ISLAND RESOURCES FOUNDATION 
CARIBBEAN ISLAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCE MATERIALS 
FOCUSSING ON THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS' EXPERIENCE 
AND ITS EASTERN CARIBBEAN CONTEXT 
COMPILED AND ANNOTATED BY 
Edward L. Towle 
and 
A. Robert Teytaud 
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 
Judith A. Towle 
David 1. Grigg 
Robert P. vanEepoel 
PREPARED BY 
The Island Resources Foundation 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 
UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF 
The U.S. National Commission for UNESCO 
Man and the Biosphere Program 
MAE 7B Directorate 
Contract #1021-110529 
September 1982 
(Revised Edition) 
RED HOOK CENTER BOX 33. ST. THOMAS. U.S. VIRGIN ISLA~DS 00802. (809) 775-3225 
FORWARD 
The Territory of the United states Virgin Islands has, for 
an extended period of time, had access to significant levels 
of external funding from various federal government depart-
ments, agencies and entities (e.g., Environmental Protection 
Agency, Army Corps of Engineers, National Science Foundation, 
Department of Commerce, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geo-
logical Survey, Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of 
Health and Human Services, the National Oceanic and At-
mospheric Administration, to cite a few). 
Additionally, 
and largely with federal funds, the Territory has had con-
tinual access to professional expertise via various local 
government agencies and from non-government academic and 
research institutions as well as major externally based 
consulting firms. 
Further, the Territory has been able to 
make use of nearly a dozen locally based and independently 
staffed consulting, planning, engineering and research firms 
which have emerged in the Virgin Islands within the last de-
cade. 
Private sector corporate and philanthropic funds for 
various studies and assessments have also been utilized ex-
tensively. 
The resultant contracted investigations, consulting reports, 
impact assessments, feasibility studies, resource manage-
ment guidelines, data gathering and reporting strategies, 
when viewed in toto, constitute a veritable mountain of docu-
ments (only a portion of which are cited in this biblio-
graphy), and have probably cost in excess of a million dol-
lars per year or, over the past ten years, not less than 
$10,000,000 -- perhaps as much as $20,000,000. 
This is a 
formidable investment in an information and planning base 
for a small multi-island community of fewer than 100,000 
persons and less than 150 square miles in land area. 
Viewed from an island system management perspective, one 
could raise the following kinds of questions: 
* What has been the effect of this input? 
* What has been learned about the acquisition, 
interpretation and use of resource specific 
data? 
* What has been its relationship to and effect 
upon the political process and upon the 
structure and effectiveness of government 
and local resource management policies, in-
stitutions, personnel, programs, and environ-
mental protection strat~gies? 
* What evidence is there that professionally 
generated information about the local re-
source base and its descriptive, prescrip-
tive, proscriptive or developmental aspects 
have, in fact, been cost ~ffective? 
* What have been the constraints limiting the 
utilitarian application by and the integra-
tion of the findings into the resource man-
agement system for application to decision 
making processes within government? 
* Does the Virgin Islands' environmental data 
base and resource management historical ex-
perience offer any useful guidelines for 
improving research strategies, data collec-
tion, data analysis, and information manage-
ment and for addressing the question of de-
velopment limits, system overload, and carry-
ing capacity in the Virgin Islands and else-
where? 
The annotated bibliography which follows is an antecedent 
element in a systematic approach to the overarching question: 
What can be learned from the u.s. Virgin Islands' experience 
that would be instructive to other small island systems, es-
pecially in the Caribbean, which confront similar or re-
lated growth, planning, resource development and environ-
mental management problems? 
It is with this overview in 
mind that these source materials have been compiled and 
annotated. 
Edward L. Towle 
Island Resources Foundation 
St. Thomas, u.s. Virgin Islands 
September 1982 
- ii -
INTRODUCTION 
The principal focus of this annotated bibliography is on 
source materials relevant to the U.S. Virgin Islands' ex-
perience in resource management over the past two decades. 
Its principal purpose is to facilitate an eventual analysis 
and assessment of how the Virgin Islands community has 
grappled with the problem of rapid growth and change and 
the concomitant environmental impact on supporting terres-
trial and marine ecosystems. 
Surely, there is an instruc-
tive lesson in insular resource management for other off-
shore oceanic island systems to be derived from a review 
of the successes, failures, constraints, strategies and 
choices implicit in the historical record of the Virgin 
Islands experience. 
Each item cited in the bibliography is available at one 
or more of the following libraries located in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands: 
* Virgin Islands Public Library 
(St. Thomas and St. Croix) 
* College of the Virgin Islands 
(St. Thomas and St. Croix) 
. * West Indies Laboratory (St. Croix) 
* Island Resources Foundation 
(St. Thomas) 
* Virgin Islands National Park 
(St. Thomas) 
* Virgin Islands Planning Office 
* Virgin Islands Department of 
Conservation and Cultural Affairs. 
The following categories of source materials have been 
excluded from the bibliography: 
1. 
Legal Data (Territorial and Federal) 
a. Legislation 
b. Regulations 
c. Acts 
d. Executive Orders 
2. 
Executive Budgets (published annually by 
the Office of the Governor, U.S. Virgin 
Islands) 
3. 
Annual Reports of Virgin Islands Govern-
ment Agencies, Departments, Commissions, 
Boards and Authorities (generally pub-
lished annually) 
- iii -
4. 
Annual Reports of U.S. Federal Agencies, 
Departments, Commissions, Task Forces 
(especially the Office of the Terri-
tories, Department of the Interior, 
the Caribbean Fisheries Management 
Council, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
and the Army Corps of Engineers) 
5. 
Serial runs of magazines, journals and 
newspapers published in the U.S. Virgin 
Islands 
6. 
Serial runs of published data generally 
available: 
a. Population Census 
b. Climatology 
c. Immigration 
d. Customs 
e. Vital Statistics 
f. Tourism 
g. Employment 
7. 
British Virgin Islands references and 
data, with minor exceptions cited in 
Section B of the bibliography. 
- iv -
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
A, 
VIRGIN ISLANDS 
1. 
Ecosystem Data: 
Descriptive, Systematic, 
Taxonomic, Analytical, Biophysical. 
2. 
Natural Resources Data: 
Environmental Man-
agement and Planning Studies. 
3. 
Socio-Economic Data: 
Planning, Development, 
Population, Production, Resource Use, Public 
Participation, Statistical Studies and 
Summaries. 
4. 
Environmental and Development Policy Data: 
Guidelines, Regulations, Studies and Reports. 
5. 
Environmental Impact Data: 
Assessments and 
Studies (Site, Sector and Use Specific). 
6. 
Miscellaneous Virgin Islands References 
B, 
SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS. CARIBBEAN/REGIONAL 
REFERENCES RELEVANT TO THE VIRGIN ISLANDS 
C, 
GENERAL REFERENCES (SELECTED FOR RELEVANCE TO 
THE VIRGIN ISLANDS AND THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN) 
1. 
Res ource Sys terns Modeling Strategies and 
Techniques. 
2. 
Ecosystem Dynamics and Elements. 
3. 
Environmental Gui de lines and Resource 
Management Planning Studies. 
4. 
Socio-Economic Studies and Guidelines. 
5 . 
Envi ronmen tal Perception. 
Page Number 
1 
3 
3 -
12 
12 -
16 
16 -
17 
17 -
26 
27 -
31 
31 -
34 
35 -
36 
36 -
38 
38 
39 
39 - 40 
A. 
VIRGIN ISLANDS. 
I. 
ECOSYSTEM DATA:DESCRI~TIVE) SYSTEMATIC) TAXONOMIC) 
ANALYTICAL) AND BIOPHYSICAL. 
Adey, W.J., et.al. 
The South st. Croix Reef: 
A Study of Reef Metabolism 
as Related to Environmental Factors and an Assessment of Environmental 
Management. 
Prepared for u.S. Virgin Islands Department of Conserva-
tion and Cultural Affairs by West Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickin-
son University, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1979. 
Functional study 
of reef ecosystems under stress. 
Bowden, M.J., et.al. 
Climate, Water Balance, and Climatic Change in the 
Northwest Virgin Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of 
the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1970. 
Research 
data collections for St. Thomas, st. John and British Virgin Islands, 
following same pattern as earlier st. Croix research. 
Collects data 
and discusses rainfall, rainfall variability, evapo-transpiration, 
water balance. 
Also discusses possible climatic change, seasonal and 
cyclic loss. 
Bowden, M.J., et.al. 
Hurricanes in Paradise: 
Perception and Reality of 
the Hurricane Hazard in the Virgin Islands. 
Island Resources Founda-
tion, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Historical review of 
incidence o£, probability analysis of, and damage assessment of storms 
and flooding, followed by detailed investigations of local perceptions, 
reactions and adjustments. 
Suggestions given for increased prepared-
ness. 
Bowden,M .. J., et. al. 
Water Balance of a Dry Island: 
The Hydroclimatology 
of St. Croix, Virgin Islands and Potential for Agriculture and Urban 
Growth. 
Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. 
'Geography Publica-
tions at Dartmouth College, No.6, 1968. 
Report on rainfall, evapo-
transpiration and water deficit. 
Collette, B.B. and Earle, S~A., editors. 
Results of the Tektite Program: 
Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes. 
Natural History Museum, Los Angeles. 
1972. 
Paper detailing scientific results of Tektite project relating 
to various ecological aspects of coral reef fishes on St. John. 
Base-
line value. 
Few management factors covered. 
Donnelly, T., and Whetten, J. 
Field Guide to the Geology of the Virgin 
Islands. 
State University of New York, Binghamton, New York. 
1968. 
Prepared for the. Fifth Caribbean Geological Conference. 
Guide to geo-
logy o£ St. Thomas by Donnelly; field guide to geology on St. Croix 
by Whetten. 
Donnelly describes singularity of St. Thomas-St. John 
geology. 
Formations are detailed, followed by a long listing of lo-
calities of geologic interest. 
A similar format is presented by 
Whetten for st. Croix. 
Ewel, J.J. and Whitmore, J.L. 
The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico 
and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Institute of Tropical Forestry and U.S. 
Forest Service, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Forest Service Research 
Paper UTF-18, December 1973. 
Maps Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands eco-
systems with gross details of soils, vegetation, climates, land-use 
patterns, using Holdridge system of life zones (broad bio-climatic 
units). 
Appendices give data on bio-temperature and water balances. 
-2-
Forman, R.T.T. 
An Introduction to the Ecosystems and Plants on st. Croix, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Also in Guidebook to the Geology and Ecology of Some 
Marine and Terrestrial Environments, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
West Indies Laboratory Special Publ. No.5, Fairleigh Dickinson Univer-
sity, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Vegetation types in St. 
Croix, applicable to entire U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Garrison, L.E., et.al. 
Geology of the Insular Shelf South of St. Thomas 
and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, Col-
lege of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Special 
Publication No.3, 1971. 
Preliminary report of reconnaissance study 
conducted jointly by U.S. Geological Survey and the Caribbean Research 
Institute. 
Purposes were (1) to provide reconnaissance map of distri-
bution of sediment types of shelf surface, and (2) to map gross geo-
logical structures of the shelf. 
Results seen as useful for avoiding 
irreversible destructicn of beaches, for providing geologic history 
of area, for potential mining of marine sand deposits offshore. 
Maps 
detail shelf-edge information. 
Gladfelter, W.B., et.al. 
Environmental Studies of Buck Island Reef Na-
tional Monument. 
West Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson Univer-
sity, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1977~80. 
Useful baseline data 
from an unpolluted reef environment in St. Croix. 
Hoffman, S., et.al. 
Virgin Islands Beach Processes Investigation. 
U.S. 
Department of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. 
U.S. 
National Park Service Occasional Paper No.1, 1974. 
Report examines 
relationships between surf zone processes and beach changes in reef-
beach systems, emphasizing sediment exchange, with much documentation. 
Conclusion infers need to treat beaches as ephemeral. 
Kumpf, H.E., et.al. 
Cha:tinv the Marine Envi~ronments of St. John, U.S. 
virgin Islands. 
1961. 
Contribution No. 348 from the Marine Labor-
atory, University of Miami. 
In Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf 
and Caribbean, 11 (4): 543-551. 
Landmark mapping effort to 
present coastal seabed features of St. John. 
Includes chart. 
McKinzie, W., et. al. 
Soils. and Their Interpretations for Various Uses, 
St. Croix, American Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
Soil Conservation Service, Spartanburg, South Carolina. 
June 1965. 
Distribution, description and claasification of St. Croix soils, their 
suitability and limitations for various purposes. 
Ogden, J.C., editor. 
An Ecological Study of Tague Bay Reef, St. Croix, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
West Indies Laboratory, Fairleight Dickinson 
University, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Special Publication in 
Marine Biology, No.1, 1972. 
A student project to assemble data to 
serve as baseline for detecting future change in this coral reef. 
Includes individual studies of benthic algae, grazer-fishes and other 
fauna. 
Well edited and useful. 
2. 
-3-
Purcell, T.W. 
