) Left J8$ . 1.3 23 21 23 0 88 28 23 ? J? 10 8 84 23 10 10 11 12 12 12 12 10 0 8 81 10 ft 04 2ft 5 18 0 20 35 26 82 20 21.989. 9. Cumberland Gulf. IdiUi. metres. 180 150 lOOths of Itingth. VI X,16 13 17 1.8 24 21 24 0 88 27 28 18 20 10 8 88 2ft 10 0 10 U 13 12 12 11 0 7 2 17 6 64 24 7 14 6» 20 34 27 32 20 10,874, Jut. Sastport, He. MOli. metres. lOOths of length. 88 72 VI IX, 15 14 17 1.8 24 20 24 30 28 23 5 8 17 10 10 3ft 22 11 12 13 12 11 10 8 3 10 63 20 0 12 7 oo tea* 3G 26 34 21 NATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AHEKICA. Table of MmiuremeitU — ContiiKied. Comot nombeT of apeclinDa ! 17A3Sa,-d. L«aUti { "^=^;;^.'*"- GiwtcMlenetb.. IMrtoiioo from BH - ,- OnMtM orldtb at bue < UoDUtn of orUC. .. DdimI (iplnoiu) : Dbtuice rrom >.. LeniFth of baao . _ •~- — —it boigbt... Len^h of aeoapd spine . . Leagtb a[ IblrdBplne ... Lni^th of Amtlh iiptDO - - LoEiflthof flitb ipme ...-__ Lengtb of giitfa ajilno LflDjrth of MTMitb Aplno.-. Lea^h of eigblb tabu Loni^h of ninth spla^ Lim^b of tenEb apine . I*nsth nf IpDgiwt tuf . . 17,*33 b. ?. DerEtn-Kor- FISHES. ^1730. Qodthaab, Gicculiuiil, A. L. Kumlien. 'JI731. GodUioab, Gnwiilanit, A. L. Koiulieu. 21740. (IGI.) (f . Niantilio HarlKir, Cumlwrlunrt Gulf, A. L, Kumlicn. S1T51. (67.) Voiiag. Arolic Id., Ciimlwrlond Gulf, X. I-. Kumlien. IG031. Manj jouug. Ciuubirrliuiil Cull', Liuut. W. A. MInticr. I liavB readied practically tbe same eoiiclusiou coDeeming tbe i lioDB of C. Kcorpiu« and V. ffronlandicus as Dr. LUtkcn, Malmgren, and Col Iftt, Bincft it is probable tliat they use the t^riu " \Tirietj* " in the same seii8u in whicli I use " sub-species." Dr. Liitkeu, however, supposes tbe Cultun rnriabilia of Ayres to t)e a synonym of C. Hcorpitu sub-species ffriinlandi- cuji; but it is identical with Cottus aneus Mitchill. The Cottu* Mitchilli (if Ciuier and YaleDcieuncs, which was a mere name based on the Cottiut sa/rpiu* of Mitchill, is evidently a synonym of C. ncorpiun sub-sitecies fjronlandicm ; but the name Cottun Mitchilli, as used by Dr. DeKay and F'rofessor Gill and understood in the muaenm catalogues, was aasociaM with the spoeiea which shonid be called C. (TiifM* of Mitchill. DoKaj^ Cottus teneus as described and flgtired is a compound of tetifus and o lierimiqtiniitivit. H'la C. MitckilU is the true imeux uf Mitchill. C WTUfuii Mitchill is the smallest of tbe morino sculpins of the e coast so far »» known, luid appears to be tbe least widely distrtbuteil. \ta limiln may be stated as Long: Island on the soutli and Maine on tlK- north. 1 1 has thu narrowest interorbitnl space of our five known species, not uncommon to find individuals of 2J inches in length full of 8i>aw Tbe base of the anal is almost invnrinbly sliortf^r than that of the 6 dorwil. It is highly probable that DcKny's figure* of Cottm < Mitchill was drawn Irom a specimen of Coitus octodeciingpinosus Mitch- ill, the only known Eastern American seulpiu with so long ft spine on tbe proioperculuni. The nnmber of anal rays (13) in this figure 1 iit'\-er been recorded in Coitus mnctta, but is common in C. octodecim Mosw. DeKay's figure of Colius Mitchilli is a fair representation of t aneua of Mitchill. Cottus Dcorpiug Bnb-si>ecies grimUindicm has about the same soathei tit as C. cenem, hut it mnges northward to Greenland. It is abundant "Wood's Holl, Miissai^ihuiietts, in winter. The United States Fish tnmission has found it common in snmmer at different points along I coast between Cape Cod and Halifa.\, Nova Scotia. At Salem i mcest«r it wa« caught team the wbar%-e8. Tbe stomach of an ado] medium size, taken at Wood's Holl, Mass., by the Fnited Sta Fish Ounnnissioo, contained three crabs, Cancer irroratus. 120 NATUBAL mSTOBT OF ABCTIC AUEKICA. Cottus octodedmapinosut Mitchill is known from TTftTifw on th« BOfth to Beesley's Point, ISew Jersey, «n the sontli, where it was ooUeeled bf Pro£ S. F. Baird in 1854. It ia considered a sh^low-water species ; bnt the United States Fish Commission has a specimen frtim 68 &t)ioiBi ta the Golf of Maine, where the temperature was aboat 12° Fahr. Ike greater portion of the examples were iVom 10 fothoms or less. Add to these Cottus aoorpioides of Fahridns, and it will oompMe the list of Eastern North American species of the genns Cotfa ao te M known. As already intimated, Cottus soorpius sab-species ffrSnlandieia is quite readily separated from tiie typical 0. aeorpiiu by its wider intoortilil distance and its higher spinous dorsal, which differences are best ex(» plifled in the specimens firom Greenlfuid, and appear, along with otkcf% in tiie measurement tables. Table of Meanremmtt. SpeclBi, OottM taifpliut taHnfucixa (rnnlBHUoit. CorrenlnumbororBpecimm SLTJI. a.7M. MUIlnw- lMlh.01 length. Mmiwt ZK- Kmrme lencth M us "EW....tb.teM « ^1 FISHES. 121 Table qf MeaturemenU — Continaed. Cvxreiit nmDlMr of ■pecimcn LooaUiy CmmUU: Length of middle lays PwtorsT: Dutanoe from snout (upper axil) Length ▼entnl: Distance from snout Length Brmchiostegals Domal { Poetoral { Yentral 21,731. 21,780. Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1R78. Millime- tres. Bight YI Left VI X.16 14 Bight 17 Left 17 I. 3 lOOths of length. 86 28 29| 21 MLnhne- tree. vn vn XI, 17 14 17 17 I. 8 lOOthsof length. 21* 34 29 81 24 Current number of spechnen. Locality length Length to or%in of middle oandal rays. height of taU Length of caudal peduncle . B!ead: Width of interorbitol area . Length of snout ■ Length of upper Jaw Lenffth of mimdiDle Donal (spinous) : Length of first spine Length of secofba spine ... Length of third spine Length of fourth spine . . . . Lenirth of fifth spine Length of sixth spine Length of seventli spine . . . Length of eiithth spine . . . . Length of ninth spine X^ength of tenth spine. Length of eleventh spine . . . Length of longest ray Distance from snout Pectoral: Length Yentral: Distance firom snout Length Braoohiostegals Dorsal , { Pectoral Yentral. 21,729. 21,728. Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1878. Millimo- tres. lOOthsof length. 235 195 Bight YI Left YI XI. I, 16 14 Bight 17 Left 17 I. 8 H 10 6 9 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 19 10 13 10 6 20 81 88 25 Millime- ties. 218 178 lOOthsof length. 18 19 181 18 19 181 n 14 9 6 20 YI YI X,!, 10 13 17 18 I, 8 83 28 NATUBAL HIBTOBT OF ABCTIC AMERICA. La«[ boiRbt of UQ t«nfftb of dnh B ' tliof M£nfaw.. Ih of elelitlianaHi bUisT ninth ai^ne — Lmgtb of UMb *plsa Lenetk of IdBceat rmy LFoCtb of tHtn; DliliDco fnns snout Loagrh of ttntrmy.. PISHES. 12^ r of them. It is a species cliaract«rizod by a vnvy Bliurt lieaiD0D8) : FISHES. 125 Table of Measurnneni^—Contirmed. Species, Ootttct MOfpfoidM FBl>r. iJnnent nnmber of specimen 21,745 a. I 21,745 b, (f. \ 21,745 c, 9. Lat60"24'N. Long, CS9 4V W. Mnu. . metres. ILnol: Distanoe from snont . . Len;jtb of base Length of iiist ray — Length of longest ray. Length of last ray .... i^Mtdml: Length of middle rays Paetoraf: Distance firom snout . . Length Distance from snout . . Length Bmichioategals Donal Pectoral Ventral. VI IX, 16 13 15 1.8 lOOths of length. 60 24 8 18 8 21 81 29 29 21 Milli. metres. X,16 12 16 1.8 lOOths of length. 60 80 80 29 23 Milli. metres. IX, 16 1-i 10 1.3 lOOths of length. 61 26 17 Cmrent number of specimen Locality { length Length to origin of middle caudal nys. Body: Greatest height Greatest wkfth Boiirht at ventrals Least heisht of tail LengUi of caudal peduncle Greatest length Distance from snont to nape Greatest width Width of iutcrorbital area . . Length, of snout Length of maxillary I>ngth of mandible Distance fh>m snout to orbit Diameter of orbit Dorsal (spinous) : Distance from snout Length of base Length of first spiuo Length of second spine Length of tbinl spmo Length of fourth spine Length of fifth spine Length of sixth spine Length of seventh spine .... Length of eijgbth spine Length vf nmth spmo Length of tenth spine Length of Ion;;est ray Length of last ruy Distance fhnn snout Length of base Length of first ny. . 21,745(1,9. Lat eco 24' N. Lon. 680 4y w. 22,827, 9. Cumberland Gulf. Milli. metres. 102 lOOths of length. Milli. metres. 223 100 6 14 33 23 5 7 14 15 7 31 61 lOOths of length. 23 22 23 H 32 23| 22 ?i 14 15 8 7 30 27 10 11 111 7 5 3 16 6« 61 23 7* Aver- ages. lOOths of length. 