Form No. 10-300 ^ AO-I*' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM DMA SHEET FOR NPS USE ONLY RECEIVED DATE ENTERED JUL 1 9 1973 SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN/yOW 70 COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS Qname HISTORIC Estate Carolina AND/OR COMMON / □location STREET& NUMBER (2_ /r. O - ^ —NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY. TOWN Coral Bay . c ___ VICINITY OF CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT 1 STATE II.S. Virnin Island*; CODE 7R COUNTY CODE .Inhn n7nn CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY _DISTRICT JCBUILDINGIS) —STRUCTURE —SITE —OBJECT OWNERSHIP —PUBLIC JfrRIVATE —BOTH PUBLIC ACQUISITION —IN PROCESS ^BEING CONSIDERED STATUS —OCCUPIED JtUNOCCUPIED —WORK IN PROGRESS ACCESSIBLE -KYES: restricted — YES: UNRESTRICTED —NO PRESENT USE —AGRICULTURE —MUSEUM —COMMERCIAL —PARK —EDUCATIONAL —PRIVATE RESIDENCE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS —GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION —MILITARY —OTHER: (OWNER OF PROPERTY NAME Marsh Family c/o Gerda Marsh STREET & NUMBER CITY. TOWN Coral Bay VICINITY OF St. John STATE U.S. Virgin Islands (LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE, REGISTRY OF DEEDS,ETC. Recordor of Dsods STREETS. NUMBER No. 18 Kongens Gade CITY, TOWN STATE Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas U.S. Virgin Islands 00801 a REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE Historic American Building Survey DATE 1964 ILfEDERAL —STATE —COUNTY —LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS National Park Service CITY. TOWN Washington D.C. STATE DESCRIPTION CONDITION -EXCELLENT -GOOD -FAIR -DETERIORATED -Bruins _UNEXPOSED CHECK ONE Aunaltered —ALTERED CHECK ONE Aoriginalsite —MOVED DATE- DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Estate Carolina lies five miles east of Cruz Bay on St. John. It is significant for the ruins of its early 18th Century sugar plantation, which are among the earliest on all the islands, and for the ruins of the turn-of-the-century rum distillery, which continued production until after World War II. The ruins of the buildings on the site that were part of the sugar plantation, with approximate dates of construction, are the animal mill and the sugar factory (both 1725), and the windmill (1733). The bay rum distillery ruins include the remains of the original distillery, and a neighboring building of unidentified use, (both probably dating from ca. 1900),a later distillery bearing the incised date 1925, and two buildings used as stores, bearing incised dates of 1920 and 1945, respectively. The complex of the sugar plantation buildings lies roughly 1000' north of King Hill Road and 2500' west of Emmaus Moravian Church. The windmill is the typical cone-shape found on the islands. It is constructed of rubble and ballast brick set in a lime mortar and stuccoed, and is approximately 35' high and 29' in diameter. The mill has windows in the form of semi-elliptical arches on the north, west and southwest, with the main entrance to the south. All the arched openings are faced with brick on the interior, exterior, and jambs of the arches. Measured at the window openings, the walls of the mill are approximately five feet thick. Reveals that originally contained the top of the mill gears are located immediately under the top of the interior wall. A series of timbers that supported the machinery are still in place immediately above the heads of the arches in the interior, from which point they span the diameter of the mill. The ruins of the animal mill are located roughly 50' to the west of the windmill. Also