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NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
/:
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY
OF
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands
VOLUME IX
NEW YORK:
POBLISHED BT THE ACADEMY
1927
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX
Page
Title-page
i
Contents
iii
Dates of Publication of Parts
iii
List
of
Illustrations
iv
Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera and Insectivora.
By H. E. Anthony
1
Mammals
of Porto
Rico,
Living and
Extinct—Rodentia
and
Edentata.
By H. E. Anthony
*)T
The
Birds
of
Porto
Rico
and
the
Virgin
Islands—Colymbiformes
to
Columbiforms.
By Alexander Wetmore
243
The
Birds
of
Porto
Rico
and
the
Virgin
Islands—Psittaciformes
to
Passeriformes.
By Alexander Wetmore
400
Index
57.*)
Dates of Publication ok Pahts
Part
1, November 27, 1925.
Part
2, January
30,
1926.
Part
3, November
12, 1927.
I»art
4, December 22,
1927.
(iii)
ly
.SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
Page
NoctUio leporinus mastivus X^/l
; Old Loiza, Porto Rico
14
Chilonijcteris
pa7^nelli portoricensls
X^?)/!
; adult
$
;
Trujillo
Alto, Porto
Rico
19
Chilonycteris fuUginosa infiata X'Vl
; adult
$
; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico
22
Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/'*>
5 adult
$
; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico
26
Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/l
; adult
$
; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico
27
Monophyllus po7'toricensls XVI
; adult
$
; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico
30
Monophyllus frater X-A
5 type
; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico
33
Brachyphylla cavernarum X^/l
; adult
$
; Pueblo Tiejo, Porto Rico.....
36
Stenoderma rufus.
Skull figures X/Vl
; dentition X^VS
; Morovis, Cueva
Catedral,
Porto
Rico.
A,
crown
view
of maxillary
tooth-row
;
B,
crown view of mandibular tooth-row
40
ArUhcus jamaicensis jamalccnsis X^/l
; adult
$
; Utuado, Porto Rico...
45
Phyllonycteris major x^/l
;
type
;
Morovis, Cueva
Catedral, Porto Rico
49
Erophylla homhifrons X'Vl;
adult
$
; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico
53
Eptesicus fuscus wetmorci
X^/'^'j adult
$
; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico
56
Tadarida murina yS/?)
; adult
$
; Utuado, Porto Rico
60
Molossiis fortis x^/l
; adult
$
; Adjuntas, Porto Rico
65
Nesophontcs cdithw.
Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva
Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico.
X^/l
69
NcHophontes cdithw.
Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva
Catedral,
Porto
Rico.
X-/1
'^l
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Crown views of upper dentition. A, and lower denti-
tion,
B.
x^/l
'^3
Xesophontcs editliw.
Upper dentition in profile.
X^/^^
'^4
Ncsophontes
cdithw.
Right
scapula
:
A,
external
aspect
;
B,
anterior
aspect
;
C, ventral
aspect.
X^2
76
Nesophones
cdithw.
Left humerus
:
A,
anterior
aspect
;
B,
internal
as-
pect
;
C, posterior aspect.
X*V2
77
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Right ulna
: A, anterior aspect
; B, external aspect
;
C, posterior aspect
; D, internal aspect.
XV2
79
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Left radius: A, anterior aspect; B, external aspect;
C,
posterior
aspect.
X^/-
80
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Sacrum
: A, dorsal aspect
; B, lateral aspect.
XVl
•
82
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Right innominate of adult male
: A, external aspect
;
B. dorsal aspect
; C, internal aspect.
Left innominate of adult female
:
I), external aspect.
X'V2
83
Ncsophontes cdithw.
Right femur of adult male
:
A, anterior aspect
;
B,
posterior aspect
;
C, internal aspect
;
I), external aspect.
Right femur
of adult female
:
E, anterior
aspect.
X^/l
85
Ncosphontes
cdithw.
Right
tibia
of
adult
male
:
A,
external
aspect.
Left tibia and fibula of adult female
:
B,
antero-external aspect
;
C,
external aspect
;
I), posterior
aspect.
X-/1
87
COXTEyTS OF VOLUME JX
y
l*age
Elasmodontomijs
ohliquus.
Skull,
dorsal
aspect.
Morovis,
Torto
Rico.
XVl
09
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Skull and mandible, laterial aspect.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
Xl/1
100
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Sktill,
lateral
aspect.
T^tuado,
Porto
Rico.
XVI
101
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Skull,
front
aspect.
Morovis,
l*orto
Rico.
XVl
101
Elasmodontonnys
ohliquus.
Skull,
ventral
asi)ect.
^Morovis.
Porto
Rico.
X 1/1
102
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Mandible, dorsal asiiect.
Morovis, I*orto Rico.
XVl.
103
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
oblicpie
aspect
of
superior
incisor;
B, oblique anterior aspect of inferior
incisor;
C,
maxillary
molar of unworn, maximum length
;
I), worn maxillary molar of aged
animal, showing base of tooth filled in by cement
; E, unworn mandib-
ular molar;
F, crown
view
of mandibular
molars
of
aged
animal
XVl
107
Amhlyrhiza inundata.
Island
of Anguilla.
G, crown view
of
tirst two
maxillary molars.
X 1/1
107
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
external
aspect
of
le.'t
scapula; B, internal aspect;
C, posterior aspect;
1>,
sr)ine of scapula
;
E, glenoid surface of
left
scapula.
X VI
110
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
anterior
aspect
of
left
hu-
merus; B, internal aspect;
C, posterior aspect;
I>, anterior aspect; E.
anterior
aspect
of
left
clavicle;
F,
posterior
aspect.
XVl
H-
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Porto Rico.
A, anterior aspect or right ulna
;
B, external aspect;
C, internal aspect;
I), posterior
asi)ect.
xl/l*.
H-^^
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
I*orto
Rico.
A,
anterior
aspect
of
right
ra-
dius
; B, external aspect
;
C, posterior aspect.
XVl
H'"^
Elasmondontomys
ohliquus.
I*orto
Rico.
Sacrum.
A,
dorsal
aspect;
B,
lateral aspect
; C, ventral aspect.
X^/l
1 1 ^
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
I*orto
Rico.
Innominate.
A,
dorsal
aspect;
B,
lateral aspect
;
C, ventral aspect.
Xl/1
Ill)
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Porto Rico.
A, anterior aspect of left femur;
B, internal aspect;
C, posterior aspect;
I>, external
as])ect.
xVl--
1^1
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
I*orto Bico.
A, anterior aspect of
left
tibia;
B, external aspect
;
C, internal aspect.
XV^
1-'*
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
external
aspect
of
right
fibula;
B,
posterior aspect;
C,
internal
aspect.
Xl/1
125
Elasmondontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
dorsal
aspect
of atlas;
P»,
ant-erior aspect;
C, lateral aspect of axis;
I), anterior aspect.
Xl/1-
1--"'
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
A,
lateral
aspect
of
tlioracic
vertebra
;
B,
anterior
aspect
;
C,
lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra
;
D, dorsal aspect
;
E, lateral aspect of caudal vertebra
;
F,
dorsal as-
pect.
xl/1
-•-<»
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Porto
Rico.
Astragulus,
calcaneum,
two
views
of ungual
phalanx,
and
metatarsal.
XVl
•
•
^-•'^
vi
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
I'age
Ileptaxodon
hidefis.
Utiiado,
Porto
Rico.
A,
B,
two
views
of
skull
;
C,
D, two views of mandible.
X^/l-
K» crown view
of maxillary
molar
;
F, crown view of mandibular morar.
X^/^
•
•
•
•
131
Isolododon
porto?Hcensis.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
A,
B,
C, three views
of
skull.
Plaglodontia wdium.
San Lorenzo, Santa Domingo.
D, view
of
skull.
XVI
135
A,
Plaglodontia
wdium.
San
Lorenzo,
Santo
Domingo.
B,
Isolohodon
portoricensis.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
X^/l
136
Isolohodon
portoricensis.
Utuado, Porto
Rico.
A,
B,
C,
three views
of
left
mandible.
Plagiodontia wdium.
San Pedro de
Macoris,
Santo
Domingo.
D, E,
F, three views of mandible.
Xl/1
137
Isolohodon
portoricensis.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
Lateral view
of molar
tooth to show striations in cement.
X^/1
138
Heteropsomys
insulans.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
A,
B,
C,
three
views
of
skull; D, view of mandible.
xV^-
Homopsomys antillensis.
Ciales,
Porto Rico.
E, view
of skull.
Xl/1
148
Heteropsomys
insulans.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
Two
views
of
atlas and
two views of lumbar vertebra.
X^/l
1^2
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Skull,
dorsal
aspect.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
XVI
156
Acratocnus
major.
Skull,
dorsal
aspect.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
XVl-
1'^^
Aci^atocnus odontrigonus.
Skull and mandibles,
lateral
aspect.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
X'^/1
160
Acratocnus
major.
Skull and
left
mandible,
lateral
aspect.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
Xl/1
161
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Skull,
lateral
aspect.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
XVl
16B
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Skull,
ventral
aspect.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
XVl
164
Acratocnus
major.
Basicranial
region
of
skull.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
X 1/1
1C5
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Mandible, dorsal
asjiect.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
Xl/3
16^
Acratocnus major.
Mandible, dorsal aspect.
Utuado, Porto
Rico.
XVl- 1^^
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Morovis, Porto Rico.
Right malar.
xVl.-.-
1^^
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Porto Rico.
Upper and lower incisor,
xl/l-*
1^^
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
Left
scapula.
A,
ex-
ternal aspect
;
B,
glenoid
surface.
Xl/1
168
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
A,
anterior
aspect
of
right humerus
; B, external aspect,
xVl
•
170
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
Posterior aspect of right
humerus.
Xl/1
•
•
1^1
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
Anterior aspect of clavi-
cle.
Xl/1
173
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
Internal aspect of right
ulna.
Xl/1
•
1"!
Acratocnus major.
Utuado, Porto
Rico.
Anterior aspect of right ulna;
B, internal aspect
;
C, posterior aspect,
xl/1
175
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX
yji
Page
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Morovis,
I'orto Rico.
Anterior aspect of right
radius.
XVI
17(5
Acratocnus
major.
Porto
Rico.
Ribs.
X^/^
I'^'T
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
P^xternal
aspect
of
sternebrax
XVI
178
Acratocnus major.
Utuado, Porto
Rico.
Lateral aspect
of
left innomi-
nate.
XVI
178
Acratocnus
major.
Utuado,
Porto
Rico.
Portion
of
expanded
ilium.
XVI
179
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
A,
anterior
aspect
of
right femur
;
B,
internal aspect,
x^/l
1^0
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
3*osterior
aspect
of
right
femur.
X^^/l
181
Acratocnus major.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
A, anterior aspect of right tibia.
Xl/1.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Morovis, Porto Rico.
B,
anterior
aspect of right
tibia.
X}/1
184
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Morovis,
Porto
Rico.
A,
external
aspect
of
right
tibia
;
B,
posterior
aspect.
X^/^
^85
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
A, external aspect of left
fibula
;
B,
posterior
aspect.
XVI
387
Acratocnus major.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
A, right calcaneum.
Acratocnus
odontrigonus.
Utuado, Porto Rico.
B,
C, left calcaneum.
XVl
188
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Porto Rico.
A, dorsal aspect of of left astragu-
lus
; B, metatarsal
; C, phalanx
; D, ungual phalanx.