The Effects of Rainfall Runoff on Two Undeveloped Tropical 
Bays in st. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Resources Research Cen-
ter, Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Technical Report No.5, June 1980. De-
velops baseline measurements for turbidity, nutrient levels, temper-
ature, salinity, rainfall and watershed discharge into Lameshur and 
Waterlemon Bay, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands and documents the sig-
nificance on corals, water clarity and phytoplankton blooms of the 
damping effects of watershed vegetation and runoff intrapment as a 
physical buffering device for the bays. 
No management guidelines. 
Rogers, C.S. 
The Marine Environments of Brewers Bay, Perseverance Bay, 
Flat Cay and Saba Island, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, with Empha-
sis on Coral Reefs and Seagrass Beds, November 1978 - July 1981. 
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and 
Cultural Affairs, Division of Natural Resources Management. 
January 
1982. 
Final report with extensive quantitative data on sediment move-
ment, deposition and impact resulting from construction of the runway 
extension tQ the St. Thomas airport. 
U.S. Government, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Department of Commerce. 
graphic Dictionary of the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
ington, D.C. 1925. 
Geo-
Wash-
U.S. Government, Department of Commerce. 
Generalized Estimates of Probable 
Maximum Precipitation and Rainfall-Frequency Data for Puerto Rico and 
Virgin Islands. 
Tech. Pap. No. 42. 
U.S. Government Printing Office, 
Washington, D.C. 1961. 
Series of charts. 
Weil, S. and Otsoka, C. 
Salt River Mangroves: 
A Preliminary Study. 
West 
Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson University, St. Croix, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
1974. 
Open File Student Reports. 
Useful background in-
formation on a unique area. 
NATURAL RESOURCES DATA: 
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 
STUDIES. 
Bechtel/Pereira Co. 
Incinerator Facility project, Phase I, St. Thomas, Vir-
gin Islands of the United States. 
1968. 
Prepared for Government of 
the Virgin Islands. 
A study to justify an incinerator plant for solid 
waste disposal for St. Thomas. 
Recommends two 150 ton/day units. 
Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc., a division of CH2M Hill. 
A Sediment Re-
duction Program. 
Report prepared for the U.S. Virgin Islands Depart-
ment of Conservation and CUltural Affairs. 
1979. 
Excellent report 
on erosion problems in the U.S. Virgin Islands, with recommended solu-
tions. 
Much valuable data and an extensive bibliography. 
Maps of 
watersheds and coral reef subzones from aerial photointerpretation. 
-4-
Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc., Water Reclamation at St. Croix, u.s. Vir-
gin Islands. 
Second Interim Progress Report, June 1972 to September 
1973. 
Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. 1101GAK, Gaines-
ville, Florida. 
October 1973. 
Background data and information on 
geology, hydrology, soils and water quality in St. Croix groundwater 
recharge study area. 
Description of advanced wastewater treatment 
plant. 
Brody, R.W. 
A Study of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Virgin Islands 
Area. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1973. 
Detailed report on NOAA, U.S. 
Office of Sea Grant Programs funded project on ciguatera in the Vir-
gin Islands. 
Excellent illustrations of potentially toxic fish, data 
on epidemiology, toxicity factors, locational considerations and in-
toxication ievels. 
Brody, R.W., et.al. 
A Study of the Water, Sediments, and Biota of Choc-
olate Hole, st. John, with Comparison to Cruz Bay, St. John. 
Carib-
bean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. Water Pollution Report No.3, 1970. 
Report 
submitted to. the Virgin Islands Department of Health. 
Baseline in-
formation. 
Brownell, W. and Rainey, W.E. 
Exploratory Fishing for a Source of Non-
Ciguatoxic Sport and Food Fish. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College 
of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
Virgin Is-
lands Ecological Research Station Contribution No.2, July 1970. 
An 
excellent, although specialized, report on the possibility of expand-
ing local exploitation of deep water fisheries resources. 
Brownell, W. and Rainey, W.E. 
Research and Development of Deep Water 
. 
Commercial and Sports Fisheries Around the Virgin Islands Plateau. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thom-
as, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
Virgin Islands Ecological Research Station 
Contribution No.3, August 1971. 
Excellent report on exploitation 
aspects of an underutilized local fisheries resource. 
Contains prac-
tical recommendations on gear and method modifications. 
CH2M Hill. 
A Flood Damage Mitigation Plan for the u.S. Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Disaster Preparedness Office, Gainesville, 
Florida. 
1979. 
Excellent study of causes and remedies of storm flood-
ing in the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Clark, J., et.al. 
The Botany Bay Survey Report, Botany Bay, st. Thomas, 
Virgin Islands: 
An Inventory of the Littoral Habitats and Living Re-
sources of Greater Botany Bay •. 
Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, Amer-
ican Littoral Society, Highlands, New Jersey. 
1964-1965. 
Evaluates 
potential of site as nature study sanctuary. 
Investigational surveys 
are reported, including habitat, underwater ecology and fishes ob-
served. 
Only study of this site covering floral and faunal features 
in systematic detail. 
Very useful. 
-5-
College of the Virgin Islands. 
Virgin Islands Forestry Research: 
A 
Problem Analysis. 
Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Report No. 
9, 1976. 
Summary of forest resources, and an analysis of options 
for forest utilization, and research needs. 
Cosner, U.J. 
Water in St. John, u.S. Virgin Islands, with a chapter on 
"Alternatives of Water Supply" by Dean B. Bogart. 
U.S. Department of 
the Interior, Geological Survey, in cooperation with National Park 
Service and the Government of the Virgin Islands (Caribbean District 
open file report). 
1972. 
Detailed investigation of ground water 
sources of water supply for St. John. 
Dammann, A.E., et.al. 
Study of the Fisheries Potential of the Virgin 
Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, 
st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Virgin Islands Ecological Research 
Station Contribm:ion No.1, 1969. 
Funded by the former U.S. Bureau 
of Commercial Fisheries. 
This is an extremely valuable historical 
document embracing a spectrum of data never previously or subsequently 
assembled in one source. 
Regretfully out of print and not readily 
available. 
Needs updating at earliest possible opportunity. 
Includes 
catch, market, and importation data on food fish, in addition to a 
broad view of the fishing industry of the Virgin Islands. 
Basic and 
essential. 
Dong, M., et.al. 
The Role of Man Induced Stresses in the Natural Evolu-
tion of Long Reef and Christiansted Harbor, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin 
Islands. 
West Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson University, st. 
Croix, U.S. Virgin .Islands. 
1973. 
Useful baseline reference. 
Environdyne Engineers, Inc. 
Development of a Hazardous Waste Management 
Plan for the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
May 1981. 
Prepared for the Govern-
ment of the Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and Cultural 
Affairs. 
Weak, suffers from lack of project direction. _ 
Grossman, I.G. 
Chemical Quality of Ground Water in St. Thomas, Virgin 
Islands. 
Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 450-B. 
U.S. Geo-
logical Survey, Washington, D.C. 
1962. 
Describes chemical quality 
of ground water from 31 wells in shallow deposits (9-50 feet). 
Aver-
age dissolved solids was 1,650 ppm. 
Only 3 of 33 samples were less 
than 1,000 ppm. 
Wells in Charlotte Amalie had high chloride and 
nitrate concentrates. 
The most promising.source of acceptable qual-
ity ground water was Turpentine Run. 
Herrnkind, W., et.al. 
Ecological Study for the Development of Lobster 
Management Techniques. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the 
Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
April 1970-June 1971 
(Sea Grant GH-86). 
Contains useful data but falls short of recommend-
ing workable management guidelines. 
Valuable only as historical docu-
ment and research source. 
-6-
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Effects of Distillery Waste Discharge on the 
Marine Environment Near Long Point st. Croix, Virgin Islands. 
St. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
March 1975. 
Preliminary descriptive 
survey and assessment suggesting marginal impact but recommending 
greater dillution of discharged suspended solids. 
See also later 
(1976) study by Sigma. 
Island Resources Foundation. 
Marine Environments of the Virgin Islands. 
Technical Supplement No.1. 
1976. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands 
Planning Office, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
A basic reference 
on coastal and marine resources of the U.S. Virgin Islands written 
to be understood by persons without a technical background. 
Useful 
maps and data. 
Kasperson, R.E., et.al. 
Decentralized Water Reuse Systems In A Water 
Scarce Environment: 
The Tourist Industry in St. Thomas, Virgin 
Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, 
st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 13, May 
1971. 
A useful study of package sewage treatment plant process water 
recycling as "grey water" for landscape watering and sanitary flushing 
system use. 
Useful case studies which document how well designed but 
badly managed engineering systems can fail to work due to human fac-
tors and training deficiencies. 
Demonstrates need for close govern-
ment monitoring of package plant system operation. 
Lawaetz, B. 
Rain Water, Virgin Islands Agriculture and Food Fair -
1974. 
D., Padda, editor. 
Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, st. Croix, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Variations in rainfall over time with 
graph. 
Lawaetz, B. 
Why the Streams Don't Run Anymore, Virgin Islands Agriculture 
and Food Fair -
1975. 
D. Padda, editor. 
Virgin Islands Department 
of Agriculture, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1975. 
McCrain, J. 
Status Report and Management Recommendations for the Vessup/ 
. Muller/Red Hook Bay Complex Area of Particular Concern (APC). 
Div-
ision of Coastal Zone Management, Virgin Islands Department of Con-
servation and Cultural Affairs, St .. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
July 1981. 
Preliminary, incomplete and of marginal use. 
A good 
example of the dangers implicit in approaching an APC with a narrow 
perspective and marginal scientific and public input. 
Maguire, C.E. 
Solid Waste Planning Program for the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Providence, Rhode Island. 
1972. 
Consulting report presented to the 
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Has useful site analysis of 
specific locations and incorporates a master plan for solid waste 
management. 
Historical and contemporary value, but lacks sensitivity 
to special requirements and features of the coastal zone. 
-7-
Mitre Corporation. 
Solid Waste Resource Recovery Planning Study for the 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Consulting report to the Government of the Vir-
gin Islands, Department of public Works. 
February 1979. 
Standard 
EIS with some useful technical data. 
Multer, H.G., et.al., editors. 
Guidebook to the Geology of Some Marine 
and Terrestrial Environments, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
West 
Indies Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson University, St. Croix, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Academic document for serious investigators. 
An invaluable reference for any planner as it contains baseline in-
formation, graphics, and process descriptions obtainable from no 
other source. 
Nichols, M., et.al. 
Environment, Water and Sediments of Christiansted 
Harbor, St. Croix. 
Prepared for the U.S. Virgin Islands Department 
of Health, Division of Environmental Health by Caribbean Research In-
stitute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 16, 1972. 
Excellent detailed in-
vestigation of harbor environment, including descriptions, aerial 
photo studies, hydrography (tides and currents), water quality, reef 
ecology, fisheries, bottom vegetation and sediments. 
Nichols, M., et.al. 
Impact of Storm Flooding in the Mangrove Lagoon. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1979. 
One of the few U.S. Virgin Islands studies with broad data on the 
effects of runoff water quality. 
Nichols, M., et.al. 
Virgin Islands Bays: 
Modeling of Water Quality and 
Pollution Susceptibility. 
Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
April 1979. 
Ranking of bays in St. Thomas and 
St. Croix in terms of susceptibility of pollution. 
Useful for stress 
point analysis and carrying capacity planning. 
Nichols, M., et.al. 
Water, Sediments and Ecology of the Mangrove Lagoon and 
Benner Bay, St. Thomas. 
Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1977. 
A major interdisciplinary study of the largest 
mangrove lagoon system in the Virgin Islands with emphasis on bathymetry, 
sediments,. circulation, mangroves, hydrology., water quality, geology, 
biochemistry, eco-history and with detailed management recommendations. 
Olsen, D. 
Analysis of Catch Data for the Virgin Islands Commercial Fish-
eries. 
Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and Cultural Af-
fairs, Bureau of Fish and Wildlife. 
Annual Report for Project No. 
2-239-R-l. 
1975. 
Excellent specialized work by a trained statistical 
biologist. 
Sound methodology. 
Documents failure of a local fishery 
due to poor management by Department of Conservation. 
Olsen, D., et.al. 
The Ecology of Fishes in Two Mangrove Lagoons in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
Marine Resources Development Foundation, San German, 
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and Cultural 
Affairs. 
1972. 
Reports trapping study of fishes in Manning Bay, St. 
Croix and Jersey Bay, st. Thomas. 
-8-
Phi1ibosian, R. 
Disorientation of Hawksbill Hatchlings, Eretmochelys 
Imbricata, by Stadium Lights, Copeia, 4:824, 1976. 
One not so obvious, 
but not uncommon, impact of development on an endangered species. 
Bright lights cause hatchlings to move inland on emergence from nest, 
thereby increasing the number killed by predators, automobiles, etc. 
Rainey, W.E. 
Preliminary Report on Sea Turtles in the United States Vir-
gin Islands. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. 
A report on an endangered marine resource. 
Reynolds, J.R. 