constructed of brick and rubble masonry and originally covered in stucco, the animal mill is an unusually wide solid drum with low walls, measuring from five to 15' high depending on the grade of the site. The diameter of the mill is 70'. There is no articulation of the exterior, except for a series of rectangular drainage openings about three' from the top of the walls. The ruins of the factory are located about 15' west of the mill. The originally two-story factory(of which only one story remains) is the typical T-Plan of factories found on the islands, with the long axis of the base of the T running northwest - south­ east. Constructed of rubble masonry, and probably originally stuccoed, the factory is 81' by 28' wide, with the top of the T measuring 26' by 104'. The main, southeast wall is divided into eight bays of arched openings, of which only the piers remain. The rear, northwest facade is solid, except at the north corner, which has three arched openings, again marked only by piers. As the remaining walls of the factory are badly deteriorated, the bay division of the ends is indiscernable, as is the main entrance for the factory. Measured at an opening, the walls are 2'3" thick. The bay rum distillery complex lies just south of King Hill Road and roughly'500' west of Coral Harbor. The two buildings of the original distillery are very deteriorated, and only the basic rectangular foundations of the larger building nearest the road and portions of walls of the smaller structure about ten feet to the south can be seen. The building material is rubble masonry. continued. . . Form No ip-300a (Aev, 10-74) UNlThD STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY RECEIVED JUN 2 1976 JUL 1 S 197^ DATE ENTERED CONTI NUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER PAGE two The Governor's representative for St. John is considering the acquisition of part of Estate Carolina as a park for historic interpretation. Form No. 1f)-300a (Aev 10-74) UNITED STATtS DEPARTMENT OK THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF fflSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY RECEIVED 2 1976 •>. ^ DATE ENTERED jui 3 Wo CONTI NU ATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER PAGE three U.S. Virgin Islands Inventory of Historic Places May 1976 x State Virgin Islands Planning Office Charlotte Amalie U.S.V.I. Form No. 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NFS USE ONLY RECEIVED ^ 1976 DATE ENTERED JUL 1 9 "5376 CONTINUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER PAGE One About 35' to the east of the early ruins lies the 20th century distillery. It is a two-story rectangle, constructed of concrete block, measuring 22' 9" by 19' 3", with two bays on each side. The date 1925 is incised between the bays of the second story on the east facade. To the south of both distilleries are located two rectangular buildings that were thestores for the distillery, their long axis running east-west. Both are one-story, constructed of masonry, rubble and stucco, and have hipped roofs. The store immediately south of the 20th century distillery bears the incised date, 1920, and measures 36' 6" by 25' 6". The other building, approximately the same size, bears the incised date 1945. There are also the ruins of two great houses, both inaccessible. An 18th century great house was located on a knoll roughly 200' north of King Hill Road and roughly 2200' west of Emmaus Morovian Church. A later great house, destroyed in the hurricane of 1924, was located on a knoll roughly 500' northwest of the sugar factory. It would appear from a 1843 or 1844 sketch by Henry Morton that there was a slave village at the bottom