us fli LU A0 A043 6511 NAVAL OCEAN RFSEARCH *10 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY lAy ST—ETC c/s 5/3 r THE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ENVIRO IENT WEST cc si. CROIXiIU) PA. 77 0 A SIMNS UNCLASS IFIED NORDA— 13 Ot$fl$AwA cpo—t .n (14) it _ _ _ uuu !I1Pt MtJ~UDN__ I —— — (\~P ~~~~~ ~NORDA 13 / I,. - - .. -.. —- — ~ THE OCEANOGRAPHIC/~IETEOROLOGI~AL ~ ~ ENVIRONMENT WEST OF ST. cROIX — _ _ D. A.’BURNS\ — PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY ‘! ~ Jut H ~ - i I ~~~ (~ ~~~~~ / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 77(~ ~~ Approved for Public Release I Distribution Unlimited - L > Prepored for: O~esapeake Division Naval Facilities Engineering Commond Washington , DC 20374 • Pub. .# FPO - 1 77 (14) I’ !AVAL OCEAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY Bay St Lou~, M~siss~ip 39529 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wi,.., D.f. Ent.r.d) D~~ Dn~~ T 1 I I A c k a r A r I n~I ‘3~~~~~~ REA D ENSTRUCTIONS ~~~ ‘,jr ~ p ~~~~~~~~ , .~~. ~~~~ EIEFORE COMPLETn~o FORM L R~~PORr ~~~~~~~~~ Z. GOVT ACCESSION NO 3. RECIPiENT’ S CATALO G NUMBER F u b *FP Q— )—7 7~~ ) ( ,FC— ?fl hf ) T I T L E ( e d S~.bId*S.) 5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED The Oceanographic/Me teorological Envi ronrnent ~Vest of St. Croix -____________________________ 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBE R ~:( 1~Di. ~~~~~ ~J 7. AUTtIOR(.) S. CONTRA CT OR GRANT NUMBER(.) D. A. Burns N62477—76 --PO—6—003 9 P~~ l~-ORMING O NGA NIZ AT IO N NAM E AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJ ECT , T A S K AREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMB ERS Naval Oceanographic Research and Development Activity (NORDA ) II. CON TR OLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Chesapeake Division of the Naval FacilitIes July 1977 Command (CHESNAVFACENGCOM) ~~ NUMBER OF PAGES ~4. %IOMIT ORING AGENC Y NAME 6 AOORESS(I1 dill....e t lea, ControlfSnd Ollic.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thI. t.poii) Unclassified IS.. D~~CLA S ~ IFICAT IOM/D OWNGR A O ING SCHEDULE ~~. OIST RI9 UT IOH STAT EM ENT (of this R.po rt) Il. D!STRI OUT IO N STATEMENT (of th. abstract •nt•,.d In Block 20, If diff.r.q,t Iron, Report) IS. SUi PLEM~~NTA RY NOT ES I~~. KEY W ORDS (Contln.~. on V... ,.. aid. if n.c. ....y wd Sd.ntffy by block nun,b.r) St. Croix, Tracking Range, bottom currents, subtropical underwater, Subantarctic in termediate Water, Caribbean Sea, Virgin Islands, temperature, salinity, sound velocity , wind drift currents, layer depths. ~O A O S T R AC T (Conf lm..~~~, . . •‘. . aid. If a.c..s ~~~ ~~d ld.mtgfy b7 block n~~,b.t) 1’ A review of oceanographic and meteorological data was undertaken for the underwater tr : cking range west of St. Croix In order to assemble a scenario of the physical en- vL.onment. Recent current meter data from th ree current meter arrays moored I I Uurlng February 1976 indIcated that the most significant contributions to the time- j dependent flow are rotary motions that have maximum amplitudes coinciding with ~j \ the~~emId1urnal tidal perIod (12. 42 Maximum horizontal current shear (1. 2- - ~ ‘. ~~ -.—~~— -i.-- * ... ....—.. — ‘~.4.. .— —. . ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,~. . _________ UNCLASSIFIED ‘ SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(W5l , Oat. Snt...d) ~~~~~~~~ /,~ ) \ centimeters per second per meter)’ôccurs at about 100 rnetei-S~’ Convective m ixing appears to be the principal process of layer depth varIatió~i, which varied from a minimum of 50 méter~ du rIng August to a maximum of about 120 meter~ during March. Surface winds are out of the east during all months, with speeds averaging from 10.4 knots in October to 14. 0 knots In July. Maximum average wave heights (sea and swell) most frequently occur with periods between 10-11 secaids. Seasonal variation in sound velocity amounts to about~ meters per secondLln the fi rst 100 t~ - meters, 2 meters between 100 and 300 meter~, and less than~~ meters per second from 300 to 900 rnéters.~ - . ~ L /5~~~C • //~ I —-—.— -- . .. . - ..—. — ._1_—. _ — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The area covered by this study Is the three dimensional tracking range west of the Island of St. Croix. The range surface area Is approximately 51. .1 square kilometers with depths ranging f rom about 457 to 1280 meters. The surface oceanography is dominated by the warm (26°C to 29°C) westerly flowing Caribbean Current and the highly persistent easterly trade winds (10 to 14 knots). Two major wate r masses influence the deepe r circulation. The Subtropical Unde rwater (S1 \\’~ extends down to about 250 meters. Below this depth the Subantarctic IntermedIate \Vater (SAPsV) extends to the bottom . Layer depth variation ranges from 50 meters during August to 120 meters during March. Significant wave heights of 7 feet or less occur 98 percent of the time. Sea arid swell direction vary between northeast and sou theast th roughou t the year. Storm surge s with heights in excess of one meter may occur in the southeast section of the range. Surface air temperatures average between 24°C to 27°C during winte r and between 27°C to 28~C during summer. Visibility exceeds 18 kilometers 89 percent of the time. - I I f t ~ . 1 I ‘Ii: ~~~~ ~~~~ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~ —— r . - t ’-a~~ .7’ A CKNOWLE DGEMENTS This study was prepa red unde r the sponsorship of the Chesapeake Division of the Naval Facilities Engineeri ng Command (CHESNA VFACENGCOM), under Prqect No. N62477-PO- 6-0002. Oceanog r~~hlc data (1961-1976) were obtained during field operations conducted by C. Ostericher and M. T. Bourkiand of the Naval Oceanographic Office , and by G. R. Garri- son and E. H. LInge r of the Applied Physics Labora tory, University of Washington. R. C. Guthrle provided extensive compu ter assistance In analyzing current meter records. J. W. Ownbey of the Naval Weather ServIce Detachment, Asheville, NC , provIded meteorological data. Appendix C (Current and Shear Profile Measurements) Is reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. David Wenstrand of the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity . E. Dorsey compIled the art work, and P. E. LaViolette edited the text. Linda Thigpen typed and proofread the manuscript. ii CONTE ~TS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It FIGURES iv TA BLES v PART I. INTR ODUCTION I PART II. ENVI R ONMENTAL SETTIN G 1 PART III. OCEANOGRAPHY 2 1. Wind-Drive n Circulation 2 2. Near-Bottom Circulation 3 3. Intermediate CIrculation 5 4. Surface Circulation 5 5. Layer Depth Variation 6 6. Tempera tu re , Salinity , and Sound Velocity 6 7. Sea and Swell 7 8. Extreme Waves 7 PA RT IV. CLIMATOLOGY 8 1. Pressure 8 2. Winds 8 3. Extreme Winds 8 4. TropIcal Cyclones 9 5. Storm Surges 9 6. VisibilIty 9 7. Temperature 9 8. PrecIpItation 10 9. Clouds 10 Relati ve HumIdity 10 PART V. REFERENCES 10 PA RT VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 APPENDIX A: BIVA RIATE DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT SPEED AND DIREC TION, FEBRUARY 1976 A-i APPENDIX B: BIVA R IATE DISTRIBUTIO N OF CURR ENT SPEED AND DIRECTION , OCTOBE R 1965 B-i APPENDIX C: CURRENT AND SHEAR PROFILE MEASUREMENTS C-i - ii . .~~~ --- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - FIGURES Numbe r Page I Study Area 16 2 Wind Drift Current Speed vs Wind Speed, Fetch , and Duration 17 3 Relative Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 1 at 762 Meters 18 4 Relative Frequency Histogram of Speed for Array 1 at 762 Meters 19 5 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 1 at 762 Meters 20 6 Relat ive Frequency H istogram of Direction for Array 1 at 747 Meters 21 7 RelatIve Frequency Histogram of Speed for Array 1 at 747 Meters 22 8 Cumula tive Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 1 at 747 Meters 23 9 Cumulati ve Frequency Dis tribution of Speed for Array 1 at 762 and 747 Meters 24 10 Component Ene rgy Spectra for Array 1 at 762 Meters 25 11 Component Ene rgy Spectra for Array 1 at 747 Meters 26 12 Rotary Energy Spectra for Array 1 at 762 Meters 27 13 Rotary Energy Spectra for Array 1 at 747 Meters 28 14 Total Energy Spectra for Array 1 at 762 and 747 Meters 29 15 Time Series Vector Plot, Array 1 30 16 Relative Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 1 at 1064 Mete rs 31 17 Rela tive Frequency HIstogram of Speed for Array 1 at 1064 Meters 32 18 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 1 at 1064 Meters 33 19 Relati ve Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 2 at 1049 Meters 34 20 Rela tive Frequency Histogram of Speed for Array 2 at 1049 Meters 35 21 Cumula tIve Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 2 at 1049 Meters 36 22 Relati ve Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 2 at 1018 Meters 37 23 Relative Frequency Histogram of Speed for Array 2 at 1018 Meters 38 24 Cumulative Frequency Dtsttthution of Speed for Array 2 at 1018 Meters 39 2~S Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 2 at 1064, 1049, and 1018 Meters 40 26 Component Energy Spectra for Array 2 at 1064 Meters 41 Iv FIGI JUE S (Cont’d) Number Page 27 Componen t Ene i-gv Spectra for Array 2 at 10-19 Meters -12 28 Component Ene rgy Spectra for Array ~ at 1018 Meters 43 29 Rotary Energy Spectra for Array 2 at 101 -l Meters 14 :30 Rotary Ene rgy Spectra for Array 2 at 1049 Meters IS 31 Rotary Energy Spect ra for Arra y 2 at 1018 Meters 46 :32 Total Energy Spectra for Array 2 at 1064, 1049, and 11)18 Mete rs 47 :3:3 Time Series \Tector Plot , A rray 2 -18 :34 Relative l-’requencv h istogram of Direction for Array :3 at 9~;3 Meters 49 35 Relative Frequency Histogram of Speed for Array :3 at 96:3 Meters 50 :36 Cumulati ve Frequency I)istribution of Speed for Array 3 at 963 Meters 51 37 Relati ve Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 3 at 918 Meters 52 38 Relative Frequency h istogram of Speed for Array 3 at 948 Meters 53 39 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 3 at 948 Meters 54 40 Relative Frequency Histogram of Direction for Array 3 at 917 Meters 55 41 Relative Frequency h istogram of Speed for Arra y 3 at 917 Meters 56 12 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 3 at 917 Meters 57 43 Cumulati ve Frequency Distribution of Speed for Array 3 at 963, 948, and 917 Meters 58 - i i Component Energy Spectra for Arr a y 3 at 963 Meters 59 45 Component Energy Spectra for Array 3 at 948 Meters 60 46 Component Ene rgy Spectra fur Array 3 at 917 Meters 61 -17 Rota ry Energy Spectra for Array 3 at 963 Mete rs 62 48 Rotary Energy Spectra for Array 3 at 948 Meters 63 -19 Rota ry Energy Spectra for Array 3 at 917 Meters 64 50 Total Energy Spectra for Array 3 at 963 , 948 , and 917 Meters 65 51 TIme Series Vecto r Plot , A rray 3 66 52 Monthly Variation of l ayer Depth 67 53 Typical Temperatu re ProfIles , February and October 68 54 TypIcal Salinity Profiles , February and October 69 55 TypIcal Sound Velocity Profiles , February and Octobe r 70 56 T-S Diagrams for Februa ry and Octobe r 71 57 TypIcal Temperature Variations during August 72 58 TypIcal Temperature Variations during February 73 59 Monthly Wave Height ( )6 ft. ) Probability Distribution 74 V FIGURES (Cont’d) Numbe r Page 61) Monthly Significant Wave Direction Probability Distribution 75 61 Monthly Swell Direction Probability DistributIon 76 62 ~Vave Height Versus Wave Period 77 (33 Monthly Mean Wind Speed 78 64 Monthly Wind Direction ProbabilIty Distribution 79 65 Monthly Mean Wind Speed Probability Distribution 80 -3; Percent Frequency of Total Cloud Cover (Eights ) 81 TA BLES Numbe r Page I Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity 2 Current Meter Array Statistics 4 Amplitudes of Principal Tidal Current Constituents 4 vi THE OCEANOGRA PH 1 C!METEOROLOG I CAL ENV I RONMENT WEST OF ST. CROIX PA UT I. TNT U()I)I ’ CTI( )N This studs’ summarizes ex i sting oceanographic and meteorological information on the three-dimensional unde rwa te r tr acking ra nge at St. Croix , IT . S. Virgi n Islands. The area of concern includes the tracking range and the surrounding waters hounded by ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i;5°53’w-65 ull’w. (Figure 1). Meteorological data were compiled from the 1 degree Marsde n Square bounded by I 70 _ i 8” N , 61° — 65 Ihe t r acking ra nge, bou nded by 17° 12’ N--1 7 -18’ N , 6 1 53’ W—65 lu ’ \V , has a surface of a bout 51 . I s~ aare kilomete rs, with depths ranging from -157 to 1, 2~ I , r a t ers. The oceano- graphic and hvdr ographic measu rements, which provide a data base b r this report , we re conducte d by the Naval Oceanographic Office, the App lied Phy sics labo ra to ry/Universit y of Washington , and the Applied Physics Laboratory/Johns h opkin s I’ nive rs it~~. Additional cur- rent measurements in this part of the Caribbean were n—cide h~ Sta lcuip ~-i al. (1972 and 1 ¶ 17 5) , Sturges (1975~, and Sukhovey et al. (1968). Meteorol ogica l dat a , in t ire form of synoptic summaries , we re provided by the Naval Weathe r Service lte t :r r hn ont , Asheville , Nr ;rth Carolina , and cover the per iod 1559—1 971 . This study is di vided into three parts : environmenta l setting, c’ceaa igraphy , and climatology . Environmental setting provides the reacher with a description of the general oceanog raphy and meteorology . The remaining two parts present data that will be use fu l to those engaged In engineering and scientific projects at the tracking range and tts surrounding waters . PA UT II. EN \1RON MF:NTA L SETTING The L~. S. Virgin Islands are located in the Lesser Antille s chain of the ~Vest Indies . The primary water exchange rou te betwee n the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean takes pl:rr e through the ,Jungfe rn Passage (Virgin Island Passage), which separates the island of St . Croix from Puerto Rico. The Caribbean Current keeps the su rface wate rs in the tracking range area , located west of St. Croix , at a near constant tempe rature that varies from a winte r low of about 26-C to an autu mn high of about 29°C. Su rface salinity values range from a low of 34.3 parts per thousand (hiring autumn to a high of :36. 