Preliminary Study of Sewage Disposal Practices in Areas 
Not Served by the Public Sewage System of Charlotte Amalie, St. Thom-
as, Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Department of Health, 
Division of Environmental Health by Caribbean Research Institute, Col-
lege of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water 
Pollution Report No.6, 1970. 
Historical value only. 
Needs updating. 
Present practices apparently are more effective and less subject to 
personnel failures, due to training programs for sewage plant opera-
tors. 
See also Shatrosky reference. 
Rivera, L.H., et.al. Soils and Their Interpretation for Various Uses, St. 
Thomas, St. John, Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
Soil Conservation Service, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1966. 
Distribution and classification of St. Thomas and St. John soils 
and their suitability and limitations for various purposes. 
Useful 
for soil runoff and erosion control. 
Rivera, L.H., et.al. Soil Survey of the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Kingshill, st. 
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1970. 
A summary report, useful for runoff 
assessment and as a basic study. 
Robinson, A.H. 
Natural Versus Visitor-Related Damage to Shallow Water 
Corals: 
Recommendations for Visitor Management and the Design of 
Underwater Nature Trails in the Virgin Islands. 
National Park Service, 
st. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
August 1973. 
Technical report giving 
summary of damage based on outside literature and National Park Service 
staff observation. 
Some generalizations are made concerning visitor 
management. 
Describes natural damage to reefs; finds visitor damage 
minimal but feels future management needed. 
Robinson T., et.al. Magens Bay Master Plan. 
Consulting report prepared 
by Design Collaborative, St. Thomas, for the Magens Bay Beach Commis-
sion, St. Thomas. 
1970. 
Includes excellent summary of biological 
and hydrological features of the associated watershed, salt pond, 
mangrove beach and bay area. 
Has useful baseline information for 
future planning and management. 
Site specific. 
Robinson, T.M. 
Ground Water in Central St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, in cooperation 
with the Government of the Virgin Islands (Caribbean District open 
file report). 
1972. 
Data from 237 wells including complete chemical 
analysis of water quality. 
Available water in aquifer would require 
desalting by electrodialysis or distillation. 
-9-
Robinson, T.M., et.al. 
Water Records of the Virgin Islands, 1962-1969. 
U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1973. 
Covers 
surface water, quality of water and ground water records of Virgin 
Islands (stream flow, chemical and physical characteristics of water 
and ground water levels). 
Shatrosky, E.L., vanEepoel, R.P. and Grigg, D.I. 
Operating Characteris-
tics of Package Sewage Plants on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, January-
June 1972. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Department of Health. 
1972. 
A classic study of management failure. 
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Oceanographic and Biological Data In and 
Adjacent to the Discharge from Virgin Islands Rum Industries, Ltd., 
St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Report prepared for Virgin Islands 
Rum Industries, Ltd., Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
August 1976. 
Provides quantitative data on water quality during 
normal.conditions and when the distillery is operating with a 40,000 
gpd discharge rate. 
Describes sessile benthic communities, associated 
fauna and currents in discharge area. 
Confirms negligible impact and 
rapid di·ffusion of lees or spent, molasses liquor. 
Sverdrup and Parcel. 
Feasibility Report Summary for a Fresh Water Pipe-
line from Eastern Puerto Rico to Culebra and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin 
Islands. 
September 1981. 
Prepared for the U.S. Department of the 
Army, U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, Florida. 
Renders 
a useful idea impractical by unjustified expansion of the original 
concept. 
Swingle, W.E., Dammann, A.E., and Yntema, J.A. 
Survey of the Commercial 
Fishery of the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
Proceedings of 
the Twenty-second Annual Session, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries In-
stitute, pp. 110-121. 
University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of 
Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. 
1969. 
Summary of information avail-
able in Dammann, et.al., (1969) on Virgin IslanE commercial fisheries. 
Teytaud, A.R. 
A Management Plan for the St. Thomas Mangrove Lagoon Area 
of Particular Concern. 
Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and 
Cultural Affairs, Division of Coastal Zone Management, St. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1981. 
Environmental data and land use recommenda-
tions for what is probably the best studied coastal ecosystem in the 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
An obvious choice for a case study area. 
Sum-
mary of previous studies, extensive bibliography, historical trends, 
land capability/development suitability analysis. 
Teytaud, A.R. 
Development on Steep Slopes. 
Virgin Islands Depart-
ment of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Coastal Zone 
Management, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Technical Circular #3, 
1981. 
Recommendations for controlling impacts from erosion, with 
suggested standards in terms of slope gradient and soil type for build-
ings, roads, and septic tanks in the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
-10-
Teytaud, A.R. 
Guidance Plan for the St. Croix Coral Reef System Area of 
Particular Concern. 
Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and 
Cultural Affairs, Division of Coastal Zone Hanagement. 
1981. 
Con-
tains valuable recommendations and extensive bibliography on coral 
reef management and erosion control. 
Teytaud, A.R. 
Guidance Plan for the Salt River Bay Area of Particular 
Concern, St. Croix. 
Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and 
Cultural Affairs, Division of Coastal Zone Hanagement. 
1981. 
En-
vironmental data and land use planning recommendations for a specific 
area. 
Teytaud, A.R. 
Preliminary Report on Potential Significant Natural Area 
(SNA) sites. 
(Unpublished draft report.) 
Virgin Islands Department 
of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Coastal Zone Han-
agement. 
1980. 
Summary of field work to appraise and systematically 
rank all remaining areas in the U.S. Virgin Islands with high natural 
resource value. 
Useful for stress point analysis and carrying capacity 
planning. 
Lacks detailed documentation. 
Tippetts, Abbett, HcCarthy and Stratton. 
Haster Plan: 
Christiansted Har-
bor, st. Croix, Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for the Government of the 
Virgin Islands. 
November 1958. 
Out of date, historical value only. 
United States Government, Department of Agriculture. 
Virgin Islands of 
the United States Resource Conservation and Development Project. 
U.S. 
Department of Agriculture, 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1973. 
Of some 
value, but better data summaries exist. 
Useful for policy statements 
and recommendations of government in early 1970's. 
united States Government, Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation 
Service. 
Soil Loss Prediction Guide for Construction Sites in the 
Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Juan, Puerto 
Rico. 
1971. 
Outdated. 
See u.s. Department of Agriculture, undated, 
Universal Soil Loss Equation, for revised version. 
united States Government, Department of Agriculture. 
Universal Soil Loss 
Equation, A=RKLSCP. 
Caribbean Area Technical Notes. 
Soil Conserva-
tion Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
Theoretical basis for computing 
soil losses when vegetation cover is altered. 
Revised from earlier 
version. 
Note that the cumulative precipitation curve for the south 
coast of Puerto Rico (also used for the U.S. Virgin Islands) is incor-
rect. 
United States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 
Flood Hazard Information, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
September 
1977. 
Very useful maps, storm frequency and risk summaries and shore-
line flooding historical chronology. 
-11-
United States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 
Flood Plain Information, Tidal Areas, st. Thomas, st. Croix and st. 
John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
prepared for Office of the Governor of 
the U.s. Virgin Islands, Virgin Islands Planning Office. 
Jackson-
ville, Florida. 
1975. 
Provides (1) historical data on hurricanes 
and related flooding and (2) future flooding predictions for major 
storms of 100 year frequency plus worst possible flood. 
Plates are 
fold out maps of coastline showing areas of expected flooding. 
United states Government, Department of Commerce (NOAA). 
The Virgin Is-
lands Coastal Management Program and Final Environmental Impact State-
ment. 
Office of Coastal Zone Management, Washington, D.C. 
1979. 
The 
background and expected impacts of the CZM legislation in the Virgin 
Islands. 
United states Government, Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Administration. 
Biological Aspects of Marine Water 
Quality, st. Thomas, St. Croix and St.John, U.s. Virgin Islands. 
1967. 
Historical value only. 
United States Government, Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife 
Service. 
Endangered, Threatened,. 
and Extinct· Birds and Mammals of 
the Virgin Islands. 
1977. 
List of endangered, threatened and extinct 
birds and mammals, with causes of decline and habitat 'notes. 
Devel-
opment is the major cause of extinction through habitat destruction. 
united States Government, Environmental Protection Agency. 
Water Quality 
in the Virgin Islands. 
EPA Region II Surveillance and Analysis Divi-
sion .. Edison, New Jersey. 
May 1973. 
Data report and analysis of sea 
water and sediment chemistry. 
Marginally useful status report. 
vanEepoel, R.P., et.al. 
Notes on Some Oceanographic Marine Factors in the 
U.s. Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Water and Power Auth-
ority by Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, 
St. Thomas, U.s. Virgin Islands. 
Institute's Special Publication No. 
2, 1971. 
Despite the title, this is a report on the definition of a 
suitable medium depth route for a submarine electric (40 megawatt) 
cable linking St. Croix and St. Thomas. 
Contains useful oceanograph-
ic data summaries and bathymetric graphics on the submarine features 
between the two islands separated by a relatively deep trench except 
to the eastward where a route appeared feasible. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Conservation and CUltural Affairs. 
U.S. Virgin Islands Water Quality Management Plan (WQMP). 
1980. 
Data 
on water quality and demand for drinking water and coastal waters. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, 
Division of Natural Resources Management. 
Virgin Islands Water Quality 
Monitoring, 1970-75. 
1975. 
Departmental report summarizing statis-
tical data and problems of island growth and pollution, pollution mon-
itoring and abatement programs, and improvements in water quality. 
-12-
Virgin Islands Government, Planning Board. 
Conservation of Beaches: 
A 
Study of Problems, Needed Policies, Resources and Actions Required 
of Private Enterprise, Citizens, and the Government of the United 
States Virgin Islands (revised draft). 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands and Cambridge, Massachusetts; report prepared by Reginald 
Isaacs. 
1967. 
Study of beach problems, government policies and 
proposed management planning. 
Virgin Islands Government, Planning Office. 
Land Use and Housing Ele-
ments, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Government of the Virgin Islands, St. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1977. 
Land use maps are most compre-
hensive available, but report suffers from poor documentation of 
methods and poor data analysis and presentation. 
Nevertheless, much 
useful information. 
Virgin Islands Government, Planning Office. 
Public Attitudes Towards 
Coastal Development. 
Technical Supplement No.2, 1977. 
A report 
on two surveys of public perceptions and attitudes, undertaken in 
the process of developing the Virgin Islands Coastal Zone Management 
Program. 
Wolf, E.G. and Peterson, R.E. 
Environmental Characterization of the South-
ern Insular Shelf of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Science Appli-
cations, Inc. 
1979. 
Environmental profile of the south shore marine 
environment in the area of the proposed sand dredging project. 
A use-
ful summary of oceanographic and biological factors. 
Zube, E.H. 
The Islands: 
Selected Resources of the United States Virgin 
Islands and Their Relationship to Recreation, Tourism and Open Space. 
University of Massachusetts, Department of Landscape Architecture. 
Prepared for the Department of the Interior. 
1968. 
Provides basic 
resource inventory data for governmental agencies. 
3. 
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA: 
PLANNING~ DEVELOPMENT~ POPULATION~ 
PRODUCTION~ RESOURCE 
USE~ PUBLIC PARTICIPATION~ STATISTICAL 
STUDIES AND SUMMARIES. 
Bandler, B.G., editor. 
Our Troubled Environment -
Can We Save It? Pro-
ceedings of Conference on the Virgin Islands, May 10-11, 1974. 
Spon-
sored by the Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Is-
lands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Varied conference 
discussions, .ranging from air and water to manpower training and econ-
omics to environmental research and land use. 
Emphasizes the lack of 
local.goals for research and development, lack of government leader-
ship and need for improved planning and resources management strategies. 
-13-
Bellante, Clauss, Miller and Nolan. 
Feasibility Study for the Development 
of the Fountain Valley Property, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Scranton, pennsylvania. 
January 1970. 
Prepared for Boise Cascade 
Properties, Inc. under contract to Walter Kidde Constructors Inter-
national. 
Brin, Darlan. 
Shoreline Environmental Problems and Recommended Policies 
for the u.S. Virgin Islands (unpublished). 
Paper prepared for a course 
taken at University of California, Berkeley. 
Issues of the Virgin Is-
lands coastal environment discussed with relevancy to tourist industry, 
conservation and management coordination of planning and shoreline policy. 
Makes detailed recommendations for development of a coastal zone manage-
ment program for the Virgin Islands. 
Creque, D. and Geoggal, H. 
A Study of the Tourist Industry in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Division of Trade and Industry. 
1964. 
Valuable 
for historical data. 
DeJong Associates. 
Main Street Mall Urban Design Study. 
St. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands Planning Office. 
A very imaginative model; a well designed, locally produced study that 
was before its time. 
Greiner (J.E.) Company, Inc. 
Summary: 
Feasibility Study, Improvements 
for Harry S. Truman Airport, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for 
the U.S. Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
1974. 
Summary of feasibility 
study for improvements at Harry S. Truman Airport, sho·rt and long term 
program, costs and scheduling. 
Herrick, T.R. 