28 7 32 0 10| 11 11 11 10 9 7 5 3 16 61 It NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA, Table «f IfMsiirmiwni*— Contimied. Species. Oettiu tnrpUda Fkbt. ai,7<6 4 9- 1*1. (W w N. M.sn. 9. Ci»iib«tiuid Lonllty { Aw Mini- looth. or Mill,- i '"«'- l«Mta AdbI: f n M IB 3U ar IB SO :::: '"Sl^':;::;;::;:::; : T u 3p«cic>. OnWia marpliu snb^pecf h pronEancM.]b. 1 11 ^ »"""■] lea Jtb. Milli. IfTlgtb- Milll. 76 17 79 i 80 22.272 ff. Itiick«rgrt.Me. :S,Z7!A. BuckuportMe- DnckiT*'.''^ MOli- IMths Icn^h. lnfU««. IDWlll or leoglh. ■n^fSt 3 Exlrcmpkiiilh wiHiontcoodiil - 7I 19 ^ :::..:. I H™1: ^ PISHES. 127 SI. Ctottos qnadzioomis Linn. CotttuguadrieomiiBiCH., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, pp. 348-9 : GtifTH.,P.Z.SMl877, p. 293. Bichardson records the species from the Coppermine Biver region and OoEonation Gulf (68o 3(K N., llQo y7.).—0iinth€r. . Cottiu polaxls Sabine. CoUuapolaria Rich., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 351. Bichardson refers to this species as occurring at Korth G^rgia, lat. 72P 'S.y and at the Peninsula of Boothia. The radial formula appears ' to me more like that of a Centridermichthys than anything else, but the genus to which it properly belongs is uncertain. Oymnaoanthns pistiUlgar (PaU.) GiU, MS. CoUiu ventrdli8 Cuv. & VaIm, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 194: Colleit, Cluristi- ania Yid. Selsk. Forh. 1R78, No. 14, (p. 15). 81738. (1373.) Godthaab, Dlsko Id., Greenland, A. L. Kamlien. D. XII, I, 16. A. 18. y. 3. Yentrals nearly reach vent. 91733. (1374.) Godthaab, A. L. Knmlien. D. XII, 15. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals moh fifth ray of anal. 91734. Qodthaab. A. L. Kamlien. D. XI, 16. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals extend ttfttla more than halfway to vent. 8173S. Godthaab. A. L. Knmlien. D. XI, 17. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals reach thinl my of anal. 91798. Godthaab. A. L. Knmlien. D. XII, 17. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals nearly jwch Tent. 91737. Godthaab. A. L. Kamlien. D. XII, I, 15. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals reach iMirtti ray of anal. 91741. (151.) Niantilic Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kamlien. 91743. (180.) NiantiUc Harbor, A. L. KumHen. 88338. Niantilic Harbor, Aug. 1876, Lieut. W. A. Miutzer. 17431. Christiania, Norway, M. G. Hotting, inspector of fisheries. D. XII, 14. A. 16b V. 3. Ventrals reach fourth ray of anal. Dr. Liitken rejects the name Oymnocanthus^ Swainson, because the genus was badly defined. There can be no difference of opinion as to the fact that the genus was poorly characterized ; but there is an attempt at definition and a reference to a figtire of the type-species, so that one need not hesitate as to what is intended. K we begin to reject names of genera because they are not accompanied by complete descriptions, we may find it difficult to draw the line between what we shall accept and what we shall r^ect. In retaining Swainson's name it may not 128 KATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AMERICA. be amiss to rcprodnce. bis descriptioD.* Gonceming Uw qietsAe u pistiUiger, T>r. Ltitken 8ays:t "Inflnenced by Steindachiuf^ boI (Wien. Sitzungsb. 1876} on C.pUtilliger, Palla8, 1 have Boa^it infon tiou coaceming thia species in tbe Berlin Mosenis; the type ia ool bad half skin preserved in spirifas ; Prof. Peten has beeo so oUig as to send it to me for investigatioD, and I have thereby been aU convince myself that the 'pistils' ^hich Pallas describes as soft thic with spongy heads are in reality only tbe half emciform, spiny n which distingnish a certain part of the side of the body in C Wna Since the name 'pUtilliger' is thus founded on a nusapprehenskn, reputed priority (1811) cannot reqnlre tbat it be given the preftn over the next in the series, and ve shonld therefore fix upon the u Phobctor ventrdlis, ■ Cuv. & VaL" If we were to throw out all nai which are Uised upon a misapprehension it would involve na in • p deal of unnecessary confusion, and it would be difficult to dMide 1 far tlie elimination shonld proceed. Tbe &ct that Dr. LUtken eoaM cognize the peculiarity in which the si)eciflc name originated is a nr apology* for its adoption by Pallas. 24. loelns hmmatoa Kruf er. Icelua hamalua GQkth., P. Z. 8., 1877, pp. 293, 476. This Bi)ecies was collected in Discovery Bay, Franklin Pierce B«y,i at Oape Napoleon, in the month of Angnst, by Captain Feilden, and Franklin Pierce Bay, August 11, 1875, by Mr. C. Hart FISHES. 129 Family, GASTEROSTEID^. 26. OaAtaroBteuB iiiBOiilptus Rich. GaateroBteus inaculptua Rich., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 356, pi. xxy. * The types were from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76^ 53^ N. 27. Oasterosteus pungitius Linn., sub-species braohypoda Bean. In small streams on the sides of Oosooadlin Mountain, and in a Stile pond on the top, 1,500 feet above tide-level, Mr. Kumlien collected numerous examples of a many-spined stickleback, which resembles Ods- teraatevs pungitius Linn., in most particulars, but may be readily distin- guished from it by its very short ventral spines. The tables of measure- ments and radial formulsB appended will show other differences, which are, however, not so important. Description. — ^The greatest height of body is contained 5f times in its length to origin of middle caudal rays (in gravid females, 4^ times) ; the greatest width, 10 times (in gravid females, 8 times). The height at ven- trals is contained 5^ times in length of body (in gravid females, 5 times or slightly less). The least height of tail equals half the length of the first dorsal spine. The length of caudal peduncle is ^ of length of body. The length of head equals 4 times the length of upper jaw, and is from i to ^ of length of body. The greatest width of head nearly equals length of middle caudal rays. The distance between the eyes equals the length of snout, which equals the length of antecedent spine of soft dorsal. The length of the operculum equals the length of ventral spine, which is slightly less than a third of length of head. The length of mandible equals the long diameter of the orbit. The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout is ftx)m J to -ft of length of body, and is almost uniformly less than its length of base. The first and second spines of the dorsal ai*e equal in length, and are about I as long as the ventral spine. The last spine of the dorsal is slightly less than the first. The antecedent spine of the second dorsal is some- what longer than the first of the spinous dorsal, and half as long as the first ray following it. The first ray of the soft dorsal is contained 8J times in length of body, and is three times as long as the last ray. The distance of the anal from the tip of snout equals | of length of body ; its length of base is twice the length of its first and longest ray, and slightly less than J of length of body. The anal spine is half as long as the first anal ray (in young individuals, f ). The length of the middle caudal rays is contained 8J times in length ot' body ; the length of external rays, 7^ times. The distance of the pectoral fix)m the tip of snoxLtAA QOW\.^Ti<^ ^>3as^^^ Ball. Nat Mns. No. W ^9 % 130 NATURAL niSTOKT OF ARCTIC AMERICA. in tb6 total, aud about eijuals t^vice its own length. Wbea espande the pectoral extends usually to the 7th dorsal spine (6th to 8th). The distance of the ventral from the tip of snout slightlyesceeiis A of length of body. The length of the ventral spine is always a little lesa than jf of the length of the head. lladial/ormwla.—D.lX-XI,I,10-ll; A. 1,9-11; C.+,12,+; P.IO; V. 1, 1. Color. — General color dull silvery, minutely punctulated with black; npiwr half of body with large irregular areas of black ; chin, throat, and alHlumeu black in males, silvery in llie females studied. Nilssou records a similar condition in Q. pungUitts.