0 parts per thousand during spring (Table 1). Below the surface waters and extending down to about 250 meters, lies the Subtropical Underwater (SUW). The co re of this water mass , which is located at a mean depth of 150 meters, is char aoterlzed by temperature — salinity (T—S) values that range from 23°C—37. 2 parts per thousand , (luring winte r, to 21°c-:36.7 parts per thousand during autumn. Maximum depth of this water mass is at 250 meters, the depth of the 18. 5°C isotherm . Below the Subtropical Unde rwater (SUW ) lies the Subantarctic Intermediate Water (SAIW , whose core has a near constant temperatu re of 6°C and a water column minimum salinit y of 34.8 part s per thousand at 950 meters (luring all seasons. _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - .--‘-—- —----— ~---‘- - -- TA Bl.I ~: 1. MONTHLY MEAN SEA SURFAC E TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY SALINITY MON TII TEMP (°C) (Parts per Thousand) JAN 26.3 35. 8 FEB 25.7 35.7 MA R 25.7 35.9 A PR 2(3.3 35. 9 MAY 26.8 3(3. 0 .flTNF: 27.6 35. 7 JULY 28. 0 35. 3 AUG 28.5 35.0 SEPT 29. 0 34. 6 OCT 28. 8 34. 3 NOV 28. 2 34. 4 DEC 27. 2 35. 0 The major meteorological influences in the area are a low pressu re belt , known as the equ atorial trough , and subtropical highs that are located north of the trough. The trough which migrate s seasonally , has a mean latitude of 5°N , causing a net flow of air to be directed toward the equ a tor. The resulting prevailing easterly trade winds have an annual wind-field constancy, or persistence, of 80 percent. PART HI. OCEANOGRAPHY 1. WIND-DRI VEN CIRCULATION When wind blow s ove r water, the wind’s energy transfers to the water’s surface , setting the surface into motion , and starting a surface drift current. If the wind continues to blow , the current deepens , reaching a depth that depends upon the water’s stability and the wind’s force. The depth at which the current is reduced to a small percent of its surface value is called the depth of frictional resista nce. An estimate of the thickness of the wind-drive n cir- culation is made using Ekman’s theory. The vertical profile of the wind-driven current can either be constant or dec rease , depending upon the water’s stability. A shallow or steep thermocline limits the laye r thro ugh which the current acts. During April through December , the underwa ter tranking range has an average layer depth of 60 meters. During these months, wind-drive n curre nts are nearly constant with depth. DurIng January through March , however , the water is mixed to a greater depth by convective proceeses than by the wind, and the ver- tical wind-drive n current profile decreases linearly to a depth of about 100 meters. Since the prevailing winds over the tracking range are from the east, the island blocks the wind , and some of the wind-indu ced drift current west of St. Cro ix is fetch-limited. The area within the triangle of Figu re 1 shows the zones where wind-induced drift cu rrents would be fe tch-limited. Clockwise eddies will develop around the southern end of St. Croix, and counterclockwise eddies will develop around the northern end. The dimensions of this fe tch- limited area are based upon previous work done near Barbados by James. The baae of the triangle is placed perpendicular to the mean annual pre vailing surface wind.2 l~’igu re 2 may Ire used 0) deter mi ne wind—induced current. Ente r the figu re with wind speed at he top of the grap h and I nu ~ ye rt icu liv 0 the wind (In ration v; inc. Repeat this step, but use fe tch distance instead of durat i on. Whichever step gives the lower cu rrent speed is the limiting case and the associated speed is the correct one to r i s e . Mean su r face wind speed in the 1 degree Mar sden Square surrounding the underwate r tracking range (luring Jul y is about I i knots . Figli cc 2 shows that if a 14—knot wind blew for four hours , a ~te;dy state wind—induced surface arrent of 0. 25 knots would r esult , providing the fetch was at least 10 nautical mil es . ‘T he best estimate for wind drift current direction at this latitu de is 1)) degrees to the right of wind directi on . l o r an easterly wind , this direction would be tu\~ ird ~I0I degrees . 2 . NEA R—BOTT ( 1\l CIRCI’ LAT I( IN On 19 February 1976 , the N ay al Oceanographic (If ~e implante d three cu rreat mete r a r r ay s (1 able 1) to measure near—botto m flow in the rauge . Figu res 3 through 51 present the data for all three array s as graphical plots of frequency dis t~ bu t ions of speeds and d i rec tions, ene rgy spectra , and time series vector plots. Appen dix A contains bi va ri te distribution tables of speed and di rection for all th ree array s. Table 2 shows that mean current speed varie d from 5. :3 ce nti rn ( t. ’~ er second it a depth of 747 meters on Array 1, to 10.3 centimeters per SeCofl(1 at a depth 01 1, 061 me ters on Arra y ~~. Mean resultant direction varied from 115 degrees at a depth of 1, 0 15 meters on Ar r a y 2 , to :322 degrees at a depth of 762 meters on Array 1. Examination of the time series vector plots indicate s that the most significant contri- butions to the time—dependent flow are rota ry motions that have maximum amplitudes along the direction northeast—southwest ) of predominant flow at the semich iurnal tidal period of 12 . 12 hou rs. I3oth clockwise and coun terclockwise rotary motion occur abou t equally th roughout the spectral record on Arra y 1 at 762 and 747 meters . Counterclockwise motion predominates above 0. ~; cycles per hour (16.7 hours ) at 1 ,1)64 meters on Arr av :~. Below about ni cycles per hou r , both clockwise and counte rclockw~se motions occur about equally, At the 1, 019 meter level on Array 2 , the predominant rotation is cou n te rclockwise throughout the spectral record. Roth clockwise and counte rclockwise motions occu r about equally at the 1, 018 meter level on Array 2. At all three depths , 963 , 945 , and 917 meters , on A r r ay 3, the rota ry motion is primarily clockwise. The most significant feature of the spectral records Is the ene rgy peak at the semi- diurnal frequency (marked with an ‘S~’ at the bottom of the graph ; I and D represent the inert ial and (h iUrnal frequency) The amplitudes of the four principal tidal constituents we re determined for each of the current mete r records and are tabulated in Table 1. Maximum constituent amplitude found was 6. :3 centimeters per second (semi-diurnal period) at 1, (Oi l meters on Array 2. ThIs record also had the smallest percent of residual variance (70 percent) due to nontidal motion, TABLE 2. CURRENT METE R ARRAY STATISTICS MEAN CURRENT VALUES WATER (cm/sec) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH O.plh D,,.ctson A RRAY (N) (W) (rn (rn Sp..d Eisa NOqTh N..uIt.nI (1) can.iancyb 1 17 43 64 55’ 777 762 6 6 0 3 0 4 0 5 322 7 6 747 5 3 0.3 0.5 0.6 034 11 .3 2 1745 b4 ‘. ‘ 1079 1064 103 0.9 31 3.2 016 31 1 1049 79 10 08 13 052 164 1018 64 1 .6 0.8 18 115 281 3 1743 64 59 979 963 75 1 1 19 22 330 293 948 6.4 00 1 4 1 4 360 21 9 917 61 0.5 0.9 10 026 164 a . All thre e arr ays moored on 19 February 1976 b. Constancy indicate s what percent of the measure ment period the flow had the indicated mean current values 3. \MPI.I TUDES OF PRINCIPAL TIDA L CURRENT CONST ITI’EN TS EAST (cm/sec~ NORTH (cm/$ec) PERCENT PERCENT DEPTH RESIDUAL RESIDUAL ARRAY (P.1) M2 S2 Ki 01 VARIANCE b M2 S2 Ki 01 VARIANCEb 1 762 32 0.5 0.3 03 78 2.9 06 04 02 81 747 1 9 0.7 0.2 04 85 2.6 0.9 0.3 04 80 2 1064 2 1 0.2 0. 1 0. 1 84 6.3 1 7 1 .2 1 1 70 1049 06 05 0.2 02 98 2.7 1 4 0.3 0.6 91 1018 1 .5 0.4 02 06 88 2.1 12 08 06 87 3 963 26 02 06 31 81 1.9 0. 1 04 28 85 948 23 04 0~4 29 82 1,9 04 0.2 1 4 89 9 17 23 08 05 2.3 78 1 .5 01 04 01 94 a. ( an stj tuen t Period (h ours) 12 . 12 12. 00 KI 23.93 (~11 25. 82 ). Pe rcent residual var iance is the percent of total record variance due to nontidal motion 4 which indicate s that the major portion of the record va ri ;r hi l it v f i t l y Ii° attribute d to other than tidal frequency oscillations. The amplitude of the sduu i(iiurna l constituent (M2) is lt rger at the (leepest depth on each array . This n a y indicate that the tidal oscillations ire affecte d by loctil bathvmetry . l)ii ring Octobe r 1 965 , ( s er i ch er implante d 6 current itietc r a r rays in the tracking range. Appendix B contains ()st ericher ’s summaries of the data . The re is agreement be- tween the Octobe r 196t5 nr easri cements at Station 8, at 1, (( 5( 1 niete n~ . an(l the l ehrua cv 1976 measurements at Station 2 , at 1, 0) 9 mete rs . The mean resultin g vm ’tor’ s are 055 degrees at 1. 5 centimeters per second for Station 5, and 1)52 degrees at 1. 3 ( ‘enti meter s per second for Station 2. In 1962 , App lied Physics Laboratory , Uni ve rsity of Washington , personnel conducted bottom current measu rements near Sprat h ail. Ne ar the beach , the flow was 10 cerLti — mete rs per second toward the north. Between 0. 2 a nd 0. 6 miles offshore , the currc .nt was va r iable , with a maximum speed of 10 centimeters per second toward the east. At 0. 8 mile off the beach , at a depth of 157 me ters , the cu rrent decreased to l ess than 2 centimetcrs per second . A ddit ional measurements from moored array s between 11 and 1M meters above the bottom indicate variable cu r rent speeds averaging between 5 to 15 centimeters per second . 3. INTE RM I:DIA ’I E CIRCULATIO N During Octobe r 1965 , Osteriche r implanted 6 arrays in the range. lie l ( r J r J a southerly flow at 760 meters (Subantarctic Intermediate Water) that moved at a mean soced of 3 centime ters per second. Appendix B contains Os tericher’s s~ mmai’~es. During November 197 I through January 1976, the Applied Phy sics l aboratory of 3ohns Hopkins Universi ty made a series of current-structure measu rements throu ghout the ra nge , with spatial separations from 101) meters to 2 kilome ters. ( accent stru cture was determined by acoustically tracking slowly sinking, untethe red floats , which stopped at a predetermined depth and then returned to the surface. Results of the measurements indicate that the currents are vaiable in speed trod direction . The speeds ranged from I) to 3( 1 centimeters per second and averaged 15 centimeters per second , with no predominant direction. The root mean squa re value of the vertical gradient of cu r rent (shear) at any depth is proportional to the average density gradient at that depth. Maxim u m current shear of 1. 2 centimeters per second per mete r towa rd 043 degrees occurred at a depth of 100 mete rs . Appendix C contains plots of the vertical current pro- files obtained. 