Economic Study of the Submerged Lands of the Virgin Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1966. 
Deals principally with sand resources and 
sand dredging. 
Historical value only. 
Kasperson, R.E. 
Decentralized Water Reuse Systems in a Water Scarce Envir-
onment: 
The Tourist Industry in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands •. Caribbean 
Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas. 
Water 
Pollution Report No. 13, 1971. 
Brief survey of impact of tourism on 
water supply and sewage disposal in St. THomas. 
Estimates costs of 
water and sewage treatment at major hotels. 
Lopez, P.F. 
Outdoor Recreation in the Virgin Islands·, Executive Summary: 
A Guide to Assist in the Implementation .of the Comprehensive Island-
Wide Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1973-1988. 
Prepared for the Government 
of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and Cultural 
Affairs. 
1973. 
Contains useful graphic presentation of annual rain-
fall and monthly temperature records, plus a preliminary analysis of 
use patterns and preferences for marine recreation sites. 
-14-
Madigan-Praeger, Inc. 
Report on Plans for Seaport Development and Reloca-
tion for the Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
New York. 
1974. 
Special-
ized study of St. Croix port facilities with references to container-
ized logistics, upgrading, berth utilization, cruise ship traffic and 
a master plan for Christiansted and Frederiksted. 
Very useful statis-
tical data. 
McElroy, J.L. and Caines, J.E. 
Consumer Expenditure Patterns: 
A Survey 
of st. Thomas, U.S.V.I., 1975-1976. 
University of Florida. 
1980. 
Highlights difference between Virgin Islands economy and larger con-
tinental metropolitan systems. 
Statistics review of literature for 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
McElroy, J.L. 
Economic and Social Impacts of the Virgin Islands Coastal 
Zone Management Program. 
Virgin Islands Planning Office, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. Technical Supplement No.4, 1978. 
Much useful 
data. 
McElroy, J.L. 
The Virgin Islands Economy: 
Past Performance and Future 
Projections: 
Summary. 
Virgin Islands Planning Office, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 1975. 
Data and historical trends on population, 
labor force, employment and economic performance, with projections 
for future. 
McElroy, J.L. 
Virgin Islands Food Imports and Exports: 
An Analysis. 
In 
Proceedings: 
A Community Conference on Food and ~utrition Policy Plan-
ning, Marva S. Browne, editor. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin· Islands. 
1980 (pp. 24-27). 
Paper presented at the Conimun-
i ty Conference on Food and NUtl:). tionPolicy Planning sponsored by Is-
land Resources Foundation and funded by the National Science Foundation. 
Statistics and historical trends. 
Menasco-McGuinn Associates. 
Virgin Islands Highway Functional Classifica-
tion and Needs Study: 
Summary Report. 
Prepared for the Government 
of.the Virgin Islands, Department of Public Works in cooperation with 
the U.s. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 
Helena, Montana. 
August 1973. 
Includes more than 30 maps developed 
by the contract firm from aerial photographs and field investigators 
and officially accepted by the public Works Department. 
In addition 
to inventories and traffic counts, standards are established for de-
sign, pavement, present and anticipated use, routes, capital improve-
ments, continuing data collection, and transportation planning. 
Miller, R.W. 
The Economy of the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Department of 
the Interior. 
1979. 
Useful analysis and data. 
Olsen, D.A. 
Socioeconomic Survey of Recreational Boating and Fishing in 
the U.S. Virgin Islands.. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Contract report for the National Marine Fish-
eries Service. 
1979. 
Useful statistics. 
-15-
Painter, A., editor. 
Energy Self-Sufficiency and the Virgin Islands: 
Proceedings of a Conference. 
Ecological Research Center, Caribbean 
Research Insti.tute,College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
December 1978. 
A quality report that addresses 
insular energy strategy options for the Territory. 
Pflaum, P., Editor. 
U.S. Virgin Islands Data Book. 
College of the Vir-
gin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1980~C9mpilation of 
statistics and graphs on U.S. Virgin Islands population, economy, 
social characteristics, with policy alternatives and guidelines, and 
a functional analysis of the Virgin Islands government. 
A basic ref-
erence. 
Pebbles, R.W., et.al. 
Waterplan: 
A Comprehensive Water Management Frame-
work for the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Caribbean Research Institute, Water 
Resources Center, College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Island. 
Technical Report No.2, 1979. 
Water in the U.S. Virgin 
Islands in terms of supply, demand, distribution, quality, wastewater, 
economics, social factors, statistical data and law. 
Posner, B., et.al. 
Economic Impact Analysis for the Virgin Islands Nation-
al Park. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
Contract report for U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Ser-
vice. 
1981. 
Important new approach which develops experimental econ-
omic assessment methodology adapted to an. insular area. 
Establishes 
quantitative dimensions of a positive multiplier for investment in the 
establishment of mUlti-purpose park systems in island areas with a 
tourism sector. 
Towle, E. 
Solid Waste Management in the Eastern Caribbean: 
A Status Re-
port and Planning Study for a Solid Waste Management Workshop. 
Is-
land Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1982. 
Prepared for U.S. National Commission for UNESCO, Man and the Biosphere 
Program. 
Major study with detailed local and regional solid waste 
policy and management suggestions, research recommendations and maps 
of solid waste disposal sites in the Eastern Caribbean. 
Some detail 
on the evolution of the U.S. Virgin Islands' and Puerto Rican approaches 
to solid waste management since 1970. 
Contains an action plan regard-
ing waste recycling and energy extraction from selected solid wastes. 
United States Government, Federal Maritime Commission. 
Trade Study: 
An Economic Analysis. 
1979. 
Useful 
on economy, ports, ocean transportation, etc. 
Virgin Islands 
analysis and data 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Commerce. 
U.S. Virgin Islands 
Growth Statistics. 
1979. 
Excellent summary. of trade in various econ-
omic indicators between 1960-1979. 
4. 
-16-
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, 
Division of Planning. 
Virgin Islands Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation 
Plan, Executive Summary. 
1974. 
Contains useful tabular data on the 
recreational value, size, and accessability of offshore cays, island 
wise recreational demand factors, and maps of facilities and sites. 
Virgin Islands Government, Housing Authority. 
Housing at a Glance. 
1979. 
Summary report on public housing in St. Croix and St. Thomas. 
Useful 
statistical data. 
Virgin Islands National Park. 
Assessment of Alternatives, Solid Waste 
study. 
National Park Service Center, Denver, Colorado. 
October 1977. 
A superior model solid waste planning study which combines assessment 
and planning recommendations for both the National Park and the entire 
island of St. John and its rural residential and commercial/urban areas. 
Wilbur Smith Associates. 
Virgin Islands Mass Transit Study. 
Columbia, 
South Carolina. 
1976. 
Detailed survey and transit development plan, 
including assessments of inter-island marine transportation and coastal 
nodal points. 
Excellent data. 
ENVIRONMENTAL AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY DATA: 
GUIDELINES J REGULA-
TIONS J STUDIES AND REPORTS. 
Beller, W.S., editor. 
The U.S. Virgin Islands and the Seas. 
Report to the 
Governor. 
Released by the Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Govern-
ment of the U.S. Virgin Islands, st. Thomas. 
October 1970. 
Citizens' 
report makes clear that the Virgin Islands' only major environmental 
resource, its marine assets, must be carefully used and actively pro-
tected. 
Recommendations aimed at formulating policy are made for en-
vironmental quality, living/nonliving resources, industry, recreation, 
Caribbean relations, education and government. 
Heyman, I.M. and Gralnek, D.O. 
Authorities and Organization: 
Legal Analysis 
and Recommendations for Implementing a Coastal Zone Management Program. 
Virgin Islands Planning Office, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Tech~ 
nical Supplement No.3, 1977. 
Review of laws and legal authorities re-
levant to coastal zone management in the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
McLaughlin, M. 
A Handbook for Coastal Homebuilders and Developers. 
Virgin 
Islands Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of 
Coastal Zone Management, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1981. 
Ex-
plains coastal zone management permit process and provides guidelines 
for various categories of development. 
Economic, environmental, social 
and aesthetic considerations are discussed. 
Very useful. 
5, 
-17-
United States Government, Department of Agriculture, Virgin Islands Soil 
and Water Conservation District. 
Environmental Protection Handbook: 
A Guide to Assist in· the Implementation of the Environmental Protection 
Act of the United States Virgin Islands. 
Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1971. 
Standards and specifications for soil erosion 
control, slope control practices, and water conservation for persons 
applying for "Earth Change" permits. 
Includes seven page glossary. 
United States Government, Environmental Protection Agency. 
Quality Cri-
teria for Water. 
1976. 
Gives standards for water quality. 
Virgin Islands Government. 
Virgin Islands Coastal Zone Management Act 
of 1978. 
Title 12, Chapter 21, Virgin Islands Code. 
1978. 
An im-
portant and controversial environmental management statute. 
Virgin Islands Government. 
Virgin Islands Zoning Law. 
Title 29, Chapter 
3, Virgin Islands Code. 
1972. 
One of the major existing controls on 
land use in the U.S. Virgin Islands, but has serious shortcomings in 
terms of natural resources management. 
See Teytaud, A., Management 
Plan for the st. Thomas Mangrove Lagoon Area of Particular Concern, 
and Development on Steep Slopes, for discussion of deficiencies and 
recommended solutions. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Commerce, Economic Development 
Council. 
Economic Development Policy Guidelines. 
Volumes I, II and 
III. st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1979. 
Very useful data and 
analysis of options for economic development in the U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs. 
Environmental Laws and Regulations of the Virgin Islands. 
Reprinted 
from Titles 12 and 19 of the Virgin Islands Code and the Virgin Islands 
Rules and Regulations. 
1979. 
A useful compilation of environmental 
laws· 
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA: 
SECTOR AND USE SPECIFIC), 
ASSESSMENTS AND STUDIES (SITE J 
Adams, J.B., et.al. 
Incident and Reflected Solar Radiation in a Tropical 
Environment. 
Final report. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of 
the Virgin Islands. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
February 1972. 
Useful.vegetation managing data, including species distribution for 
selected test sites on St. Croix. 
-18-
Adams, J., et.al. Potential National Natural Landmarks. 
west Indies 
Laboratory, Fairleigh Dickinson University, st. Croix, U.s. Virgin 
Islands. 
Report for the National Park Service. 
May 1975. 
Descrip-
tive environmental data on fourteen specific sites on st. Croix, St. 
John and St. Thomas. 
Maps. 
Bristol, Childs, Crowder and Associates. 
Proposed Master plan and Feasi-
bility of Development of the Cruz Bay -
Enighed Pond Areas, St. John, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Coral Cables, Florida. February 1975. 
Some 
routine baseline information but of largely historical value. 
Includes 
maps of shoreline configurations and use. 
Brown and Root, Inc. 
Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Construc-
tion of a Single Point Mooring Terminal and Submarine Pipeline System, 
South Coast, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Prepared for Hess 
Oil Virgin Islands Corporation. 
Extensive technical data on marine 
and shoreline ecology of the south coast, oceanography and climatology 
and their relationships to probable oil spills. 
Deficient in ocean 
current information. 
Candelas, G. 
Ecological Study of the S.t. Thomas Harbor and Adjoining 
Channels. 
July 1971. 
prepared for the West Indian Company, Ltd.. Old 
but nonetheless useful for some baseline biophysical data. 
Includes 
BOD, plankton and primary productivity information derived from sampling 
and laboratory work at the University of Puerto Rico. 
Dalton, Dalton, Little and Newport, Inc. 
Draft Environmental Impact State-
ment. 
Proposed improvements to the Highway from Veteran's Drive Near 
the Windward Passage Hotel to Centerline Road at the Top of Raphune 
Hill, Charlotte Amalie, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Prepared 
for the Government of the. Virgin Islands and the U.S. Department of 
Transportation. 
1975. 
A perfect example of a controversial large 
.scale engineering approach .to a problem requiring a community planning 
solution for historical, cul.tural and strategic factors, namely, the 
optimization and re-routing of traffic flow through the urban water-
front area of Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas. 
Engineering Science, Inc. 
Water Resources Study for the Virgin Islands of 
the United. States/Water Reclamation Study. 
October 1968. 
Prepared 
for Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Reviews water supply pro-
blems and investigates feasible reclamation programs for individual 
islands. 
Describes direct reuse for irrigation, industrial and sani-
tary uses and indirect reuse via ground water recharge. 
Environment Consultants, 
Land Use at Tamarind 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
data. 
Inc. Beach Enhancement, Marina Development, and 
Reef Hotel Property, st. Croix, V.I: St. Thomas, 
1970. 
Marginally useful but some site specific 
-19-
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Beach Erosion Survey, Forrest Waldo Property, 
La Grande Princess, st. Croix, Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
1970. 
Contains beach profile changes since 1950, plus 
some shoreline erosion data. 
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Beach Improvement and Development, Water-
gate Village, Bolongo Bay, St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
August 1970. 
Impact assessment with data and some man-
aging of coral reefs. 
Shoreline profile configurations and erosion 
phenomenon. 