* The relations ot Qasierontcm pangitim yax. bravhypoda to the pungitiiu {=P)/f;oiilffU)i occidentalis (0. & V.) Brevoort) of New England are showu in the table of comparative measurements which follows. I do not lue the name Pyoosteu^ occide?Ualis, for the reason that our many-spiuol stickloback bearing that name shows no characters by which it may t« Bex>ai'ated Irom the Gasteroatempungitiua of Linn6 as a species, and tlie genus Pygoateus has nothing to exclude it from Qasterosteus. The gewa Pligoiteus, although credited to Brevoort, was not defined by him; it appeiu's in Gill's Cataloguef as a name only. The first to indicate chanictei^s by which it was thought the genus could be distinguished was Jordan ; f hej' are stated to be the following : " Dorsal spines 7 or moie; sides mailed or not." J So far as the squamation is concerned, the collections of the United States National Museum show all sorts of individual vai'iation, and justify tlie ground taken by Giinther in his an-augemcnt of the varieties of G. aculeatiis; certainly, the squamation is not even of specific importance. The number of dorsal spines in the specimens of G. pungitius studied ranges from 7 to 11. In Gasteroateiu inconstans, § Kiitland, the range is firom 3 to C. 1 have seen a fresh- *" Variat iibilomine iiigro." — Prod. Ichlh. Scand., ISSi, p. 86. f Cnlalogiie of tlio Finlies of tho Eastern Coast of North America from Greenland to Georgia, by Theodore Gill, Jan. 1«11, p. 39. I M.iiiiial of the VL-Mebratea of tho Northoru United States, 1*76, p. 24d. }£.'uca(iain(!Oiw(oji«, Jordan, Manual of Verlebru(«a,18?G; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1S77, p. fw. Tho geu<:ric ehaiactera ascribed to Encalia are: (1) "Dorsal spines in u right line," which is also tnlo in Gaetcroelcue actiUalue, L. ; even in tho inany-spim-d stickleback, G. pungiliiiii, 1 havo frcqnently seen the last four or five spines in a righi liili', ivhile the nutcrior ones preserved their zigzag arrangement ; (2) " Ventral plates coalesced iuto u narrow plate on this modiau lino between tho ventral fius," jnst as in G. aciiJealii» undo, pangiliat; (3) "A distinct sub-quadrate post -pectoral plate," wliicb ia present in most sticklebacks; tlie" associated characters^indicated contain nothing gcncrically diatinuUve, PISHES. 131 water stickleback firom Maine,* which resembles (?. pungitius in many respects, but has only 2 dorsal spines. The number of dorsal spines would seem, therefore, to be certainly of not more than si>ecific value. Oasterostevs nebuloaus seems to me to be separated firom 0. pungitius by no constant^haracter, but only by its habitat Oasterosteus mainenHs is identical with 0. pungititts. Apeltea (DeKay) Jordan is well separated firom Oasteroatetts by the fitmcture of its pubic bones. The United States National Museum has received from the Mus^ d'Histoire Katurelle, of Paris, one of the types of Oasterosteus blanchardi Sauvage, described from specimens sent from Boston, United States. This species is our common many-spined stickleback, 0. pungitiuSy as will appear from the table of measurements, and the name must be regarded as a synonym of the latter. It is worthy of remark in passing that the ahape of the post-pectoral plate in species of Oasterosteus^ which has been employed as an important diagnostic character, is so variable, even on the two sides of the same fish, that it is not to be depended upon. The sticklebacks of eastern North America, so far as observed be me, may all be referred to the genera Apeltes and Oasterosteus. The basis of the foregoing description of the stickleback collected by Mr. Kumlien is the table of measurements which follows. Only 8 exam- ples were measured, but these show the extremes of variation in the . numerous specimens secured. In none of the individuals does the length of the ventral spine exceed one-third of the length of the head. Mr. Kumlien has sent me the following notes on the species: ^^The Oasterosteus was taken from a pond more than a thousand feet above fbe sea on the mountain side. Said ponds were not over 18 inches deep, and of course freeze solid in winter. In fact, there was but very little water at the time I procured the fish. It is imi>ossible that they could have come up from below, as the i>ond empties by a series of perpendicular ikUs, some of them 30 feet or more. In my note-book I find that they were light greenish above, barred with dusky brown and black; beneath white, irregularly blotched with black. Caudal pinkish. Male (f ) with a crimson spot at base of pectoral fin." • Gasterosteus Atkinsii Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, p. — . 132 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA. TaMe 0/ Jfea*Mran«a(i. ClurontDamli«IofBp«inum i«^B { 21,738. 1 21,771. CurabcflBJid Gulf. 71,786.121,708. CumWrUnd 21,773. Ul.TTSa. CmnbcTliuid Golf. !l.T7>e|n.Ta* It |J i Ij ] It If 3§ I! ai 1J It ii P LeaiiUi to und of oitenwl d- 48 St d" 47 G«^d. !0B '.oe g Gmvid. «3 4' OS a Tmdc tt __ .ti .1 Im ^i .M .* .» -! 1 : '.V -1 .a ■ :•« ■ !« :■ .» ■& .a .E Grtfliretwifoi Height Btventmla Least beisht of t^ length ofomUal podandu IS 15 oe 08 07 OS W 08 IHJ m 17 08 08 07 OS 1 ,'.7 17 085 055 81 US u OS IS 1 12s IS 14 us 88 oe »« 07 M M 0« 25 08 l« 81 M M M » 80 GrealtM wiifii Lcsglb of operculmn .... iSSJSSESC:;;::: Diamster of orbit -sas™, LaiBiuof8™tBMi^:::::' Length of Mcond ipine . . . LcDRtbofloalaptno DonwlOuft): Lenstbofbane ,enslh afiioiei'cdcnt Boinc LcnalliofdnitraT LraglbofloaiiMiraj... Linglboliiulray Dislanctf frunj unoiit ^1 I'l.SUKS. 133 Table of (Comparative M€a9uremenU. OoMUrotieut pungitiut* Xinn. (ftver- ages of 7 ex- amples). lOOOthsof length. Body: Greatest height Greatest width Height at ventralB Least height of tail Length of caudal peduncle. Head: Greatest length Greatest witUh WMth of interurbital area » Length of snout Length of operculum Length of upper law Length of mandiole Long diameter of eye Dorsal (spinous) : Distance from snout Length of base Length of first spine Length of sccona spine Length of lost spine. Dorsal (soft) : Length of base • Length of antecedent spine Length of first ray Length of longest ray Length of last ray Anal: Distance from snout Length of base Length of first spine Length of first ray , Length of longest ray Caudal : Length of middle rays Length of external raya Pectoral: Distance from snout , Length , Tentral: Distance from snout Length .170 .100 .170 .036 .150 .266 .110 .062 .062 .084 .070 .080 .082 .286 .276 . 066 .066 .050 .245 .080 .140 .140 .570 .220 .086 .130 .130 .110 .137 .300 .160 .370 .121 O. pungittui yar. waehy- poda Betm (averageaof 8exunples). lOOOths of length. .187 .107 .177 .032 .140 .265 .118 .060 .060 .080 .066 .076 .073 .276 .310 .057 .058 .050 .250 .060 .120 .120 .040 .600 .235 .064 .120 .120 .117 .134 .300 .160 .857 .088 * = Pygotteiu oceidentalU (C. & V.) Brcvoort, from which the averages were taken. Table of Measurements. Genus, QatttrotieuH. Canent number of specimen Locality Extreme length to origin of middle caudal rays Length to end of external caudal rays Body: Greatest heisht Greatest width Height at ventrals Least height of taU Length of caudal pednnde 'Pungitiua L., 22,015 a. Pungitius L., 22,015 h. Christiania, Norway, K. Col- lett. Millimotres and lOOtbs of longth. 33 38 .18 .10 .18 .04 .13 Milliraotres and lOOtbs of length. 29 34 .18 .10 .18 .04 .13 Blanehardi SauYSge (type) (39) 21,139. Boston, U.S. Millimetres and lOOtha of len^rth. 46 52 .16 .09 .16 .04 .1B5 184 NATURAL HISTOEY OF ABCTIC AMEEICA. TalUof k LoeeUly -.S GreitMt leogth GrMlest wlJUi ■Widtborintororhltalarea Length or sDUQt Leaetli of operonlam Leagtli of maiillarj L<>ugtb oruuldlble Dlametoc of ocblt Donal fepLnanii) : Diittiuicofitimaaoot I*nj{lh of baae LflDgth of flnlflplnfi Iien^thof ■eoond qiiua Lengtli of Uatipme Doiul(wtrt): Length o( boa Xsnjitb of Antecedent iplne Length of tint »; LanBtb of longest my ., Length ul' hut ray Length of l)AAe . ^ - Length of fliat spina Leoyihofflralnir Lonfth of loageat taj Lcoirlh of Iflat my ......,...,,.......- Caodnl: LeuglLof mlddlorayi PeotoraT! Dutunro ^m mont • — -• Lenfth.,- Dinlancsfhiininonl. L.,2-i,01Sa. I L.,£;.olSb. Chiifldanbi, Nurwny, R Col- UUIbnetn:* MilUmetre* DsdlHnhB and U ' of length. of len FISHES. 135 SdhnOf bnt could not secnre specimens fhat were not split or otherwise mutilated. Salvelintis Naresi occurs there, as will be seen in the present paper. 