1. SURFACE CIRCULATION Du ring Octobe r and November 1962, the Univers ity of Washing ton’s Applied Physics Laboratory used surface drogues weighted and tethered , 3 meters below the surface at 17°43’ N, 64°54’W. Flow was southerly, between 10 and 20 centimeters pet’ second. For 2 days in October 1965 , Garrison used weighted (Irogues to measure the range’s surface currents, lie planted 5 drogues in a north-south line 64°58’W and betwee n5 17°Il’N and 17 17’N. On the first day , the wind was sou theast at 6 knots, and the drogues moved northwest at 20 centimeters per second. During the second day , the wind speed in- creased and the (l rogue’s speed Inc reased to 24 centimeters per second. During 17 and 18 March 1964 , Garrison released two untethered floats which were acoustically tracked . Float 1 (dropped at 17°43. 8’N , 64°55 .5’\V) recorded a maximum cur- rent o~ 12 centimeters per second at 267 meters. Float 2 (d ropped at 17°43. 2’N , 64°55. l’W rec~ r(1ec1 a maximum current of 10 centimeters per second at 6. 1) meters. 5. lA Y E R DEPTh! VAi~IAT0 (N There are ~wo types of processes that tend to mix the wate r and create layer depths: ( 1) wind or turbulent mixing , and (2) convective mixing. Convective mixing occurs as a result of change s in the stability of the water column , which may be produced by surface cooling or by an inc rease in salini ty . In this region , small changes in surface conditions (‘an initiate convective processes. James 0966) showed that a temperature decrease of (~ 0i’C , or an inc rease in salinity of 0. 01 parts per thousand are sufficient to start the pro- cess . Chcnges in laye r depth due to wind mixing occur through the turbulent action of the wi nd. Within the tracking rangc , the mean-month ly laye r depth varies from a maximum of about 5~ ( meters during August to ‘t maximum of abou t 120 meters during March (Fig u re 52 i . The mean lay er depth during January through March is about 11~ meters , and about GO meters du ring the remainder of the year . These variations appear to be the resul t of con- vecti~’e mixing ra the r than wind tu rbulence, since dur ing the period of maximum-mean wind speed , June th rough August , the layer depth is at a minimum . In addition , the monthly mean .,vind speeds are not strong enough to produce laye r depths in excess of about 25 mete rs . Examination of the seasonal variation in temperature and salini ty shows that there is a significant change in the the rmohaline structure between October and February which cause ,s deepe r mixing during the winte r months. The convective process is stronger in wate rs where the vertical tempe rature and salinity gradients are not steep. The salinity gradient durIng Feb ruary is about one—half the salinity gradient during October (1. 04 parts per thorisand/110 mete r’s , 2. 5-1 parts per thousand/ 100 meters) , and the temperature gra- dient is approximately eigh t times stronge r du ring October than February (4 .6°C/100 meters , 0.6’/ laO mete r’s). Such diffe rences in the temperature-salinity gradients can account for the monthl y variations in the layer depth s due to changes in the stability of the water column. 6. TEMP E U AT I ’ul: , SALINITY , AND SOUND VELOCITY Typical nu ’an value s for tempe ra tu re, salinity, and sound velocity during Februa ry and Octobe r are shown In 1-igu res 53 through 55. Maximum variations in these parameters occur’ in the fi rst 100 meters of depth. Maximum differences between sound velocity pro- files amount to about :i meters per second in the first 100 meters , about 2 meters per second between 190 and 300 meters, and less than 2 meters per second from 300 to 900 meters . Similar variations occur between temperatu re and salinity curves. Between 19( 1 and 200 n~~ters , the co re , or maximum value of the Subtropical Under- water appears. It is at this depth (150 meters) that major semidlurna l (12.4 hours ) oscillations occu r’. Semidiurna l amplitudes of abou t 0.5°C have been reported. Similar sem idt u rnal osc illat ions of salinity , with amplitudes of abou t 0.35 parts per thousand, have also been reported by Ridley (1963) and Garrison (1960). 6 At about 950 meters , a minimum salinity occurs at the core of the Subanta rctic Int e r- mediate ~Vater. Similar semidiurnal oscillations should he expected at this depth. Figu re 5~; shows the T— S (temperatu re—salinity ) correlation curve s for I”ehruar’v and () -t ohe r . T\’pical short period variations In temperature at selected depths duri ng February and August are shownin Figures 57 and 58. The time series , although short , indicate , that the oscillations in temperature are in phase at each depth. 7. SEA ANI) SWELL The monthly averages of significant wa ve heights (the ave rage height of the highest one - third waves present) va ry with the wind magnitude throughout the year. July , the month having the highest average wind speed (14. 0 knots), also has the month 1~’ high in significant wave heights gre a te r than 6 feet (Figure 59). Significant wave heights are 1 feet or less 71 percent of the year , and 7 feet or less 98 percent of the year. Both sea (wave s produced by local winds) and swell (wave s from dis ttat t storm s ti re consistently out of the east dlurin g all months (Figu res 60 and 61). On an annual mean basis , 93 percent of the time , wave s are fro m the northeast to southeast; 77 percent of the time , swell is northeast to southeast. These estimates are for areas in the tracking range not affected by the leeward sheltering of the island. Generally , both sea and swell are present In tin are a. Figure 62 shows m a t the ave rage wave heights tend to cluste r around 10- to 11-second periods. k~ EXTRE\IE WAVES An observed wave height of 32 feet or more, with easterly winds of 55 knots , was re- ported just southeast of Mona Island during the passage of tropical storm Gerda i~ September 1958. The storm , passing to the south of the area on a westerly course , dissipated sou th of Cuba wi thou t eve r reaching hurricane stre ngth. As there are insufficient data for a climatological conclusion on extreme wave heights , the values tabulated below (from reference 5) contain a statistical estimate of maximum ave occurrences. Mean Recurrence Interval 5 Yr 10 Yr 25 Yr So Yr 100 Yr Maxir nun i Wave Height (feet) 33 37 -14 49 55 From this table, it can be expected that every 10 years there may be one occurren ce where wave height attains 37 feet (11 meters) in the deeper waters of the underwater tra ck- Ing range. 7 PART IV. CLIMATOLOGY 1. PRE SSURE The surface barometric pressure pattern over the underwater tracking range is in- fluenced by the North Atlantic (Bermuda) High throughout the year, while the annual migra- tion of the equatorial trough imparts a seasonal Influence. The seasonal change in sea-level pressure is not large. The average monthly values range from an October-November low of 1013 millibars to a winter high of 1016 millibars. The winte r maximum Is a product of the seasonal migration of the equatorial trough sou th- ward and the peneti-ation into the area of an occasional continental antlcyclone. The mean annual pressure for the area is about 1015 mlllibars . Diurnal pressure variations are about as large (3 millibars) as the seasonal variations. Lowest pressures are likely to occu r during the tropical storm season , May through November. A pressure of 996 millibars was recorded near Mona Passage, west of the tracking range , during the passage of hurricane Beulah In September 19(37. 2. WENDS Variations in the average monthly wind speeds are small , ranging from 10. 4 knots in October to 14. 0 knots in Ju1y~ with an annual mean of 12. 1 knots. A secondary maximum occurs during the winter, when continental fronts and associated northers penetrate the area. Winds of tropical storm force (intensity greater than 33 knots) have been observed for all months. Mean monthly wind speeds and directions are shown in FIgu res 63 throu gh 65. F’actors which interrupt the trade wind flow are frontal and easterly wave passages. As the cold front approaches , the wind shifts to a southerly direction, the front passes, there is a gradual shift th rough the southwest and northwest qu~drants back to the east. The easterly wave passage is characterized by an east-northeast wind ahead of the wave and a change to east-southeast following Its passage. 3. EXTREME WINDS Although the number of marine observa tions for wind are approximately 40 , 000 for the period 1850-1971 , the fact that ships avoid bad weather Introduces a fair-weather bias Into extreme wind statistics. The return values of maximum sustained winds shown below are statistical estimates. Mean Recurrence Interval 5 Yr 10 Yr 20 Yr 5OYr 100 Yr Maximum Sustained Wind (knots ) 70 75 83 91 99 These estimate s suggest that there will be a maximum sustaine d wind speed of 75 knots in the area once every 10 years. 8 I. TROPICAl , CYCl ON ES The trade wind flow is interrupted by tropical cyclones , an important featur e of the range’s climate (luring the summer and early autumn. Because of seasonal shifts in a r’eas Of t ropical cyclone development , the range is outside the ma in paths of the rn ~st so ye re tr’opictil atmosp heric distu rbances , except from July th rough (~~ tohe r’. Of the app roximately 000 tropical cyclones recorded ove r the Nor ’th Atlanti c since 1880 , 52 penetrated the area bounded by 17. 5° — 20. 0°N and (3-1.0° — 70. 0 \V; of these 2~ We r’e hurricanes , 20 were tropical stor ’ms , tind the remaining fou r’ were tropical depressions . August and Septembe r had the majori ty with 14 and 2-1 storms , respectively . l3ased on a n s-~—yea~ record!, the probability of at least one tropical storm or hurrican e penetrating the a r’ea in an~ given year is 0. 44. Those hurricanes and tropical storms which do seve rely affect the area de ve l op pri- m ar rl ~’ ove r the waters of the southern North Atlantic to the east of the lesser Antill es . ‘l’he movements of the storms are usually toward the west and northwest at an a ‘.-( r’a~ e .5~~~~H of 1(1 to iS knots. 5. STORM SURGES Storm surge s may affect parts of the range area , particularly the s r~heastern section which contains the shallowest depths. There are th ree components of the s m surge. The first is clue to the onshore component of wind stress which move s wate r t r- - the coast; the second component is due to the deflection of the current in the longsho i’e di “cc lion. The third component produces a change in sea leve l due to reduced atmospheric pressare in the vicinit y of storms and hurricanes. Along the coast toward ! which the hurr’icane ,s advancin iz , the wate r may begin to rise when the storm center is still 71() to 920 kilomete rs away . Over the open ocean storm surges may be in excess of 1 meter. Heights several times this value occur at coasta l areas nea r St. C roix. 0. VISIBIliTY Visibilit y is good throughout this area; 89 percent of the time it exceeds 18 kilometers . Sea or vapor haze , the result of stilt particles being thrown up by heavy seas can reduce visibilit y to less than 10 kilometers. Sea fog rarely occurs , except occasionally nea r the Coa st . 7. TEMPERAT URE Surface air tempe rature s average between 24°C to 27~C du ring winte r months and 27-’C to 2S~C during summer . Temp eratures above 32°C occur during summer and autumn. The temperature of the sea-surface averages from 0.5°C to 1.5°C warmer than that of the over- lying atmosphere for all months, with winter and summer having the greatest and least diffe rences. Such small differences in temperatures between the air and sea reflect the dominating influence of the sea on the marine atmosphere. The mean monthly sea surface temperature Is highest du ring August and September (29°C), and lowest duri ng Febru a ry and March (20 C). 9 - ~~‘ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. PRECIPITATION Mean monthly precipitation Is evenly distributed th roughw t the year. A relatively dry season occurs during w inte r and early spring. A relatively wet season occurs from May th rough November. There are two rainfall—producing mechanisms in the area: easterly waves and cold fronts. During the rainy season, the area experiences easterly atmosphe ric waves. An in- tense easterly wave bring s one or more cloudy, rainy days which may produce sufficient rain to cause flooding on the island . Occasionally , the trailing edge of a cold front off North America penetrates the area and brings a change in the weather that ranges from cloudier-than—normal skies to heavy and continual rainfall lasting for several days. Most of the precipitation that falls ove r the area lasts less than 1 hou r, 9. CIA t’l)S (‘loud cover does not va ry greatly from season to season. The seasona l variation of cloudiness shows a maximum (obscured) during September (11 percent cloud cover). Ave r- age monthly cloud cove r inc reases slightly from a minimum of about 29 percent in May to a maximum of about 37 pe rcent in August. The annual norm is 32 percent. In all seasons, maximum cloudiness and precipitation occur during the afternoon and night . Total ob- scuration of the sky , although Inf requent, occu rs primarily during short—duration rain showers. Figure 66 shows the monthly variation of cloud cover. Most of the cloudiness consists of trade—wind cumulus. This type of cumulus Is gen- erally of small vertical extent, with the bases averaging 610 to 914 meters in height. Cloud tops ave rage 1, 829 to 2,438 meters in winter, and increase in summer, rising from 2, 743 to 3, 962 meters over the highe r elevations of St. Croix. Other clouds , such as the cumulonimbus and stratiform types, occur during the passage of easterly atmospheric waves , frontal systems and tropical storms. 