Xl/1
100
Acratocnus.
Porto Rico.
A, dorsal aspect of caudal vertebra
; B, lateral
aspect
of same vertebra
;
C,
lateral aspect
of thoracic vertebra
;
1),
lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra
; E, dorsal aspect of same vertebra
;
F, cervical vertebra.
XVl
302
The extinct caracara
{Polyhorus
latchrosus)
.
Broken
right metacarpal
(type).
Natural
size.
From cavern depisits near Utuado
825
The extinct caracara
{Polyhorus
latchrosus).
Right metacarpal
(t.vi)e).
View of articular
face.
Natural
size
325
The extinct De Booy's rail
(Ncsotrochis dchooyi).
Left tibio-tarsus.
In-
ternal
view.
Natural
size.
From
cavern
deposits
of Cueva
San
Miguel
341
The extinct De Booy's rail
{Nesotrochis dchooyi).
Left tibio-tarsus.
An-
terior
view.
Natural
size.
From
cavern
deposits
of
Cueva
San
Miguel
..',
341
The extinct De Booy's rail
[Ncsotrochis dchooyi).
Left femur.
Anterior
view.
Natural size.
From cavern deposits of Cueva Clara
341
The extinct De Booy's
rail
(Nesotrochis
dchooyi).
Left humerus.
An-
terior view.
Natural size.
From Cueva San Miguel
341
The extin'ct De Booy's
rail
(Ncsotrochis dchooyi).
Left hum'erus.
Pos-
terior view.
Natural
size.
From Cueva San Miguel
341
The
extinct
Porto
Rican
Snipe
(Gapclla
anthonyi).
Right
humerus
(type).
Posterior view.
About natural
size.
From cavern deposits
of Cueva Catedral
361
viii
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
Page
The extinct Porto Kican Snipe
{Capella anthonj/i).
Right humerous
(type).
Anterior view.
About natural
size.
From cavern deposits of Cueva
Catedral
3G1
The
extinct Porto Rican
Snipe
{Capellcu anthonyi).
Right
metatarsus.
Anterior view.
Natural
size.
From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate-
dral
361
The
extinct Porto Rican
Snipe
(Capella
anthonyi).
Right
metatarsus.
Posterior view.
Natural
size.
From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate-
dral
36]
The
extinct Porto Rican
Snipe
{Capella
anthonyi).
Right
metatarsus.
Distal outline of
trochleje.
Twice natural
size.
From Cueva
Cate-
dral
361
The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove {Oreopelela
larva).
Left metatarsus
(type).
Anterior view.
Slightly less than natural
size.
From
cav-
ern deposits
of Cueva
Clara
406
Tlie extinct Porto Rican quail-dove
{Oy^eopeleia
larva).
Left metatarsus
(type).
Proximal view of head.
Slightly more than twice natural
size
403
The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove
(Oreopeleia larva).
Left metatarsus
(type).
Distal outline of
trochle<ie.
Twice natural
size
406
The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica)
.
Proximal end of left
metatarsus
(type).
Anterior
view.
Natural
size.
From
cavern
deposits of Cueva Toraiio
429
The
extinct
Porto
Rican
barn
owl
{Tyto
cavatica).
Proximal end
of
right
metatarsus.
Internal
face.
Natural
size.
From
cavern
de-
posits of Cueva Torafio
429
The extinct lesser Porto Rican crow or solitario
{Corvus pumilis)
.
Right
ulnai
(type).
Inner
face.
Natural
size.
From
cavern
deposits
of
Cueva San Miguel
482
Maps
Map of I*orto Rico, with collecting sites indicated by black circles, .opposite
4
Map of the West Indian region
to show Porto Rico
in
its geographical
relation
to other
islands
239
Contour map of the Caribbean
Sea.
After Agassiz
240
Mai) showing
distribution
of
the
species
of the
genus
Artihcus
in
the
Antilles,
Central America and northern
South America.
After An-
derson
241
Map of I*orto Rico and the Virgin Islands, with Dr. A. Wetmore's route of
travel
indicated
opposite 250
CONTENTS OF VOLUME JX
[^
Plates
(The plates are arranged consecutively at the end of the volume)
I.
Looking out from Corozal Cave.
Limestone
hills along road from Utuado to Arecibo.
11.
Slopes of Luquillo Mountains.
III.
Vegetation in Luquillo Mountains.
IV.
Region about Morovis.
V.
Along road from Manatee to Morovis.
Near Ciales.
VI.
Near Guayama.
Palms near Morovis.
VII.
Along road from Naguabo
to Guayama.
River near Coamo.
VIII.
Rio Grande de Arecibo.
IX.
High mountainous region near Cayey.
Cave interior of unproductive type.
X.
Piedra de la Cueva.
Entrance to Corozal Cave.
XI.
A large cave near Morovis, the Cave of San Miguel.
XII.
Interior of Corozal Cave.
Small cave near the Cave of San Miguel.
XIII.
Ncsophontes
cdithw.
Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4.
Skull.
Fig.
5.
Mandible.
XIV.
Nesophontes edithw.
Figs.
CJa,
Ob,
6c,
7.
Scapula.
Figs.
8,
9,
10.
Rib.
Figs. 11a, lib.
Left humerus.
Figs. 12a, 12b,
12c.
Sacrum.
Figs. 13a, 13b, 13c.
Right ulna.
Mgs. 14a, 14b, 14c.
Right radius.
Figs.
15a,
15b,
15c,
IGa,
1Gb,
KJc.
Innominate.
XV.
Nesophontes edithw.
Figs. 17a,
17b,
17c,
18a,
38b,
18c.
Right femur.
Figs. 19a, 19b, 19c, 20a, 20b.
Tibia.
Fig.
21.
Atlas.
Fig. 22.
Axis.
Fig.
23.
Thoracic vertebra.
Fig. 24.
Fifth cervical vertebra.
Fig.
25.
Lumbar vertebra.
Fig. 26.
Caudal vertebra.
XVI.
Elasmodontomys ohUquus.
Figs, la, lb.
Skull.
Fig.
2.
Left mandible.
XVII.
Elasmodontomys ohUquus.
Figs.
3, 4a, 4b.
Skull.
Fig.
5.
Maxillary tooth-row.
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO
111 HO
XVIII.
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Figs.
1,
2.
Mandible.
Ilg.
3.
Mandibular tootli-row.
Figs.
4,
5.
Scapula.
XIX.
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Figs. 6a, 6b,
6c, 6d,
7.
Left humerus.
XX.
Elasmodontomys oMiquus.
Figs. 8a, 8b,
8c, 8d.
Right ulna.
Figs. 9a, 9b.
Right radius.
XXI.
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Figs, la,
lb,
Ic,
Id.
Left femur.
Fig.
2.
Left tibia.
XXII.
Elasm^odontomys
ohliquus.
Figs.
3a, 3b,
3c,
3d.
Left
tibia.
Figs. 4a, 4b.
Right
fibula.
XXIII.
Elasmodontomys
ohliquus.
Figs, la,
lb.
Left innominate.
XXIV.
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Fig.
Ic.
Left innominate.
Figs. 2a,
2b.
Sacrum.
XXV.
Elasm^odontomys ohliquus.
Fig.
3.
Atlas.
Figs. 4a, 4b.
Axis.
Figs.
5,
6,
7,
8.
Thoracic vertebrae.
Figs.
9a, 9b.
Caudal vertebra.
Fig.
10.
Rib.
XXVI.
Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Mg.
5.
Rib.
Figs. 6a,
6b.
Series of five cervical vertebrn*.
Figs.
7a, 7b.
Lumbar vertebrae.
XXVII.
Isolohodon portoricensis.
Figs, la,
lb,
Ic,
2.
Skull.
XXVIII.
Isolohodofl portoricensis.
Figs.
3,
4.
Skull.
Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a,
6b.
Mandible.
XXIX.
Plagiodontia wdi^um.
Figs. 7a, 7b, 7d.
Skull..
Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c.
Mandible.
XXX.
Isolohodon portoricensis and Elasmodontomys ohliquus.
Figs, la, lb.
Right scapula, Isolohodon.
Figs. 2a, 2b.
Acromion process, Elasmodontomys.
Figs. 3a, 3b.
Left clavicle.
Elasmodontomys.
Fig.
4.
Ribs.
Isolohodon.
Figs.
5a,
5b,
5c.
Right
ulna,
Isolohodon.
XXXI.
Isolohodon portoricensis.
Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c.
Left ulna.
Figs.
7a,
7b,
7c.
Right humerus.
Figs. 8a, 8b,
8c.
Left radius.
Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d.
Right femur.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX
XI
XXXII.
Isolol)odon portoricensis.
Figs. 10a,
10b,
10c, lOd.
Left femur.
Figs. 11a, lib.
Left tibia.
Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c.
Left fibula.
XXXIII.
Isolohodon portoricensis.
Figs. 13a, 13b, 18c.
Sacrum.
Figs.
14a, 14b,
14c.
Right imiominate.
XXXIV.
Heteropsomys insulans.
Figs,
la,
lb,
Ic,
Id.
Skull.
Fig.
le.
Maxillary tooth-row.
XXXV.
Heteropsomys insulans and Homopsomys
antillensis.
Fig.
If.
Mandible, Heteropsomys.
Fig.
Ig.
Mandibular molar
series, Heteropsomys.
Fig.
2.
Palate, Homopsomys.
Figs. 3a, 3b.
Skull, Homopsomys.
Figs. 4a, 4b.
Mandible, Homopsomys.
XXXVI.
Homopsomys
antillensis,
Heteropsomys
insulans
and
Heptaxo-
don Mdens.
Fig. 3c.
Skull, Homopsomys.
Fig.
5.
Atlas, Heteropsomys.
Fig.
6.
Lumbar vertebra, Heteropsomys.
Figs.
7a,
7b,
7c.
Skull fragment, Heptaxodon.
Fig.
7d.
Premolar, Heptaxodon.
Fig.
8.
Left mandible, Heptaxodon.
Fig.
9.
Crown view of lower premolar, Heptaxodon.
XXXVII.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Skull, No. 17720, lateral aspect.
Right jugal.
XXXVIIL
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Mandible, two views.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Skulls, No. 17720 and No. 17721, dorsal
aspect.
Acratocnus
odontrigonu*s.
Skulls, No. 17715 and No.
17722,
dorsal aspect.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Right scapula, two views.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17720, \entral aspect.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Skulls, No. 17715, lateral aspect.
Acratocnus major.
Fig.
1.
Mandible.
Fig. 2a.
Fragment of skull.
A (Tfl t ocn n s m ajor.
Fig. 2b.
I>asicranial region.
Fig.
2c.
Orbital section.
Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major.
Figs.
6a,
Ob.
Fragment of sacrum,
odontrigonus.
Fig.
7a.
Left innominate, major.
xii
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
XLVII.
Acraiocnus
odontrigonus and Acratocnus major.
Figs, la,
31).
Right tibia, odontrigonus.
Fig.
2.
Riglit tibia, major.
Fig.
.*>.
Left tibia, odontrigonus.
XliVin.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Figs. 4a, 4b.
Left fibula.
Figs, oa, 5b.
Left radius.
XLIX.
Acratocnus
odontrigoniis and
Acratocnus
major.
Figs.
3a,
3 b,
Ic.
Riglit Immerus, odontrigonus.
Fig. 2a.
Right liumerus, major.
L.
AcTatocnus
odontrigonus and Acratocnus major.
Fig.
2b.
Left liumerus, major.