30. Salmo Heamii Rich. 8alnu> Heamii Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 167. The species was described from the Coppermine Eiver, lat. 67^42^ N. 81. Salvelintui alipes (Rich.) Gill &, Jordan. Salmo alipea Rich., F. B. A., ui, 1836, p. 169: GCnth., P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 476. Boothia Felix (Rich.) 5 Discovery Bay (Giinth.). 32. Salvelinus nltidus (Rich.) Gill &> Jordan. Salmo niUdm Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 171. The sx)ecies was described from Boothia. 33. SalvalintiB Hoodil (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Salmo Hoodii Rich., F. B. A., iu, 1836, p. 173. Bichardson described it from Boothia Felix. 34. CMdveUnns arottmu (Giinth.) Gill & Jordan. Salmo arctitrus GCnth. P. Z. 8. , 1877, p. 294, pi. xxxii. Dr. Otlnther established the sx>ecies nx)on specimens obtained in lat. 820 28' N. and 82© W K 35. SalveUnus Nareai (Gilnther) Bean. Salmo Nareai GCnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iii, 1877, p. 476, pL L. 89000 9 . Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer. 89000 a. $. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer. 22000 5. i. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintaser. Of this small charr, Lieutenant Mintzer secured the above-named sped- mens, and labelled them '< Salmon Trout." The larger of the two females oontains well-developed ova, some of which are free in the cavity of the abdomen. The species agrees very closely with Dr. Giinther^s descrip- tion of S. Naresi. The description and table of measurements which follow will afford a means of estimating the correctness of an identifica- tion which records the species about 20 degrees south of the locality from which it was originally described. Description, — ^The greatest height of the body is contained 5 times in the total length without caudal, and equals twice the length of the upper jaw. The height at the ventrals equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the nape. The least height of the caudal peduncle equals the length of the middle caudal rays. The greatest length of the head is contained 4^ times in total length without caudal^ and about equals twice the length of the base of the first 136 NATURAL HI8T0RT OF ARCTIC AMERICA. dorsal fin. The greatest width of the head is a little less than half t length. The distance between the ej'es eqnals their loDg diameter u half the length of the mandible. The length of the snout eqnals bi the length of the middle caudal rays. The lengtb of the opennla equals the distance between the eyes. The length of the upper jtm contained from 10 to 11 times iu total length wltUont caudal, aadtl length of the mandible 7 j times. The distance from the snont tod orbit is 4 or nearly i of the distance fh)m the same point to the baac< the pectoraL The long diameter of the eye equals 4 of the gtcate height of the body. The teeth are arranged just as in the specima examined and described by Dr. Onnther. The distance of the first dorsal fittro tlie tip of the snout equals J ' the distance of the anal from the same i>oint, and is contained 2; tin in total length without caudal. The length of the base of the lirst ilois is contained 8^- to 9 times in total length without caudal, and <^ i longest ray, 7 times. The adipose dorsal is placed at a distance from the tip of the emm equal to ^ of the total length, exclusive of the caudal. Its height aba eqnals the distance from the snout to the orbit. The distanceof the anal from the snout equals ^ of the total teii^i before measured. The length of the anal base eijuals half the length' the head in the larger female, and ^'^ of tot.il length iu the smalk The longest ray of the anal equals twice the distance l>etween the ey* mid the last ray equals half the length of the base of the iirst dorsal FISHES. 137 present in all the examples, and yet there is exceUent reason for believ- ing the largest specimen at least mature. In the measurements the unit of comparison is the length to the origin of Hie middle caudal rays. The figure of 8. NareH is employed, and (he agreement between that and the Cumberland Gulf specimens is striking. Table of Measurements, Cnxiait number of spedmen . LoMUty X^ength to ongin of middle candal Body: Oreateet height.... Greatest width Height at Tentrala . Least height of tail Greatest length Distance from spout to nape Greatest width Width of intororbital area . . . Length of snoat Length of operculum Length of upper liiw Length of mandible Distance from snout to orbit. Long diameter of eye Dorsal (first) : Distance from snout Length of base Length of longest ray Dorsal (adipose) : Distance from snout Length of base H^ght Distance from snout Length of base Length of longest ray. . . Length of last ray Caudal: Length of middle rays . . Lenffth of external rays. Pectoral: Distance from snout Length Tentral: Distance frt>m snout — Length Vent frmn tip of vcntrals . . . BraachiostegEkls Doraal Pectoral Tentral If amber of csecal appendages 22,000, 9. Cumberland Gulf. MiUi. metres. 130 120 lit 13 11 16 1,9 28 lOOths of length. 20 12 17 8 23 17 11 6i 4 6i 10 13 5 «» 45 12 14 79 3 5 75 12 13 5* 8 17 22 18 53 8 22,0000,9. Cumberland Gulf MiUi- metres. 121 103 10? 13 11 15 1,9 lOOths of length. 19 10 15 8 23 17 lOi 5 7 0 13 5* 6 46 11 14 80 75 10 13 0 8 17 22 17 54 13 7* 22,000 6, ecimen, about 6 inches long, fi-om the stomaoli of a Cotlia, in Cumberlaud Sound, September 6, 1878 (lot 1685), probably beloiigsto this species. . Total length 150"" ; diameter of body, IS"" ; length of pnibosri* Iroui unal opening to end, 112"'™. Body liirge, round, abruptly roundM posteriorly, with a slight mammilla at the tip; anteriorly it tapers giwla- ally into the proboscis, which is long and becomes slender toward the end. The surface appears nearly smooth to the eye, except that ihtm are more or less irregular transverse wTinkles and slightly raised folds. Under a lens it is seen to be everywhere finely triinsversely wrinkled and striated, and in many i>arts reticulated with longitudinal wTiiikIrs, while small, depressed, sueker-likeorgan.s art' -scattered overthe siu^iu'e of tlio body and base of the proboscis ; at the ]iostenor end of the body the longitudinal wrinkles become distinct grooves, converging to the ti[>. with rows of suckers between them, and the circular wrinkles, crossiiij; tlie interspaces, are conspicuous. The proboscis is destitute of papill;!" and hooks, and is smoother than the body, with faint indications of transverse lighter and darker bands of color. Tentacles uumeroii.*, slender. Internally the two dorsal retractors arise only a short distance behind the anal opening, their bases being wide apart toward the sides. The ventral retractors, arising near the middle of the body, are lar^-e and stout, with their thick bases close together, barely ]ea\-ing space for the nervous cord to pass between them. Segmental organs large, tbiik. cylindrical, obtuse, dark brown, about 2r>""" long and ^'"™ in diametiT; their oi>enuigs somewhat in advance of the origin of the dorsal rt-tr;ii-- tors and lower down on the sides. Intestine very long, forming a doable coil of numerous turns, iilling the iKtstcrior part of the body to the end. Generative organ voluminous, surrounding the intestine. A slender ANNELIDES. 143 transverse muscle passes from the rectum to the opposite side of the body^ and the rectum is attached to the adjacent wall by a large bundle of muscular fibers. Muscles of the body- wall form a continuous layer^ with- out distinct fascicles. NEMEETDfA. Amphipoms Stimpsoni Yerrill. OmmaU>plea Stimpsoni Girard, in Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 28| fig. 18, 1853. Gravel beach^ low-water, Cumberland Gulf^ June 1, 1878, lot 663. ^* Color, deep purplish brown above, lilac beneath." Also from reef in Penny Harbor, October 6, 1877, lot 222. Amphiponia. Bp. Body thick, depressed, somewhat tapered to both ends, 25"™ to 36°>™ long, as contracted in alcohol. Head with a small roundish cluster of minute ocelli on the pale antero-lateral margins. Keck with a slightly marked transverse groove, converging backward in form of a Y, on the dorsal surface. Color, in alcohol, dark bluish green ; the under surfetce and margins of head yellowish white. In life, "bright pea-green.'' Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, lat. 66°, October 4, 1877, lot 225. Arctic Island, low- water, September 13, 1877, lot 66. MOLLITSKS. LIST OP SHELLS OBTAINED BY MR. LUDWIO KUMLIEN. NATURALIST TO THE HOWOATB EXPEDITION, 1877-78, AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND, ARCTIC REGIONS, WEST FROM BAFFIN'S BAY. By W. H. Dall. Tbe locality at which the schooner Florence, conveying the party, made her winter quarters, according to Mr. Kumlien's rei>ort, was not favorable for extensive collections in any department. The prevalence of ice in the irregularities of the sound and other cir- canistances, especially the abrupt and rocky character of the shores, rendered it difficult to obtain specimens of invertebrates, which in x)oint of fact were all collected at a few small areas of beach, some of which were a long distance from winter quarters. Nevertheless, when the difficulties are considered, the results are very creditable to Mr. Kumlien's energy and perseverance, and are not with- out value for the study of geographical distribution. The number of specimens is small ; but twenty-four species are repre- sented, some of which were also obtained by a party under Lieutenant Miutzer, U. S. N., who explored for minerals in nearly the same region a year or two previous to the visit of the Florence. As was to be expected, none of the species are new: Modiolaria faba Fabr., which has almost been lost sight of by nati^ralists, and Glyci- meris Kurriana Dkr., a species whose validity has been much questioned, were among the most interesting forms obtained. The species are as follows (those with an asterisk are represented by only one or two specimens, and only Buccinnm gronJandicum was at all numerous) : * Ommastrephes illecebrosa, Lesueur. * Buccinum glaeialCj Lmn6. * Bticcinum ciliatumj Fabr., var. Molleri^ Eve. * Buccinum humphreysianumj Bennett (probably). * Buccinum belcherij Eve. Bull. I^at. Mus. No. 15 10 145 14G KATLEAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMEBICA. Buednum Usnebrosum, Haucock, (typical). BucciRum sronlandicum^ Cbemn. • Trophon truncatim, Strom. Margarita vmbilicalis, Brod. & 8by. Margarita hetioiiui, Fabr., tran. Xitorina ffriinlandica, Moi-ch. ^cmaa lentudinalvi, Lion^. Aeaiidia papilloaa, Idund. • DmdionotuB regnoliUii, Coutliooy, Mya tnincata, Liiiu£. • Qlycimervi Kvrriana, Dkr. On mnd fiats. Jfajricara arvtica, Liuu6. '^Anlarte liurealiK, Gray; attached to kelp. • Tiirtonui miautii, Fabr.; in nest o{ Modiolaria. Modiolaria larigata, Gray. Modiolaria dinwrii, Liuni?. Modiolaria (Vreaella) faba, Fubr. Vkiton {Ttmirella) marmorca, Fiibr. lihyxflionella pKJttnceo, Fiaeljfr; citad broken valves, apparently dis- .■Sor;!;cd by souic bin!, wt-re Ibiiud on Hie hills at a considerable distance IrtHii tlic sf'ii. 'liny iiic evidfiitly uot fossil, and are probably to be ibiind liviii;; in Mi>r:ilil(- |il;i(-cs ut low-water mark. MOLLUSOOIDS. By a. E. Verrill. TUNICATA. ▲aoidiopsU complanata Verrill. ABcidia complanata Fabr., Fauna Qronlandica, p. 332, 1780.— VERRiiXy Amer. Joum. Set. 1, p. 98, 1871, fig. 11. Asoidia callaaa Stimpsok, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 19, 1853. Ascidiopsia complanata Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci. iii, p. 289, pL yiii, f. 8, 1872. Some of the young specimens are translucent pale olive; others are older, with a dark olive-brown, thicker, and rougher test. It appears to be the most common species. It is broadly attached by one side, obliquely, and both tubes are on the upper side, near one end. They are both short and broad. Lot !No. 235, Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, at low-water, Octo- ber 4, 1877. No. 592, head of Cumberland Gulf, attached to roots of kelp. May 19, 1878. No. 595, Cumberland Gulf, May, 1878. No. 664^ head of Cumberland Gulf, on gravel beach, June 1, 1878. Halocynthia VerriU = Cynthia Savigny (fioji Fabr., 1808). • The name Cynthia having been preoccupied, and no other tenable name having been given to the group, I propose to substitute Halo- cynthia for the typical section of Savigny's genus, characterized by the square apertures, compound tentacular appendages of the mantle, and the development of two ovaries. The other subdivisions established by Savigny appear to be of generic value, in the modem sense. Balocynthia rustica Verrill. Ascidia rustica Lixx£. — Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 330, 1780, para. Asddia monoceros MOller, Kruycr's Naturhist. Tidssk., yoI. iv, p. 95, 1842. Ascidia condylomata Packard, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 277, 1867. Cynthia monoceros Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, p. 93, 1871. Distinguished by the irregular, unequal warts and tubercles of the surface, the larger ones mostly situated above the middle, and by the more or less prominent subcouical tubercle at the summit, between the bases of the tubes. This terminal tubercle is often surmounted by sev- eral hard chitinous points, and in the young a similar point often occurs 147 May 19, 1878. Both adult and young. Haloojrnthia echinata Yerrill. Ascidia echinata Linn£. — Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 331. Cjinthia echinata Stimp., Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 20, 1854. — Bis Invert, of Mass., p. 18, pi. xxiii, fig. 3260. — ^Yerriix, Amer. Jon 1871. Lot No. 59C, Cumberland Gulf, May 10, 1878. Besides the two species of this genus brought home by tion, the following occur on the American coast north o] H. pyriformis (Rathke), Southern New England to Gieenl losa (Fabr.), perhaps young of the preceding, Labrador to jff. tuherculum (Fabr.) = Cynthia camea (Ag.) Verrill = C.pl ard (young), Cape Cod to Greenland ; R, pukkella Yerrill i Eastport, Me., to Grand Banks; H. partita (Stimp.), M Bay to North Carolina.' POLYZOA. Crlaia ebomea (L.) Lamouroux. Gulf of Cumberland. One specimen. Diastopora patina (Lam.) Smitt. Annanactook Harbor, on Laminariaj 7 fieithoms, May ' Haloeynthia rustica^ head of Cumberland Gulf, May 5, 187& Aloyonidiam mytili DalyelL ^^^^^^^^^^B 14SM ^SuuuuoS&taRnitt. ex Fuliriciiis. ■ Salivoriutria borvatl* Bl'SK. H Cellaria borealit Smitt, 0^-c^Bigt &f Kougl. Vct.-Akad. Fiirh. Idi;;, ]>. 3C1, InbM XX, Itg. 17, 1867. I Oil Halocyvtkia rustiat, attached to roots of Laminaria. m Uead of Cumberlnnd Gulf, May JO, 1878, lot 591'. Sonio of ihtM -•piriitieiiB iiiv very young, witJi only a single elnvate joint ; orliers ar^| iii'urly two iucheti bigh, and beginning to brancb. fl Membrauipora BophUe IJiisk. V With tbo biat {lot 592). AJso from Annanuctook Harbor, May 19^1 1878, on roots of IxiHiinarw, 7 fathoms. M nta (JoliuKt.) Gray. I Motlia rrulgarit, forma antata Smitt, Oversigt of Kotigl. Vi>trii»liiips-Akacl. Fiirli. fl ISGT, p. 14, tub. XXV, f. 78-83, 1^67. I kroral speuimens occurred on tlie roots of Lamitiaria, 7 fathoms, Ao^ Ktook Harbor, May 10, 1878 (lot o07). Some agn?e with tbo varJ » Smitt (L^ralia anaata Johnst.], but in most cases there are well^ loped calcareous papillae near the sides of the apertures as in thtfl wt^llaia. ■ ^opt the generic name EiclMrina given by Milne Edwards to %■ , including the presi-iit species, ia 1835 (in Lamarck, An. sanfti ,, ed. 2, vol. ii, pp. 218, 230], and for which bo cited at the type B,M r (Moll.). Dr. Gray (List Brit. Animals in British Museum, p.9 b848) also restricted tbu name to the same and closely allied spe-l Dr. Smitt, however, united tliia group with IJij^otltoa, vhiehw B to be a sutUcienty distinct genuK, ■ e restricted genus Escitarina, as I limit it, is characterized by tbefl ril-mai'ked median sinus of the apertures of the zoiecia, together witbfl the lateral a^icularitL, usually developed near one or both sides of thfrl -•■"■rtures. The mode of growth is usually Lepralia-ltke, but may alsofl I'ischarine. It is tlicrefore equi\'alent, or nearly so, to the genael iiiztiporvlia, rercioA9 uim generic name. Celleporella hyalina 'l^A Gray. Cellepora hyalina LiNN^. Mollia hyalina Smitt, op. cit. p. 16, tab. xxv, f. 84, 65. Bippothoa hyalina Smitt, Florida Bryozoa. Very common, Annanactook Harbor, 7 fathoms, on Zam 19, and 9 fathoms. May 20, 1878, lot 570. Penny Harbor, Ic Margarita helicinaj October 4, 1877, lot 226. Gravel beach, 1 of Cumberland, May 28, 1878, lot 642, and on Haloeynthta 572, May 19. RADIATES. By a. £. Yerrill. EOHINODEEMATA. Pentaota firondosa Jseger (Gimner, sp.)