10. RELA TIVE HUMIDITY The relative humidity is high , averaging 78 percent over the course of the year. The monthly ave rage percentage s range from a Febru a ry low of 71 perce nt to a May high of 82 percent. The average annual diurnal variation Is between 7-1 and 80 percent. PAR T V. REFERENCES 1. APL-tJW (1966). OceanographIc Investigations for an Unde rwate r Tracking Ran ge Off the ~Vest Coast of St. Cro ix. Applied Ph ysics Laboratory , Universi ty of Washington , Seattle. Repo rt APL-UW 6611, 49 p. 2. GarrIson , G. R. (1965). Measurements of Subsurfa ce and Bottom Cu r rents , 1961-1964. Applied Physics Laboratory , University of Washington, Seattle . Report AP L- UW 65 22 , 56 p. 10 3. Ta n~es , fl icha r’d \V . ( 1960). ( ceti n The rmal Structu re I-n r(’c.i sting, SI’ I (iS A 5W~ ps Manual. 1’ . 5. N aval ( )ceanog raphlc Office , Was hington , 1) . C. , Vol. 5 , 17 p. I . M azeika , P. :\. (1973). Circulation and Water Masses East. of the Lesser Anti I1e .~. l)vutsch c Ilvdrog raphische , Band 20 , h eft 2 , p. 49—73 . 5. N aval ( icetini C and Atrnospher’ic Admini stration (197-1). Environme ntal (u i ~lo for the Mo na I ‘a ssago A r’ea . Environmental Data Service , Nti tional Climatic ( ~enter , A sla ’vi lle , , 115 p. iste i’iche r’, Cha ries (1900). Environmenta l Studies in Support of Atlantic Unde rwater Tactic a l Ranges. 1’. S. Naval Oceanog raphic Office , Washington , 1). C. , Inform al M :rnu — scr’ipt Report No . u —I S— OS , 55 1. (unpub. ). 7. Uidlev, F. et al. 1903), Oceanography — \Vest Coast of St. Croix , Vi rgin Islands . U. S. Nava l ( )ceariogr’aphic Office, Washing ton , I). C. , Informal Manuscript Report No . i —~l-i— o3 , ~ j). “ . Robins on , Ma rgaret , N . i1973~. Atlas of Monthly Mean Sea Surfac e and Subsurface l ’c:ttp e r’atu re and 1)epth of the Top of the Thermocline Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. S’ripps Institution of Oceanography , University of Califo rnia , San Diego, l2pa ges , 92 fig- res . 1. SLilcup, Marvel C. and William G. Me tcalf ( 1972 . Current M e asur ‘S in the U as sai~es of the Lesse r Antilles. Journal of Geophysical Research , voi . 77 , . 0, p. 1032—1 11 19 . Stalciip, Ma rvel C. , William C. Metcalf , and Richard C. Johnson (1975 . l)eep Ca rib— bean Inflow Th rough the Anega da— Jungf ern Passage. Journal of Marine Research , vol. 33 , Sup pl ement , 1. is— 3s . 1. Stu rges , Wilton ( 197 , . Mixing of Renewal Wate r Flowing into the Car’ ihix -at Sea . Ion r’nal of Ma rine Research , vol. 33 , Supplement , p. 117— 130 . 12 , Sukhnvey , V. I- . a nd Met.’i l’nikov (1968). The l)eep Sea Wate r Exchang e Between the ( i r ’ibhean Seti and the Atlantic Ocean. Oceanology , 8, p. 159-164. I . . Wenstrand , David (1976). Unpublished Notes on Current and Shear’ Profile Measure- m ents . The Johns llopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel , Ml). 11 . Wust , George (1964). Stratification and Circulation in the Antillean Caribbean Basins , Part I. VEMA Research Series, No. 11 , Columbia University Press, 201 p. PART VT. ANNOTATED BH3LIOGRAPIIY 1. I~irns , D. A. and M. Car (1975). Current Meter I)ata Report for’ the Eastern Part of the Caribbean Sea. Technical Note No. 6110—6-75 , 182 pp. , 12 references , Unpublished Repo rt , 11.5. Naval Oceanographic Office , Washington , I). C. 11 --- -------- - -- - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pi ’eliririna ry anal sis of to current mete r records fro m 18 array s in the eastern C:i ribbeari Sea showed wide variation in mean speed ranging from less than 1 cm/sec rear St. C i’OIX and Viques to a maximum of abou t 90 cm/sec between St. Lucia and St. Vincent at depth of IS meters. Ten of the record s had significant tidal current signatures with maximum amplitude of the M2 constituent a ttaining approximately 24 cm/sec at 591) meters between St. l ucia and St. Vincent. l) at tr we re recorded (lu ring all fou r seasons as depths ranging from 15 meters to 1911) meters. I)ata are presented in form of histograms , fre- (luenc’v distr’ibutior-rs , pr’ogresslve vector plots, powe r spectra , and harmonic analysis . 2. Busby , Ro swt ’ll 1-’. (1907). DR/V ALI MINAUT Recovers Current Meter Arra y 1 m m l)epth of 3, l5u Feet. Ceo Marine Technology Volume 3, Number 5, p. -1 1—41 . A short note on the recove ry of a current meter array in the tracking range west of St. Croix. De sc ripti Vt’ oceanographic and meteorological observations that were observed during recove ry from the DR 1V ALUMINAUT are presented. - 3. Daugherty , J r., et al , (1963). Oceanography Station Data , USS SAN PABLo Cruise No . 3103-1 of Octobe r and Nove mber 1962. Informal Manuscript Report No. 0—2 1—63~’ 138 pp. Unpublished Hepo i’t , U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office , Washington , I).C. Oceanographic Station data were collected in the tracking range during Octobe r and Novembe r’ 1902. Nansen casts , cores , and BT’s we re taken. A time series plot of salinity in depth is shown. I)ata are prese nted in the standard NODC format . I. )rdon , Arnold L. (1907). Circulation of the Caribbean Sea. Journal Geophysical Re- search , \‘ol. 72 , No. 24, 0207— 0223 , 33 re fe rences. The geostr ophic method is applied to six north—south hydrographic profiles across the Caribbean Sea to determine the circulation field, Wind Influence , baroclinic field of mass , and upwellin~ a rc conside red. An estimate of the vertical velocities are given using the equations of nintion s. 5. Ichive , Takashi (1967—1908). Rotating Mode l Experiments of the Circulation in the Caribbean Set i , 9 PP., 7 re fe-ences. Appendix B of Annual Report 1967— 196 8 contract AT 4 . 1 0 — i l 2 603 to Research Division of U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Mixing, Diffusion and Circulation Rates in Ocean Waters. Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia UnI- versity , Palisades , New York. Ref. CU—2663—9. This reference describes othe r on—going contracts and protects in the Vi rgin Islands in physical and chemical oceanography. The author explains his model experiments in describing the gene ral circulation in the Caribbean S ’ ~i. Mixing para meters and (liffusion rates are discussed. This is a short srimrn a rv report on the continuing effort to de velop a complex mathemat ical model of the circulation in the Caribbe an Sea . 6. Eeehn , Pauline A. (1967). BIbliography on Oceanography of the Tropical Atlantic. 87 pp. , 449 refe rences. American MeteorologIcal Society , Washington, I). C. A comprehensive bibliography on the Physical o ceanography and Marine Biology of the Tr opical Atlantic. Extensive description of each reference is provided. 12 — - - - ~ -- ~~ — — - . -- \ tlt ,. ii j i ( ‘ I ntiUc 1 i n k r e~~’ti. ’l \¼ n i , ~-,tni , a nt! 5-~~ 1l I ) t tt a for 1; i .~~leii S~ n ;ui-s 7 1 , Na ti r - ni! lini ; tic C’ - i t e r , \ f il le , ‘ . ‘. - : i n j a t i , n:- \ t i , i lot t I~ - iu- - l e ~ i i ’ ) —~‘ p t : I t f S 7 1 , 7 ci w ind , - i- a , c u t ~welI . N v 1 )c mn. . )g! p lti ~’ ‘ i t t -i- ( lt i . ti . Ii. 1 , . Pub . 7n ’’ , ( s e i n ’ y rt iph i .\t l:is (>1 the N orth ‘C Ii 4 s i -a i Scc t i n U ., ~~t I I I ~w t-tl , 2 7 pp. , 12 -o k - r i - t i - - . N a v a l I Wa sh i tn~ n, 1 . - . I b . i t )) , ( ccairogt: ~~ } iI& - A t I ~~ I the N o r t h \t I : i nt i ’- ~ ‘- -c ‘~~~, mt c t u n 1, I - i , - ~~ i n ) C o r i -nts , 7 ~t - ., 31 i- , - t i - , - n ,- -s . N i ~~ t l I ‘ - cano~ rttp Iti - ( ‘ I t t - i - , \\ - l i n ~~ti- i , 1) . ) ( 1k ’ 7i . I. . I nh , 7~ ii , (~~~~t a ~ rap hi c Atltis of I it . - No ,‘th A t i t til e ( U . i ii , Secti on I~~, S o t t i d \ ‘‘I - it\ , I nu . , N ava l ( s-i- :- n , t ’ i - u h j c ( itl iee , \ \:tS hiIi % titI , I ) . C. 1 . 7 - . H. ~~~ , l’uh. 7 ’ , ( t i - a n t ’tiphic Atlas of the N orth - \tI ; tii t - ‘ ( ‘ e t a , ~ecti o n U, p p~-rt ~~ : 1 , , pp. , 11:1 re ferences , Nav a l ( icc:t:~ ’~ rap hic ( )ff ic.- , ~\: , sIiiii- ~i ’ t , I i . 1 ’. 1 . ‘,. N a val i~~~~~’ t i t ~r tphit - -‘tOast - i- , of the North At1 ,intic Ocean. The ~~i - i n - c i i o c e a n - — ‘~1 the entire N o t E ) , .\t lant i c , including the Ca ribbean Sea , is pr ’-s -n t cd in t in - loi ta of s e a - ’a : i l IIi ~~ i ; - - , -harts , fi~~ii-es , with text. Good is -,t ge n ei - :il reference. N av al ( k-e anograph ic o ffice i19 72i . SP—189 II , Envir onmental A -oits t ( c ‘ t i l t s of he ~en nil C t l f of M ex ico , Vol u me II, Mti rine Fn v ir onrnent , l’~1 pp. . in ref . r c I . s . N i l ‘‘e i no~ i ; i p hi e Office , Washington , I). C. t r i m - II (li -cusses and charts marine environmenta l dtit a pci-tam ing IA) e1k - c - ti ~~.- a nti— .~ i t h n i rifle -at i ’ve ill ;tiu -e . It includes data on geomagnetic background , wate r masses , sound - ‘c i , and th emn ia 1 structure , h:t thvmetry , bottom com posi t io n , sul —bott oni S t TIJ C tu i 25 , - , ~rves , i : ii nf till , and currents . - - . - ich ol , M ay na -0 1 972 . I-nviron ment a l Wate r and Sediments of Ch risti anstc I I Ia rho C r u s , I ~T pp. , \\ t itI t’ Pollution Report No . 16. Virgin Islands I)i vi siCfi of Envi i ’ ’n f l n - Ii— to . I: ii . .\;Ito r till uti it }S ( I L - ( t i S S I .-( I in t ’h r i~~t ianS t e (l h arbor ’ with relation to: water (lut LIlty t at . -c -h 1 a i -a I -eel , fi i-the i-irs , bottom 1i i’ttss algae , bottom sediments , ut ili it o ion of h i ii ’. - a nO its ~0 ‘ i ‘ 1-010 ( 111 . I - - t i - i ; - Eu - , CIit r le~, 1 9 ;o . Environmental Studies in Support of Atlantic [nde i ’w ; ii-r t a c t i c a l ~~~~~~~~~~ Intor mal \l :tnu script Report No , ( 1— 15— 410 , 55 pp. , 3 references. Un— I l L— he ? F - - is -ci , IT~ S. N :iva l Oceanographic Office , Washingto n, D.C. t~ - - t . I t ~ -i an o - .t.i nn~ rt ip hic su t’vev west of St. Croix during October and N ovembe r lt k ~ o u se’ is - - . lempe rat ; i r e — stilt iii t~ - ‘ Ia Ii are compa r~(l to historical ~Wu~ t’ s) obse rvrr tion s . Cc n i t ) , . , ii - - otiii. l speed plots ire show- ti . Surf ace and subsu i’face current information is - c i i - ana ly ses. 13 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - ~~~ — 12 . Parr ’, -\ lbert l- ide (19;17 . A Contribution to the Ilydrography of the Caribbean and Ctiv nian Seas , 11 ( 4 pp. , I-I re ferences . Bulletin of the Bingham 0 eetinograph ic Collection . Peabody Museum of Natural II isto rv , Yale Universit y, Volume V. A rticle 1, New Have n , Co an. Oceanographic Station data taken aboard the H/v ATLANTIS during 193:1 -1934 are used to describe the various wate r masses throughout the Caribbean Sea and its many passages. The horizonta l and vertical distribution are discussed ~s well as the gene ral and bottom circulation . 1% . Ridlev , F. et al. (1t)6:i’t. Oceanography — West Coast of St. Croix , Virgin hslands . Informal Manuscript Report No. ((—3-1—63 , 88 pp. , 9 refe rences, Unpublished Report , U. S. Na val Oceanographic Office , Washington , D. C. Time series oceanographic data off the west coast of St. Croix were examined for va riations in physical properties which significantly affect sound propagation. Changes of the orde r of 3 rn/sec occurred over a 12—hour period . Sediment cores and the textural and chemical elm racteristics are discussed, 1-1. Sa nini a rtino , Pete r (1968). The Fairleigh Dicktnson University Confe rence on Oceano- logy , 121 pp. , l-’airleigh Dickinson Unive rsity Press , Rutherford , N. J. This report deals with the preservation of legal jurisdiction of , the prope r use of , anti man’s role in the Caribbean Sea. 15. Smith , Otis R. (197-I). Results of Current Observations Caribbean Operations. NAV OCEANO Technical Note No. 6110—1—74 , 22 pp. , 2 Appendices , 25-33 pp. Unpublished Report , U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office , Washington, D. C. Current meters we re placed at 100 , 450, 800, and near the bottom at th ree locations ( 17 3 -1’ N , (35°30 ’\ ; 17°01’ N, 63°43’W ; and 15°- b ’ N, 63°48’W) during April and May 1974. Moderate speeds up to 39 cm/sec were recorded at the 450m depth at 14°49’ N , 63°48’W. Speeds general1~ - were low and dec reased with depth . Eigh ty—eight percent of all recorded speeds we re less than 19 cm/sec. Data are presented in the form of hlstographs , frequency distribution tind time— vttry ing vector plots. 