Fig.
3.
Right humerus, odontrigonus.
Figs. 4a, 4b.
Left ulna, odontrigonus.
Fig.
5.
Left ulna, major.
LI.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Figs.
3,
2.
Right femur.
Figs. 3a, 3b.
Left femur.
LI I.
Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major.
Fig. 3c.
Left femur, odontrigonus.
Fig.
4.
Distal extremity of left femur, major.
Figs. 5a, 5b.
Left calcaneum, odontrigonus.
Fig.
6.
Right calcaneum, major.
Figs. 7a, Tb.
Left astragulus, odontrigonus.
LIII.
Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Caudal series of vertebnie.
LIY.
Acratocnus.
Fig.
2.
Public region, odontrigonus.
Fig.
3.
Ungual phalanges, Acratocnus.
Figs.
4a, 4b.
Ungual phalanx, odontrigonus.
L\'.
View of arid scrub on Deseeheo Island.
Taken June
34, 3932.
(^rove of coconut palms and beach, a
typical shore
scene.
Near
Aguadilla, June
31,
3932.
LVI,
Clump of royal palms, nesting
sites for Porto Rican and yellow-
shouldered
blackbirds.
Near Yauco, May
17,
1912.
Limestone
formation
typical
of lower
foothills
of north
coast.
Near Trujillo Alto, December 26, 3931.
liML
Mew on
El Yunque
de
Luquillo from an
altitude
of 800
feet.
Taken March
0, 3912.
1^1 Yunque
de
Luquillo
from
the
village
of Mameyes.
Taken
February
36,
1932.
LVI 11.
Rolling pastureland,
breeding ground of the
Porto Rican
grass-
hopper sparrow.
Near Yabucoa, May
10, 1912.
Second growth
forest
in
lowlands, with setting of canefield and
pasture.
On grounds of experiment station at Rio Piedras,
December 20,
1933.
LIX.
lifo Santiago near Yabucoa.
Taken May
6,
1912.
Llume palms, with
backgroimd of cane and low
hills.
Vieques
Island, :March
20,
3912.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX
xiii'
LX.
Open rolling pastureland typical of Culebra Island.
Taken April
9, 1912.
Northwestern end
of
Culebrita
Island, Cayo Norte
in
distance,
taken April
15,
1912.
LXI.
West
Indian
green
heron,
or
martinete
{Butoridcs
virescens
maculatus)
.
LXII.
Bare-legged
owl,
or mficaro
(Gymnasio nudipes
rnidlpes).
LXIII.
Porto Rican tody, or San Pedrito {Todus mcxicamis)
.
LXIV.
Gray kingbird,
or pitirre
{Tyrannus dominicensis
dominlcensis\.
LXy.
Porto
Rican
blackbird,
or
mozambique
{Holoqulscalus
nlgcr
hrachyptcrus).
Porto Rican
tanager,
or verdoso
{Ncsospingus
specuUfcrns).
NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY
OF
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands
VOLUME IX—Part
1
Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera
and Insectivora—//. E. Jlnthony
NEW YORK:
Published BY the Acadkmv
1925
MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO, LIVING AND
EXTINCT
By H. E. Anthony
Chiroptera and Insectivora
contents
Vage
Introduction
4
Itinerary
4
Previous work on the mammals of Porto Rico
6
Specimens
received
from
Porto
Rico
subsequent
to
the New York
Academy
Expedition
of
1916
6
Acknowledgments
7
Physiography
8
List of caves where material was collected
9
last of indigenous land mammals of Porto Rico
10
Probable age of the
fossils
10
Order
Chiroptera
12
Family
Noctilionidae
14
Noctilio leponnuH
mastivtis
14
Family Phyllostomidae
18
Subfamily Chilonycterinae
18
Chilonpcteris pamelUi portoricensis
18
ChUonycteris fuUffinosa inflata
21
Mormoops
hlamvilUi
25
Subfamily Glossophaginae
21)
Alonophplluff
portoricensis
21)
Monophifllus frater
?»»>
Subfamily Stenoderminae
»-55
Brachyphijlla
caveiyiarum
^^5
Stenoderma rufus
39
Artiheus jamaicensis jamaicensis
44
Subfamily
Phyllonycterinae
48
FhyJloni/ctcris major
48
Erophylla homhifrons
52
Family Vespertilionidae
55
Eptesicus fuscus tvetmorei
55
Vespertilio mangel
59
Family Molossidae
59
Tadarida murinn
59
Molossus
fortls
64
Order Insectivora
68
Family Nesophontidae
68
<lenus Nesophontes
•
68
4
SClEXTfFW BURX EY OF PORTO RICO
I 'a go
Synopsis of genus
68
Wesophontes edithae
70
Synopsis of skull characters
TO
Remarks
74
Table of
skull measurements
75
Skeleton
76
Summary of the principal characters
00
Status of the family Nesophontidae
93
Bibliography
(see Part 2).
INTRODUCTION
Plans for a natural history survey of the Island of Porto Rico were
drawn up in 1913 by the New York Academy of Sciences, with the active
cooperation of the Insular Government
of Porto
Rico, The American
Museum of Natural History, the New York Botanical Garden, and Co-
lumbia University.
The plans covered work in
all the different depart-
ments of Zoology, Botany and Geology.
The first field work was begun
in 1914 and the author was given the assignment to report upon
the
mammals of Porto Rico.
At the time this survey was planned, the known mammal life of Porto
Rico was exclusively a bat fauna, no terrestrial land mammals other than
introduced species being known from the island.
The investigations of
the anthropologists imder Dr. Franz Boas, in 1915, gave promise of most
interesting and unexpected additions to the
list of mammals.
In exca-
vating shell-heaps, and caves formerly occupied by the aborigines, they
discovered fossil remains of three undescribed rodents and a new ground-
sloth.
This evidence of a fossil mammal fauna greatly stimulated inter-
est in what had promised to be a rather narrow field of research.
Active
field work for mammals was begun
in May, 1916, and the author was
able to further increase the
list of
terrestrial mammals and secured
a
great abundance of fossil material, as well as fairly extensive collections
of the bat fauna.
The author was accompanied throughout the field work in Porto Rico
by his wife, the late Edith I. Anthonj^, who was an active assistant dur-
ing
this time and found many
of the specimens brought back by
the
expedition.
Itinerary
Text
Fig. 1
We arrived at the port of San Juan May 31, 1916.
The day was de-
voted
to
visitino'
the Government
officials
and
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the
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_
¥iQ.
1.—Map
of Porto Rico,
with
collectinj?
sites
indicated by
black
circles
Anthony, maaimals of porto rigo
5
details of field work.
Our
first move took
tis to San German, near the
west coast of the
island, where we met Dr.
Spinden,
of the American
Museum Department of Anthropology.
Cooperative investigations were
carried on for several days with the expectation of finding mammal re-
mains in Indian shell-heaps and kitchen-middens.
Although search was
extended as far as Cabo Eojo, this immediate region did not yield very
promising results and it was necessary to move on to Adjuntas.
Both at
San German and Adjuntas no
opportunity was
overlooked
to
collect
specimens
of
the
living mammals, namely,
the
bats.
The
third
site
selected was Utuado, in the interior of the island, and from this region
we secured some of our most important material.
Owing to the terrible
condition of the trails and to a lack of understanding on the part of the
natives,
great
difficulty was experienced
at
first
in locating
caves and
favorable spots for excavation.
Eventually an abundance of fossil mam-
mal material was secured from caves which were worked from Utuado as
a base.
Several side trips were made while we were located at Utuado,
one of these being
to the Hacienda Jobo and another to
Quebradillas.
Dr. Spinden, finishing his archgeological investigations while we were at
Utuado, returned to San Juan and to N"ew York.
Upon completing the region about Utuado,
it was necessary to return
for a stay of several days at San Juan, and during this time, July 3 to
July
8, several important caves in the San Juan vicinity were worked.
One of these caves
is the type locality for two species of bats.
It
is of
interest
to note
that bats were more abundant and
representatives
of
more
species were
collected about the San Juan
sector than anywhere
else on the island.
Leaving San Juan, we returned to Utuado to pick
up fossils which had been excavated on contract, and passed on west to
Lares.
ISTot very much was added by the visit to Lares, which seemed to
be a region of rather limited possibilities, although there is an interesting
deposit
of
fossil-bearing Tertiary
limestones
near
San
Sebastian.
A
delay in the receipt of funds expected from San Juan made necessary a
return again to that site, and, as before, while waiting there, more of the
caves of the region were visited.
We then motored to Manati, and a very promising field for fossil mam-
mals was located near Morovis.
It was possible to work out from Manati
as a base, and several caves near Morovis yielded a great abundance of
mammal remains.
On July 21 we returned to San Juan, and then went
eastward to
investigate
the high mountainous area about El Yunque.
Our headqiiarters were established at the Preston ranch, near Kaguabo,
where we were most hospitably received by the overseer.
Unfortimately,
no very extended work could be carried on here because of continuous,
heavy
rains.
A
long,
all-day tramp back toward
the summit
of
El
6
SCUENTJFKJ PURVEY OF PORTO RKH)
Yiiiiqiie convinced mc of the uselessness of any work in that region dur-
ing the short time at onr disposal and the prohabJe negative
results
as
j'ar m inamnials were concerned.
From the Preston ranch our route took
us to Coamo by the road whicli parallels
tlie coast, and from Coamo we
went inland as far as Cayey.
The next move brought us to Ponce, where
we
left the automobile, took train and went around
tlie
coasts stopfdng
oft- at Mainiti once more in order to run down several clues which we had
been unable to investigate on the former
visit.
This completed the
field
work, the collecting at Manati being the last.
On August 2 we left San
Juan for N"ew York.
80 far as was possible in the limited time available for the work, spe-
cial
efforts were made
to investigate each
distinct type
of country dm}
each
different
ecological
area.
In
a general way
the entire island was
covered, and although many regions were passed by^
it was felt that work
in these places would
serve only to duplicate results
o!)tained elsewlierc.
Pjjkviois Work on the Mammals of Pokto Rico
The
first work
011
the mammals of Porto
IJico was done by Dr. Juan
(hmdlach, who nuuU^ three trips to the island
frcmi (;uba, in 1873. 1875
and 1881.
The principal localities worked by (lundlmilv were Aguadilla,
Guanica, Lares, Utuado, Arecibo, Quebradillas, \'ega Baja and Bayamon.
I'lie results of
tlie
first two trips appeared
in the Anahs de
la Sociedad
Espanola de Ifistoria Xatural for 1878.
The part devoted to mammals
is not very extensive and occupies only three ])ages; four species of bats
comprised
tlie known indigenous mammalia.
Other
(M)nectors did
woi'k
on
tlie
island at various times, but the total results have not greatly en-
larged
tJie knowledge
of
Porto
Pican mammals,
jiartly
through
non-
publication.
Mr. Alex. Wetmore,
of the United
States
Biological
Sur-
vey, worked
in
Porto
Pico from December,
1911,
to
September.
11)12,
primarily on the birds of the island, but incidentally secured a
fine
col-
lection of the bats, 235 specimens, among them
a new form of Epfesifn.s.
The Museum of (\)m])arative Zoology sent an expedition under Dr.
(i. M,
AUen to Porto Pico in the spring of 1917, a small collection of bats and
fossil mammals being secured, none of which proved to be new.