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Environmental Study of the Green Cay Devel-
opment Property, st. Croix, U.S.V.I. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
November 1969. 
Impact assessment of wave action, shoreline and lagoon 
systems, corals, sea grasses, with very detailed mapping of coastal 
and underwater features, with photos. 
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Environmental Survey of Lemontree Bay Property, 
St. Croix, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, St. Croix. 
st. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
1970. 
Identifies sources of water, air pollution, 
and suggests solutions where possible. 
Also makes recommendations re-
garding surface drainage, ground water, soils, vegetation, beach and 
shore development. 
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Environmental Survey of Sapphire Bay Resort, 
St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
c1969/l970. 
Useful data on St. John Bay, Red Bay, Prettyklip Point. 
Some shoreline 
and benthic maps. 
Environment Consultants, Inc. 
Report on Beach Enhancement, Marina Develop-
ment and Land Use, Tamarind Reef Hotel Property, St. Croix, Virgin Is-
lands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
June 1969. 
Some useful base-
line information especially regarding beach profiles. 
Greiner Engineering Sciences, Inc. 
Harry S. Truman Airport Master Plan, St. 
Thomas, Virgin Islands: 
Environmental Impact Assessment Report. 
Pre-
pared for the Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
August 1974. 
Statement 
of project to expand Truman airport, details expected impact on Lindbergh 
Bay marine ecosystems, on other areas by dredging, impacts on water 
quality, soils, air, noise, surface. transportation, both temporary and 
long term. 
See also revised 1975 version. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Marine Environment of Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin 
Islands With a Summary of Recent Changes. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands 
Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health by Caribbean Re-
search Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 15, 1972. 
Covers turbidity 
and sediment changes associated with dredging in the bay. 
Describes 
increase and decrease of turbidity during and after dredging as well 
as sediment character in the dredged hole. 
Useful summary data on 
Brewers Bay. 
See also subsequent studies on the environmental impact 
of St. Thomas airport expansion. 
-20-
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Report on the Status of Water Quality in Cruz Bay and 
Chocolate Hole, St. John. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands Department 
of Health, Division of Environmental Health by Caribbean Research In-
stitute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No.9, 1971. 
Follow-up on prior study; see 
Brody reference on Cruz Bay. 
Useful baseline data. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Some Effects of Dredging on Water Quality and Coral 
Reef Ecology. 
Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin 
Islands. 
Occasional Paper No. 22, 1975. 
Summarizes types of damage 
to reef areas caused by various types and methods of dredging. 
Out-
lines procedures for reducing impact. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
The Status of the Marine Environment at Water Bay, 
St. Thomas. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Is-
lands. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 
7, 1970. 
Useful baseline information concerning a controversial 
dredging project and its impact on coastal processes at Water Bay. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Water Quality and Benthic Biology Within the Thermal 
Plume from Harvey Alumina, Virgin Islands Plant. 
Caribbean Research 
Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands . 
June 1972. 
Description of suspended solids, transparency, 
dissolved oxygen and sea bottom communities in. area of thermal plume. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Water Quality and Environmental Status of Benner Bay -
Mangrove Lagoon, St. Thomas. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of 
the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution 
Report No. 10, 1971. 
One of the many sectoral site specific studies, 
containing useful baseline data. 
Marginal use to planners. 
Grigg, D.I., et.al. 
Water Quality and Marine Environment of Vessup Bay, 
St. Thomas. 
Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Is-
lands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 
8, 1970. 
The only study of this site. 
Useful baseline data. 
Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendoff, Inc. 
Environmental Impact Assess-
ment Report: 
Proposed Offshore Crude Oil Terminal and SUbmarine Pipe-
line, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corpor-
ation, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1975. 
Summary of economic, 
social, and environmental data for the south coast of St. Croix and 
the entire island. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
An Investigation of the Site proposed for an 
Ocean Outfall at Cruz Bay, st. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
September 1972. 
Prepared for the Government of 
the Virgin Islands, Department of Health, Division of Environmental 
Health. 
Site specific consulting report. 
-21-
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Description of the Proposed Virgin Islands Re-
finery Corporation Site, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: 
Terrestrial 
Biota and pelagic Marine Macro-Fauna. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
September 1973. 
Prepared for R. Weston. 
Standard background study 
for EIA. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Harbor 
and Marine Terminal Expansion Port of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
St. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
July 1973. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands 
Port Authority. 
Site specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Marine 
Sand Dredging, Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin IslandS. 
st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin IslandS. 
June 1973. 
Prepared for Virgin Is-
lands Port Authority •. site specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments·, Inc. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Marine 
Sand Dredging, Red Hook-VessupBays, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
July 1973. 
Prepared for Virgin Is-
lands Port Authority. 
Site specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Environmental Study Report for A 35 Megawatt 
Electric Generating Plant at Krause Lagoon on the South Coast of st. 
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
July 
1975. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority. 
Pre lim-
inarystudy of energy installation within an already stressed area. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Environmental Study Report for Proposed Docks, 
Bulkhead and Walkway at Benner Bay on the South Coast of st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1975. 
Useful 
turbidity measurements, maps and water quality data. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Marine and Environmental Factors in Red Hook 
Bay, St. Thomas. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
April 1972. 
Pre-
pared for P.F. Lopez Associates, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Site 
specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments, 
posed Development 
lands. 
May 1973. 
John, U.S. Virgin 
Inc. 
Preliminary Environmental Evaluation of Pro-
at Fish Bay, St. John. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is-
prepared for Cocoloba Development Association, St. 
IslandS. 
Site specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Marine Environment of Cane garden Bay, St. 
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
June 
1973. 
Prepared for R. Weston, Inc., Westchester, pennsylvania. 
Pro-
posed oil refinery site assessment. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Status of the Marine Environment of the South 
Coast of St. Thomas: 
Crown Bay to Perseverance Bay. 
st. Thomas, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
July 1974. 
Useful coastal water quality data, in-
cluding heavy metals analysis for four sample sites. 
-22-
Insular Environments, Inc. 
The Potential Environmental Impact of the Con-
struction of a Submarine Pipeline and Deepwater Tanker Mooring and Un-
loading Terminal in the Caribbean Sea off Limetree Bay, st. Croix, U.S. 
Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
April 1973. 
Prepar-
ed for Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corporation, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. 
Site specific consulting report. 
Insular Environments, Inc. 
Water Quality and Benthic Environment in the 
Area of the Municipal Sewer Outfall at Red Point, St. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
March 1973. 
Prepared 
for the Virgin Islands Government, Department of Health, Division of 
Environmental Health. 
A model initial outfall study (see, however, 
subsequent reports on same site) • 
Insular Environments, Inc. and Sigma Environmental Sciences, Inc. 
Environ-
mental Assessment Report, Proposed Land Re.clamation and Harbor Improve-
ments, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1976. 
Consulting report for the West Indian Company, Ltd., st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands (proprietary). 
Useful data. 
Insular Environments, Inc. and Sigma Environmental Sciences, Inc. 
St. Thomas 
Sewage Treatment Plant Submarine Discharge Site Evaluation. 
st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
September 1975. 
prepared for Virgin Islands Govern-
ment, Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Natur-
al Resources Management. 
Describes benthic communities and water quality 
in area of sewage effluent diffuser in 65-70 feet of water after nearly 
two years of discharge. 
Jacobsen, A.R. 
A Study of the Pollution of the Harbor Waters of the Virgin 
Islands. 
Government of the Virgin Islands, Department of Health, St. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1951. 
Early survey resulting from Depart-
ment of Health concern about pollution from sewage, industrial waste 
and night soil disposition. 
Historical value only. 
Lopez Associates, P.C. 
Feasibility Report: 
Pillsbury Marine Commercial 
Center. 
May 1972. 
Prepared for Pillsbury Marine Development Corporation. 
A study asserting feasibility of developing a marine center/shopping 
center at an existing salt pond site at Red Hook, St. Thomas, Virgin 
Islands. 
McComb Engineering. 
Environmental Assessment Report for Installation, Con-
nection and Operation of Three Desalination Plants at the Virgin Islands 
Water and Power Authority Facility at Krum Bay, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin 
Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
December 1979. 
McComb Engineering. 
Environmental Assessment Report for Installation, Con-
nection, and Operation of Two 0.55 MGD Desalination Plants at the Vir-
gin Islands Water and Power Authority Facility at Christiansted, St. 
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1979. 
-23-
McComb Engineering. 
Environmental Assessment Report for Resort, Residential 
and Marina Development at Mandahl Bay, St. Thomas and Great Hans-Lollik 
Island. 
st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
January 1980. 
Only detailed 
study of area. 
Good map and useful baseline data. 
McNulty, J.K., et.al. 
Departmental Study Team Report and Recommendations 
on Proposed New Jet Airport, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
U.S. 
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 
1968. 
Accepts as fact 
the proposed development of the St. Thomas mangrove lagoon for a new 
airport site. 
Use with caution. 
Michel, J.F., et.al. 
A Study of the Biological and Coastal Engineering 
Aspects of the Proposed Jet Airstrip at Jersey Bay. 
Part II, Coastal 
Engineering Considerations. 
University of Miami, Institute of Marine 
Sciences. 
1968. 
Contains valuable baseline data; otherwise useful 
only as an historical document on earlier development planning method-
ology with narrowly defined terms of reference. 
See Tabb and Michel 
(1968) for Part I. 
Michel, J.F. 
A Study of the Hydrodynamic Effects of the Proposed Airport 
at Long Beach Point, st. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
University of Miami, 
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. 
1970. 
Consult-
ing report to the Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
Useful for site specif-
ic data; otherwise of largely historical value. 
Nichols, M., et.al. 
Circulation, Water Quality and Environmental Resources 
of Perseverance Bay, st. Thomas. 
Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
November, 1977. 
Final report prepared for Depart-
ment of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Natural Resources 
Management. 
Site specific report. 
Olsen, E.J. 
Hydrographic Review, Harry S. Truman Airport, St. Thomas, V.I. 
Report by Florida Coastal Engineers to Greiner Environmental Sciences. 
July 1974. 
Routine study with some useful tables synthesizing previous 
data. 
Owen, W. and Konrad, M. 
Thermal Survey: 
Harvey Alumina Discharge, St. 
Croix, Virgin Islands. 
Prepared for Caribbean Research Institute, Col-
lege of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands by Vast, 
Inc., Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Study of thermal 
plume of bauxite refining plant formerly owned by Harvey Alumina Corpor-
ation (now Martin Marietta), southwest of former Krause Lagoon area, St. 
Croix. 
Only study of its kind in Virgin Islands waters. 
Useful for 
baseline data and methodology. 
Percious, D.J., vanEepoel, R.P. and Grigg, D.I. 
Reconnaissance Survey of 
St. Thomas Harbor and Crown Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
Caribbean 
Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No 18, 1972 .. Useful survey with 
synoptic site specific data. 
Principally historical value. 
-24-
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Biological and Physical Assessment of the Mun-
icipal Ocean Outfall at Manning Bay, St. Croix. 
St. Thomas, u.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
September 1977. 
Prepared for the Government of the u.S. 
Virgin Islands, Department of.Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division 
of Natural Resources Management. 
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Environmental Assessment Report: 
Channel 
Dredging and Docking Improvements Cruz Bay Harbor, st. John. 
st. Thomas, 
u.s. Virgin Islands. 
June 1978. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands Port 
Authority. 
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Environmental Assessment Report: 
Proposed 
Dock and Pilings at Parcels 35, 44, and 134, Estate Frydenhoj, St. 
Thomas, (US) Virgin Islands •. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Oct-
ober 1976. 
Site specific coastline data for the Mangrove Lagoon, st. 
Thomas. 
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Environmental Report: 
Proposed Dock Im-
provements . and Shoreline Fill at Lagoon Marina, St. Thomas. 
St. Thomas, 
u.S. Virgin Islands. 
1978. 
Permit application by Harms' Lagoon Marina. 
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Feasibility and Impacts of Flushing a Closed 
Salt Pond and of Constructing a Small Dock in the Bay at Parcel No. 270 
Estate Chocolate 
Hole, st. John. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
June 1977. 
Some useful baseline data. 
Smith, Henry. 
Sequential Use of Reclaimed Wastewater Destined for Aquifer 
Recharge. 
Water Resources Research Center, Caribbean Research Insti t-
ute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
June 1979. 
Some cost data. 
Shows coastline impact on static water 
levels from re-injection strategy for treated wastewater. 
Tabb, D.C. and Michel, J.F. 
A Study of the Biological and Coastal Engin-
eering Aspects of the Proposed Jet Airstrip at Jersey Bay, St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Part 1, Biological Considerations. 
University 
of Miami, Institute of Marine Sciences. 
1968. 
Contains valuable base-
line data; otherwise useful only as an historical document. 
See also 
Michel, et.al. (1968) for Part II. 
Tabb, D.C. 
Report of Investigation: 
The Biological and Ecological Ef-
fects of Dredging for Sand in the Water and Brewers Bay Areas of St. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
University of Miami, Institute of Marine 
Sciences. 