16. U. S. Nav al Weather Service Command (1974). SSMO, Summaz~r of Synoptic Meteoro- logical Observations , Caribbean and Nearby Coastal Marine Areas , Volumes 4 and 5. National Climatic Cente r, Ashe ville , N. C. 28801. This report contains 21 tables of variou s meteorological parameters (sea surface tem- peratu re , wind , sea and swell , rainfall , cloud information , visibility , etc.). The size of the geographical areas covered by this reference are usually larger than 2.5°. Da t-a based upon ship obse rvations , I)ata are summarized monthly and annually. 1-i 17 . 1, 5. Natio nal ee :inogi ’aphi c Dat:i ( ‘ente r (197(4). Ci ( ’AR , flib liogr apl y Oil ~l( tItOi ’i ) li ~~ , C li n in E . logy , and Physicti 1—Chemical ( )ceanography, Volume I , Coope rat i vi lnve sti— t i n of the Ca rihhean and Adjacent Regions , \Va shi ngton , I). C. , 011 pp. -\ compr ’ehensi t-e , exhaustive cc mpilation by subject and author from A tim rough Z on t 1 n- (‘ c l’il)bean Seti . I . \\ u st , ( ;eor’ge ( 190 h . St ratification and Circulation in the Antil iean — ( ‘a ribbean hiti s Ifls , Pa rt 1, VEM-\ Uesearch Series , No. IT, Columbia Unive i’sity I~t’ess , I’d pp. , II I i t -E r t’enc. — This is a classical comprehensive description of the water masses of the .-\nti llea n— Ca ribl~~tin Btisini-t , thei i’ inte raction with the atmosphere and circulati on in their depths . \Vust expla ins his core method for indicating the thermal—haline and oxygen constitution (it ‘ce i nic basi ~~s in relati on to the pe i’mane nt ci rcu ltition. 15 — ~~- - - -— - -----— . — 59 ’ 58’ 57 ’ 56’ 55 ’ 54’ 53 ’ 52 ’ 64°5l ’ l i — - ~70 50 ’ 50’ 49 ’ - - 49’ Stud y Ar •a 48 48 7 < — - 170 4 7 ’ —~~“ 47 ’ ¶00 ~4flO,ls. 46’ - , - ~~ U~T ~~~~~~~~ 46’ 45 ’ - /1 . 45 ’ H ALL ST. CROIX 44 ’ - f//, ~~FETCH//// ~~~~~~~~~~ . 44 LIMITED AREA :1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1D~~ I K ST 1D :: 41 ’ - : :.:,,:~ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 1 ANDV PO IMT 40 ’ - - 40’ 31’ - .. - 39’ — ‘ ~‘l OO FA ’r,~~MS .. -. 170 1 1 1 1 1 •3• 59 ’ SS ’ 57 ’ 56 ’ 55’ 54’ 53’ 5~~~ ’ $4O 5~’ FIGURE 1 STUDY AREA I t ; - - - — - - — - — ~_~~~~~_ r ~~~~~~~~~ r -___ - - -~ ( I A J N ) HD1~~J o a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I i (‘J 0 (‘J co C~J (S~~fl0H NOI1V~~flO GNIM 17 r~~~~~~~~-” ~’~~~_ - - - --~~~~~~~~~~~~ —~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘ - TOTAL NUMBEH OBSO = 6101 100 1 91 -1 71 ~[, 50 I U - - ~ ~L N - ~ - 20- 0 30 60 90 120 150 160 2 10 2’40 270 300 330 361i OIRECTION HISTOGRAM - DEGREES TRUL FIGURE 3 RELATIVE FREQUENC Y HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRAY I AT 762 METERS 1M TO~ HL NUMBER OBSO = 6 U ~ LL~ IL ‘-~ 1L ~ -~ I— • 1L~ 1 ~~~~ - m O 10 20 30 ~U ~O 60 70 60 qo IOL SPEED HISTOGRAM - CM/SEC FIGURE 4 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 762 METERS 19 TOT HL NUMBER OH~~0 = GILl ~LL ’ -~~~~~~ ( / I F1L~~ U - IH H - -r ~ 60 ~~ U - - I - ~ - 0 10 20 10 ‘10 ~O 60 10 €10 YC ICC CUMULA T IVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - C M/ S E C FIGURE 5 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 762 METERS 21) - —- — - ,. - - • ~~~~— r- - ‘ ‘ —- - - S:,t—y- -— ~~~~_ N: ~1HE H L1hT r, = 610 1 7 ‘ L - I - - U - - U - ~~~~ ~~ l~’1~ ~~~~~ I ’~L ~~ :‘1- . ? i~ . ~ 1~1L ‘‘ JHLfl :YJ -~~~~T [ 1THR M - - LL1HLL~ H - L - FIG UPS 6 RLLAT IVE FREQu ENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR - ARRA Y 1 AT 74 7 METERS 21 TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6101 IOU go - ~ ~~L L z:1 F - ~~~~~~ (2 0 V ______________________________ • — I f - I - U 10 20 10 ‘10 50 60 70 60 go too SPEED HISTOGRAM - CM/ SEC FIGURE 7 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 747 METERS 22 - ~~~~~~—-~~----- - ~~~~~ TL 1E1 — -- -- -a--’ -— — ~OTRL NUMBER OBflQ = 6 ’ lOl IOU - - - ~ _ /L / fL~ / ~ ( ~ -1 ~~ I L u ~~~ 2~ - - ~0 do ~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~ 1~~ CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - CM/S EC FIGURE 8 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTI ON OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 747 METERS 23 I UL, / / IL / T 6 O ~~~~~/ ~O -~ ~ / 1_u - ;I I! - ~ 7L f ~~~~~= 7’17 M 1 ® = 762 9 I - ~~~~~ 1 1 Y I I - ~~~~~ 0 10 20 10 ‘10 50 60 70 60 90 100 CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - CM/SEE FIGURE 9 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 762 AND 747 METERS 2-I 0/ P T + = ~~~~~~~~~ - . ~~~~~~~~~~~ - K = ~J3-1 T i -I ~ io’t(~~~/~~~~~ - - .~~~6 0~ .12 .l~~ 2 2 4 Ft~EaUENC-f — ETELES PE1~ tIOIJR FIGURE 10 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 1 AT 762 METERS ----— - - - - ~~~~ -_ - — — -.---- -— —4 - + = Lr1Tr~WES~ ii = * ~ I ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ‘~~ i~ 4 1 ~ ui ~ 1 4 % iu (• ~~—~---— o~ O~6 09 .l~~ .I~~ 2~4 FREQUENCY - CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 11 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 1 AT 747 METERS 26 — - - - -‘----. - - — - - = - - - - —- —~ ,- -- _ ~~ _----—-_-—_ —- ~—.‘——•_-~ —_ - —--------- - - -=——— - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , ~~ , • I • S ~ • S~~~ • 5’ • •y • . e , ~~ ~‘. c~’~ : ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘ . • 5 ‘ 1 • • I•~• •I ~ • • j - I I • ROTR RT CDE FFICILNTG = H~ ~~~;- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘I ( I ~ ~ li ii- 4 I O°_’!__._. T._ 1.f_T~f _ 4 ~~~~~~ .T. _1~~ r r~~ - — — o.4~ 0.06 ci.o~ 0.12 0.iS — ~T~~ Ei~ PER HOUR FIGURE 12 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 1 AT 762 METERS — rnr— -- — - ~~~~~~~ -~-=- S S 1~~~~ 1, •~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ % “ : 5 -~ ROTA RY COEFFICIENTS + = ~ K = ~~~~~~ ‘I— E ’ T - ~= ~~ t~~i&I~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ to —- - -- ~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --p- — ~~+-~~~~ -- ~~~~~~~~ - T • 0.06 0.09 . (~.12 i.I S ~~~~~ FHL ~~ Jf NET - [ T ~ LL~ PER HOUR FIGURE 1 3 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 1 AT 747 METERS 2M - - . ~~- - ‘~ ,,-: -:---—- - ,~ -1 ~ / ~ I ~ ~ - \ \ \ , ~ ~~ , I J - ~~ - - - M I ii S I I T I ~ I j i 1 . 1,1 . 1 ~ P3- ~~ T ‘FN( V lephi FIGU RE 14 TOTAL ENERGY SPECTRA FOR A PRA~ AT 762 AND 74 7 FIl TER S ~~~~~~ T / ~ RHARI 1 FEB 1~~7B ~~~ üüüüi 25 F LB 1 U7F NL ~1UH RVL H RflE S CUHHLNT MET ER DEPTH — METLt ’I VFICM—26 ’--l 762 VA11NI_291 7L~7 - 0 S i 0 IS ?0 ?~~1U 1S .~~~, CL = 10 CM/SEC PER CM i i L FIGUR [ 5 TIME SERIES VECTOR PLOT , ARRAY 1 30 - ~~~~~~ \‘E C 0 3 0 Z ~ 3 F~~9 9 7 6 (-1 (~.‘E [RS -4 - . S . — 7 ’ . ‘~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~ -: ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ; - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~T / ~~~~~~~~~~~ -- ~~~~~ ‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~ / I 4 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t-~~~~~~: ~ -- - ~~ ~~~~~ p - - __ _ _ _ ~x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~ -~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~ - .‘ - ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ I - _ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~\4~ ~~~~~~~r~~~~~~~~ I r~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ f r 117 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ H ‘r ~~~~~ 4.—-— - - - - - —- - — ~~~— — -— - - - - - — --- .---- ~~~- ---—-,—---- ~~~~~~ .-- —~~-- - T~~~ :’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~ /~~~)// ‘4 r’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ - _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~r — r~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ - ~ - - ~: ~~~~ t~~T t ’ T~ - ~~~ - -4 *~ 7~~ \ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ; ; - ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pT - ~~~~4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —-n; _ _ I - - - - -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T , ~~~~~ 7~4/ ~~~ 4r~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -~ —-——~~~ - - — _______________ - —— ‘ ~~~~~~ k~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6 173 100- 90- H 80- E L A 70- T 60- E F ~~ A U E 30- N C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 30 60 90 120 150 1 0 210 2t10 210 300 330 360 DIRECTION HISTOGRAM - OEGREES TRUE FIGURE 16 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HIST OGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRAY 1 AT 1064 METERS 31 T [’ITHL NUMREH OR~~O = 6 1/ 1 -J, I~ 1 /L 1~ I ~ L ~u - ~ I ~~~~ ~G - 10 j I 1 ~~~~~~~~ 1_ 20 sb 6b SPEED HISTOGRAM - CM/SEC FIGURE 1 7 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 1064 METERS TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6173 100- 90- C U 80- M U L ~° P 60- V E ~~~~~~~ F A E Q U 30- E 20- ‘1 10- O — ~1 0 10 20 30 90 50 60 70 80 90 100 CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - CM/SEC ST CROIX VI ARRAY 2 VRCM 295 FEB 1976 FIGURE 18 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 1 AT 1064 METERS 33 — - - - --— - ~~~~~=—- —--— —----~~~~ -— TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 61 73 1 ~L- - -H- - - ~ - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 2~0 ?FO 300 330 1F.[. DIRECTION HISTOGRAM - DEGREES I’HUE FIGURE 19 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1049 METERS 3-I - — — ---_ -—— - -~- _ -~~~~ TOTHL NUMBER OBSO = 617~ 100- 90- H 80- E ~ 10- T v 60- E H -- 1 -i E ~ 20- 10- — I I - — ~~~~~ - 0 10 20 30 90 50 60 70 80 90 I Lk SPEED HISTOGRAM — C M / S E C FIGURE 20 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRA Y 2 AT 1049 METERS 3 i~ TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6173 ~~~~ - ~ V jE:. ~ -~ ~ -IL - I I J n 70 -1 - ~ H 10 L l~ ~~~~ lb I ~o 6b ib eb ~b l~ O CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - CM/SEC FI GURE 21 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1049 METERS II TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6 173 100 ~~~ - - . - - ci -I -- - - - ~~50~ - L ~ o —~ L3H 7U 1:- 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 3110 ilL: ‘ ~~~ , DIRECTION HISTOGRAM — DECREES TAUL FIGURE 22 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1018 METERS :37 TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6173 1110 —-4 c-~ _ - -r 50- I-IL - i__i I ~~?L~ - O 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~b ~a 6b ib 8b q~ io~ o SPEED HISTOGRAM — CM/SEC FIGURE 23 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1018 METERS TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6173 100 - 90- CIi 80- M L 7°- 60- V E ~~ F H ~o- E U U 30- E N I 10- I I I I 0 10 20 30 ‘40 50 60 70 80 90 1001 CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - CM/SEC FIGURE 24 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1018 METERS 39 ~0L 4- — - - ~ ~~ - ~ — L / ~~~ - II = ‘ioie ~ 10 -~ / = 1049 9 / _ _ _ _ _ _ - - -~~~~~~~~~—~~~~~~~~~~~~ — - - ~~~~~~~~~~~ -- - - - - - ~~~~-- - - - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100 CUM~L~ TIVE SPEED DISTRIBUT ION - CM/SEC FIGURE 25 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1064 , 1049 , AND ioia ME1~RS I ~ + = ERST-~EST - ~~ K = NORTH-SOUTH r -z r 0 S 0 I i 10 — I I I I 0.06 03 04 04 It IS IS . 2 1 .24 FREQUENCY — CYCLES PEA HOUR FIGURE 26 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1064 METERS 41 -1 + X = NORTH-SOUTH q~ 10 1 ~;[~ L~ f~ -4 - 100 , 03 06 09 .12 l~ IS ~ l 24 FREQUENCY — CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 27 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1049 METERS - --~~~-~~~~~~- -=--- - — -- - -4 -1 -4 —4 -I + = E~ST-HLST - ~II K = NORTH-SOIi~ 1 ~ I FREQUENC Y - CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 28 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1018 METERS 43 I.. . S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ • ‘•j _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kD~~RY COEFF ICIENTS + = :~ ~~~~~~~~~~ x = ir ~~ --4 I ~~~ Ici -~~~~ IUI ~~~~~ W 10 ~~~ - - ~~~~~~~ _ ~~~~ f I I 0.0~ 0.06 0.