Speuimkns
1?k('eivei) miOM
Poiito Pico
Subsb<^iient to the
Ni:\v
YoiJK Academy Expedition oe 1916
Tmjiortant
collections
of
fossil mammal remains have
lieen made
by
Senor IL Fernandez Maceira, of Rio Piedras, Porto Pico, who apparently
found the bones while digging in caves for fertilizer.
Seiior Maceira has
carefully saved
all bones found in this manner and since 1920 has
for-
ASTHOXY. MAMMALS OF
r<)l{T() RICO
7
wardnl three lots to the American Museiiin.
The
lirHt collection, which
\va- the largest, and the third collection were |)urc]]ased hy the American
Mnsenm and
tlie second collection was acquired hy the Mnsenm of Com-
parative Zoology.
Tlie lots purchased hy the American Museum are ex-
ehjsively ground-slotli bones and it Avill he possibh* to mount a composite
skeleton of this animal from the material.
Sehor Maceira writes that these ground-slotli hones
all came from
the
same cave, at Cahachuelas, Barrio de las 'I'orrecillas, near Morovis.
The
l)lace goes under the local name of Cerro Hueco.
.It is a large cave, ahout
sixty-live meters long hy forty-eight wide
The bones were found
at
a
ile|)t]i of seven or eigld meters.
AcKxowLEiHni lox^rs
It
is a
])leasiire to acknowledge the wide-spread
interest
in the
Porfn
liican work and the great help and assistance which has been given me
l)y
dilfcrent institutions and
individuals.
Dr.
IT.
E.
Cranipton,
<d'
the
Vovtil Hican committee of the TsTew York Academy of Sciences, has done
(^^eryt]n*ng
to make
the work
successful.
The
othcials
of
the
Insular
(h)vernment, Goxcrnor Yager, the auditor, Judge Bonner, and the
(1iii*f
of
t])e Insular Police, Colonel Shanton, assured
the
success
of thv
field
work by their cooperation.
I'he insuhir jxilice were always eager to
r(Mi-
der
Mn-y capable
assistance wherever
I found
it necessary
to
call upon
them.
To the
late Basil Hicks Dutchcr, then
a Major of the
I"^.
vS.
A.
and
sui'geon
for the insular
troops,
I
ow(^
a
del)t
of gratitude,
as
does
each one of
tlie Academy
field workers
in Porto Pico, who found Inni
;i
close friend.
The residents of Porto Pico I found always interested and
hel])ful, ai]d
I wisli to acknowledge especially the (*o()p(»ration in my work
given by Mr. Lcopoldo Strube, of IJtuado.
Mr.
(h^rrit
S. Miller, Jr., of
tbe
P^nited
States
National Museum,
has
been
very
generous
in
tln'
matter
of
loans
of West
Indian
bats
and
otlu^r
mfit(»rial.
Mr.
Alex.
Wetmorc, of
tlu» United
Stat(^s Biological Survey, kindly allowed nu'
tle^
nse of his bat records from Porto Rico.
Dr. G. M. Allen, of the Museum
of
Comparative
Zoology,
and
Dr.
Witmer
Stone,
of
the
Philadelj)bia
Academy of Sciences, ha\e also assisted by the loan of lU'cded matorial.
The
late Dr. J. A. Allen, (*urator of
tln^ DepartnuMit of Mammals
in
the American Museum, ga\e me the great benefit of
liis long experit^uee
in numerous
consultations, both
on
the
systematica work
of
the
rejiort
and on
editorial matters.
Dr. W.
I). Matthew,
C^irator
of
Vertelirate
PalcPontology of the American Museum, and Mr. Walter (granger, of tbe
same department, have assisted me in many ways, not only by c(/ntribu-
t\(m
of departnuuital aid but by consultation
as
wvdi.
The Director of
8
SCIENTIFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
the American Museum^ Dr. F. A. Lucas, showed his sympathy and
in-
terest in the enterprise and did all that he could to further the work.
Finally, this list w^ould not be complete without an expression of grat-
itude to my wife, the late EditJi
I. Anthony, who from the beginning-
took an active hand in the collection of material and its preparation, the
writing
of
notes,
the
copying and
arranging
of
the
manuscript,
the
figures and the bibliography.
The text figures, with but few exceptions, were made by Mrs. Helen
von Ziska, under my supervision.
The bones figured were
first outlined
by means
of
the camera
lucida and then
the proportions
checked
by
dividers.
In connection with the text figures, I am greatly indebted
to
]^Ir. James P. Chapin, at that time a co-worker in the same department
with me, for the benefit of much advice and help.
All of the typing and work of a secretarial nature has been done by
Miss Ida Grobe, of the department staff, who has been exceedingly help-
ful to me in the preparation of this report, and whose name should not
be omitted from this list of acknowledgments.
The
color terms
used
in the
descriptions
are taken from
Eidgway,
Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912,
I
have
constantly
consulted The
Families and
Genera
of
Bats,
by
Gerrit
S.
Miller,
jr.
(U.
S.
National Museum,
Bull.
57,
1907),
and
helped myself liberally to the data therein when giving the characteriza-
tions of the
bats, because I know of no more authoritative source than
this invaluable report.
In many cases
it may be noted that my descrip-
tions are but slightly altered transcriptions of Miller's wording.
Physiography
Plates 1-1
X
Porto Rico is a small island, 95 miles in length by 35 miles in breadtli,
with an area of 3,668 square miles.
In shape
it approximates a paral-
lelogram, the sides of which run in the cardinal directions of the com-
pass.
The island
is divided by physiographic features into several very
distinct ecological
areas.
Mountain ranges of fair elevation extend east
and west for the full length of the island, reaching in the western part
an elevation of nearly 4000
feet and culminating at the eastern end in
PjI Yunque, of 4985 feet elevation.
These ranges form the backbone of
the island and the greater part of its area as well.
A large part of the
northwestern end of the island
is limestone, which occurs as a layer of
considerable thickness.
The southwestern part of the island also contains
limestone, but it is here widely scattered.
The eastern end of the island
consists of conglomerates and metamorphic rock.
ANTHOKY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RWO
\)
On parte of the island the annual rainfall is very heavy, notably in the
high mountains at the eastern end and thronghout the mountain district
in
general.
On the southwestern end
the
rainfall
is
very
scanty and
desert conditions prevail.
There are several good-sized rivers, the largest
flowing through valleys of considerable extent.
Throughout most of the
island the virgin forest has been destroyed to make way for plantations,
but in a few isolated localities remnants of the early forest remain.
Such
places may be found about Maricao, Utuado, and to the greatest extent
in the Luquillo region.
Close attention was paid to changes in the ecol-
ogy^ of the country traversed, in the hope of finding changes in the bat
fauna, but none were noted
; although, because of the short time spent in
the arid southwestern region, the most likely
field for such observations
was not by any means exhausted.
List of Caves where Matekial was Collected
Plates X-XIT
San
Germa]i—
Cave of Monte Grande.
Two caves at Peiios TjcJos.
One unnamed cave.
Only bats and a very few scraps of
Isolohodo7i
se-
cured at San German.
Cabo Eojo
Shell-mounds only; fragments
of Isolohodon.
Utuado
Fourteen caves located at varying distances from
tlu'
town.
Many of these
caves
are unnamed, but
a
few have local designations.
Caves of Caguana.
Cueva de los Golondrinos.
Cueva de la Ceiba, on Hacienda Jobo.
Cave on property of Don Gervacio Toraho—an im-
portant cave for
fossils.
Cave on propert}^ of Don Sexto
Tjago.
San Juan
IJegion—Cueva de
Fari,
near Pueblo
Viejo—important
for
bats.
Cueva de Trujillo Alto—a good bat cave.
Piedra de la Cueva, Old Loiza, home of Noctilio.
Quebradillas
Two nameless caves.
Lares—
•
Cueva de Pajita.
Corozal
Cueva de Corozal—a bat cave.
Morovis
Thirteen
caves
visited, eight of them nameless.
Cueva Lucera.
Cueva de Achatillo.
Cueva de San Miguel.
Cueva Clara—an important cave.
Cueva de Catedral—an important cave.
Cayey—
•
An unnamed cave with many bats.
10
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
1\)
surmiiarize
results,
it
niiglit
be
stated
tliat
the
Utiiado
and
the
Morovis regions were by all odds the richest in fossil-bearing caves.
Bats
were most abundant and varied in species in the San
J nan
region.
In
all, some 54 caves were explored.
List of TxnioExors Laxd Mammals of Poiito Rico
Living
Chiroptera
Nocfilio
leporinuj^
rnastiviis
( 'hiJofiycteris
parnellU
portori-
eensLs
Ckilonycteris fuKginom
infJafa
'^Mornioops hlainvUln
'^Monophyllus porfcmcetisis
'^Brachypliylla cavenuirum
A rfibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis
Eropliy Ila
h om h ifrons
'^Eptesicu.H fiiMiis tvetmorei
Ta(larida inurina
Molo,^.HVJ^ for /is
Fossil
Chiroptera
Monophyllus
frater
S i enodern i a rufus
PhyUonycferis major
Insectivora
NesojihonUs ediihae
Rodentia
fsofohodon
porforicensw
E las n 1 don t om ys
o h liquu
s
lie hiaxodon hidens
fleferopso niys insulans
Hotnopsoni ys
a/nlUlensis
Edentata
/I craiocnus
odonfriijonus
Arrafonius major
PhOBAHLF A(rF OF TIIF
FOSSILS
A coiiser\ati\e estinnite of the age
o\' the
fossil
s])ecies of Porto
Pirn
would
])lace them
in the Pleistocene and probably
late Pleistocene.
In-
(UhmI,
it is more than probable that some of this fauna
])ersiste(l
into the
Pecent.
Isolobodon we liave fonnd
in
the shell-heaps
anti know that
it
was an
artick^
of
diet among
tJK^ Arawaks.
Many
of
tlie
])ones
of
tl]c
otlier
spcH'ies have every appearance
of being
fairly
recent,
geologically
speaking.
Tlie evidenc^^ would
indicate that the fossil
sj)ecies taken were
all contemporane<ms, since they
octMir
in
tlie same
fornuition
in
nearly
every instance.
A ])ossible exception
is holohodoti
, which was don))tk\ss
the last nninmial to become extinct on the island.
Tlie
fossil remains were enconntered
at
de])ths
of
a few
inclies from
the top down to as dee|) as nine
feet.
Often but
little scraping wa< nec-
i\^sary
to uncover bones,
altliough
in
this connection
it
is
well
to
state
that
the
natives
of the
island
are
in
the habit
of digging
out
the
bat
gnano from the caves and frequently take the earth from the floor of the
(*aves
as
fertilizer,
'riuis the
lieight
of the earth
in any
cave may
not
always be considered with certainty
as
tlie maximum height of
tlie
de-
])osit.
However, the height of the original deposit
is generally betrayed
* AlKo found
fossil.
AXrifOXY, MAMMAL^i OF PORTO RICO
]]
by a (liseolored ring around the walls of the cave.
The bones
wei'c
\ovy
fresh
in appearance when excavated and had not undergone any miner-
alization,
hi the case of the bats found
fossil in
th(^ Cueva Catedrjd.
a
niind^er
of
skulls were
collected
that prove
indistinguisliable from
the
Jiving
bats, and
this
formation
contained
the
insectivore Negoph utiles
as well.
Fossils
(collected
in
(;uba and
in
Jamaica
und(^r
similar
conditions
display nnmistakable evidence of recent deposit.
As a general rule, the specimeiis were found in dry limestone ca\es
in
the mountainous part of the
ishin(L
Caves on the
sides
of small
hills
yielded the most bones, and the
size
of
tlie cave was immaterial.