of this knoll, to the east. The ruins, if they exist, are inaccessible. SPO 892 455 \m SIGNIFICANCE PERIOD —PREHISTORIC —1400-1499 —1500-1699 —1600-1699 AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE - CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW —ARCHEOLOGY-PREHISTORIC —ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC Agriculture X, —COMMUNITY PLANNING —CONSERVATION —ECONOMICS -LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE —LAW —LITERATURE —RELIGION —SCIENCE A 700-1799 ^1800-1899 Ai900- ARCHITECTURE ART —COMMERCE —COMMUNICATIONS -EDUCATION -ENGINEERING lEXPLORATION/SETTLEMENT —INDUSTRY —INVENTION —MILITARY —MUSIC —PHILOSOPHY —POLITICS/GOVERNMENT —SCULPTURE —SOCIAL/HUMANITARIAN —THEATER —TRANSPORTATION —OTHER (SPECIFY) SPECIFIC DATES BUILDER/ARCHITECT STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This was the first and the richest sugar estate on the island established shortly after settlement in 1717 as an official plantation of the Danish West India & Guinea Co. The ruins of Estate Carolina comprise an exceptionally complete collection of buildings necessary to the production of sugar and bay rum. The exceptionally large animal treadmill with cane crushers dates to before 1725; the stone windmill was built by 1733. The sugar factory has two decks for boiling sugar, extensive cisterns and curing rooms for processing molasses and sugar. It was built by 1725 and probably enlarged periodically. The great house probably dates to the late 1700's. It is shown in an 1833 watercolor and was occupied until 1924 when destroyed by a hurricane. It was at Estate Carolina that a successful slave rebellion broke out in November 23, 1733. The slave rebellion spread to adjacent estates and engulfed the entire island of St. John with the exception of Durlo's Plantation (Caneel Bay). The rebellion could not be suppressed by the Danes and was put down only upon arrival of four hundred French troops from Martinique and six months of hard fighting. The plantation became Crown property in 1755 operated by representatives of the King and other shareholders; it and all other Crown properties on the three islands were sold to the wealthy ennobled Schimmelmann family. The Marsh family, originally from Tortola, bought from the Schimmelmanns in the early 1860's and have held the plantation ever since. In 1835 the estate had 1,687 acres, 153 slaves, two mills and 25 houses with 53 rooms. These figures pertained when the Marshes bought it except the laborers were reduced to only 75, reflecting the increasingly deteriorating sugar industry. In later decades it was operated as a cattle ranch. One of the islands' few bay rum stills for separating the oil from leaves on the bay tree was established here around 1900. Its ruins remain with a huge copper still. A newer still was built close by in 1925 which was the last such still to close down on the island, at the end of World War II. i is Imajor bibliographical references Dookhan, Issac. A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States. Epping,Essex: Bowker Publishing Company, 1974. Knox, John P., A Historical Account of St. Thomas, W.I. New Ybrk: Charles Scribner,1852 Estate Carolina Deed File, Recorder of Deeds, Charlotte Amalie,St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. Lewisohn, Florence, (ed.) Henry Morton Sketchbook and Diary, 1843-44. Copenhagen: Danish West Indian Society, 1975. I0GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY. \\l/ UTM REFERENCES UaTlOn. , I I I . I ■ . I I . i F I i. ZONE EASTING NORTHING cl _U 1 I . I . ■ I I . I > 1 ■ J 17" N - 640 B. 55" W c. I8°,2ii^-4rnr^>e42.4r58" w Df^tSOTl' 02" N - 64° bI I I . I ■ , I I . I . I . . ZONE EASTIN oLoJ I NORTHING . 