(~ 0.!? 0.IS FREQUENCY — CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 29 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1064 METERS -I- I +1- • ~~~ 0~ IP~ ~~~~~~~ w~~~~~~,~jI *~~% 1 v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 - - ~‘ : ~~~~~~ •. ‘ . ‘,“:. ‘: • , ROTARY COEFF I CIENT S + = 0~ SP[C~ A1.~ K = -TC4~ ~FE1~~ k L) LL~Ja- ~ 10,_ i 1~ 3 I T I [~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11 0.01 Q.~~ 0.12 U. IS FREQUENCY - CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 30 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1049 METERS 45 ~ ‘ • ‘~‘? ‘S. :.. ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~‘:. us • ‘ % ~~~~~S, ~! IJJ~~~ S 0 ~ I •~~I~S’ ~ ‘ ~ç ‘,• ~~~~~ ‘~fr’% •1 1 1 I % S 5 , 5 • . ~~~ , 5, • S Si •~ S S ROTARY COEFFICIENT S -4 + = ~~~ ~PE~ THk - K = CCv~ ‘ F E C~~R~I aLi r it ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~ ~~~~1 0 5 3 I 0:06 0CM 0.!? 0.l5 FREQUENCY - CYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 3~ ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRA Y 2 AT 1018 METERS -I (‘~ - -~~~~-~----~~ ----- ~~~~~~~ —~ 10 — Iii ,/ ~ I I I ~ r-~ I’ ~ I ~ // i \ . \ ’I/ ;, l’ \ I ~~~j ! \ • : \~( ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ I - ,‘ /V \1 1/ ~i ~ ~ / - I / ~ t.I I - t / 10 1~~ \ , I / I • \~ / I I ~II / - ‘ I I I I I I , I I ; 1018M - I I 104G M I D 5 0 1 I I 10 I I I I 1 I V I I .01 .1 .2 7P~QUINCY (CpG ) FIGURE 32 TOTAL ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 2 AT 1064 , 1049 , AND 1018 METERS 47 -J L~~~~X V f RHHR~ 2 1 LB 1~i7E~ ~~~H~~ T T IM L 0000Z 23 FEB 197~ ~~ ~IL1JH P~ -’LHRLLS ~TUHHHNT METEH DEPTH -- MLT EHC VRCM-fl 15 1O6~ VRLTh1 -252 101-iS V RCM-2 15T3 1018 - 0 S10 1S 2~~25~~0 1S+0 -4~~% = 10 CM/SEC PEH CM~~~~~~~ 1_ _! -~~~~ ~ FIGURE 33 TIME SERIES VECTOR PLOT , ARRAY 2 -I ~ - - — T ~~~T T I M E O O O O ~~ 2 5 F E B 976 - ( V I I - I / 4 7 :~~~~~f • / ~ ~~~~~~~~ H ~- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ • ~~~~~~~L ~ _ _ ___ ~ _ \• ~ _ - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 4 ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ _ \~~~~~~~~~~~ . p -~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~i--~ - --4 __ 1 ~ \ \ S ______ / ~~~~~~~- - - ~~~-- = - .- -~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - 1~ -4’ - - - -4 •1 I ‘ \ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V ~~~H ~~~:- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \1\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~~ - ~-ç~ ’c~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ - 4 ~~~~ / 4~ 4~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ 1~ k~44J,~~~ L _ _ I ~L _ _ - -4 ~~i~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~ A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ • ~~~L ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ - - I - ._ _ i c- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~. -~~~~~~~~~~ i ~~~~~ - 4 - -4 ~~* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ -v_~~ - ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ 4~~~~~~~~ k - - ~~~~llt TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6137 200 - qo - A 80- El L ~:i~ ~~~~~~ 60- F ~ ° A U E 30- N Cy 2O- 0 0 60 120 1 0 ]~0 210 2~4O 270 300 330 360 DIRECTION HISTOGR AM - DEGREES TRUE FIGURE 34 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRA Y 3 AT 963 METERS 49 -~~--.--- - - - - - -- — -- -.• -~~- - - ---- TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 61’~7 1UL -~ I ~~ ILi - ~ -r Fl: -i - - 10- 0- — I I I 1 I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 SPEED HISTOGRAM — CM/SEC FItUR F 3~ RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 METERS 50 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _— __~~_ _ _ S - ~~~~~~~~~~ -.- .‘ I TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 6137 10O -~ C / / / M L1 L ‘H AI ~ 60 V E 50- F H U U 3° E N 20- ~ 1’ 10- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - C M / S E C FIGURE 36 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY D1STRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 METERS 51 TOT AL NUMBER OBSO = 6f37 - --4 -~ ~~L I, j~ L- h r y 20 1 I U ~~ i _i ~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~ 0 ~ 60 90 120 150 180 210 )s4~ 270 300 330 16U DIRECTION H ISTOGRAM — DEGREES TRUE FIGURE 37 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTIO N FOR ARRM 3 AT 948 METERS TOTAL NUMBER OBSQ = 6 1’37 100- 90- H 80 E L ~ 70 -r I V 60- El 50 A 90- — U El 30- 20- 10- 1 0- — I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 SPEED HISTOGRAM - CM/SEC FIGURE 38 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRA Y 3 AT 948 METERS 53 T Q R L NUMBER OBSO = 61~~/ — ~~ [_ _ ~LS - ~ - - ~~ 20-~ 10~~/ _ _ _ _ _ - - ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ I - ~~~~~~~~ 0 10 20 30 ~O 50 60 70 80 90 100 C IM L~ -~ IVE SPEED DIS TRI BUTION — C M / S E C FIGURE 39 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 948 METERS .14 TOTAL NUMBER OBSO = 61~~7 100 ~ El ~ IL 60- El L ~ 3ü •‘O- 10- 0- I T ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ H 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 2W 21L ILL 110 ~~L DIRECTION HISTOGRAM - DEGREES T HiJ E FIGURE 40 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF DIRECTION FOR ARRAY 3 AT 917 METERS 55 TOTAL NUM~EH OBSO = G137 100-i 1L~ L I— 50 -3 0 ~~~ ~~ 30 4~ ~0 60 7~ 8~ ~O I SPEED HISTOGRAM - CM/SEC FIGURE 4 1 RELATIV E FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 917 METERS TOTAL NUM BER OHS0 = G 13 / 100 qu - C U 80 M U L ~° R T j 60- V E 50- F A E U U 30- E N C 20- I 10- 0— 0 10 20 30 90 50 60 70 00 90 100 CUMULATIVE SPEED DISTRIBUTION - C M / S E C FIGURE 42 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 917 METERS 57 H RL~ -~ ?/ M r r U ~~ / - ~ I~ ~~20- 4 1’ + = 9~7 ~ • 10- = 0- ~~~~~~~~~~~ I 0 10 ?0 30 40 50 60 70 80 ~ -~0 100 Ci )-M~L~--~~I~’E SPEED DISTRIBU TION - FIGURE 43 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 , 948 , AND 917 METERS - -I + = E~ ST—H ESf - I = NORTH-SOu TH a: cir LlJ U- • Li - ~ 2 Li 10 LL•J 10 ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~t~~~It 7 0 S 0 J 10— 1 I 1 . 1 .03 06 .09 .1 2 5 I 8 .21 2 4 FREQUENC’? - CTCLES PER HOUR ARRAT 3 963M FIGURE 44 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 METERS - 1(1 S - - ~~~~~~~ - -- = E ST-~ E~ T - ) = NORTH—3 [~ ~ -i ;~~ ~ ~~~10~-1 - 03 ? 09 . 12 •15 l B 2 ’ 24 FREQUENCY — CYCLES PER HOUR ARRPf 3 9Lj~~~ FIGURE 45 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 948 METERS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + - = NORTH-SOUTH a: r 10 - a: 0~ • L IL ~~ - l~t + ~~ ioI~ .~ 1* 1~ I~ ’ ~ ~ ~ t ~ - ~ Y+ 1 0 S 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 0 — I I I I I 1 • 03 .06 01 .12 •l5 •IB 21 24 FREQUENCY — CYCLES PER HOUR AHAR T 3 917M FIGURE 46 COMPONENT ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 917 METERS 61 - - ~~~- - 5 % . ~~~~ jp. ~~‘ 1hh ,r~1 ~~~~~~ 0 ~~ b~~~~~I I V I I • - I ~ I ROTRRY COEFFICIE NTS -4 + = CI4 SPECTA ~ —1 = CC~ SPEC~~’~ 4 I z -Ti ~ ) ~~~ J 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V S ~ ~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~+~~~ - ~~~~~~ -- 5 - 1 - 0.06 ~.l2 0.I~ I F REQUEMC r — rYCLES PER HOUR FIGURE 47 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 METERS - r - - .- - - +3- ~~~ V •‘ s . • :‘ ~~ .~~~~ ~~ 0 1” S I S •. ‘ ~ S - I I ‘ 1 I r ~~~~~S. . • SI —1 — 3 ROTARY COEFFICIENTS IC — + = CW SPECTRA x = CCVI SPECTRA Li - It - -44J ~~ 0 I_*J - (n r U- I— - UizIi - 0 Uiz Li.J 10 - I V S 10 I I~~~~~ I [ 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.~~ 0.12 IS FREQUENCY — CYCLES 1EA HOUR FIGURE 48 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 948 METERS 63 - ~~-~---~~.-~~~- -- --- — -—---- ---~~ — - -- - : ~ :~ ~ ~ :r :~ ~~~~~~~~ ‘~ ~~~~~ I I • ~~s ~~~~~~~~~~~ r • ROTRRT COEFFICIENTS I + = = ~~ :PLC~ R~ r -I S_S_i - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0.06 0.09 U.,’ FREQU [NCY — CYCLES PER H H FIGURE 49 ROTARY ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 917 METERS 1000 — Il - ‘ S I • ~ I ~ - I I I ioo— I - ‘I - I’A~ , 1.1 • / - , - ~~J I ’ I •I I - 3 I Al H - I • I I , i l I I V ‘ I I J I I z \ I I Cl, - ‘ I 4/ ~• i t i C-; - I -I - I II - - 911M 10— I I I~~. - — II I~ I — II — ~I • 1 949M ~~ ~ 963M I 1 ~Ii ~ I’ — I D S I I I ~ l i l T —1 .01 .1 .2 FR! QUENCY (eph) FIGURE 50 TOTAL ENERGY SPECTRA FOR ARRAY 3 AT 963 , 948 , AND 917 METERS 65 - — - - -.-•- — - • _J 3~ CROIX VI PRAP I 3 FEB 197F~ JHHT TI ME 0000Z 25 FEB 197~ . ONE HOUR RVERPGES CURRENT METER DEPTH - METERS V RCM—290 9~~ VA CM-29~-1 SL{8 VACM —29 3 917 SCALE = 10 CM/SEC PER CM~~ 1 0 0rr °r~ FIGURE 51 TIME SERIES VECTOR PLOT , ARRAY 3 ‘~~~ — - -- - - S T A R T T I M E O O O 0~~~ 2 5 F E B 9 7 6 ~~ - ( ~ •~~ T: ~~~~~~ L - ~ ~~~~ ~ HOURS , S / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~ ~~~ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ “I’ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~ _ ~uI~~~~~~~ t s L ~~:~ T~~~~~~~~~~~ ~c k ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I / ~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ 1 ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ., ~~~~~~~~~~~ /AO—A043 650 NAVAL OCEAN RrSEARcH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY SAY ST—ETC F/S 5/3 THE OCEANOflAPHZC/METEOROI_OSICAL ENVIRONMENT WEST OF ST. CROIX ,ftj ) JUL 77 0* 51* 115 UNCLASSIFIeD NOftD*.13 CNCSINAVFAC—cpo—1—77(a;) NI. _ _ _ _ _ urns U lUILLA! p A r ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \ t’i* ~~ t N~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \\~ / \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / I / \ . I ~ / / I ~~~ ) / ~~ 1 ~~ / ~~~~ I ~~~/~1’~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /Jç~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /~ L(* JJ4~~~\J /A~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / I 4\<~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * k ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L ~c~~~~c ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘I a~~ ~~~~ ~~ \~~‘ L A j - CID c,~~o -< 7I/ / F— — o -J o — o -~~~ o I 0 - :~ I 1 1 — C 0 o N C (LiSlotu) HLd 4Q Ha&y’l 67 .• TEM pER An ;RF ( c ) 1 10 15 20 25 311 I , € ~ I - , /- -- 100 — , NANSEN CAST ()CTOBE H 1965 / / 01 / 1 / / / 1 ‘I /0’ ‘I‘I 400 - ‘I //u— FEBRUARY 1976 / 0 ‘I‘I 500 ‘I/ 600 700- . M110 900 FIGURE 53 TYPICAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES , FEBRUARY AND OCTORIR GM - ~ - . . - ~~~~ .: . . ~~~~~~~ .T ~ - ._ . - . - —i—- . SALINITY (“/00) 34 35 37 0— —. I I — — - -.----- k~~__ 100 - - 200. NANSEN CAST - oc.roBER i;65~~~~~~~ ,,, ~,,, ) - .“ ~~‘ ~~~.-IEBRUARY 1976 300- , SVSTD - , —,- , —,- , n__ , —.- / 400 /;/ ~ //~/ / - _ s00 . •~# - / 7 // If // / 1 600 - 700 600’ 900 I I FIGURE 54 TYPICAL SALINITY PROFILES , FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER 69 - —-- - — S t N t) VE IA )CIT Y (Tnoter s/ MeCo nd ) t N ( ~~)t1ItE CTEI) II’-i 1 500 1520 1540 1 y _ ,) ~ ( ( M P U T E D S V LICTOBEH 1965 / / / / ‘Of / / / ~~ 1 / / HEAS E F I~ED sV F’ E rtItt’\HV 1976 ‘7 ‘7 I)~~~~ / / /7 “ I, = / / / 7 SilO — // 1~ S 7 ( 1 1 1 - 4(1(1 . I FIGURE 55 TYPICAL SOUND VELOCITY PROFILES , FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER 70 —~ - - i i ~~_7~~ _ - .— — - ~ .. ..- - — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘-.-- - . SALINITY (°/O0) :)o _~ t i i i i ~ 36 ~ j’~ ’ i i i i - ~~~~~20 - - _ •_ _ _ _ _- -- __ ___ .._ _. _. __ to - OCTOBER ‘ -S - 0 - — S • • ’ ~~~~•. . ••~~ 0 100 — — .100 •. l50~~ - s u w - - l50~~ : FEBR UA RY - 20- — / ~~~~~ — - -~ - 2001 •. - ‘ #250 - 1— 250.’ • — - / 0200 - 500, • • — ‘ S I-. 15 — /.uo — - / •• - / S. - 400•1. - Iv - /~ 460 - ‘ .5 - 10- — — - - •00~~100 - mo~~~ S A I W - NOTE: NUMBERS INDICATE METERS - I T I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I FIGURE 56 T-S DIAGRAMS FOR FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER 71 - ~_~~~_r—!~~—-- - . .----- -- .- - - - --- . - - - . OMI (H0u~ ) 2 13 4 IS 16 29 . 0 1.4 N 25 24 ~~~~V ~ 2 ) AUG 2 , 1958 I?’ 4) N I— 64 56 W — - — - — - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~200 N I 8 — - — — — — — ~~~~~~J250 N IS ~p/ 35oM - 4 . ~~~P ’ — ‘- - ~ 400 M 13 FIGURE 57 TYPICA~. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS DURING AUGUST 72 ., . .