The
cave that contained the greatest amount of ground-sloth material
^\as
a
small one, with the entrance on a rather steep hillside and opening our
of a
sluHU-
front of
limestojie..
Inside, the cave did not open
out
xci'v
wide,
but had
a deep
fissure
at the
left toward which
the
floor
sjoikmI
abruptly.
'Iliis fissure was richly ])ackcd with bones of tlu^ sloth and
tlu'
large rodent ElasnnodonicnNys^ the bones
b(\i>inning
at near
tlu^
surface
and continuing down some
irinc
feet, when excavations
liad
to be gi\en
up because of the impossibility of reaching any
d(M»|)er.
This cave had
the appearancf* of
a trap for any animal
that wand(M*ed
into
it and
rev-
tainly would have proved so for any old or sick animal that had strengt'i
enough
to crawl
\i\) thrirugh the cave entrance.
Th(^ earth
in
this awe.
which
is
tlie one on the property of Don
(ier\acio Toraho
iK^ar
T^tua<lo,
is
reddisli
in
color and
coni])osed completely of disintegrated
limestone.
It
is rather coarse
in
texture and
intermingle<l
Avith
it were
good-sizi^d
fragments of the walls.
A mu(di
ditferent
tyj)e
of
cav(^
is the Cueva
(^atedral,
near Moro\ is.
Also situated on a steep hillside,
it occupies the top of a snudl
hill, and
the ceiling of the cave
lias
fallen thr(mgh, letting in
considerable
light.
1'his cave has two large entrance's and
is
a
large, ojhmi chand)er
filled
to
a depth
of
sevcu-al
feet
witli
earth and numy
fallen fragments
of
lime-
stoiu^
At one side then^
is a deep
de])osit
of
fine powdery
soil, almost
])ure l)at guano in spots, slopijig rather stee|)ly down from the l)ack
wall
(d' the cave.
Th(^ natives have removed from this ])art of the ca\-e a gre;it
deal
of
the
rich
soil
f(»r
fertilizer.
Throughout
a
stratum
of
several
inc'hes
to a
foot or more
in
thicknt^ss,
this
dej)osit was
literally
jiacked
with small Inmes of nuimnuds, birds, reydiles and
ahiphibians.
Tn some
spots the bones were
interlaccMl almost in liumlreds and
a quart of eaiih
required some minutes
to pick over.
Tn
tin* crevices between
tlie
larger
blocks of limestone and in the irregularities in the cave floor were espe-
cially rich pockets of these bones.
Farther
ii|) the slope, above the
fine
]•>
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
earth, a large number of skulls, some of them lime-encrusted, were found
beneath a heavy, flat slab of limestone.
Subsequent cave explorations in Cuba and Jamaica have indicated that
owls are to be considered responsible for these large aggregations of bones
of the smaller creatures.
The owls spend the day in the
caves, where
they cast up in pellets the bones of animals small enough to be swallowed,
and may carry to their perch there the larger species which must be eaten
piecemeal. A cave which is thus the home of owls may, over a period of
hundreds
or
thousands
of
years,
accumulate
an
almost
unbelievable
amount of bones, to be judged in hundredweights or even tons in some
cases.
While the large barn-owl known in Cuba and Jamaica today
is
absent from Porto Eico, Dr. Wetmore has discovered the
fossil remains
of a barn-owl among bird bones collected by me
at XJtuado, while the
small bare-legged owl is common on the island today and probably should
be considered as a factor in the creation of these cave deposits.
(Wet-
more, 1922, pp. 299 and 323.)
Isolohodon was found on the very surface of the floor, in nearly every
ease, in caves which had been occupied by the former Indian inhabitants
of the island.
Designs upon the walls of the cave, broken pottery and
ashes attested to the occupancy, and amidst the ashes and fragments of
pottery the scattered bones of this rodent could be found.
Also through-
out the great
shell-heaps along the
coast,
especially
at Cabo Rojo, an
occasional bone of Isolohodon was encountered.
It
is
likely that the Arawaks or the Caribs
carried Isolohodon with
them in their canoes as food, since the remains of this rodent have been
found on the eastern end of Santo Domingo and in the Virgin Islands
associated with human artifacts.
Wetmore
(1922, p. 300) heard stories
of the natives which hint
at the
persistence
of Isolohodon
into
quite
recent times.
Order CHIEOPTEKA
Suborder Microchiroptera
The first authentic list of the bats of Porto Kico was published in 1878,
a paper by Gundlach in the Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia
Xatural,
1878.
He
listed
only
four
species,
Artiheus
perspicillatus,
Mormoops
blainviUi%
Chilonycteris
maclemjii, and
Molossus
ohscurus.
Later
lists have
all accredited three of these species to Porto Rico, but
for some reason have omitted his record for the genus Mormoops,
Snb-
seqiient papers have added to the Porto Rican fauna, six species and sub-
species being given by Dr.
G. M.
Allen in
his Mammals of the West
Indies, published in July,
1911, in addition to several other subspecies
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
i;]
gi^ell
as
doubtful
records.
The
first mention
of any native mammal
from Porto Eico not a bat
is the description of Isolohodon portoricensis
by Dr.
J. A. Allen
(1916,
p. 19).
Fourteen species and subspecies of
bats, four of them new to the island^ were given in a paper published on
the Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Eico by Anthony
(1918).
Xo
species have been added since this time.
Four families of bats are represented on the island
: the ISToctilionidae
with one species, the Phyllostomidae with ten
species, the Vespertilionidae
with one species, and the Molossidae with two
species.
Porto Eico has
several endemic species and several genera endemic to the West Indies.
These endemic forms are found only in the family Phyllostomidae.
The
species of the other three families
all have very near
relatives on the
continent or possibly occur there as the same species.
ISTo less than
five
genera
of the Phyllostomidae
of Porto
Eico
are endemic
to the West
Indies.
The following
list of the bats of Porto Eico will indicate
this
relationship
:
Family JSTQCTILIONIDAE
NoctiUo
leporinus
mastivus
.
.
.
.
,
continental species
Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
Chilonycfens
fuliginosa
inflata.
.
species endemic to the West Indies
Chilonycteris
]mrnellii
portori-
censis
species endemic to the West Indies
Mormoops
hlaini'ilUi
species endemic to the West Indies
Mdnophyllus
portoricensis
genus endemic to the West Indies
'^Monophyllus
frater
genus endemic to the West Indies
Brachyphylla
cavernarum
g^i^^s endemic to the West Indies
^^Stenoderma
rufus
genus endemic to the West Indies
Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis
.
continental species
'^PhyUonycteris major
genus endemic to the West Indies
ErophyUa
homhifrons
genus endemic to the West Indies
Family VESPEETILIOKIDAE
Eptesicus fusctis wetmorei
continental species
Family MOLOSSIDAE
Tadarida mminu
species endemic to the West Indies
Molossus
fortis
species endemic to the West Indies
The endemic nature of the bat fauna
is readily apparent and
is good
evidence of the long continued separation of Porto Eico from any main-
land connection, since it is well known that bats are subject to practically
the same laws of dispersal as are terrestrial mammals.
(Dobson,
1878,
* Found
fossil only.
M\\kn\ The
FainilioH and Uciiem, of Ikts,
|>.
95.
11107, for Si
(if the linrulv:
|».
ilT
Tor <liH«:iuwi« of the j^MroK.
^4^,.^/M.£''Jp74'^
\"«ri lli«
li*|Miriniix masHvHs
ilhilil)
Tvxt
Fig. 2
iTfiT.
Vi:xpviiHU>
miiMfiriiM
Imht.
Kkrivtw
nf
Natnl•lllst.^^^^»l«k:lln•t.
KJJil
hHvii. IV,
p^
i:',2.
ANTHONY, MAMMALIA OF PORTO RICO
15
18S5.
NoctiUo
U^porimis mastivus
True,
Proc.
U.
S.
Nat.
Mus.,
Vll
(1884).
p. 603.
1911.
NoctiUo leporinus G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Cornp. ZooL, IJV,
p.
22:j, July.
1012.
NoctiUo IcporbiUH mastivus Miller, North American T.and Mammals,
p.
.'>(), December 81.
lins.
NoctiUo
Icporinus
mastivus
Anthony,
Indigenous
l.and
Mtunmals
of
I'orto Rico,
p. 340, October 12.
1024.
NoctiUo
Icporinus
mastivus
Miller, North American Recent Mammals,
p. 40.
Type
locality.— Island of St. Oroix^ West Indies.
DiHtrihution.—Ijiinits
of
range nnknown,
but
])r()l)ably
the
Greater
.Vntilles, the A'irgin Ishmds and St. Croix.
Recorded in Porto Hieo^ OhI
lioiza, i\m\ on Mona Island
(Elliot).
Specimens collected.—oO (20 skins and
10 alcoholics), from Old Loiza.
near San Jnan^ on the northern coast.
(general
characters.—.V
very
large
bat
with
yellowisli
wliite
dorsal
stripe.
Head large and rounded; ears liigh, narrow, pointed, tragus
s(m--
rate along posterior border; muzzle simple,
nostrils tubular; upper
lip
simple, lower
lip and chin with a few dermal, wart-like growths; cheeks
and (diin sparsely haired; body robust and heavy; humerus very long and
mnirly
straigiit; thund)
large and strong;
third phalanx of third
digit
very long; hind leg very largts witli long tibia, long metatarsus and very
large claws;
calcar
well
(l(»veloped and
v(»ry
long;
tail
short,
enclosed,
except for extreme
tif),
in
\'ery wide interfemoral membrane;
fnr
\ery
short everywhere,
almost woolly;
fur
restricted along lower
back
to
a
nni'row median
stri|), ])ractically no hair on any of the membraiu^s except
for a
\'vw scattered along lateral membranc^s; lateral membranes attached
rather high on sides of body.
Color,—Adult:
Al)()^'e, snuff-brown, the hairs tipped with
buff, with a
narrow dorsal stripe of yellowish white running from hind neck ahnosl
to base of tail;
l)elow,
wdiitish to yellowish or huffy, varying with
indi-
\idnal;
females ytdlower below than nudes.
One specinu^n.
No.
395B)),
adult,
varies from nornud
in being einnannni-buff" below.
Young: When
nearly
full grown
very
similar
to
adults,
but
more
strcnigly yellow on nnderparts.
Skall.—Large ami strongly constructed
; rostrum of normal length but
rather broad; misals slightly arclied, premaxilhe thin and
inflated, nares
opening outward, a
|)air of foramiiui at the |)osterior border of
tlie nasal
bones:
braincase
roumled,
globose,
with
high
sagittal and
lambdoidal
ci't\sts; sagittal crest
di\*iding anteriorly and continuing as
shar)) ridges
nearly to the maxillary root of zygoma; mastoid
|)roeess large, shelf-like,
subrec^tangular
; zygomatic
arch
strong
and
heavy,
flaring
widely
j)os-
K;
^CIENTIFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
terioiiy, Jugal meeting posterior root of zygoma at a nearly right angle
;
basioccipital
region
very
shorty
slightly
tilted npward from
plane
of
palate; basisphenoid pits very faintly indicated; sphenoidal
fissure very
large and extensive; glenoid broad and shallow;
bullae
covering abont
lialf of cochleae; palate long and broad^ deeply concave^ more
especially
from
side
to
side;
interpterygoid
fossa
short
and
broadly
U-shaped;
mandible very heavy; horizontal ramus
straight; ascending ramus low
and
rising
in gradual
curve from
horizontal
portion;
coronoid
higher
than condyle, peg-like, condyle noticeably elevated above plane of molar
crow^ns; angular process strong and abruptly reflected outward;
dental
foramen large and conspicuous, below sigmoid notch.