1967. 
Consulting report prepared for Office of the Governor, 
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Very general appraisal based 
on brief site observations (apparently of shorelines only). 
Recommends 
allowing dredging of Brewers Bay. 
List of some organisms observed in 
rocky shoreline habitat. 
-25-
TetraTech. 
Magnetometer Survey of Crown Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
April 1981. 
prepared for Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
Some interest-
ing historical use and condition data for Crown Bay. 
TetraTech. 
Oceanographic Engineering Study for the Proposed Runway Exten-
sion at Harry S. Truman Airport, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
September 1977. 
Final Report (TC-863). 
Prepared for Parsons Pan-American 
Corporation, Pasadena, California. 
Tobias, W.J. 
Environmental Impact Assessment for a Private Dock Facility 
at Sugar Beach, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1977. 
Prepared for Sugar Beach, Ltd. in connection with submerged lands ap-
plication to the Government of the Virgin Islands for construction of 
small pier to serve condominium complex. 
United .States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 
Crown 
Bay Channel, St. Thomas Harbor, Virgin Islands: 
Feasibility Report (on) 
Channel Improvement for Navigation. 
(Draft) 
Undated, circa 1979. 
Very 
useful compendium of basic data on Crown Bay area with excellent maps. 
United States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 
Draft 
Environmental Impact Statement, New Port Facility in Charlotte Amalie, 
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
December 1979. 
Standard EIS information. 
Good maps and.aerial photographs included. 
United States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 
Final 
Environmental Impact Statement, New Port Facility in Charlotte Amalie, 
St. Thomas, V.I. 
December 1981. 
Permit application by the Virgin Is-
lands Port Authority. 
Standard EIS with some useful technical data. 
United States Government, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. Draft 
Environmental Impact Statement. 
The West Indian Company, Ltd. (Permit) , 
st. Thomas, V.I. 
August 1977. 
Draft EIS for dredging, landfill and 
port improvement. 
Routine EIS based on good prior site work and investi-
gations. 
United States Government, Department of Commerce, NOAA. 
The st. Thomas 
National Marine Sanctuary and Draft Environmental Impact Statement. 
1981.. Data on the St. Thomas Mangrove Lagoon and adjacent marine areas. 
vanEepoel, R.P. and Grigg, D.I. 
Effects of Dredging at Great Cruz Bay, St. 
John. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands Department of Health, Division 
of Environmental Health by .the Caribbean Research Institute, College 
of the Virgin Islands .. SL Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollu-
tion Report No.5, 1970. 
Historical and technical value. 
See other 
studies of Cruz Bay under Brody, eL al. (1969), Section A. 2., and Grigg, 
et.al. (1971), this section. 
-26-
vanEepoel, R.P. 
Report on Effects of Dredging in Wate~ Bay, St. Thomas. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Department of Health, Division of Environ-
mental Health by Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin 
Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No. 
2, November 1969. 
A controversial study with some continuing instruc-
tive value on how not to dredge close inshore and why. 
vanEepoel, R.P. and Grigg, D.I. 
Survey of the Ecology and Water Quality 
of Lindberg Bay, st. Thomas. 
Prepared for the Virgin Islands Department 
of Health, Division of Environmental Health by Caribbean Research In-
stitute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution Report No.4, January 1970. 
Baseline value (see other 
parallel studies of dredged and stressed sites in Cruz, Water, Benner, 
Vessup and Brewers Bays and Christians ted Harbor) • 
vanEepoel, R.P., et.al. 
Water Quality and Sediments of Lindberg Bay, St. 
Thomas. 
Prepared for Virgin Islands Department of Health, Division of 
Environmental Health by the Caribbean Research Institute, College of 
the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Water Pollution 
Report No. 11, June 1971. 
Historical and technical value with observa-
tions on the still depauperate dredge hole and marginal recolonization. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Health, Division of Environmental 
Health. 
A Report on the Environment Surrounding the Hess-Harvey Alumina 
Plants on st. Croix. 
1971. 
In-house report. 
Air, water and marine bio-
logical observations. 
Description of industrial plant processes. 
Mostly 
qualitative descriptions of environmental impacts associated with plant 
construction and operation. 
Virgin Islands Port Authority. 
Environmental Assessment Report, Port Im-
provement Project, Crown Bay, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
St. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands • 
July 1981. 
Some useful data but some cost/benefit 
projections appear less than reliable. 
Very helpful regarding use levels 
of a waterfront/coastal area. 
Virgin Islands Army National Guard. 
Environmental Assessment Report: 
Pro-
posed National Guard Armory, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1978. 
Incomplete and inadequate assessment for the site selected. 
weston, R.F., Inc. 
Environmental Assessment Study for a Two Hundred Thousand 
BPCDRefinery, st. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
westchester, pennsylvania. 
1975. 
Detailed study of area background setting (socio-economic, land 
use, natural areas, landmarks, climate, oceanography, ecology), expected 
impacts and means to alleviate impacts, particularly oil spill prevention 
alternatives. 
-27-
6. 
MISCELLANEOUS VIRGIN ISLANDS REFERENCES (PRIMARILY UNANNOTATED) 
Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc. 
A Water Management Plan for St. Croix, u.s. 
Virgin Islands. 
Consulting Engineers, Gainesville, Florida. 
1976. 
Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc. 
Preliminary Engineering Design of Cross Road 
Culverts and A Cursory Evaluation of potenti&Dam Locations for Selected 
Sites in the u.S. Virgin Islands. 
Supplement to Virgin Islands Water 
Resources Maps. 
Prepared for Government of the Virgin Islands, Depart-
ment of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Natural Resources 
Management. 
Buros, O.K. 
Groundwater in the Virgin Islands and the Caribbean. 
Presented 
at Desalination Operations -
1975, International Desalinization and En-
vironmental Association. 
Black, Crow and Eidsness, Inc., Gainesville, 
Florida. 
Buros, O.K. 
Resource Management through the Use of Reclaimed Water for 
Groundwater Recharge. 
Presented at Desalination Operations -
1975, In-
ternational Desalinization and Environmental Association. 
Black, Crow 
and Eidsness, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 
Buros, O.K. 
utili zation of Wastewater for Beneficial Purposes . 
Virgin Is-
lands Agriculture and Food Fair. 
D. Padda, editor. 
Virgin Islands De-
partment of Agriculture, st. Croix, u.s. Virgin Islands. 
1975. 
Buros, O.K. 
Wastewater Reclamation in St. Croix. 
A paper presented at the 
WPCF 48th Annual Conference. 
Miami, Beach, Florida. 
October 5-9, 1975. 
Buros, O.K. 
Water Reclamation and Reuse. 
A paper presented at the Confer-
ence on Water Resource Problems and Research Needs in the Virgin Islands. 
Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. October 30, 1974. 
Buros, O.K. 
Water Resource Maximization in an Island Environment. 
given at the Special Symposium on Water ResOurce Problems at the 
American Water Resources Conference. 
Las Croabas, Puerto Rico. 
ember 18, 1974. 
A paper 
Tenth 
Nov-
Buros, O.K. 
Water Resource Planning and Wastewater Reclamation in the Vir-
gin Islands. 
A paper presented at the Workshop on Augmenting the Vir-
gin Islands Water Supply sponsored by the Water Resources Research Cen-
ter, Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. 
Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
May 9,1975. 
Buros, O.K. 
Water Reuse in the Virgin Islands. 
A paper presented at the 
AWRA-FPCA 25th Annual Conference. 
Miami Beach, Florida. 
November 
10-13, 1974. 
Cabrite Development Co. 
Environmental Assessment Report Proposed Beach Con-
struction at Muller Bay, St. Thomas. 
St. Thomas, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
February 1979. 
-28-
Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. 
Facilities Planning Report on Relocating and 
Qpgrading the Charlotte Amalie Wastewater Treatment Facilities. 
Gov-
ernment of the Virgin Islands, 
Department of Conservation and CuI tur-
al Affairs, Division of Natural Resources Management. 
1977. 
Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. 
Facilities Planning Report on Wastewater Treat-
ment and Reuse for St. Croix. 
Government of the Virgin Islands, De-
partment of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Natural Re-
sources Management. 
1976. 
Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. 
Mangrove Lagoon/Turpentine Run Facilities 
Planning Report on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse. 
Prepared for Govern-
ment of the Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and Cultural Af-
fairs, Division of Natural Resources Management. 
July 1976. 
Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. 
Report on Infiltration/Inflow Analysis for the 
Charlotte Amalie Sewage System. 
May 1978. 
Two volumes. 
Cederstrom, D.J. 
Geology and Ground Water Resources of St. Croix, Virgin 
Islands. ·U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1067. 
1950. 
Cederstrom, D.J. 
Memorandum Re the Underground Water Supply of St. Croix 
and St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Geological Survey Caribbean Dis-
trict open-file report. 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
Church, G. 
A Report on the Water Supply and Sewerage in the Virgin Islands. 
A. report to the Governor (Virgin Islands). st. Thomas, U.S. Naval Sta-
tion. 
August 16, 1917. 
Cosner, O.J. 
Water in st. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Geological Sur-
vey Caribbean District open-file report. 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1972. 
Defenback, J.A. 
Audit of potable Water Supply and Distribution. 
DeEartment 
of public Works, Government of the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
July, 1971, through October 31, 1973. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1975. 
Deubig, J.R. and Reimold, R.J. 
Selected Baseline Environmental Parameters, 
st. Croix. 
Tropical Field Ecology (WI858). 
West Indies Laboratory, 
Fairleigh Dickinson University, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1972. 
Evans-Hamilton. 
Current Velocity Analysis and Pollutant Transport Study 
for the South Coast St. Croix Island. 
Prepared for Roy F. Weston, Inc. 
by Evans-Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland. 
1973. 
Hendrickson, G.E. 
Ground Water for Public Supply in St. Croix, Virgin Is-
lands. 
U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1663-D. 
1963. 
Ichiye, T. 
Oil Spill Dispersion Prediction Off Southern St. Croix Island. 
See TerEco (1973) below. 
-29-
Johnson, A.F. 
Water Supply for the Towns of Christiansted and Frederiksted, 
St. Croix, Virgin Islands of the United States. 
U.S. Bureau of Reclam-
ation, Sante Fe, New Mexico. 
1936. 
Jordan, D.G. 
A Survey of the Water Resources of St. Croix, Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Geological Survey open-file report. 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1975. 
Jordan, D.G. 
A Survey of the Water Resources of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Geological Survey (Caribbean District). 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1975. 
Jordan, D.G. 
Land-Use Effect on the Water Regimen of the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
U.S. Geological Survey Prop. Paper 800-D. 
1972. 
Little, Arthur D., Inc. 
Financial Feasibility of New Terminal Facilities at 
Crown Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
June 1980. 
MacLean, W.P. 
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Virgin Islands. 
Published for 
the Virgin Islands Conservatin Society by Macmillan Education Limited, 
London. 
1982. 
McGuinness, C.L. 
Additional Water Development on st. Thomas, V.I. with an 
Addendum on St. Croix. 
U.S. Geological Survey Caribbean District open-
file report. 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1951. 
McGuinness, C.L. 
Memorandum Concerning Hydrological Studies Needed in the 
Virgin Islands with an Addendum on Puerto Rico. 
U.S. Geological Survey 
Caribbean District open-file report. 
San Juan, puerto Rico. 
1951. 
Nobles, R.W. 
Forestry in the U.S. V.I. 
J. Forestry, 58(7): 524-527, 1960. 
Olsen, D.A., et.al. 
Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Modifica-
tions to Gallows Bay Commercial Harbor Facilities St. Croix, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
Submitted to Virgin Islands Port Authority by the Island 
Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1978. 
Olsen, D.A. and Grigg, D.L with Franks, R. and Schmidt, M.T. 
Biological 
and Physical Assessment of the Municipal Ocean Outfall at Red Point, 
St. Thomas. 
Prepared for Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands, De-
partment of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Division of Natural Re-
sources by Sigma Environmental Sciences, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1977. 
Praeger, Kavanaugh and Waterbury Engineers. 
Evaluation of Underground Water 
SUpply - St. Croix Development, st. Croix, Virgin Islands. 
Report to 
the Foundation River Co., New York. 
December 10, 1964. 
Pratt, A.E. 
The Water Economy of a Low Flush Toilet in a Water Deficient 
Region. 
Technical Report No.3, Water Resources Research Center, Car-
ibbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
July 1979. 
Of very little use; a marginal study 
of a marginal problem. 
-30-
Sigma Environmental Sciences. 
Environmental Site Survey 
lines: 
Coral World Project Coki Point, St. Thomas. 
World, (V.I.) Ihc., St. Thomas, u.s. Virgin Islands. 
and Planning Guide-
Prepared for Coral 
1976. 
Sylvester, J.A., Dammann, A.E., 
Bottom Fishing in the V.I. 
eries and Wildlife Project. 
Olsen, D.A., and Yntema, J.A. 
Offshore 
Annual Report, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fish-
1972. 