— - OM Y (NOUn ) 0 FEØ * II ~~ 04 06 08 10 12 4 ‘6 IS 20 22 do 02 04 06 26 1 I I I i I I I I I I I - - - - ~~ : ~ N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20CM I 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — I 8 - - 25CM I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30CM (6 17 4 0 N 0. \ 64 5S W I S - 3~0~ - 1 2 \ - II - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 500 N I~ N~~~~~~~~___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ ____ ___~~~~~~~~~ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~— r T~~~~T j 100 N FIGURE 58 TYPICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS DURING FEBRUARY 73 -~~~~~~~~--— - -.~~ / i °N 77~ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ,/,/ o ::i I I I C’4 0 ~~~~ ‘ ~0 ‘~r ~~ 0 — — Ji~~ DU2d 74 — — -~~~- — . . -~~~~ .— — . _.; ~ __ — -.-—- — <~~~ 0 ~~ ø•) ~~~ — C~ ~~~< ~~ ~ d -~ ~~ c’I L(~ — U c’~ ~~ ø~ C’) ~~ t— ~~ ~ ,~: I ~~ C I d c’~ — C”) C’) — I- ~ , o ~- a~ 0 C’) Z) d C’~ ,-~ I I I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L~ ~~ LI) — C’) a4 Q4 ~~ &c c; ,-; d ~ C’) ~~“ — 4 ~~ 4 — 2’— ~~~ cc C’-I ~~ I d -~ LI) ~ 4 C”) C’) 00 t- 00 — I I I C’) ~~‘ ,-I _ _ _ ~~ _ _ I I i Z ~~~ 9’) 75 — .— -t:_._.__._____ — ‘-—-- —-‘~~~- — . . .. ., - . - -~ — . — V -4. C- • 0 05 V. 1i~ i C--I — ,-4 C 0 0 C--I -r — 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 -~ -~ C C”) -4 0) C C 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 -~~ l~~ L ,-4 .4 Lf) C’) .-4 C C 0 0 0 05 05 0 ~ - ~ ~ d ~ c’~ ,~ ,~ a: — — 05 0 0 05 05 - • I I I I • >- C Lf) I— c-S — C-I —. -J - 05 05 0 0 05 • • • • I I I I • -~ — C C) •1~ I - - U C ‘~~. a: 05 05 05 C I • • • I I I I • z 0. 0. 1 1 I _ _ _ _ E _ _ _ _ _ I) ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ L . _ z 76 1.4 — I I I I I — NOTE: MEAN HEIGHT DERIVED FROM 3395 OBSERVATIONS 12- COVERING ALL 12 MONTHS . - 6 - F-. 8- . - • . S 6- b •i - I . 4 — ~ S • :. — • . ) 2 — — . 1 — <6 6—7 8—9 10—11 12—13 >13 WAVE PERIO D (seconds) FIGURE 62 WAVE HEIGHT VERSUS WAVE PERIOD 77 r - ~~ -— —— i.~I - 14- /\ ~ 13- / 0 ANNUAL 0 12- ------~\;~7 : ~~~~~~~~: MONTHS FIGURE 63 MONTHLY MEAN WIND SPEED 78 - .‘.‘—.— . ___.___ _ —.- — -~. .- — ~~~~~~~~~~~~ - j - — ~~~~~~~-‘-‘•—--‘ — - . - .____ .—.-..——._._- .., -.__ __ — -. -— - -- 61 0 t- 00 6”) 04 00 0) ~~“ 0) C’) 04 LI) It) C’ C’) 11) — ~~‘ It) 00 C’) 00 ‘~~“ 0 60 00 ~~ C I 11) 0 0’) 0 0 0 ‘-4 C’) ~~‘ — ~> C’) 05 C’) C’) 00 U) ~~‘ t- 0 C 0- t- ~~‘ C”) ,-4 0 0 04 05 04 ~~‘ — F- ~~‘ 60) C’) 00 04 ~- C’) LI) ~~‘ d ‘I LI 0 I) ,-~ d d 0 — U) C’) C’) ~~‘ LI) ‘~~‘ ‘~~‘ 0) — C’) C) 05 Cz~ ~~ ~~ d ~~ d d 00 — LI) C’) I- t’ 00 ‘~~‘ ~~‘ 0) 0 ~~~ ~~~ ~~ u’~ c’~ ,-~ d d — 00 — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ UZ a: 04 LI) LI) b- ~- C’) 05 0 C’) ~ d ~ - o-~ ~ c d d d ~ — CC — 3” c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — z C”) — ~~‘ t- 0 0 05 C’) ~~ d d d ,- d ~“ -4 CC C’4 F- — — It) C’) C) 0 0 0) ~~‘ 0) — 00 — ~~“ o~ ~ c- d 0 0 C’) LI) 0 ~~‘ — -4 C LI) C’) C’) LI) — ~~ c~ -~ , ~ ~~ .-~ d d ~ .- C’) It) — ‘0 60 — C’4 00 60 01 C”) ~~‘ t- cI~ c’~ -~ o~ c”i ~ d d d ~ C’) ~~‘ — Z ~~ — tO U) 00 6’) 60 60 6’) ‘~~ c” t~ d d d d d (‘5 3 3~~ z z I.~ &~ 3 Z U 79 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - CC C) C 0) — • - • • C C’ I I 05 CC LI) C’ I — - — — -4 — C— I) 05 — C’) -~~ Sj C’ I) I C -- — — — — ‘l’ I— T C’) — 0 0 LI) 60 — • • • • • • • • • LI) I — ~ .4 0) I - LI) LI) 00 05 , . . — — — — a: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I— — C.- C’ I 00 LI) ~~‘ 05 “• -r - - ~~ .- ø~ cz ~~ L ‘~ d - * — -~ I— C 0 0’) C) C r .-4 —J -~ -~ d co~ C- C) ~ i .- — ‘-‘ - LI) CC C’) 0 00 ,-4 Ci • ‘ I • a: — C”) C’) C’) — 0) 0) 0) Cl C’) — —‘ 0-4 . 4 ,_4 U) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 05 05 C- — -r CD 0 — - ‘ I I • ~~ — — -c - C’) C- .-~ p.., CC -7 — — — — -4 -4 (~1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 05 — C 3) C’-) 0 V - I I I ‘ — — C”) 0 05 00 C”) — — — LI) •~: -. C- - - U) 0) LI) 05 LI) 3- ,•~ ~ I as ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -4 — — L’S C— — — C- C”) 0 ~~ CC ‘ ~~‘ 60 ‘0 0 C”) C”) C) ~ ) C) 6”~ 60 6’) 60 — — — — CO _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a: — C-’) — 6— 0 0’) 0 0 C) C’) -. . . . • • • - • • 05 C’S Cl 0 00 C) LI) 00 C’-) C’) — — — -4 -4 C- ~~‘ C”) CC’ C’) 0 1- C’) U) C- -~ ‘-I ‘II’ C’) C’) ~~ 0) LI) C) C’) — — — — -4 -4 -4 Z 80 C 00 LI) C’) 0 I -r.--~ ..I 1111111111 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IIIIII II IIIIII llhII HhIIIII ~~~~~~~ ______________________________________________ z ~~ JJ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 1IIIIII1ll1llhI1llhIII Illht1I1!!1llhII!~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I—, 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 0 05 05 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0) 00 C- CC LI) 6”) 09 — -4 LN2D}I 3d Ml APPENDIX A BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT SPEED AND DIRECTION FEBRUARY 1976 I- 13 £ 0- C C C 00 C C C C 0’- 0) — 01 Cl C C 0. 0- ~~ C C C C C UI C 0. 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A-8 APPENDIX B BIVAR IATE DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT SPEED AND DIRECTION OCTOBER 1965 TABLE Bi Summary of Mooring Locations and Instrument Performance (1965 ) Water Meter Station Depth Depth No, Location (meters) (meters) Record Length Remarks 5 17°41 ,6’N 929 145 10/2 - 10/15/65 64°57 .4’W 815 No direction , 915 920 6A* 17°43.3’N 929 41 10/3 - 10/4/65 No data . 64057 5’W 130 313 800 915 “ No data , 920 f’ No data , 6B 17°43.3 ’N 925 27 1 0/ 9 - 10/16/65 No direction first 80 64°57 .5’W hrs. Beginning and end times doubtful , 116 300 786 Meters not recovered, 910 915 8 1 7°44 .8’N 1064 1050 10/2 - 10/4/65 Continuous recording . 64°57.1’W 1055 “ No data , 9 17°45,8’N 976 88 10/1 - 10/13/65 64°58,3’W 760 No direction for first 130 hours. 10 17°44 .7’N 976 962 10/1 - 10/13/65 64°59 .O’W 967 ‘I *Moor released prematurely. B-i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - ‘ - — - - - - -~~~ - - -—--—- -- ~~-- -- - - - - STATION NO. 5 Meter Depth -- 145 meters Water Depth -- 939 me ters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 0. 35 0.45 0.55 0,65 Total Percent NE 10 44 52 60 1 0 0 167 9 E 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 SE 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 SW 25 55 33 5 3 0 0 1 2 1 7 W 45 164 100 7 0 0 0 316 17 NW 45 203 220 28 9 0 0 505 27 N 30 187 250 221 34 11 1 734 39 Tota l 159 657 664 321 47 11 1 Pct , 9 35 36 1 7 3 1 0 Mean Speed 0.225 kn . Resulta nt Flow 0.17 kn ., 340° STATION NO . 5 Meter Depth -- 815 meters Water Depth -- 929 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0. 25 0.35 0.45 0.55 Total 1562 288 2 0 1 0 Pct , 84 16 0 0 0 0 Mean Speed 0.055 kn . TABLE B2. BIVAR IATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION NO . 5 AT 145 METERS , AND MEAN SPEED FOR STATION NO. 5 AT 815 METERS B-2 STATION NO. 5 Meter Depth -- 915 meters Water Depth -- 929 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 0.35 0.45 Tota l Percent NE 127 2 0 0 0 129 7 E 225 85 21 2 0 333 19 SE 248 11 7 24 2 0 391 22 5 121 9 0 0 0 130 7 SW 51 1 0 0 0 52 3 W 11 1 17 3 0 0 131 7 NW 305 1 53 23 0 0 481 27 N 1 15 23 1 0 0 139 8 Total 1303 407 72 4 0 Pct . 73 23 4 0 0 Mean Speed = 0.073 kn . Resultant Flow = 0.02 kn., 065° STATION NO. 5 Meter Depth -- 920 meters Water Depth -- 929 meters 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 Total Percent NE 1 22 16 0 0 0 0 1 38 7 E 228 133 32 10 1 0 404 22 SE 247 1 25 44 3 1 0 420 23 S 81 8 0 1 0 0 90 5 SW 40 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 W 84 33 3 0 0 0 120 6 NW 232 192 38 4 0 0 466 25 N 1 30 28 10 0 0 0 168 9 Total 1164 536 127 18 2 0 Pct. 63 29 7 1 0 0 Mean Speed 0.087 kn . Resultant Flow 0.01 kn ., 050° TABLE B3. BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION NO. 5 AT 920 AND 915 METERS 8—3 -—- - - —~ ‘— ‘- STATION NO. 6A Meter Depth —- 130 meters Water Depth —- 929 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 0.35 0.45 Total Percent NE 12 6 3 0 0 21 10 E 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 SE 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 S 13 29 4 0 0 46 22 SW 15 4 0 0 0 19 9 W 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 NW 10 11 0 0 0 21 10 N 23 35 22 7 2 89 43 Total 81 88 29 7 2 Pct , 39 43 14 3 1 Mean Speed 0. 142 kn . Resu ltant Flow — 0.05 kn., 010° STATION NO. 6A Meter Depth —— 313 meters Wa ter Depth —— 929 meters Knots 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 Tota l Percent NE 2 1 4 0 0 25 11 E 4 2 0 0 6 3 SE 9 14 0 0 23 10 S 12 28 1 0 41 18 SW 33 9 2 0 44 1 9 W 15 4 0 0 19 8 NW 18 6 0 0 24 10 N 30 19 0 0 49 2 1 Total 14 2 86 3 0 Pct . 61 37 1 0 Mean Speed 0.93 kn . Resultant Flow = .03 kn., 200° TABLE B4 . BIVAR IATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION NO, 6A AT 313 AND 130 METERS 8-4 - - -~r’———-— .— — -~~---,—-,,.~~~~~.,--~~~~~~~~~.--——-—- .- - .— STATION 6A Meter Depth -— 800 meters Water Depth -- 929 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 Total Percent NE 29 4 0 33 14 E 37 6 0 43 18 SE 53 25 0 78 33 5 25 9 1 35 15 SW 9 26 0 35 15 W 8 3 0 1 1 5 NW 0 0 0 0 0 N 5 0 0 5 2 Total 166 73 1 Pct . 69 30 0 Mean Speed 0.085 kn. Resultant Flow 0.05 kn ,, 1 50° STATION 6B Meter Depth -— 27 meters Water Depth -— 925 meters Knots 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0,60 Total Percent NE 2 9 1 1 0 0 0 22 8 E 8 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 SE 8 4 0 0 0 0 12 5 S 5 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 SW 28 18 7 0 0 0 53 20 W 15 1 2 0 0 0 0 27 1 0 NW 8 27 20 2 0 0 57 22 N 6 6 21 27 2 4 66 25 Mean Speed 0.221 kn . Resultant Flow = 0.12 kn ., 3300 TABLE B5. BIVARIATE DISTR IBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION NO . 6A AT 800 METERS , AND STATION NO . 6B AT 27 METERS B-S --.4 — STATION NO. 8 Meter Depth —- 1050 me ters Wate r Depth -- 1064 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 0.35 Total Percent NE 649 540 15 0 1204 40 E 262 92 2 0 356 12 SE 239 11 0 0 250 8 S 340 23 0 0 363 12 SW 336 190 3 0 529 18 W 82 27 1 0 110 4 NW 43 9 0 0 52 2 N 110 24 0 0 134 5 Tota l 2061 916 21 0 Pct . 69 31 1 0 Mean Speed = 0.072 kn. Resultant Flow = 0.03 kn ., 055° STATION NO . 9 Meter Depth - - 88 meters Water Depth - - 976 meters Knots 0,05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0 .45 0.55 0.65 0.75 Total Percent NE 7 40 4 2 1 0 0 0 54 3 E 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 SE 13 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 2 S 10 40 13 4 0 0 0 0 67 4 SW 17 70 70 46 16 4 6 0 229 13 W 30 116 60 54 42 6 0 0 308 18 21 216 120 50 22 0 0 0 429 25 N 16 110 170 144 96 2 28 3 569 33 Total 116 624 438 300 1 77 1 2 34 3 Pc? , 4 37 26 18 10 1 2 0 Mean Speed = 0.254 kn . Resultant Fl ow 0.15 kn., 320° TABLE B6. BIVARIAT E DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION NO. 8 AT 1050 METERS, AND STATI ON NO. 9 AT 88 METERS B-6 - — - —— - , ‘ . - ,~ ‘- _1_ ~~~~r STATION NO. 9 Meter Depth — - 760 mete rs Water Depth - - 976 meters Knots * 0. 10 0,20 Tota l Percent NE 30 0 30 3 E 17 0 17 2 SE 19 0 19 S 131 0 131 14 SW 106 2 108 12 W 48 0 48 5 NW 25 0 25 3 N 23 0 23 3 Total 399 2 Pct . 44 0 Mean Speed 0.046 kn . Resultant Flow 0.01 kn ., 180° *Note class intervals centered at 0. 10 are bounded by 0.5 and 0.14 knot . There were 503 values less than 0.05 kn . Th is is a 55.6 percent of tota l . STATION NO. 9 Meter Depth -- 962 meters Water Depth - - 976 meters K not 0.05 0,15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 Total Percent NE 11 1 38 17 5 4 0 175 E 124 42 6 2 0 0 175 11 SE 151 60 25 0 0 0 236 14 5 204 132 22 0 0 0 358 22 SW 182 75 6 6 5 0 275 17 W 133 38 3 1 0 0 175 11 NW 84 34 4 0 0 0 122 7 N 89 28 14 3 0 0 134 8 Total 1078 447 97 11 9 0 Pct . 65 27 6 1 1 0 Mean Speed = 0.087 kn . Resultant Flow — 0.02 kn., 1 80° TABLE B7. BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRE CTION FOR STATION NO . 9 AT 962 AND 760 METERS B-7 ‘~~~~—~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘--~~-- - ---.4---- - - - - - - - - - -- - --~~-- - - STATION NO. 9 Meter Depth - - 967 meters Water Depth —- 976 meters Knots 0,05 0. 15 0. 25 0.35 0.45 0.55 Total Percent NE 97 58 23 13 4 0 195 12 E 144 22 8 7 1 0 182 11 SE 316 221 29 0 0 0 566 34 S 265 143 20 0 0 0 428 25 SW 134 11 0 1 0 0 146 9 W 49 4 0 0 0 0 53 3 35 0 0 0 0 0 35 2 N 66 12 0 0 0 0 78 5 Tc~aI 1106 471 80 21 5 0 Pct , 66 28 5 1 0 0 Mean Speed 0.081 kn . Resultant Flow = 0.05 kn ., 135° STATION NO . 10 Meter Depth —— 962 meters Water Depth —- 976 meters Knots 0,05 0.15 0.25 0. 35 Total Percent NE 139 77 13 0 229 14 E 122 5 1 0 128 8 SE 40 0 0 0 40 3 5 106 19 0 0 125 8 SW 161 135 66 15 377 24 W 164 134 75 26 399 25 NW 110 20 0 0 130 8 N 1 05 50 9 0 164 1 0 Total 947 440 164 41 Pct , 59 28 10 3 Mean Speed ~ 0. 