Dentition heavy.
Skulls of males heavier, with higher crests than those of females.
DentUion,---!, ^; ^^^^ Pm,^
; M,^ = 28.
Upper
:
Incisors unequal, inner much larger than outer pair, strongly
in contact at mid-height of tooth, but divergent at root and tip ; crowns
of inner pair very high, with postero-external heel ; outer incisors in con-
tact with inner
posteriorly, but separated by noticeable diastema from
canines, small and low, with internal cusp; canine large and heavy, witli
well-developed
internal
cingulum,
but no
accessory
cusps;
inner
face
slightly concave; premolar very short in antero-posterior axis, with high
anterior cusp and well-marked internal heel;
first two molars
similar,
subequal, with W-shaped molar pattern of normal type, hypocone much
lower than protocone ; third molar reduced, lacking metastyle.
Lower
:
Incisors small, crowded into and completely filling intercanine
space,
crowns
subrectangular,
concave,
anterior
cutting
edge
faintly
bifid; canine
large, with strongly marked internal
spiral groove,
tootli
curved forward at base, backward at tip;
first premolar small, with low
cusp, crowded by second premolar and by canine; second premolar Avith
crown much wider than long, crowded in tooth-row, with well-developed
external cingulum, high anterior cusp and low internal cusp;
first and
second molars with normal W-crown pattern, teeth projecting externally
considerably beyond face of ramus; third molar slightly smaller than the
other two, but similar in other respects.
Measurements.—Average
of
7
adult
males:
Total
length,
132 mm.
(127-135)
; tail vertebra?, 28.3
(27-^31)
; hind foot, 34.4 (34-35)
; fore-
arm, 86.7 (85-88).
Average of 7 adult females:
Total length, 124.7 (118-135)
; tail verte-
brae, 26.1 (25-28)
; hind foot, 31.1 (30-32)
; forearm, 83.9
(80-85.8).
Skull—Average of 5 adult males:
Greatest length, 27.3
(26.6-28.5)
;
zygomatic
breadth,
20.26
(19.8-20.7)
:
interorbital
breadth,
7.2
(7.1-
AXTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
17
7.3)
; breadth of braincase, 13.9 (13.7-14)
; mastoid breadth, 19.58 (18-
20.7); length of palate,
12.64
(12.3-12.9); length
of maxillary molar
.series, 8.72
(8.5-8.9)
; length of mandible, 19.06
(18.5-19.4)
; length of
mandibular molar series, 9.88 (9.4-10).
Average of 5 adult females:
Greatest length, 25.52
(24.9-26.3)
: zygo-
matic breadth, 18.86
(18.6-19.1); interorbital breadth, 6.96
(6.8-7.1);
breadth
of braincase,
13.4
(13.2-13.6);
mastoid
breadth,
17.2
(16.8-
17.8); length of palate,
11.76
(11.5-12.2); length
of maxillary molar
series,
8.48
(8.3-8.6);
length
of mandible,
18
(17.7-18.4);
lengtli
of
mandibular molar series, 9.66
(9.5-9.8).
Re marl's.—The species of the genus Nodilio are among the very larg-
est of the New World
bats.
On
the character of
size alone, the Porto
Eican NoctiUo may be readily disthiguished from all the other bats found
on the island.
There is only one other large bat found in the entire West
Indies
area which
surpasses
it
or even
equals
it
in
size.
This
bat
is
Vampyrum spectrum and
it
luis
not been
rec.'orded from
Porto
Pico.
The status of the two forms, lepormus and mastivus, has not been very
satisfactorily worked
out.
Two specimens
of lepormus from Trinidad
are not very different from the series taken on Porto Eico, the Trinidad
specimens being somewhat smaller and with the (h)rsal line less de\'el(if>e(l.
This large bat was found at but one locality, in a cave known locally
as the Piedra de
la Cueva, on the
outskirts
of
the
little town
of
Old
Loiza, on the north coast.
The fact that Noctilio had not been reported
from Porto Eico before would indicate that its distribution
is very
local.
Extracts from the
field
journal of
tlie expedition will ser\e to
des('ri])e
the behavior of this interesting bat.
The
first cave we
eaiiie
to, called
"I'iedra de
la
fueva,'' was
;i
very
lar.ire,
high cave, more a shallow oueiiiiig into the face of the small
hill or
hiifxe rock
in which
it was
situated than a
cave,
in
the usual
sense
of the word.
On
account of
its height
tlie light came through
into
all
pai'ts, and so
I
did not
ex))ect
to encounter anything except a
few^ Artibcus.
A
large
pile
of
drop-
pings underneath a darkened
crevice overhead
led me
to
tire a
sliot on
sns-
l)icion, and
I was rewarded by several specimens of the large,
hitlK^rto
uneii-
eountered Novtilw.
At the
I'eport, others l^egan to move about, and investiga-
tion showed that the cave had a number of these interesting large bats.
They
were sufficiently high up to
l)e almost safe from my auxiliary, as the fine shot
was not very deadly to such large l)ats at that distance.
However, by
p(\Lrging
away at them
I
secured a
fair number.
These bats when disturl)ed flew ont
into the briglit cave and moved about as surely as
if the light were absolutely
to their liking.
Their flight was
ipiite regular, and while not rapid, like that
of most of the smaller species,
it was a strong, well-sustained flight.
The very
large hind legs were stretched out behind, straight from
tlie l)ody and api>roxi-
mately parallel, keeping the interfemoral membrane and the posterior part of
18
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
the
Jilar membrane
in a
flat horizontal plane, while the proiiuLsion was
fur-
nished by the membrane on the forearm.
They looked almost like large birds,
as they circled about the cave overhead, the
liglit shining down through
tlieir
membranes and the red blood showing in the thin
feet.
When they alighted
they seemed sure
of
their
intention and swooped
uj)
directly
to
a
hanging
l)Osition and did not make several vain preliminary
trials, as does
Artiheihs.
Their large feet proved admirably suited to hanging, and
the,\
crawled about,
upside down, with
considerable
agility, moving sometimes
quite
a
distance
))efore they found a spot that suited them well enough to remain.
From below
th<*y seemed almost like big spiders crawling about on the rocky ceiling.
Con-
sidcral)le of the crawling was done by means of
tlie feet only and the thumbs
were used only about lialf the time.
A mother with an almost hairless young
th^w about the cave a few
times, and
then,
as she nad been wounded,
flew
agjiinst the side of the cave and was
later secured.
The
call-note was
dis-
tinctly different in tone from that of the other bats, being rather high i)itched
for such a large bat.
These bats were very tenacious and,
like
all the
otiier
si)ecics, attempted
to
bite when
piclied
up.
They seemed
to
})e crowded
in
several cre\ices that led back into the ceiling out of the direct light, but were
rather easily alarmed, and a shot or two invariably brouglit individuals crowd-
ing out from such places.
Artibeus that were found in the same cave did not
mingle with these bats and ^vere dwarfed
in comparison wlien
flying
l)eside
their larger companions of the cave.
A minute,
reddisli
parasite was found
dotted
o\er
the
inttM'fcnjoral
membranes
of
Noctilio.
It
was
a conspicuous
feature
iti
spite
of
its
small size, and was seen on no otlier species of bat taken on Porto Eico.
A
small
ecto])arasite found
in
the
fur
has
been
identitied
by
Dr.
J.
Bequaert as Faradyschiria fusca S|)eiser.
This species was eliaraeterize*!
by a very strong, disagreeable odor, rather musky in
its nature.
Family PHYLLOSTOMlDAi:
Subfamily CHIT.ONYCTEinXAE
See Miller, The FamiHes and Genera of Bats,
j). 11 G, VJO'h for diagnosis
of the family;
p. 118 for diagnosis of the subfamily Chilonycterinae
:
]). 119 for diagnosis of the genus Cliilomjcteris.
Chllonyeteris
pariifillli portorieeiisis
(Mil lei)
Text
Fig.
.]
1U02.
CfmlonnvteriH
port(>rieen.His
Miller.
I*roc.
Acad.
Nat.
8i'i.
I'luladelpliia.
p. 400, September 12.
11K)4.
Chilonjivterm parnelUi portonecnslH Rehn,
l*roc. Acad.
Nat.
8ci.
Phihi-
del|)hia, p.
101), March 20.
1911.
Chilonifctcris parnelHi portorirvusis G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Couip. ZoiU..
LIT, p. 225, July.
1012.
Chikmifvteris parnclHi portoricensis Miller, North American
i.and Mam-
mals.
1).
.*>2, December
.'»!.
INTHONY. MA.MMA18 OP PORTO
III On
19
1018.
Chitonyeterm pamelUi portoriceiww
Aiitlioiiy,
ladlgeiitnis
Laacl
Mmii-
niiils of Porto Elco, p. 34B, October 12.
1024.
(JMlon-ycieris
pamelMi
pmiormeHms
Miller,
Kortli
American
Reeent
Maiiimals, p. 42.
Mtf Jft44M 3f37&
w.mio AH«, Fn
Typti had'iiy.— Cuovii.
cle
Fiiri, near Pueblo ¥icJo, Porto Rico.
IHstrihiitwH.
Known
oiilv Itoiii
tlie Islanrl of Porto
liieo.
l,'pc-.ir«lHi1
rroiii Cnmn
tie
Pari, Cueva de Trnjillo Alto
iiml
C'liyey
(IJ.
S.
Biol.
J^Tirvev).
SpeehiiPiis ei)!!pdi'iL--'i\x(K frmii (hwxu dp Triijillo
Alt<i.
20
8CIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RIVO
General
chwracters,—Size
medium;
ears
tall^
rather
narrow
and
pointed, lower border extending outward in a broad shelf covered with
long hairs, tragus blunt; nose simple, without leaf; under lip with a pair
of
transverse cutaneous
lappets; forearm but moderately
curved;
tail
short, free for the terminal half; feet of medium size;
calcar long and
slender; hair of sides not running onto membranes, but a few scattered
hairs continuing along humerus and femur and onto
the
interfemoral
membrane for about half its depth; hairs about nose directed forward.
Color.—Above, a uniform brown, about dusky drab, the hairs grayish
at base; pelage rather thinner on neck and shoulders allowing more or
less of light color at bases of hairs to show through; below, light drab;
the hairs of abdomen
blackish brown
at
base, those
of
the
throat but
little darker at base than
tip; membranes blackish brown; hair
every-
where rather long, soft and lax.
SMill,—Of moderate size with high, rounded bra incase; rostrum long
and somewhat inflated; a nasal concavity present; braincase tilted at an
angle to axis of rostrum, globose; zygomata not flaring; interpterygoid
fossa short ; palate long and narrow, widening slightly anteriorly ; cochlea
large; mandibular ramus long and curved upward posteriorly; coronoid
low, about as high as condyle; angular process deflected outward.
Denhhon,^!,—-; ^hj-^; ^^^^'^^ M, j^=ai.