TerEco. 
A Bio-Environmental Study of the Southern Aspect of St. Croix, 
U.S.V.I. 
Prepared for BroWn and Root, Inc. by TerEco Corporation, Col-
lege Station, Texas. 
1973. 
TerEco. 
An Updating of Selected Aspects of TerEco's 1973 Bio-Environmental 
Study of st. Croix's South Coast. 
Prepared for Howard, Needles, Tamman 
and Bergendoff by TerEco Corporation, College Station, Texas. 
1975. 
Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy and Stratten, Inc. 
Potable Water Supply for St. 
Croix, Virgin Islands. 
New York. 
1959. 
Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy and S'tratten, Inc. 
Potable Water Supply for St. 
Thomas, Virgin Islands. 
New York. 
1958. 
Towle, E., et.al. 
Shipwrecks of the Virgin Islands: 
An Inventory (1523-
1825). 
Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
December 1976. 
united States Congress. 
History of Non-immigrant Alien Labor Program in the 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
A report by the House Subcommittee on Immigration, 
Citizenship, and International Law, Rep. Joshua Eilberg, Chairman. 
Wash-
ington, D.C. 
1975. 
Vaughan, T.W.' and Kidwell, C.H. 
The Ground Water Resources of the West In-
dian Islands, Saint John, Saint Thomas, Culebra 
and Vieques, and the 
Eastern End of Puerto Rico. 
A report to the Commission on Navy Yards 
and Naval Stations. 
U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, 
Washington, D.C. 
1920. 
Virgin Islands Government, Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs. 
The Virgin Islands Territorial Plan for Certification of Commercial and 
Private Applicators of RestrictErlUse Pesticides. 
St. Thomas, U.S. Vir-
gin Islands. 
1976. 
Virgin Islands Government, Planning Office. 
Population, Economic Activity 
and Water Use Projections for the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Office of the 
Governor, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
Virgin Islands Government, Planning Office. 
United States Virgin Islands 
Preliminary Housing Market Study. 
Office of the Governor, st. Thomas~ 
U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
-31-
Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority. 
Amendatory Water Supply Agreement-
Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority and Government of the Virgin 
Islands. 
December 2, 1974. 
Ward, P.E. and Jordan, D.G. 
Water Resources of the Virgin Islands, a Pre-
liminary Appraisal. 
u.s. Geological Survey Caribbean District open-
file report. 
San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1963. 
Warfield, R.M. 
Report on Water Supply, Virgin Islands. 
A Report to the 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D.C. 
March 29, 1924. 
Bo 
SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS CARIBBEAN/REGIONAL REFERENCES RELEVANT 
TO THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 
Anonymous. 
Conservation in the Eastern Caribbean: 
Proceedings of the 
First Eastern Caribbean Conservation Conference, St. John, u.S. Vir-
gin Islands, October 1-4, 1965. 
prepared by the Caribbean Research In-
stitute, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
1965. 
Participants of widely varying interests and disciplines assess-
ed island resources and planning. 
A resolution was passed to establish 
the Caribbean Conservation Association. 
Includes papers on government 
planning, resources management, economic factors, parks and reserves, 
and historic sites. 
Marginal coverage of coastal and marine elements 
but useful for regional variations on role of island planner, problem 
identification. 
Beller, W.S., editor. 
Environmental Management and Economic Growth in the 
Smaller Caribbean Islands, Proceedings of Conference. 
Barbados, Septem-
ber 17-21, 1979. 
u.S. Department of State Publication 8996. 
Washington, 
D.C. 
November 1979. 
Overview papers and discussion of contemporary 
socio-economic and environmental problems of the Caribbean islands. 
The 
papers by Snaggs (p. 42), Jackson (p. 57), Demas and St. Rose (p. 88), 
and Putney (p. 98) are particularly relevant. 
Bryden, J.M. 
Tourism and Development. 
A case study of the Commonwealth 
Caribbean. 
Cambridge university Press. 
1973. 
Standard text on the 
impact of international tourism on Eastern Caribbean microstate economies. 
Carlozzi, C.A. and Carlozzi, A.A. 
Conservation and Caribbean Regional Pro-
gress. 
Antioch Press .1968. Survey of natural resources and conserva-
tion options in Windward and Leeward islands. 
Historical interest. 
Chernick, S.E. 
The Commonwealth Caribbean: 
The Integration Experience. 
A 
World Bank Country Economic Report. 
John Hopkins University Press. 
1978. 
Discusses problems and prospects of economic integration among small de-
veloping countries, focussing on population, manpower, employment, tran-
sportation, agriculture, tourism and industry. 
-32-
Cintron, G., et.al. 
Mangroves of Arid Environments in Puerto Rico and Ad-
jacent Islands. 
Biotropica, 10(2) : 110-121, 1978. 
Data on mangrove 
ecosystem applicable to the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Coulianos, K.E. 
Concepts for Eco-developmental Tourism for Small Caribbean 
Islands. Masters Thesis, University of Michigan. 
1980. 
Alternative 
approaches to Caribbean tourism based on an integration of ecology, 
economics, conservation, and development. 
Includes area from U.S.V.I. 
to Grenada. 
Important work. 
Deane,C., Thom, M. and Edmunds, H. 
Eastern Caribbean Coastal Investiga-
tions, 1970-73. 
5 volumes. 
British Development Division in the Carib-
bean, Trinidad. 
Detailed review of West Indian natural coastal process-
es, dredging, sand extraction potential, covering also associated envir-
onmental problems and management components. 
A valuable basic study 
of an endemic Caribbean island problem -
sand resources management. 
Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP) and the Govern-
ment of the British Virgin Islands. 
A fystem of Marine Parks and Pro-
tected Areas for the British Virgin Islands. 
Tortola, British Virgin 
Islands. 
1981. 
An excellent model planning document with maps of re-
source data base and development and management recommendations prepar-
ed through a participatory strategy using a composite working committee 
of local and external experts and representatives of prospective user groups. 
Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP). 
Preliminary 
Data Atlas. 
University of Michigan/UNEP. 
1980. 
Series of Resource 
Data Maps for Eastern Caribbean islands showing rainfall, land use 
capacity, coastal currents, terrestrial life zones, important marine 
habitats, endangered and locally important species, population density, 
present land use, marine resource use, transport systems, natural fea-
tures, cultural attractions, pollution, key watersheds, parks and pro-
tected areas, land ownership, areas recommended for special management 
strategies. 
To date, maps available for Anegada, Anguilla, Antigua, 
Aruba, Barbados, Barbuda, Bonaire, Curacao, Dominica, Grenada, Grenada 
Grenadines, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, S.aba, St. Barth-
elemy, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin/Sint Maarten, St. 
Vincent, St. Vincent Grenadines, Tortola and Virgin Gorda. 
Frankenhoff, C.A., et.al. 
Environmental Planning and Development in the 
Caribbean. 
Results of an environmental planning workshop sponsored by 
the Graduate School of Planning of the Uni versi ty of Puerto Rico. 
May 
1974. 
Contains sections written by Cruz Matos, John McEachern, Edward 
Towle, C. Frankenhoff, and L. Guilini. 
Useful regional overview. 
-33-
Garcia-Zamor, J.C. 
The Ecology of Development Administration in Jamaica, 
Trinidad 
and Tobago, and Barbados. 
General Secretariat, Organization 
of American States. 
1977. 
An analysis of the "Creole Bureaucracy" and 
development administration in Caribbean countries in general. 
Takes 
the view that" ••. while in developed societies it is appropriate to view 
development as a cause of environmental problems, in the developing 
countries it becomes essentially a cure for their major environmental 
problems." 
Jackson, I. 
Study of the Pleasure Boat Industry in the British Virgin Is-
lands with Emphasis on Charter Boats. 
Prepared under contract with the 
World Tourism Organization for the Government of the British Virgin Is-
lands. 
1981. 
First and only detailed assessment of the boating industry. 
Includes environmental guidelines and management suggestions. 
Konlemainen, S.E. 
Siltration Experiments on Corals in situ. 
1973. Final Report. 
Mission 8. Puerto Rico International Underwater Laboratories, San German. 
Lewsey, C.D. 
Assessing the Environmental Effects of Tourism Development 
on the Carrying Capacity of Small Island Systems. 
The Case for Barbados. 
Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University. 
1978. 
Useful for the discussion of 
the general problems facing a small developing island, and as an example 
of methodology. 
Loya, Y. 
Effects of Turbidity and Sedimentation on the Community Structure 
of Puerto Rican Corals. 
Bull. Mar. Sci., 26: 450-466, 1976. 
Macpherson, J. 
Caribbean Lands -
A Geography of the West Indies. 
Longmens, 
London. 
1963. 
Excellent brief discussions of natural resources, cli-
mate, and socio-economic factors of all Caribbean islands. 
See latest 
edition. 
Martinez, R., et.al. 
Mangroves in Puerto Rico: 
A Structural Inventory. 
Department of Natural. Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
1979. 
Basic 
structural and functional data on mangrove ecosystems. 
McElroy, J.L. 
Internal and External Policy Constraints in the Small Island 
Context. 
College of the Virgin Islands, st. Thomas, u.S. Virgin Islands. 
1978. 
Good discussion of the limited set of options available to micro-
states. 
Putney, A.D. 
A Strategy for the Conservation of Living Marine Resources 
and Processes in the Caribbean Region. 
Final Report to IUCN by Eastern 
Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, St. Croix, u.S. Virgin Is-
lands. 
1979. 
Details of strategic planning process for the Caribbean 
as it relates to the IUCN World Conservation Strategy. 
Reports for 
specific projects such as a data atlas, bibliography, study area profiles. 
-34-
Putney, A.D. 
Overview of Conservation in the Caribbean Region. 
Transactions 
45th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. 
1980. 
Discusses the diversity of resources, major obstacles to conservation, 
importance of Caribbean conservation to the U.S., recent conservation 
advances, and gives some general guidelines for conservation programs. 
Putney, A.D. 
Survey of Conservation Priorities in the Lesser Antilles. 
Draft 
Final Report to Caribbean Conservation Association by Eastern Caribbean 
Natural Area Management Program, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1981. 
Discussion of methods used in the preparation of the Preliminary Data 
Atlas and summary of remaining samples of major ecosystems, resources 
of economic value, priorities, and program development. 
Rainey, W.E. and Pritchard, P.C.H. 
Distribution and Management of Caribbean 
Sea Turtles. 
1972. 
Transactions of the Technical Session on Marine and 
Coastal Resources at the 37th North American Wildlife and Natural Re-
sources Conference, sponsored by the Wildlife Management Institute, 
Mexico City, Mexico, March 12-15, 1972 .. Summarizes the regional resource 
management problems of. the species, Chelonia mydas. 
Rogers, C. 
The Response of a Coral Reef to Sedimentation. 
Ph.D. Disserta-
tion, University of Puerto Rico. 
1977. 
Stresses ecology of reefs in 
Puerto Rico. 
Rundel, P.W. 
An Annotated Bibliography of West Indian Plant Ecology. 
Publish-
ed for the Island Resources Foundation, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 
by the Virgin Islands Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, 
Division of Libraries and Museums .1974. 
Result of Foundation sponsored 
research. 
Primarily useful as a research reference guide. 
United States Government, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 
Geohydrologic Descriptions of Selected Solid Waste Disposal Sites in 
Puerto Rico. 
1982. 
Open-file report 81-490. 
Prepared in cooperation 
with the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico. 
Useful methodology 
for reconnaissance of waste disposal sites and potential leachate and 
water quality problems. 
Villamil, J.J. 
Size and Survival: 
Planning in Small Island Ecosystems. 
College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1974. 
General discussion of impacts of growth on small islands, and options 
for development. 
Westermann, J.H. 
Conservation in the Caribbean. 
Foundation for Scientific 
Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles, Utrecht, Netherlands. 
Publication No.7, 1952. 
Reviews conservation problems and programs in 
agriculture, soil, water and wildlife conservation. 
Reviews contempor-
ary views on the population problem. 
Zube, E., editor. 
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research and the U.S. 
Man and the Biosphere Program. 
Workshop Proceedings. 
November 1980. 
Note especially, E. Towle paper, Collaboration Among Social and Natural 
Scientists on Caribbean Island Projects. 
Other papers very instructive 
on process and methodology options for cross-disciplinary investigations. 
-35-
C, GENERAL REFERENCES 
(SELECTED FOR RELEVANCE TO THE VIRGIN ISLANDS 
AND tHE EASTERN CARIBBEAN) 
I, 
RESOURCE SYSTEMS MODELING STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES, 
Bennett, J.W. 
A Simple Model of Resource utilization and Conservation. 
American Association for the Advancement of Science Symposium on Social 
and Technical Management in Dry Lands. 
1977. 
Useful as an approach. 
Bishop, A.B., et.al. 
Carrying Capacity in Regional Environmental Management. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 
1974. 
General discussion of carry-
ing capacity concepts and their application in regional modeling studies. 
Boyden, S. 
An Integrative Approach to the Study of Human Settlements. 