* CuoumariafrondoBa Forbes, Brit. Starfishes, 1841.— DuBSX and KoRSX, 184C One large Bpecimen, Godthaab, Greenland, August 11^ 1878. StrongylocentrotoB Drfibaohienais A. Agassiz. Penny Harbor, Gulf of Cumberland, reef at Jow- water, October, 4, 1W7„ lot 420. Ztaptaaterlas Qrdnlandica Yerrill. Asieraoanthion Grdnlandicus Steenst. — LCTKENyOversigtoverOronlandBEclkixio- dermatai p. 29, 1857. Head of Gulf of Cumberland, Kiantilic Harbor, lot 144 ; low-water,, September 25, 1877, lot 179 ; Arctic Island, lot 66 ; Penny Harbor, lat- 660, at low- water, October 4, 1877, lot 224 ; also same locality, lot 290. Leptaateriaa MuUeri Yerrill, 1866. Aateracanthian Mulleri Sars, Fauna Litt. Korveg., i, p. 56, f. 38,39; Oversigt aT . Norges Echinodermer, p. 88. • Annanactook Harbor, 4 fathoms. May 19, 1878, lot 580. Stephanaateriaa albula Yerrill. Aateracanthum albulus Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 14, fig. 5, 1853. Aaieracanthion prohlema Steenstrup. — LCtken, op. cit. p. 30. Common in Cumberland Gulf. Gravel beach at the head of the gulf^ etc. The only lot with the date remaining is 649, May 30, 1878. Wittt lot 725 is the following note : " Dull lilac above, yellowish white beneath.'^' All the specimens are young, with the rays irregular in length and variable in number. Ihe genus Stephanmterias, l)roposed by me for this species several- years ago, is characterized by a peculiar structure of the skeleton and spines as well as by its remarkable method of fission, so well elucidated by Dr. Liitken. When adult, there are usually six regular equal rays^. such specimens becoming four or five inches in diameter. But in smaller specimens, still undergoing self division, there are usually two to foiur 151 ambulacral grooves, and a few usually occur in tlie adoral augl the bases of the rays. Ophio£;lyplia nodoBa Lyman. Ophiura nodosa LCtken, Addit. ad Hist. Ophiuridarum, p. 48, pi. 1858. Lot 249. Annanactook Harbor, low- water, October 7, 187 crimson.'' HYDEOIDA. Bertiilaria argentea Ellis and SoL Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low- water, May ! Haleciam tenellum Hincks. Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 6- 1878. Obelia, sp. With last. Also from Penny Harbor, low-water, Octob attached to Acidiopsis camplanata. ANTHOZOA. Urticina crassiccmia Ehienberg, 1834. Jciinia crassioomi% MCller, Prodromus, 1776. TeaVm crassieomxB 6o8»R, Ann. Nat. Hist. ; Actinologia Brit., p. 209, Rhwladima Darisii Ati.— Vkkhill, Revision Pol>7)s, in Menu BO0I Hint. vol. i, \k Id, (author's copies, 18G4). Head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 667, on rooU naria. Annanactook Harbor, May 19, 1878. KADIATES. 153 Marine Invertebrata), although it had not been recorded from any local- ' ity between the Bay of Pundy and Greenland. TThe numerous specimens in this collection serve to confirm that conclusion. Common at low- water in the Gulf of Cumberland (lots 179, 237, 664), Penny Harbor, October 4, lot 237. Gravel beach, head of gulf, June 1, . 1878. PORIFEEA. Two or three si)ecies of sponges, not yet determined, are in the collec- tion. GThe most interesting, as well as most common one, forms elongated, «rect, rather flaccid tubes, two or three inches high and .25 to .35 in edition as far to the north as latitude 81^ the American Expedition (Polaris) at 81^ 5(K. It varies mm and the example sent me by ^Ir. Kumlien is remarkably mel upper surface, the hind wings especially showing scarcely an Sub-family, Satybin-E. Genus, ChionobaSj BoisduvaL 1. C. Semidea, Say. Oeno. Boisdnval. INSECTS. 157 rado and New Mexico. In the White Mountains it is abundant on the summit of Mount Washington 5 but in the territory between this region and Labrador it is unknown, as also between Mount Washington and the Eocky Mountains. How far to the northwest of the continent it flies is not known to me. It has not appeared in collections from Alaska, in which Freya was represented in considerable numbers. The peculiar distribution of this species, C. SemidcOy by which it inhabits mountain summits thousands of miles apart and not the intervening country, and in the White Mountains of Kew Hampshire is thoroughly isolated and restricted to a very small area, is explained as in the case of plants similarly distributed and isolated (address of Prof. Asa» Gray, Dubuque, 1872). The advance to the southwanl of the glacial ice pushed before it multitudes of plants and animals, forcing them along very distant lines of longitude in many cases; and when the re- ceding of the ice took place, and a milder temi)erature began to prevail^ some species which had obtained a foothold at the south remained there^ finding a climate in which they could live, upon lofty mountains only^ being unable to exist in the lowlands. In the case of this butterfly^ such a climate was found at or near the snow-line in the Bocky Mount- ains, and upon the summits of the White Mountains. I 4 INSECTS. HTMraOPTEBA, NOCTUBNAL LEPIDOPTEBA, DIPTEBA, COLEOPTEBA. MEUBOPTEBA. AND ARACHNIDA. By 8. H. ScuDDER and others. The insects collected by Mr. Kumlien were very few in numberi amount- ing to only sixteen species ; and they appear to add little to our previous knowledge of the fauna* Nevertheless, as all lists firom high northern locaUUes possess a certain importance, the following is given. The Hymenoptera were determined by Mr. E. T. Cresson^ the report on the Lepidoptera is by Mr. A. B. Grote ; Mr. E. Burgess has named the Dip- tera, Dr. J. L. LeConte the Coleoptera, Dr. H. Hagen the Neuroptera, and Mr. J. H. Emerton the Arachnid. — Sakuel H. Souddeb. The Diurnal Lepidoptera were placedin thehands of Mr. W. H. Edwards m for examination, and appear on pp. 15&-157. HYMENOPTEEA. 1. No. 944. Bombus lacmtris Cress. One specimen; American Harbor, Gulf of Cumberland, July 6, 1878. 2. No. 1287. BombiM sp. near B. Scutellaria Cress., and probably B. green- landicua Smith. One specimen; Godhavn, Greenland, August 3, 1878. 3. No. 1431. Limneria sp. (not described). One specimen ; Disko Fjord, Disko Island, Greenland, August 9, 1878. NOOTUENAL LEPIDOPTERA. 4. Laria Bossii Curtis, Appendix to the Second Voyage of Sir J. Eoss, Ixi, PI. A, fig. 10. The specimens belonging to this species are (1) a dried larva, black, with yellowish bro^vn hairs, and on each 'side a row of yellow tufts, arcti- iforra ; (2) a slight cocoon formed of the larval hair like those of the genus Orgyia) (3) a single worn male specimen of the moth. The speci- mens were collected at Annanactook, Cumberland Island, the latter part 159 160 SATLRAL UISTORV OF ARCTIC ASIERICA. I of June. The cocoon Laa nttaclied to it a fragment of a lichen nod ' several coniferous needles, and was evidently formed on the gjonjiJ: these objects are merely slightly attached and form no p.irt of the stnu- ture itself. The cocoon, whichiaclosein texture, yet very frail and liylil, contains the black and shining pupa, ^vhich is nnuttuolly thickly clotbed witli brownish hair. Curtis says of this species : " It is a very abundant iuscct, csi>edallj in the caterpillar state, for about a hundred were collected on the Iflth of .luno 1832, near Fury Beach." His descriptiou of the larva doe^ not well accord with the present specimen. lie says: "The cntcrxiitlar is iargt and hairy, arul of a beautiful shining velvety bliiek, tlie liaim bciiig somewhat ochreous ; there are two tufts of black hnii- on tlie back, fol- lowed Jjy two of orange." His description of the pui»a rnjtl web, as vti as of the perfect insect, agrees with the specimens now receiVMk H* gives the food-plant of the larva as Saxifragu tricuspidata ami « oppositifolUi. I have recorded (Psyche, 1, 131) the occurrence of this 8i>efie» alxH-e the tree-line on Mount Washington, N. H, It is another instance of the distribution of our existing speci^a of moths, throngh the agency oftb« (tbatige in eliinate attending tliu Glacial Epoob. 