Upper: Inner incisors about twice as large as outer, ci'owus with broad
cutting edge; outer incisors low aud crown almost
flat;
incisors
all
in
contact and no diastema in
the
entire tooth-row; canines
typical, with
large internal eingulum and coiicave internal
facie;
first premolar small,
with high
anterior cusp and
prominent
postero-interual
basin;
second
premolar about twice as
large
as
first, with a
single,
\ery
high, sharp
cusp and
a wide
internal basin;
first and
secoud
luolars
with normal
W-shaped molar pattern composed
of
live cusps and four commissures;
third molar less than half as large and with only three commissures.
Lower:
Incisors subequal,
siuiple,
cutting edges
trifld;
canines
with
internal eingulum and deep
longitudinal groo^es on
internal and
pos-
terior faces;
first and third premolars about equal in
size, second
nuicli
smaller; first premolar simple with single high conical cusp; second pre-
molar minute and almost crowded out by first and third premolars; third
premolar with
high sharp cusp;
three molars
subequal,
the
third but
little smaller than first two, molar pattern a widened W.
Measurements,—Two males
:
Total length, 78, 83 mm.
;
tail
\ ert(»bra%
20, 20; hind foot, 12, 13; forearm, 49.5, 51.
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
21
Skull.—Total length, 20, 20.4; zygomatic width, 10.8, — ; interorbital
width, 3.8, 3.9; breadth of braincase,
9.2, — ; length of palate, 9.1, 9.1:
length of molar series, 6.7, 6.7
; length of mandible, 14.4, 14.7 ; length of
mandibular molar series, 8.2^ 8.3.
Remarks.—There are two species of the genus ChUonycteris occurring
on Porto Eieo.
These two forms may be easily separated on the basis of
size.
C. parneUii portorkensis is much larger than
(7. fuKginosa mftata.
It
is also apparently a much rarer species and not found in such large
numbers.
The nearest relative of portoricensis
is C. paimelUi hoothi of
Cuba, from which
it differs in smaller size and more inflated skull.
In
addition, the ear of hoothi
is more pointed and falcate than the ear of
portoricensis.
Only two specimens of portoricensis were taken and it was found only
at one place, the Cueva de Trujillo Alto.
The type locality for the spe-
cies
is
the Cueva de
Fari, Pueblo
Viejo,
but although
this
cave was
visited several times and carefully searched, no portoricensis were seen
there.
It
is evidently not a common species anywhere, as the two speci-
mens secured were the only ones
seen, and
the
cave where they were
foimd was visited no less than three times and hunted assiduously in the
effort to secure more.
The two specimens were found in an inner alcove
of the cave, off to one side of the main chamber, from whence they issued
with a swarm of the smaller species of CMlonycterirS, Monophyllus and
the rare Mormoops.
A
fossil skull of
this
species was
also found.
Among a
considerable
collection
of
fossil bat
skulls and limb bones picked up
in the Cueva
Catedral, there is one fairly complete skull of C. p. portoricensis.
This
skull shows no difference whatever from the skulls of the bats living on
the island today.
Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata
(Rehii)
Text
Fig. 4
1878.
ChilonycteHs Alac-Leayi Guiidlach
(not of Gray), Anales
Soc.
Espaii.
Hist. Nat, VII, p. 140 (Part [Bayamon and Mayaguez, Porto Rico]).
1904.
Chilonycteris maeleayii infiata Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 190, March 29.
1911.
ChilonycteHs maeleayii infiata G. M. Allen, P»ull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, LIV,
p. 224, July.
1912.
Chilonycteris maeleayii infiata Miller, North American Land Mammals,
p. 31, December 31.
1918.
Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of
l^orto Rico, p. 344, October 12.
1924.
Chilonycteris maeleayii m^«ta. Miller, North American Recent Mammals,
p. 41.
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO
Type
locality.—Ciieva de Fari, near Pueblo Viejo, Porto Kico.
Distribution,—Bestricted to the Island
of Porto
Eico.
Eecorded
as
follows: Cneva de Pari; Mayaguez
(U.
S.
ISFat. Mus.);
Ciieva de Tru-
jillo Alto.
Specimeris
collected.—79: Cneva
de
Pari,
Pueblo
Viejo,
19
(12
skins)
; Cneva de Trnjillo Alto, 60 (8 skins).
Fig.
4.
Chiloni/eteris fuUginosa inftata X 3/1
; adult d
; Pueblo
Viejo, Porto Rico
General
characters,—Size
very
small;
ears
quite
high,
narrow and
pointed, widening abruptly
into an ample conch
at
base, with two
or
three tooth-like projections on external border about midway; tragus of
moderate
length, with
distinct
notch-like
infolding
in
anterior
edge;
nostrils simple, without nose-leaf, but having a very low transverse ridge
Just back of nares; nose-pad with a number of low, rounded excrescences
along the margin ; lower lip with lateral lobes or folds meeting anteriorly
to form a lappet, median region of lappet
papillose; body everywhere
furred; membranes naked;
tail about one-half the length of head and
body, free for terminal one-fourth; interfemoral membrane nearly twice
as deep as length of tail ; calcar very long and slender ; femur nearly as
long as tibia, both bones slender ; humerus strongly bowed ; hair of mod-
erate length,
soft, denser on back and belly than on neck,
stiffer about
face and directed forward ; a distinct longitudinal parting in the hair at
anterior edges of ears, and hair on throat lax and radiating in
all direc-
tions.
Color*—Two
color
phases
are
found
in
this
species—a
rich
brown
phase and a gray brown phase, the latter seemingly the commoner.
Cinnamon-brown
phase: Above,
color between cinnamon -brown
and
Proufs-brown, the hairs of the neck lighter at base, ochraceous buff, this
color showing through, making the whole general tone
lighter; below,
hairs posterior to pectoral region between Saccardo^s-umber and isabella
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
23
color, with hairs darker at base ; throat and under side of neck einnamon-
h\\% the hairs einnamon-brown at base.
The color is rich, not truty indi-
cated by any single shade.
Bister-brown
phase: Above,
bister,
varying
in
some
individuals
to
Prout^s-brown
: hair on neck and shonlders drab-gray, crown like back
;
below, breast and abdomen
like
back, the hairs tipped with drab-gray,
throat to breast light ochraceous buff, the hairs at base bister, a few hairs
on throat drab at base.
Young
:
Individuals with the teeth sharp and showing little wear, but
otherwise fully adult in every particular, have a pelage differing radically
from either of the above and seem to be best accounted for by assuming
an immature pelage that persists for some time.
These individuals are
a uniform slate-black above, with the neck pallid neutral gray, and color
below nearly as dark as on back, except for throat and inguinal regions,
which are lighter,
like the neck above.
One specimen, No. 3935?,
ap-
pears to be passing from the immature to the bister-brown phase.
Tliese three different pelages, or color phases, while very distinct when
selected specimens are compared, nevertheless gradually grade from one
to the other in the series from Porto Eico.
Skull.—Small and delicate ; elongate, with swollen rostrum and roundly
inflated braincase ; braincase raised up or tilted to axis of rostrum ; zygo-
mata scarcely ex}:^nded; nasals depressed; a sagittal
crest, low but
dis-
tinct from interorbital region to lambdoidal crest ; audital bullae inflated
;
palate normal; pterygoids divergent; mandible with a strong horizontal
ramus of nearly uniform depth throughout ; ascending ramus low ; con-
dyle small and higher than the weak coronoid; angular process subfalci-
form, strongly divergent externally.
I)entUioii.—l,^
;
C, j-j- ; Pm, g-^; M, ~-^= 34.
Dentition almost identical, except for
size, with that of Chilonyderis
p. portoricensi^, q. v.
Upper
:
Central pair of incisors bifid and larger than outer pair, which
are appressed to sides of first ; canine long, slender, sharp ; first premolar
much smaller than second ; second premolar with highest cusp of molar
series and well-developed internal cingulum ; first two molars equal, with
broad crowns and prominent W-shaped pattern; third molar about half
as large.
Lower:
Incisors
subequal, with
bifid
cutting edges;
canine normal:
first and third premolars equal, with simple acute cusp, second small and
nearly crowded inw^ardly from tooth-row; molars
of nearly
equal
size,
with normal cusps, high and sharp.
24
HCIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
The skulls of females do not differ appreciably from those of the males,
iif^ they do in the ease of the related rnacleayii of Cuba.
Measurements.—Average
of
16
specimens,
all
adults: Total
length,
mJZh mm. (62-70)
; tail vertebrae, 21 (19-26)
; hind foot, 9.37 (9-10)
;
forearm,
38.41
(37.5-39.5)
;
ear from meatus
(average
of
5
alcoholic
specimens), 15.
Skull.—Average of 10
skulls,
a
series
of
5
adult males and
5 adult
females:
Greatest length,
$
14.88
(14.6-15.1),
9
14.84
(14.5-15.1);
zygomatic
breadth,
$
7.56
(7.5-7.7),
$
7.54
(7.5-7.6)
;
interorbital
breadth,
$
2.94
(2.8-3.2),
9
3.04
(3-3.1)
; breadth
of braincase,
$
6.78
(6.7-6.8),
9
6.58
(6.4-6.8)
.; breadth of rostrum outside of m^
$
6.14
(6-6.3),
9
6
(6-6)
; length of palate,
<^
6.76
(6.6-7.1),
9 ^M
(6.5-6.8): length
of maxillary molar
series,
$
4.7
(4.6-4.8),
9
4.7
(4.6-4.8);
length
of mandible,
$
10.26
(10-10.4),
9
10.34
(10.2-
10.5)
; length of mandibular series,
$
5.44(5.3-5.6),
9
5.44(5.3-5.5).
Remarks,—Dr. G. M. Allen discovered the presence of two small spe-
cies of Cliilonycteris in Cuba, describing the new one as C.
torrei, which
is distinguished from 0. macleayii by the presence of two or three minute
tooth-like projections on the ear, and lower nose-pad with less prominent
protruberances, and slightly smaller
size throughout.
The Porto Eican
subspecies,
itvfiaia, has the same assemblage
of
characters which mark
torrei, and consequently the old designation of inflata as a subspecies of
iiHicledyii had to be revised.
The next name available for the small spe-
cies of West Indian Chilonycteris
is fuliginosa Gray, 1843, occurring in
Haiti.
Gray^s type
is in the British Museum and Mr.
Oldfield Thomas
has examined
it and pronounced
it to be of the
torrei
style, while four
s|)e{umens of Cliilonycteris from Santo Domingo loaned by the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as well as specimens from Haiti in
the American Museum, are also similar to torrei in the details of ear and
uose structure.
Infiata
is thus made a subspecies of fuliginosa, and the
name of the Porto Rican
bat should
stand
as
Chilonycteris
fuliginosa
infiata (Rehn).
Chilonycteris fuliginosa
infiata
is larger and has a longer calcar than
true fuliginosa
of
Haiti, and
also shows the extreme degree
of
rostral
inflation for the entire group of small Antillean Chilonycteris.
In addi-
tion to
the characters mentioned, which
separate
it from
macleayii
of
€uba, infiata has a broader palate and shorter, broader ear.
C. macleayii
grisea of Jamaica
is a larger- bat than
C.
f.
infiata and may be
distin-
guished by this character.
I secured tliis bat only in the northern part of Porto Eico, in the San
Juan district.
A specimen taken at Mayaguez
(Eehn, 1904.
p.
191)
is
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
:^5
ill the United
States National Museum, and Gundlacli
(1878,
p. 140)
records one which he caught in his honse in Mayaguez.
xilthough this
species might be taken anywhere throughout the
island, the
field work
done by
this expedition
inclines me
to
believe
that normally
it
is
re-
stricted to a narrow belt along the north coast.