11 kn . Resultant Flow 0.04 kn ., 265° TABLE 88. BI VARIATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTION FOR STATION 9 AT 967 METERS AND STATION 10 AT 962 METERS B-B — -- - - -. - ~~~~~— -—- - — ---- —,~~-4- ~~~~—-- — 4’~~~~ ,_____0__ - -~ STATI ON NO. 10 Meter Depth —— 967 me ters Water Depth -— 976 meters Knots 0.05 0. 15 0.25 0.35 Tota l Percent NE 1 25 74 8 0 207 1 3 E 112 18 1 0 131 8 SE 76 1 1 0 78 5 S 83 6 1 0 90 6 SW 1 85 67 16 0 268 17 W 199 165 112 21 497 31 NW 118 37 9 N 2 166 10 N 111 22 23 0 156 10 Total 1009 390 171 23 Pc?. 63 24 11 1 Mean Speed z 0.10 kn . Resultant Flow 0.05 kn ., 280° TABLE B9, BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEED AND DIRECTI ON FOR STATION NO. 10 AT 967 METERS B-9 APPENDIX C CURRENT AND SHEAR PROFILE MEASUREMENTS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 —— - *— ----- - --- . - --- ~;‘505C~~ $ THE C l ’ ’ I( )P~ N~ U N I V I PSITY APPLI ED PHYSI CS LA BORAT OR Y I’ J(’r~ 4 ‘ _ I~~ ~ -~~~‘ I~~(~~I~1 L,4u C~ 1,1,4 ’ ~ I , , - 1 _ ’’~ C~1~ ,‘, 11,w ’C ’ I~~ l 4 ~ 1 ‘lOQ 1,4d -‘ 4~ ’ IId(~ APP E ND I X CU RR E NT •\N D Sh EA R PR OM EL ~1EASURLMF TS 1 . IN I RODI JC I ION Beg i n n i n g in November of 1974 and continuing through F ebru ~i ry of l~Y’b the Ap p l i e d Physics L a b o r a t o r y ’ of -J ohns H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y c o n d u c t e d a program of measurements of the c u r r en t struct u r e on the St. Croix range. ~1ost of these measurements were r~;ide u s ing the techni que of a coustical ly tracking slowl y sin~~ing u n t e t h ere d floats ..hich , upon reaching a predetermined T axim um d e n t h , ~~ u l d relea se ballast and return to the surface. By d ifferent jut i ng the m easured p o s i t i o n t i m e series of the floats the ocean current profiles were obtai ned . Figur e 1 shows t h e trac~~ing data for one of these drops and Figure 2 shows the corresp on ding current profile. In a l l , ~4 d; ops , most to a depth of 400 meters , were uade at va r ious loc at ion s on the ran ge and at various t imes of the year. Somet imes two profilers here dropped simultaneousl y at different locations on the range to determine the horizontal v a r i a b i l i t y of the current profile. For these joint drops spa- tial s e p a rat i o n s r a n g i ng f r o m 10 0 m e t e r s to 2 kilometers were chosen. There were also several periods where drops were made repeated ly every two hours at a fixed l o c a t i o n (n ear A r r a y 3 center) . These time series measurements were made to determine t h e amount and n a t u r e of the temporal v a r i a b i l i t y of the cu r r e n t profile in order to shed some light on which oceanographic pro- cesses were responsible for the currents. Several drops were made using an instrumented profiler which incorporated a Neil Brown LTD system and a two-axis acoustic current meter . 1 The acoustic current meter was used to measure the fine scale structure in the current profile and the CTF) data was gathered to determine the ratio of density to velocit y gradient (~ Ric hardson Number). In addition , CTD casts were mado’ in con- junction with many of the drops of the uninstrumented profilers again t I d e t e r m i n e Richardson Number p r o f i l e s . ~Th is appendix consists of a brief cescription of the current measurements that have been made at St. Croix by the Applied Physics Laboratory of .Johns Hop kins tJniversity and its sub- contr actors. A detailed report on this work is being prepared and will be available by Dec. 1976. Requests for cop ies of this report or additional information should he directed to l)avid Wenstrand , .Johns Hopkins University Applie d Physics Labora- tory, Johns Hop kins Road , Laur el , Md. 2~ 8l 0. C-I - - I - ‘ ‘ I ” ~,I’, ‘-I , ,I~~ 7~~ 711’ , I 17 AVPI i $ fl PI1’, SI( -S L A B O R A T O R ’ I I n h-el ) i’ua r v and ~la rc h , 1 976 several r a d a r - t ra e k ed i r o~~:ies - uid a moor ed cui-rent meter string 2 cons is ti n g of t i vt ’ Am \‘ect or \~~ei-ag i ng C u r r e n t m e t e r s we r e dep l oyed to oh- t a in add i t i on a I i nfoi’mat ion on t h e var j ab i I i t y of the c u r r e n t i e l d in t lit’ upper 300 meters. In all of these measurements the currents were found to he ex t re me ly v ar i a b l e in m a g n i t u d e and direction w i t h mag- n i t u d e s r a n g ing f i ~~..i 0 to 30 cm/sec . On the average , current V. is 10 to 15 cm/ sec w i t h no d i r e c t i o n being s t r o n g l y pr~ f or red . 11 . C URR EN T PROF I EL \ 1LASU R [ME NTS the curren t profile shown in Fi gure 2 is t y p i c a l of he - any such m e a s u r e m e n t s t h a t were made on the St. C r o i x r a n g e . I h e e \ t e n t to w h i c h t h e ascending and descending measure m e n t s a gr ee i s an i n d i c a t i o n of the accuracy of the measurement (: ~.5 ciii /~~ec) and a l s o of a c t u a l temporal v a r i a b i l i t y . The l a t t e r is e s p e c i a l l y im p o r t a n t for the upper part of the p r o f i l e s i n c e 40 m i n u t e s t y p i c a l l y e l a p s e d between the beginnin g and end of a drop. From Figure 3 , where both horizontal components of cur- r e n t ~re p l o t t e d v e r s u s depth , it can he seen that bo t h curren t m a g n i t u d e and direction var~’ rap idly and in an unpredictable manner ~~~i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e p t h . Due to the extreme amount of s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y ohserv l-d on t h e r a n g e , it i s n ’t p o s s i i - I e to a s s i g n one c u r r e n t p r o f i l e to t h e ~h 1 l r r a n g e ar e a . ~n t a c t , as shown in Figure 4 , simultaneous c u i r e n t p r o f i l e s s e p a r a t e d by dist ances as short as 1400 meters show o n l y g r o s s similarity and much beyond this no significant correla- tion is o b s e r v e d . This fact , coupled w ith the si gnificant amount of tern - por a l v a riability observed in the profile over periods as short a’. 2 - 3 hours , makes it practically impossible to obtain a complete char a ct e rization of the entire current field on the range. There- Ih is instrument was developed by Prof. T. Rosshy , formerl y of Y a le Un i versity (now at the univ. of Rhode Island) who perfo rmed the m easurewents made with it at St. Croix. 2 Th e drogue work was performed by Dr. G .R . Stegen of Flow Research , Inc . , Kent , Washington , and the moorin g work wa~ done by R. Walden and co-workers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. C-2 - -~~~~~- -~ ‘- ‘ “ I •, %- , l-4 , p . - 7 1 c s , t . l - - - -~~ APPL IE D PH~~s I( : S L A B O R A T I )H~ tore the cur rcat f i e l d must he c h a r a c t er i : e d V. it h st a t 1st ic ; m i r IralIe t eI ’ s s u c h as v e r t ic-al ~ av e n umber s p e c t r a a n d corr e l a ti on 1 eng t hs and t i nlcs to r’ p rof i los s e p a r a t e d i n space a n d t i me , r spect i v e l ~ -\l though a quantitative s t a t i s t i c a l d c s c m i p t i on of t he current v a r i a b i l i t y has not been completed , it is a p p a r e n t f r ’ a v islm : ml e x a m n i n a t ion of the current profiles g a t h e re d at d i i ’- ferent ti m es of year that no major seasonal v a r i a b i l i t y in t h e ’~-e stat ist ical par am eters exists. S i m i l arl y, i t is in s t a t i s t ic al te rm s t h a t t h e r e l u t ion- s h i p be tw een current profiles and their corresponding density pro- files must be described. Specifically, it appears that the r .m .s. v a lue of the vertical gradient of current (or shear ) at one dep t h is propo rt ion al to the average density gradient at that depth. \ hint of t h i s can be seen in Figures 5 and 6 which show , respec- tivel y, the profile of the east component of velocity and the pro- files of temperature , salinity and sound velocity. The most ob- vious correlation is at the bottom of the mixed layer where t i- ic lar ge density gradient seem s to be related to a large feature in t h e current profile. Less obvious is the tendency for the current shear to diminish with depth at about the same rate as the t em- perature (or density) gradient. 111 . CURRENT T I~IE SERIE S M EA SUREMENT S 1-igure 7 sho ws a samp le 5-day record from one of the current meters on the array imp lanted by ~.H .O .I. on 20 Feb. l~L’t-’ . A lthough the array was left in for approximatel y 2 months , onl y 1 month of data was actually gathered since the 1 minute samp ling rate limited tape life to this period . Fi gure 8 shows the trajectory of a drogue which was de- p loyed on the 8th of February , 1976 and tracked by radar for 30 hou~ ’~. Since the drag member of the drogue was at a depth of 120 meters , this trajectory should he regarded as the t r a i e c t o r y of a parce i of water at that depth. C-3 80 80 - 0 — ~ — I,\ 60- 60- 10- S\ w V 40— 40- 20— - ‘ V I V I~. ‘ U. 20 — 20 — 30 — THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY 1 LAU REL MARYL AN O ~~ 0- t - O - ~~40P~l’/j x >- ‘U’,, 1 ~ II1I ~ hI ~~~%sll. ½ ‘p I’. , 5’ 2O~— 20— 50— ~ 1 II ci’s V w 4 0 — -40 — 60- ‘N ‘N I ’ ‘N.e - -60 -- —~0 - - 70~.— .- — V V -80 -- —80 -- 80 _______________________ ‘ ~‘ I 7363 7403 7443 7483 7523 Point Count FIGURE Cl Range Raw Tracking Data for Beginning of Drop 33 in Array 3 (9 Feb 76). The X and V coordinate.s are plotted relative to a location occupied by the profiler shortly before release (46806, 32115). C-4 — - -~~~--‘~~ --U.- - 0 . - . . I I I THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV ERSITY - APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY LA UR(L MARYLAND 50— ~~~ ‘ ~~~~~~ - - — 100 - - - - - 150 — ~~~~~~~~ I - - - — ~ 200 - - - - — a. - I - - I I - a . - 250 — - - ~~ — - I Ascent - Descent 300 — - . — 3i50 — - ‘ - - — 400 -L I —0.15 —0.10 —0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 Vel (x ), (m /sec) FIGUR E C2 East Component of Current for Drop 33 in Array 3 (9 Feb 76). C -5 - - - - - -~~~~~~~----- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — — - - - I TPI( II~~~NS HOPkINS 1INIVfRY r~ ~~~~~~~ APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ‘0 — I AIIHEL MA RY l A N D ~~~~~~~ 100 - -- 150 ,1’ 750 — — 350 DESCENT 400 1 FIGURE C3 OCEAN CURRENT VECTORS PLOTTED VS. DEPTH FOR API SHEAR DROP 2 MONDAY MAY 19, 1975 c-6 0 50- 100 - 150 — I ~~~ 20 0 - w0 250 — - DESCENT DATA 300 — DZ. 15Dm APL ARRAY 2 -~~~~~YALE ARRAY 3 350 — 400 1 1 —0. 10 —0.05 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 VEL~ (M/SEC) THE JO HNS HOPK INS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY LAUU.EL MARYI.ANO FIGURE C4 NORTH COMPONENT OF CURRENT FOR APLIVALE JOINT DROP 4 ON MAY 24, 1975 (HORIZONTAL SEPARATION BETWEEN PROFILERS Ar 1400 METERS) C-7 - THE JOHN S HOPKIN S UNIV LP E:r) APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY L*,~A E l MA RY LAND aa a In- aa a ‘to.10 —b.os 0 1.00 0’.OS 0’. l O 0.15 0.2 0 VEL (X ) ( t i/ S E C) ‘.54. FIGURE C5 EAST COMPONENT OF CURRENT FOR API DROP 36J ON 9 FEB., 76 (ARRAY 2) C-8 - ________ - — - - — — ~ . . — ~~-- - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~-I~~Y l~~~~~ — a 0 0 a U. ci 0 0a I- 0a 0 U) - - -ç - a: • a —J9 IJJc, c’J. aa aa (v) _ I THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY LAU REL MARYLAN D 0 0 a U)‘7. . aa 00I I I I 11.000 19.000 20.000 22.000 24.000 29.000 19.000 TIPIP+ 31.100 39.000 39.400 39.900 37.200 37.900 39.000 $NLIMITb iiie.ooo iuo.ooo 1524.000 1529.000 1532.000 *539.000 *140.000 ~~ 0UM0 * FIGURE CO PRONLE OF HYDROGRAPHIC VARIABLE S TAKEN IN CONJUNCTION WITH CURRENT PROFILE DROP 36J. (NOTE : DEPTH IN METERS ~ RELATIVE PRESSURE IN DB) C-9 — — - —— — —-- — - -_- .._ --_ --_ -— -_~~~~*.._._. . .- -—~.— — - -- ----1-- ~~~~~~~~~~ ,~ - - H~ I)il NS~~ll -I fr~~NS (INILL I1SI! APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY h i M A R Y L A N D ~: 600 — 450 300 150~ _____________________________________ 22 FEB 76 23 24 FEB 76 FIGURE C7 SAMPLE RECORD FROM WHOP. CURRENT METEF , ARRAY (INSTRUMENT DEPTH =95 M) C-b __________ — - - -p-- - ,. — - - - -- - -~ ,,I h I ~.NS -iOPk~NS LINIVI H Y I I APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY I L - M i; MA1L * .NI 38000 r T I I I I I I J -i 34000~— ~~ —23 .40 6 FEB 32000- P 1 COMEX .1O.40 8 FEB — Dz r- — — —U ~~24000 r— ~~~lO.55 9 FEB ~~ 22000 r— 20000 18O00~— 11~~.- FtNEX.16.20 9 FEB _ _ 16OOO~ I i I i I i I I I I I I t I I 22000 26000 30000 34000 38000 42002 RANGE POSITIO N EAST-FEET BUOY POSITION DATA 8—9 FEB FIGURE C8 C- li - — . - —- -r r- - -. -- ——-w-- -