5. No. 1431. Amrta melanopa {Thxmh,). A single specimen colIecUid at Disko Fjord, Disko Island, Angnttl^ 1878. This species has been taken above timber-line, 13,000 foet den- i^-ut:. TT. L. C;iri»;iiter. on T;ios Ft-ak. Tiwk INSLCTS. 161 10. A Tacliinid of unrecognizable genus; two pupa cases and a fly which has escaped from one in confinement, with crumpled wings ; foimd parasitic on the larva of Laria Rossii^ Annanactook, Cumberland Sound. 11. No. 12*3. CaWpfu)ra erythrocephalaMeig, One specimen ; Godthaab, Greenland. 12. No. 1098. Scatophaga apicalis Curt. (=f 8. squalida Meig.). One specimen; ott* shore, Americuui Harbor, (Cumberland Sound, July 13, 1878. COLEOPTERA. 13. No. lOCl. Amara lucmatopus l)ej. (Feronia); Stereocorus shnili^ Kirby. One specimen ; American Harbor, Cumberland Souiul, July 10, 1878. The species is foinid generally throughout sub arctic America. 14. No. 1041. Agahus {GaurodyicH) trwiis A\\\}q. Five specimens in poor preservation ; Lake Caroline Mann, Cumberland Island, Sep- tember 1, 1878. The siKJcies is abundant in Alaska and extends down to California in the Sierra region. NEUROPTEKA. 15. No. IGll. A Limnophilid, perhaps an 2/a/€^t/«. Several larval cases with dried larvcB in some of them ; the cases are comi)osed of minute scales of mica. Lake Caroline IVfann, Cumberland Island, September 1, 1878. ARACIINIDA. IG. No. 10(>1. Lycotta sp., probably L. grcenlaidica Thor. One dried specimen ; American Harbor, Cumberlai d Sound, July 10, 1878^ Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 11 PLANTS. LIST OP THE PLANTS COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBEELAND SOUND BETWEEN THE SIXTY-SIXTH AND SIXTY-SEVENTH PARALLELS OF NORTH LATITUDE AND ON TBB SOUTH SHORES OF DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND. By Asa Gray. The Howgate Expedition arrived in Cumberland Sound about tihe middle of September, 1877 ; the ground was then covered with snow, but this melted on the southern slopes some days later, and exx>osed a few plants still in flower, Campanula rotundifolia^ Lychnis apetalaj Stella- ria longipeSy var. Udwardsiij &c. In the succeeding summer the Florence left her winter-harbor early in July, and while there was yet considerable snow remaining in the valleys. At the time we left our winter-quarters there were but four or five plants in flower in the vicinity, such as Taraxacum Dens-leonia^ Cochlearia officinalis^ Saxifraga stellatOf and Saxifraga rivulariSj var. hyperborean Pyrola rotundifolia, var. pumiUiy showed buds on a*southern slope by the last day of May, but the same plants were not in flower by July 7. The season appeared to be unusually backward, frequent snow-storms prevailing till the latter days of June. At America Harbor, on the east side, and nearly opposite Annanac- took, the winter-harbor, plants were in much richer profusion and ap- parently more than a week earlier than at the former place. As large a number of plants were collected hero as our short stay would admit of. A few days were also spent at the Kikkerton Islands, and such of the islands as were accessible to us faithfully himted ovex, but many species were not yet in flower. On the south shores of Disko Island, Greenland, we collected for a few (lays in August, and here the bulk of our plant-collection was made. Many 8])ocie8 were found here that we Iwd collected in Cumberland, but they were strikingly more luxuriant and generally quite abundant. In the following list the species collected at points in Cumberland Sound will be indicated by the letter C; those from Disko Island, Greenland, by the letter G.— L. K. 1G3 164 KATUKAL HISTOEY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA. Tkalietrvm alpinum, L. G. Ranunculus nivalis, L. C. Ranunculus affinis, K. Br. C. Ranunculus, not identified. Papater nudicaule, L. 0 and G. Arabia alpina, L, G and C. Cochlearia officinalis, L. C. Cochlearia arctica, Schl. G. Draba stcUata, Jacq. C. Draha stellata, var. nivalis, Begl. C. Draba crassi/olia, GnUi. G. Draha kirta, L. C. Silene acaulig, L. C and Q. Lychnis alpina, L. G. Lychnis apetala, L. C. Lgchnia affinia, Wobl. G and G. Cerastium alpinum, h. G and G. Stellaria longipes, Goldie. StcUaria longipcs, var. Edusardsii, C and G. Arcnaria peploiUcs, L. G. hrijas octopetala'h. Dryas oetopetala, var. integri/oUa, Cb. & Scb. 0 and G. PotcntiUa nivca, L. (J. Pofmfifhi mamlntf, Pom PLANTS. 165 Arnica alpina^ Murr. G. Taraxacum Dens-leaniSj Desf. G and (J. Taraxacum palustre J DC. C. Campanula rotundi/oliaj L. C and G. Campanula uniflora^ L. G. Va^ccinimn uliginosumj L. C and G. (var.) Arct08taphylo8 alpinay L. G and G. Cassiope hypnoides^ Don. C and G. Ca^siape tetragona^ Don. C and G. Bryanthus taxifolius^ Gray. G. Rhododcftidron Lapponicum^ Wahl. C and G. Ledum palustre, L. C and G. Loiseleuria procumbenSj Desv. C a nJ ( ^ Pyrola rotundifoliay L. Pyrola rotundijfoliaj var. pumiUij Hook- O and G. Diapevma Lappanicaj L. C and G. Armeria vulgaris^ L. C and G. Veronica alpina^ L. G. Euphrasia offidnaliSj L. G. Bartsia alpina^ L. G. Pedicularis Langsdorffiij Fisch. G. Pedicularis TAingsdorffiij var. lanata. Pedicularis hirsuta^ L. C and G. Pedicularis flammca^ Jj. G. Pedicularis Lappanicaj L. G. Mertensia maritimaj Don. G. Oxyria digyna^ Campd. C and G. Polygonum viviparum^ L. 0 and G. Empetrum nigrum^ L. C. Betula nana^ L. C and G. Salix herbacea, L. C and G. Salix glauca, L. C. Salix arcticay E. Br. 1 C. Habenaria albida, E. Br. G. Habenaria hyperborean E. Br. G. New to Greenland I Tofieldia borealiSj Wabl. C and G. Luzula spadiceaj DC. C. Luzula spadiceaj var. parvifloraj Mey. O. Luzula arcuatttj Wahl. C. L66 NATUBAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AMERICA. L.izula arcitata, var. hyperborea. 0. Eriophorum tkkeucJizcri, Hoppe. O. Eriophorum vaginatum^ L. C Eriophwum polyatachyum, L. O. Carex lagopina, Wahl. G. Carex rigida, Good. G. Carex rariflora, WahL G. HierocMoa alpina, L. C. Aiapeeurvs eUpinva, L. O. Poa alpinOf L. G and G- Featuea ovina, L. C. Festuoa ovina, var. Itrev^flora. n Glyoeria angustata, B. Br. G. WooSsia hyperhorea, R. Br. G. Cystopteris /ragilia, Bemii. G. Afpidium LonchitiSf Sw. G. Potypodium Dryopteris. L. G. Equisetiim arveme, L. G and 0. Lyeopodium Sekigo, L. G and 0. LICHENS. LIST OF LICHENS COLLECTED IN THE TICINITT OF ANNANACTOOK HABBOft, CUMBEB- LAND SOUND, AT ABOUT LAT. 67*» N., LONG. 68o 49* W. By Edward Tvckebmjcx, Cetraria nivalis j (L.) Acb. G. Cetraria cucullatay (Bell.) Acli. 6. Cetraria islandica^ (L.) Acli. G. Cetraria ialandica^ var. DeliscBj Br. G. Dactylina arctica^ (Hook.) Nyl. G. Alectoria ochroleuca, Alectoria ochroleuca^ var. cincinnata^ Fr. G. Alectoria ochroleuca^ var. nigricann^ Ach. G. Alectoria jtibataj (L.). Alectoria juhata^ var. cftalyhetformisj Ach, G. Theloachistes parieiiniMj (It.). Tlieloschistes parietinusj var. pygmcmSj Fr. D. Parmelia saa^atiliSj (L.) Fr. G. Parmelia aaxatiliSj var. omplialodeSj Fr. G. Parmelia aaxatiliSj var. panniformiSj Fr. G, Parmelia physodeSj (L.) Ach. Parmelia physodeSj var. encaustay Fr. Parmelia physodesy var. alpicolaj Nyl. G. Parmelia stygia. Parmelia stygia^ var. lanata^ (Mey.). G. Parmelia conspersa^ (Ehr.) Ach. G. Parmelia centrifuga^ (L.) Ach. G. Umbilicaria vellea^ (L.) Kyi. G. Umhilicaria proboscidea, (L.) Stenh. G. Umbilicaria proboscideaj var. arctica^ Ach. Umhilicaria anthracina, (Wahl.) Schoer. G. Umbilicaria cylindricaj (L.) Delis. G. Umbilicaria hyperborea^ Hoffm. G. Umbilicaria erosa^ (Wei.) Hoflfm. G. ie7 IfiH KATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA. Peltigera canina, {L.