UNESCO/ 
MAE Technical Notes No. 12. 
1979. 
Conceptual models and checklists of 
indicators for the study of man/environment relationships. 
Brookfield, H. C.,.edi tor. 
Population - Environment Relations in Tropical Is-
lands: 
The Case of Eastern Fiji. 
UNESCO/Man and the Biosphere Program 
Technical Notes No. 13. 
1980. 
Report on the results of a high budget 
approach to the problems of small tropical is lands, utilizing a complex 
simulation model. 
Useful for comparative purposes in assessing the ef-
fectiveness of alternative approaches. 
Governor's Steering Committee on Carrying Capacity Studies. 
An Approach for 
Developing, Assessing, and Utilizing Carrying Capacity Concepts and Criter-
ia for Growth Management. 
Government of the State of Hawaii. 
1979. 
Pro-
posed research plan with valuable discussion of procedures and problems. 
Relevant to the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
Gutierrez, E., et.al. 
Open Systems Planning: 
preliminary Analysis. 
Univer-
sity of Puerto Rico. 
1971. 
Implications of system "openness" for model-
ing the economics of small countries. 
Technical. 
Hart,W.J. 
A Systems Approach to Park Plannin~. International Union for Con-
servation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland. 
1966. 
Basic methodology useful. 
Holling, C.S., editor. 
Adaptive Environmental 
ternational Institute for Applied Systems 
Inc., New York. 
1980. 
Primary reference. 
important. 
Assessment and Management. 
In-
Analysis. 
John Wiley & Sons, 
Very useful, creative and 
Proudman, C.L. 
ISLANDS. 
A simulation game. 
1973. 
A board game for 
teams of players simulating conditions of economic development. 
for workshop activities and public participation. 
six 
Useful 
-36-
United States Government, Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 
A Systems Approach to Ecological Baseline Studies. 
U.S. Department of 
the Interior. 
1978. 
Written primarily for use in preparing baseline 
studies for energy projects in the western United States, this manual 
has wider applicability in designing baseline studies in other areas. 
Williams, E.R. and House, P.W. 
The State of the System (SOS) Model: 
Measur-
ing Growth Limitations Using Ecological Concepts. 
Environmental Protection 
Agency. 
1974. 
Technical discussion of simulation modeling of ecosystems. 
2. 
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND ELEMENTS 
Antonius, A. 
New Observations on Coral Destruction in Reefs. 
Harbor Branch 
Foundation Laboratory. 
Fort Pierce ,Florida. 
1973. 
Some potential ap-
plication in a Virgin Islands context. 
Clark, J. 
Coastal Ecosystems: 
Ecological Considerations for Management of 
the Coastal Zone. 
The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., in 
cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 
Office of Coastal Environment, U.S. Department of Commerce. 
1974. 
Good 
system and process illustrations for public education purposes. 
Clark, J.R. 
Coastal Ecosystem Management. 
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 
1977. 
A basic reference, emphasizing linkages between terrestrial, marine, 
and human subsystems. 
Information on thresholds, performance standards, 
development guidelines. 
Required reading. 
Expert Panel. 
Ecology and Rational Use of Island Ecosystems. 
UNESCO/Man and 
the Biosphere Program. 
1973. 
A summary (to 1973) of MAB-7 Directorate 
work on island ecosystem dynamics. 
All topics discussed are directly 
relevant to current MAB-7B initiatives regarding island carrying capacity 
and resource management planning. 
A basic reference. 
Gill, A.M. and Tomlinson, P .B. 
Studies on the Growth of Red Mangrove 
(Rhizophora mangle L.). 
Biotropica, 3 (2), 1971. 
Technical value only. 
Heald, E.J. and Odum, W.E. 
The Contribution of Mangrove Swamps to Florida 
Fisheries. 
Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Session, Gulf and 
Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 
University of Miami, Rosenstiel School 
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. 
1970. 
Summary of ecosystem ener-
getics. 
Useful for the Virgin Islands. 
Johannes, R.E. 
Pollution and Degradation of Coral Reef Communities in E.J.F. 
Wood and R.E. Johannes, editors, Tropical Marine Pollution. 
Elsevier, 
Amsterdam. 
1975. 
Effects of various types of pollution on coral reefs. 
-37-
Lugo, A.E. 
Stress and Ecosystems in J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons, editors, 
Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems. 
National Technical 
Information Service. 
1978. 
Review of literature on the effects of 
stress on ecosystems, including a model of the energetics of stress pat-
terns. 
Useful for modelling effects of development on ecosystems. 
Lugo, A.E. and Snedaker, S.C. 
The Ecology of Mangroves in Annual Review of 
Ecology and Systematics, Volume 5. 
1974. 
A summary of structural and 
functional ecology of mangroves, with extensive bibliography. 
Millas, J.D. 
Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions 1492-1800. 
Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas, Miami, Florida. 
1968. 
An historic summary based on an intensive search of sources. 
Useful for 
the researcher, but of little use to the planner. 
Odum, H.T. 
1971. 
Environment, Power and Society. 
John Wiley & Sons, New York. 
A more technical version of Energy Basis for Man and Nature. 
Odum, H.T., et.al. 
Coastal Ecological 
tion Foundation, Washington, D.C. 
several tropical coastal systems. 
Systems of the United States. 
Conserva-
1974. 
Contains energy flow models of 
Odum, H.T. and Odum, E.C. 
Energy Basis for Man and Nature. 
McGraw Hill, New 
York. 
1976. 
Introductory text on general systems theory and net ener-
getics for the general public, politicians, and students, including basic 
laws of energy, linkages and conversion factors between ecology and eco-
nomics. 
A very important reference. 
Onuf, C. 
Annotated Bibliogrsrhy on the Biological and Ecological Effects of 
oil Pollution in Tropical Waters. 
Office of International Programs, 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington,D.C. 1973. 
A very useful reference 
of a technical nature (see also Freeman, 1974 in Section C. 3. below). 
Ray, G.C. 
Critical Marine Habitats, Definition, Description, Criteria and 
Guidelines for Identification and Management. 
International Union for 
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland. 
1976. 
Expanded version of 1975 paper. 
See especially, Summary Guide-
lines for Protection and Ecological Approach to Planning.' 
Stursa, M.L. 
Florida Keys Coral Reef Workshop, Proceedings. 
Sponsored by 
Florida Coastal Coordinating Council, State of Florida, Department of 
Natural Resources. 
1974. 
Practical, management oriented report with 
some discussion of stress, tolerance, mortality and research needs. 
Wace, N. 
The Character of Oceanic Islands and the Problem of Their Rational 
Use and Conservation. 
International Union for Conservation of Nature and 
Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland. 
1978. 
Useful principally 
for energy flow models of various island ecosystems and for the large 
bibliography (Pacific emphasis) • 
-38-
Zieman, J.C. 
Tropical Seagrass Ecosystems and Pollution in E.J.F. Wood and 
R.E. Johannes, editors, Tropical Marine Pollution. 
Elsevier, Amsterdam. 
1975. 
Effects of various types of pollution on a major marine resource. 
3. 
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING STUDIES. 
Freeman, P.H. 
Coastal Zone Pollution by Oil anq Other Contaminants: 
Guidelines 
for Policy, Assessment and Monitoring in Tropical Regions. 
Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, D.C. 
1974. 
The best overview on the management 
aspects of oil pollution in tropical island areas. 
Basic planning refer-
ence. 
Interagency Task Force. 
Lake Tahoe Environmental Assessment: 
Executive Sum-
mary. 
western Federal Regional Council. 
1979. 
Example of an exception-
ally clear assessment. 
Excellent graphics. 
Leopold, L.B. 
Hydrology for Urban Land Planning -- A Guidebook on the Hydro-
logic Effects of Land Use. 
Geological Survey Circular 554. 
U.S. Geolo-
gical Survey, Washington, D.C. 
1968. 
McEachern, J. and Towle, E. 
Ecological Guidelines for Island Development. 
International Union for Conservation of Nature ~nd Natural Resources, 
Morges, Switzerland. 
1974. 
Useful general planning recommendations. 
Designed as companion volume to Dasmann, et.al. (1973); see Section C.4. 
National Academy of Sciences. 
Waste Management Concepts for the Coastal Zone: 
Requirements for Research Investigation. 
Washington, D.C. 
1970. 
A com-
prehensive evaluation of the scientific and engineering aspects of coastal 
wastes management with special emphasis on physical processes, chemical 
and biological factors, and recommended studies. 
Odum, W.E. 
Ecological Guidelines for Tropical. Coastal Development. 
IUCN Publ. 
New Sere No. 42. 
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Na-
tural Resources, Morges, Switzerland. 
1976. 
Useful throughout Caribbean. 
Salm, R.V. 
Guidelines for the Establishment of Coral Reef Reserves. 
Final 
Draft Report to World Wildlife Fund/rUCN. 
1980. 
A comprehensive discus-
sion of the need for coral reef reserves, planning and management, cri-
teria for selection and size. 
Excellent. 
United States Government, Environmental Protection Agency. 
Water Quality 
Criteria Data Book, Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Life. 
(Vo1.3) 
Battelle's 
Columbus Laboratories. 
1971. 
Wilimovsky, N.J. 
perspectives on Minimal Data Requirements for Aquatic Re-
source Management in Developing Countries. 
Draft paper for a workshop 
on tropical small scale fish stock assessment. 
1979. 
Concepts are ap-
plicable to management of other types of resources as well. 
-39-
4. 
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES AND GUIDELINES. 
Bennett, J.W. 
Social and ~nterdisciplinary Science in u.S. MAB: 
Conceptual 
and Theoretical Aspects. 
1980. 
Draft paper. 
Useful mainly for Table 
of MAB Expert Panel Reports on Man-Biosphere Systems. 
Dasmann, R.F., et.al. 
Ecological principles for Economic Development. 
The 
Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. 
1973. 
General reference with 
excellent sections on tourism and humid tropics and a review of the in-
terdependence of conservation, development, and planning. 
See especially 
Chapter 2 on carrying capacity, diversity versus simplicity, community 
resilience, and survival thresholds. 
Basic planning reference. 
de Kadt, E. 
Tourism - Passport to Development? 
A World Bank -
Unesco Study. 
Oxford University press. 
1979. 
Analysis of social and cultural effects 
of tourism in developing countries iOn general, with case studies from 
Africa, Bermuda, Tunisia, Bali, Cyprus, Malta, Senegal, and Mexico. 
Dommen, E. 
Islands. 
Special issue of World Development (Vol. 8, No. 12). 
1980. 
Ten overview articles, with statistical summaries, on socio-
economic issues in developing island states of the world. 
Useful compar-
ative data. 
Jones-Hendrickson, S.B., editor. 
Forecasting in Microstate Economies. 
Sem-
inar Proceedings. 
Social Research Center, Caribbean Research Institute, 
College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 
1978. 
Valuable paper methodology. 
Lugo, A.E. and Brinson, M.M. 
Calculations of the Value of Salt Water Wetlands. 
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands, American Water Research 
Association. 
Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
1978. 
Discusses six methods for 
calculating the value of salt water wetlands. 
Includes rates of primary 
productivity for mangroves. 
Important paper for methodology can be applied 
to other types of ecosystems as well. 
Towle, E.L. 
The Role of the Travel-Tourism Industry in International Marine 
Recreation Development. 
Presented at the Ninth Annual Marine Technology 
Society Conference, Washington, D.C. 
1973. 
Also, Island Resources 
Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Occasional Paper No. 19. 
Background for recreation planning, stressing need for educational dimen-
sion. 
5. 
ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION. 
Brookfield, H.C. 
On the Environment As Perceived in Progress In Geography. 
1969. 
Methodology for studies of the perceived environment. 
Old, pos-
sibly still useful. 
-40-
Craik, K.H. and Zube, E.H. 
Issues in Perceived Environmental Quality Research. 
National Science Foundation. 
1975. 
Covers development of scenic and 
recreational environments, residential and institutional environments, 
air/water/sonic environments. 
Redding, M.J. 
Aesthetics in Environmental Planning. 
u.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency (600/5-73-009). 
1973. 
Basic, well organized, thoughtful 
and systematic study suggesting alternative methodologies and implemen-
tation strategies for adding aesthetic concepts to public and private 
sector planning. 
Appendix contains useful examples of environmental 
planning done by various federal agencies that incorporate attention to 
aesthetic impacts. 
Renard, Yves, editor. 
Perceptions of the Environment: 
A selection of inter-
pretive essays. 
Caribbean Conservation Association, Barbados. 
1979. 
An excellent series of grass roots, in depth studies. 
Whyte, A.V.T .. Guidelines for Field Studies in Environmental Perception. 
UNESCO/MAE Technical Notes #5. 
1977. 
An exhaustive discussion of tech-
niques and design of field studies. 
Important work. 
Zube, E.H., editor. 
Studies in Landscape Perception. 
Institute for Man and 
Environment, University of Massachusetts. 
1978. 
Covers cross-cultural 
perceptions, physical measures, prediction of science resource values.