1 I . I ■ I . . I VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION The north boundary of the Carolina site begins atajaaiM ,T+-iy?0 17» north - 43' 21" west (A) and runs 2950' southeast In a milTTf^at 18 20' 56" nnrfh flilH ........... (r) From here tbjB—Hue Tlins south 1000' to 18° 20' 45" north - 64° 42' 58" west (Le: i iiiii|lll nTiated 575' south of the intersection of King's Hill I'lhiil I I ii il I ml I'hiiT From here it foTTQvJn7g»fe=4QI5.' to 18° 21' 02" nnrtli Hi” IV Id In I III) and continues 2025' northeast to the begiim imj pdlliL H' U(L ULlUiuiai^. LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES STATE CODE COUNTY CODE STATE CODE COUNTY CODE FORM PREPARED BY NAME/TITLE Russell Wright. Annie Hillary, Margarpt Samuel N. Stokes, Pro<;kaiJPr. Virnin TclanHg Higtriri ral ^iirvoy ORGANIZATION Virgin Islands Planning Office DATE May 16. 1976 STREETS NUMBER Post Office Box 2606 TELEPHONE (809) 774-1730 CITY OR TOWN Charlotte Amalie. St. Thomas. ll.S. Virgin Islands 00801 STATE Estate historic preservation officer certification THE EVALUATED SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE IS: STATE X LOCAL NATIONAL. As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665). I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National Park Service. STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER SIGNATURE^ TITLE Director of Planning ■>,14 9/) Ma^^S, 1976 FOR NPS USE ONLY I HEREBY CERTIFY TF THIS PRO PE rSJ^UDED IN the national register DiRECTOR ■TTEST: IRjOyElCTO^^CH^mGY AND DATE rORIC PRESERVATION FHE NATION // /? ?/, KEEPER Of THE NATIONAL REGISTER GPO 892 453 Form No. 10’300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF fflSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY RECEIVED JUL ’ 9 1975 DATE ENTERED JUL X » WP CONTI NU ATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER 10 PAGE fOUr Geoqraphic Coordinates Tract 1; A. 18° 21' 20" north 20' 56" north 21' 00" north B. 180 C. 180 D. 18° 21' 13" north - Tract 2: A. 180 B. 18° C. 18° D. 18° 20' 54" north 20' 46" north 20' 50" north 20' 55" north 640 431 11" west 640 43' 14" west €40 431 41" west 64° 43' 39" west 64° 43' 00" west 64° 43' 01" west 64° 43' 07" west 64° 43' 06" west Verbal Boundary Description The Estate Carolina site is divided into two tracts. The boundary of Tract 1 begins at a point at 18° 21' 20" north • 64° 43' 11" west (A) and runs south 2400' to 18° 20' 56" north • 64° 43' 14" west (B), then west 2700' to a point at 18° 21' 00" north - 64° 43' 41" west (C), then north 1300' to point (D) at 18° 21' 13" north - 64° 43' 39" west. From here the boun­ dary runs 2850' northeast to the point of origin (A). The boundary of Tract 2 begins at point (A) 18° 20' 54" north - 64° 43' 00" west and runs 500' south to point (B) 18° 20' 46" north - 64° 43' 01" west. From point (B) the line runs west 600' to point (C) 18° 20' 50" north - 64° 43' 07" west. From point (C) the line runs north 500' to point (D) 18° 20' 55" north - 64° 43' 06" west. From here the line runs east 500' to the point of origin (A). State V. j?. Working Number|^ ^ yr 3^3 0 fcOD t Sl^ • '7^ A TECHNICA^y ^^y7M Phntnc ^ r Photos__ Maps cA- CONTROL 6. v: 7^ t^g-4^<_ fT^Jr fsjr HISTORIAN /^/cca^o^^ fe^wxfc C^5.^sTS ^ WoLJie I2uij2^ i>vvAjl/^ ^QMxXj2^v ARCHEOLOGIST OTHER i--"' HAER Inventory Review ^ REVIEW UNIT CHI BRANCH CHIEF EEPER «fUL 1 d 1S76 Send-back Re-submit Entered National Register Write-up Federal Register Entry United States Department of the Interior National Park Service WASO No. 7 ^(i\- e A X ~to or WclO'S ^OvX aW?ac(q C^\Ucl < vjoW^e I's di S\'(p^- 1 uOVvoJ ■> OL^(f. ^OK^- 11£ 'A .1 ^ A3bo-uux>eX^ 'Hot ’'^^rWuCv'oili.X'VV SAsZXyi. JC>*^,fAlL, Wtiiv 'iU cuJi WvuJU^ d3^u.