} noffm. G. I'eltigera pulverulenta, {Tayl,} Nyl. tr. Pannaria hypnorum, (HofFm.) Kcerb. G. Flacodium clegana, DC. Flacodium vitclUnum, (Ehrh.) Hppp. G. Lecanora rubina, (Vill.) Ach. Lecanora rubina, var. opaca, Acli. Lecanora tarlarea, (L.) Anb. G, Lecanora oculata, (Dicks.) Acli. Lecanora ventosa, (L.) Acb. G. Stereocavhn tomentonum, Fr. StereocauUm tomentosum, vur. alptuum, Ta.vir, Stereocaulon paschale, (L.) Fr. G. StereocauUm deav^atum, Floerk. O. Cladonia rangiferina, (L.) Hoffm. Cladonia rangiferina, var. alpestrU, Schcer. Cladonia uncialis, (L.) Fr. G. Cladonia bellidtftora, Acb. (Sclioer.). G. Cladonia comwcopioidcs, (L.) Fr. G. Cladonia comucopioidea, var. incrassata, Aiict. G. Cladonia defvrmis, (L.) Hoft'm. G. Heterothecium pezizoideum Acli. G. Bwllia papiJlaia, (Sommerf.) Flot G. ^ft(WopAor«s fragilia, (It) Pers. ALG^. LIST OF ALGAE COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND DURING THE AUTUMN OF 1877. By W. G. Farlow. Odontluilm dentaia, Bhodomela subfuaca. Ehodomela tenuiaaima. Polyaiphonia crctica. Delesseria roatrata. Delcsseria alata. Rhodophyllis veprfntla, Euthora cristata, Phyllophora interrupta. Phyllopliora memhranifolia. PtiloUi plumosa^ var. serrata. Ceramium rubrum. Callithamnioii PylaiscoL CalUthamnion RothiL Chordaria fla^elUfonnis. Dwtyosiphon foeniculaceua. Phlccospora tortills, Spliacelaria arctica. Cluetopteris plumosa. Ectocarpus hiemalis. Ectocarpu8 FarlowiL Ectocarpua Landsburgiif Ectocarpus firmus, var. Monosioma f Cladophora arcta. ITloihrix flacca. Hcematococcus lacustris {Protococcus nivcUia). too MINERALS. By F. M. Exduch. The following is the catalogue of the minerals collected by Dr. Knm- lien. Each one of the sjiecies is represented by a number of specimens Interesting, among them, is a collection of the supposed meteoric stones from Ovifak. SmithaoniaD number. 9580. Supposed 3IETE0RIC stoks from Ovifak, Disko Island, Green- land. 1)581. Geanite, probably fix)m a dnft-bowlder, Gi-eenland. 9582. Rose quartz. A large number of specimens from Greenland. 9583. Oethoclase, from Niantilic Gulf, Cumberland. 9584. TouEMALiNE, crystals with one end termination. Some of them are of considerable size. Color black. Niantilic Gulf. 9585. Muscovite, crystals and large plates. The latter contains some hematitic inclusions. Niantilic Gulf. 958G. Muscovite, crystals. Niantilic Gulf. 9587. Oethoclase, massive, yellow. Niantilic Gulf. 9588. Biotite, in small crystals. Niantilic Gulf. ' 9589. QuAETZ, colorless. Niantilic Gidf. 9590. Chalcedony, gray and blue. Disko Fjonl. 9591. Argyllite, red, compact. Ovifak. 9592. Chalcopyrite, massive, in quartz. Cumberland Gulf. 9593. Pyrrhotite, associated with some pyrite. Cumberland Gulf. 9594. Smoky quartz, massive. Cumberland Gulf. 9595. Chlorite, crystallized. Cumberland Gulf. 9596. Apatite, crjstalline. Cumberland Gulf. 9597. Garnet, variety, probably Spessartitej crystallized in clusters and single large crystals. Cumberland Gulf. 9598. Apophyllite. Small quantities associated with Chalcopyrite. Cumberland Gulf. 171 INDEX. Page. Acidiopdaoomplanata..... 152 AcnuM tMtndinalis 146 Actixkia eiaasicornis 152 ■pectabilU 152 ActitaruM bortramins S7 JSgialitU biaticula 83 ** semipalmata 83 iEgiothus iiolboUi 76 linaria 75 iEoUdiapapillosa 146 Agabua (Gaarodytes) triatis 161 Aginsak 89 Aglek J, 89 AgonidcD 116 AjAk-ka\jtyak 38 Akagik 83 Akeiksek 83 Akpa 104,105 Ak parnak 103 AlcbemiUa mlgaria 164 Alcyonidinm xnytili 148 Alectoria Jabata 167 " Jabata Tar. ohalybeifonnia 167 " ocbroleaca 167 " ocbroleaca var. cinclxmata 167 ** ochrolenca yar. nigricaDs 167 AlgsD 169 Alopecuros alpinos 166 Amara hsmatopna 161 Axnarook 30,52 Amaabiiadly 27 Amatbilla Sabinl 139 Amgoouk or amnait 45 Ampelia garmlas 74 Ampbipoma 143 Ampbipoms Stimpaoni 143 Ampbitrite cinclxmata 141 Amurak 75 Anaaboscbaa » 88 Ancoot 28,29,30,43,44,4,6 Ancoot angekok 21 , 27 Angokoka 29 Annelida 141 Annelids 141 Anser albifrons var. gambcli H8 bN-perborens 88 Antennnria alpina 164 Antbozoa 1.V2 AntbiiA ladovicianna 73 Apatite 171 Apeltes 131 Apophyllite 171 Arabia alpina 164 Aracbnida 159,161 Arcbangelica offlcfnalia 164 Arctoatapbylos alpina 165 Arenaria i>eploidea 164 Page. Argylllte in Argynnia 166 " Cbaridea 166 •• Freya 156,157 Pobms 156 Armeria vnlgaria 165 Arnica alpina 165 Aacidia calloea 147 " complanata 147 " condylomata 147 *• ecbinata 148 " monoceroa 147 *• metica 147 Aacidiopeia complanata 147 Aapidinm Loncbitia 166 Aapidopboroidea monopterygius ^ 116 Astarte borralia 146 Asteracantbion albulua 151 Mulleri 151 " problema 151 Aeteriaa 152 Atiiaaa 26 Atluka 35,89,56 Atkkbinigan 27 Aukbinigan-macboni 27 Aurora borealia 81 Awingak 53 Awoak 63 Baird,Prof. S. F 120 Balanna balanoidea 140 " crenatue 140 Bartaia alpina 165 Bean, Tarleton H 107,113 Belnga catodon 13, 24, 60 Be tubi nana 1 a'» Biotite 171 Birda 71 Blennius polaris lir> Bombns lacastris ir>9 Bcatellaria 159 Boreogadas polaria 108 Raida 107,108 Bowboad Bird 85 Bracbyotns palastriH 81 Branta hutcbinsii 88 Bryantbas taxifolitis icr> Buccinum bekherl 145 ciliatum var. Miilleri 145 •* jilaciale 145 j^riinlandicum 140 bumphreysiannm 145 ** tt'nebrosum 146 Bacepbala 1 89 i»bindica 89 Bnelliapapillata 168 173 Bunodta spcctablUs — Buplisgus gkua BurBeBB, Mr.E CibloDet Colldrifl ■rcnarin ----- CiilllpharB i>ryIhrDCBpbkla. . . CiillithiiDiniDn Pyt^sni Kothli CulLociphidns \i tutinuB CampHnuta roCniidEfpIl* ----. JSDBX. CuapliiliL'idug labnidariiu Cull bniillulB VU-. boiwlU " DccldonUltaTBr. grlwD-alb*... CmpirUa !x1ikgoplnB-- CHpoilaoQii purpnrma . . CMwlope hypnoldM Crlliiria BrtlcuUt* Crllepon bykllna ■■ HecU.. CoDett, Prof .. Coljmbiu ■ml CoBldiB . . IM.I» wni CnnellB lUa. .. DID TV EX. 175 ■■ ortoi«ul.i-nr.latigrWolto IM IBl 1» Ocphyn* GUlTbcodon.... . U2 (ilvtLm,.ti.KiurlMi;i.... l".n^]ili.iliHm KorrtEioam I«,l« Lflndibureill IBS M r.T..c,n.,>i.,irbo ST IT. 73,77, 80. 1» Gnu l(pT0b«b);ft' GbIo cambfr 108,110.115^118 ajmnncantbiaplBdllicor Oj-mwlisviriJi. lial H.g*n.I>r. n . IM Smnll TUljlri* 160 149 Hiloc;nthi> ■"rtl" 115 1JK i«.iso r,.„.i.,.,,'^,...-,„..iEdi[« 70 U»rt.C .. 1211 . J0» 10.M 110 Gamn^nri 57 jorusla J« iHahaook Igl" Insects Iihtmak SB IM 1G3.1S0 .. H.95 iDKUlptu Junco hyemsU. Dcbolomw 131 78 »« VowKMb ■fovj-ah DkiKHllnok OniiaL (honiiUtruplini ill PatHii-i'iiindii'iiuJv . I'JrOK'lui FFiiliitlipi w.i»tUto ■uitilia INDEX. 177 P»ge. F*C» Ul Peaholiik IM ii i'hukrop.iiInUMriM 81,86 ' ^.-_-..^,, A5 ' t^buACDloAJOiaiiiaE^mriUceunw- 141* l»,16l , l»Wul)Mb»t» U,24,B2,4C,43,« W,M ItiloMMponi Inrtilla IHI Be Pb«bMurv™tnJt]i. i38 81 ■ PlijlliicliR'i"Gi(JBlundlca Ul IM Pb.vtlopbon rii.viitlia u lii PlEkanlnny pUMj- S5 1«J PiDWinilt ••» ., 163 Plninibi i'nui'l™lor 73 KI Plaoridiiiin »legiiii» ISK 91, Da vitcUlunm 168 .-•-,. M I'luul- 1« S3 I'lalfiM Kluriulia iw a rbi>siinuiUcbUi}-jililiipoi[lo«M>td(«.., 108 BbroB* 1*5 rlrctrophuii bppnnlcrDi 77 wnl. in - uiialit 78,77,78 101 Plmr.iiw.twi yi^nklinil I08 61 (IthiimbDilglaoIaU*.... I08 1 Ift2 ' I'luuivuMitW* 108 -.- 163 PoHolpini SO.lSn 81 ■• arutlcii 77,01 81 ri.l>,.™uui.-Mp«uii.,... 165 IW ruJyl>">iiii"i lirjoplsrl* I6C IM- I'"li-ii)h..DUiiir,ll(B 160 73 l'tilyiiUrt« Mclleri w 171 i'Dlyioii IM 171 PoiifeiH isa Ifl.". I'lii-mllb uM'uIua i64 PruIooi'JBkfHCUU 116 13,17,J*2«,Wt,«,*»,iJ,03,:i, l-tamlKiiM 73 78,78. loa Ptilntd pltuuuixi var. namU 16* W 1*1101111 K kubll lec idloiu 38.61 lo^liir 103 M . Vy 04 ... IW PjipWruB 136 ..10* (Koldcntiili* 130 . . IM r.vnJit roiuadlfoliii MG -. in rotuniUliiUii Titr. pmnite 1«3,1» ... 167 PjrrbirtlU-, 171 ... It! r,nThiil.. 74 ... 107 (iii.irli 171 ... 107 ... 1»7 KhJUiIk. 151 107 E*', Dr IOC 107 l{iiu;dlVr Umuluii ia,U .. 10.;i« iL.niini'iiluM iifHiilii- 104 ... 105 aitiiln lei ... ISS - li«l ■iloDUfi'd 104 ICJ Bc<:iii'\ir»>trisiiuicHcaiu 84 ... lOS ' IkiuluinlliiiitbhiiwfdnMibiM Ivo ... 16S Bhiuni>h<.iiivl» 161 1«8 nlwiU 161 13 ItbwUitinui imviaii IN: ... HI RbndoJiiHlrnii Lii|>|">Di<'uin IK Bull. Nat. Miw. No. li -l:i niDBX. Spimrbla Inddoa .... r ... . <|aadTHigiil>ria SUudiuiwr, Dr SMIIiirliiliinglprii Strptunutcriia olbnla INDEX. 179 nu.ik umik nlus ulici« ... rtonia minnta Pmjc©. 14 14 73 146 It III i\ tlacca 160 ibiliranfi anthrudna 1ti7 «■ vlindrica 167 < n»Bji 167 liy]»«;rl>«>re:i 167 ]»t-obo8cideu 167 prftboACiilea var. arctica 167 vplloa 167 i.»(i»ibo .* 10^ • -ryU« 94,108,104.105 Page. UromottR Parryi lir» Unas maritliBiia 13,47,4U Urtlciua oraniconris 1:'^* ntiinianin tonla 103 Vaci-iuiiim uliginoaimi Ifi, 78, 77, 8u. lOT* Vfr«ini«';4 alpina IGTi VtniU, A.E 141.147.151 VuliM-s la^»])UM 49, 77 Wlialo-binl J?'- Xf nia iwbiuli 101 ZiyhidioDtidsB IJfi \ *• *m . .^J r-^::-^^ '« 'f ^HOKTNe -, a^^^H**.* • J^':'-^^'. -^'^^^.:.. *'^1^- * . • ' m • ^ 1 i Stanford University Library Stanford, CdilornlB In order that others may use this book, please return it as soon as possible, but not later than the date due. , 1 <$> « .dMMk^HlBllH