^v&-v^ ^ < Kcrui ^IaI*^ cJ2a^-- ' 'rv%*1 /'•ij'v I'-'. J ,|l > ■■ ■ : f INT: 2950-75 et ...B, W74 kP Reviewer INITIALS i 0 NAME AS IT APPEARS IN FEDERAL REGISTER: t ^ ^ iJ*^, I 9 1976 f /a 7a. Kv r.^i^;.c OTOER KAKES: LOCATION STREET«i NUMBER OTY.TOWN STATE )WN y sj; /cjoec ?cp. • • / CMNGRESSIONAL DISTRICT . vierfliilTYOF 7 r' OWNER OF property: (Circle) “OTOO I STATE LOCAL GOV'T MUNICIPAL COUNTY OTHER FEDERAL(AGENCY NAME): •a ADMINISTRATOR(underline) NPS REGION: (CIRCLE) N.ATLANTIC MID ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST MIDWEST SOUTHV7EST ROCKY MOUI-ITAIN VEST PACIFIC NORTffi'fEST i' features: INTERIOR EXTERIOR _Substantially intact-1 _un)cnown - 4 _Substantially intact-2 unknovm .-5 le - 8 _DJJE Jf^in CONDITION-^ -EXCELLENT —GOOD —FAIR ERIORATED fiUlNS • —UNEXPOSEO _Unexcavate<1 ENyiRONS irSubstantiallv intact-3 _: un)cnovm -6 _Not applicable-9 environs not intact-0 l^NALTERED ' JrfS^INALSITE —ALTERED —MOVED —Reconstructed —Unknown —Excavated ACCESS— ^Yes-restricted*^ Yes-unrestricted No access historic district? yes ^ Unknown WITHIN NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT? IF YES,. NAME: YES WITHIN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK? IF YES, NAME: YES ADAPTIVE use; ko Saved? FUNCTION (S); (use vocabulary words) then- YES now significance; Carcheolugy>prehistoric lEOLOGY HISTORIC IICULTURE Architecture —ART —COMMERCE —COMMUNICATIONS Jj^^ia ■i^CH Claims —CONSERVATION —ECONOMICS —EDUCATION —ENGINEERING —EXPLORATION —INDUSTRY —INVENTION —LANDSCAPE ARCH'TECTURE —REUGION —lAW/Gov’t/politiCS —SCIENCE —UTERATURE —MILITARY —SOaAL/HUMANITARIAN —MUSIC —PHILOSOPHY —TRANSPORTATION —POUTICS/GOVERNMENT —OTHER (SPECIFY) -entertainment _health _^creation V^ttlement _soclo/cultural __urban & commun planning NO — oldest- YES ^No) '*onlyl? YES • .7 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE; architec0n .builde r: landscap(j/garden designer: interior decorator; engineer; . artist/artisan: buildei/contractor; \ ' etonic group: ^ NAMES: (label role & appropriate date) personal events institutional ^ /9/7 dates; date of construction (Specific date or 1/4 of centviry) :/ftiv DATE(S) OF "MAJOR" ALTERATIONS: HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT DATE(S); source; acreage: ^ /ua-aac/ai --C (OF NOMINATION) PRIVATE OTHER FEDERAL AGENCY: (to nearest tenth of an acre) f f*J ^ LOCAL GOV"T MUNICIPAL COUNTY COMMENTS; (Include architectural information here) M^SSOvOr^^y S'X'C^ctCOOaSS^ H SiTe>. 1 3 uoci^Teio Ow) significance;(maximum two sentences) ^ 40<viiea^ i' architectural style; arc hitec0n .builder: . landscap^garden designer; interior decorator; ' ethnic group; engineer; artist/artisan: bui Mer/contractor; names; (label role & appropriate date) personal events : * * ! ■ institutional 1*7/7 dates; date of construction (Specific date or 1/4 of century) : 14^/f’tiv 2.ox£L DATE(S) OF "MAJOR" ALTERATIONS: HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT DATE(S): source; acreage; (OF NOMINATION) PRIVATE OTHER FEDERAL AGENCY: (to nearest tenth of an acre) f ^ f <^TA^ LOCAL GOV"T MUNICIPAL COUNTY. / COMMENTS; (include architectural information here) ((VCUAiM Ruins of 18th C. jp sugar pl8ntation’*8nL’iiel treadmill^one-story of originally 2-story T-pi^an facto’"^.-f^-uins of primarily 20th C. hay rura distillery nnmpipv i""liii of-.-,on..L d:L^ hlu-O, aih.illep^ j-^oonry, ruDhle, -stucco with-hipped ■ilQofV First and richest sugar estate on the island; site of initial upristn|[ in l')|3 slave rebellion .(.rw-e Fort'ghorg-)-; 2 of island’s few stil]i;iwhich separated oil freon bay tree leaves.