In the Cueva de Fari and Cueva de Trujillo Alto large numbers were
found, more especially in the
latter.
This species prefers deep, narrow
fissures or holes in the walls and ceiling and does not often cluster in the
more open recesses.
When disturbed, the inmates pour out in a rapid
stream and disappear like shadows into some other part of the cave.
The
flight is very swift, but, owing to the small size of this bat, may appear
to be more rapid than
it actually
is.
When frightened from a resting
place, as a rule they leave the spot with very little reluctance and do not
hover about or make tentative returns.
This species was not found
in
houses,
as MacLeay found
the
small
Chilonycteri^
in
Cuba.
A
very
small
bat, possibly
inflata, was seen
at dusk
flying over the
streets
of
Lares.
No small young were noted with the adults of this
species,
al-
though young of the other species of bats were quite common at this time
(July).
•
Moriiioops blainvillii Leach
Text Figs. 5 and 6
See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 121, 1907, for diagnosis
of the genus.
1821.
Mormoops hlainvillU Leach, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, XIII,
p.
77, tab.
VII.
1840.
L[ohostotna] cmnamomcum Gmidlach, Weigmann's Arch.
f. Naturg., VI,
Band
1,
p.
.357.
1878.
MormoiiH
hlamvillei Gundlach, Anales
Soe.
Espan.
Hist.
Nat.,
VII,
|).
140
(part)
[Porto Rieo and Cuba].
1902.
Mormoops
hlaint'iUii cinnamomea Rehn, Proe, Acad. Nat.
Sei.
Philadel-
phia,
I). 165, June
11.
1911.
Mormoops
hlainvillU einnamomea Q. M.
Allen.
P»ull. Mns.
Conii).
YahW.,
LIT, p. 226, July.
1912.
Mormoops
hlainvillU cimiamomea
Miller, North American
liand Mam-
mals,
p. 34, December 31.
1918.
Mormoops
hlamvUlU
Anthony.
Indigenous
Land
Mammals
of
IN)rt<>
Rieo.
p. 346, October 12.
1924.
Mormoops blainviUii cinnamomea Miller, North xVmerican Recent Mam-
mals,
p. 44.
Type
locality,—Gasetal, San Antonio
el Fundador, Cuba.
Distribufion.—Cuba, Santo Domingo, Mona Island and
Porto
lik-o.
26
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
Recorded in Porto Rico from Trujillo Alto and from
*^^la parte meri-
dional de la Isla^^ (Gundlaeh).
Specimens
collected,—Six: Eive
skins and
one
alcoholic^
Cueva
de
Trujillo Alto.
Fig.
5.
Mormoops MainvilUi X 8/3
;
adult
cf
;
Trujillo
Alto, Porto Rico
General characters,—A small or medium size bat with grotesque head
and face and wide interfemoral membrane ; face very short ; muzzle with
small pad, but no nose-leaf; upper lip with two small fleshy processes on
either side of nostril/ and notch opposite
first premolar; lower
lip and
chin with complex pad
of
fleshy
leaflets, surface papillose;
ears
large,
exceedingly broad, not Joined across forehead, lower margin of ear conch
broad and
shelf-like; tragus
large, complex, with subterminal process;
eye small and located in enclosure made by ear, a small wart-like ridge
at posterior border of eyelids ; humerus of normal length, strongly bowed,
pollex small and weak; femur and tibia long, hind foot small and deli-
cate, calcar very long and well developed; tail long, enclosed, except for
ANTHONY, MAMAIALS OF PORTO RICO
27
tip,
in very broad interfemoral membrane; membranes
very
thin and
delicate, everywhere naked; fur long, lax, and exceedingly soft and silky.
Color,—^Two types of coloration are represented.
Four skins
are
as
follows
:
above, uniform
Saccardo^s-umber,
the
hairs
distinctly
lighter
basally; below, about vinaceous buff.
The fifth skin,
ISFo. 39558, is much
darker than the others.
Above, Prout^s-brown ; below, between cinnamon-
brown and ochraceous-tawny.
K /
Fig.
6.
Mormoops
hlainvillii X 4/1
;
adult
d"
; TrnjiUo
Alto, Porto Rico
8kull.—Sm.Bll and rather
delicate; rostrum about
as broad
as long,
with median nasal depression and inflated maxillaries ; braincase globose,
tilted to the axis of the rostrum so that frontal region makes an angle of
almost 90° with rostrum; sagittal crest faintly indicated; mastoid process
not expanded from braincase; zygomatic arches scarcely flaring; jugals
nearly parallel ; palate long, narrow, shallowly concave posteriorly ; ptery-
')H
HVIENTIFW HURVEY OF PORTO RICO
gold processes depressed from palatal plane; glenoid large^ rather
flat;
bullae
large, about equal
to
cochleaB; mandible long and narrow;
hori-
zontal ramus long, of good depths ascending ramus broadly curving up-
ward; coronoid very low, about midway between the condyle and molar
plane; condyle higli above molar crowns; angular processes flaring out-
ward ; dentition strong.
2-2
1-1
2-2
3-3
Dentihon,—I, ——
;
C,
; Pm,
; M,
= 34.
2^2'
'l-l'
'3-3
3-3
Upper: Inner incisors strongly in contact, with expanded crowns and
looking somewhat as if they had been rotated slightly on the body of the
tooth, cutting edge trenchant and bifid
; outer incisors very minute, sub-
terete, crowded against inner pair; noticeable diastema between canines
and incisors ; canine long, compressed, with keen cutting edges ; first pre-
molar very low-crowned, with very sharp median cusp and low posterior
concavity; second premolar with highest cusp of molar series;
first and
second molars subequal, normal in detail, with W-shaped crown pattern,
as in Chilonycteris ; third molar reduced, lacking a cusp and a commis-
sure of the W.
Lower
:
Incisors equal, small, cutting edges
trificl, forming a close row,
slightly convex between canines; canine simple, sharp; three premolars
subequal, second smaller than first or third, with single trenchant cusps
;
three molars similar
in
detail,
of nearly equal
size, with normal cusps
well developed.
Measurements.—Average of o adult females:
Total length, 83.8 mm.
(80-86)
;
tail vertebrae, 29
(28-30)
; hind foot, 10.5
(10-11)
; forearm,
16.7 (46-48).
Skull.—Average of 5 skulls:
Greatest length, 14.1
(13.8-14.4)
; zygo-
matic
breadth,
8.55
(8.5-8.6)
;
interorbital
breadth,
4.4
(4.3-4.5)
;
breadth
of braincase,
7.38
(7.3-7.6); length
of
palate,
8.4
(8.1-8.8);
length of maxillary molar series, 6.2
(6-6.4)
; length of mandible, 12.06
(11.9-12.2)
; length of mandibular molar series, 7.36
(7.2-7.5).
EemMrl's.—Mormoops hlainvUUi apparently remains unchanged
over
rather an extensive range,
since specimens from Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba,
Mona
Island and
Porto Pico
are
indistinguishable from
one
another.
The question
is complicated by the extreme variability in color shown by
all the species of this genus, but the skull characters identify the Porto
Pican specimens with the Cuban
series.
From M,
b,
hlainviUii of Ja-
maica, M.
h. einnaiKomea has
been
differentiated by Relm
(1902,
pp.
165-166). the reviser of the genus, on tlie character of tlie first upper pre-
molar, "greatly expanded posteriorly."
I have examined the same speci-
AXTHOyy, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
-^0
mens which Rehii had, with the advantage of additional specimens
(the
total number
of West Indian Mormoops,
31,
as
follows: Jamaica,
15
skins and alcoholics with 12 skulls; Cuba^ 4 skins and alcoholics witli 4
sknlls; Haiti,
1 alcoholic with 1 skull; Mona Island, 5 alcoholics with 5
skulls; Porto Rico, 6 skins and alcoholics with 5 skulls), and find that I
am unable to distinguish more than one form in the
lot.
The shape of
the
first upper premolar varies somewhat wdth the individual and I can
see nothing to indicate subspecific separation for the Porto Rican animal.
The degree of rostral inflation varies as well.
None of the Porto Rican animals show the intense ochraceous colora-
tion attained occasionally by this species elsewdiere, but doubtless this
is
a condition due to the small size of the series, and niore extended collect-
ing w^ould secure the bright individuals.
Mormoops appears to be a rare bat in Porto Rico, as
it was seen in but
one cave, Cueva de Trujillo Alto, and then oidy in very small numbers.
One was secured July 7 after several shots had been fired into a chaml)ei'
teeming wdth Monophyllus, and on later
visits, July 14 and 20.
a
very
few were found to be hanging in crevices in a small, elevated chamber,
to which it was rather difficult to ascend from the main floor of the
(^ave.
TTere
it was consorting wdth the smaller CMlomjcteris and Monophylhm,
being found mingled with masses of these two genera.
When in
fliglit,
which was generally only after all the other bats liad departed, this
sj)e-
cies would
aliglit on the
first favorable
spot, seemingly heedless
of the
light and confusion or else bewildered by such strange liappenings, wliere
it could be struck with a bit of brush.
It
is easily the most grotesqu(3
in
appearance of any of the bats on Porto Rico, because of its very ])eculiar
ears and complexly ornamented lower lip.
With the
fossil remains
of Nesophonies, SteModerma,
PJiyllonycferis
aiul other bats were found three skulls and two mandibles of Mormoops'.
The
fossil
skulls
differ
to no
appreciable
extent from
recent
skulls
of
Mormoops.
Subfamily GLOSSOPHAGINAE
8ee Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 136, 1907, for diagnosis
of snbfamily; p. 139 for diagnosis of genus.
Monophyllus portoricensfs
Miller
Text
Fig.
7
IIMK).
AtonophylUiH pnrtoricenHU Miller, I*roe. Wasliiiigtoii Acad.
Sci.. H.
p.
-M.
March 30.
1911.
Mimovhyllus portovkensiH G. M. Allen.
l'»ull.
Miis.
Coiiip.
Zool..
T.n'.
p.
231, July.
30
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO
1912.
Monophyllus
portoricensis
Miller, North American Land Mammals,
]>.
40, December 31.
1918.
Monophyllus portoricensis Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto
Rico, p. 348, October 12.
1924.
Monophyllus
portoricensis
Miller,
North American
Recent Mammals,
p. 51.
Fig.
7.
Monophi/llus portoricensis X 3/1
;
adult
cf
; Pueblo
Viejo,
Porto Rico
Type locality.—Cave near Bayamon, Porto Eico.
Distribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Eico.
Eecorded
from Bayamon, Cueva de Pari (near San Jnan), Cneva de Trnjillo Alto
and Cayey
(IT. S. Biol. Survey).
Specimens
collected.—125: Cueva
de
Pari^
Pueblo
Viejo,
3
skins;
Cueva de Trujillo Alto, 122 (15 skins).
General characters.—Size small; nose and ears simple; tail very short,
nose-leaf low, pointed; ears of medium height, about as broad as high,
rounded
at
tip;
tragus
simple,
straight;
chin with median
cleft;
tail
about
7 mm. long, free at tip
; interfemoral membrane very narrow and
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
;]
|
attached
to
a
greatly reduced
calcar;
feet
small;
liumeriis
haired
on
proximal third above and below^ no hair on membranes elsewhere; hair
everywhere soft and of moderate length.
Color.—Adnlts
: Above, bone-brown, rather lighter on
sides
of neck
;
liair everywhere above practically nnicolor except for minute grayish tip-
ping
of some hairs which
suggests
a
frosted appearance; below,
hairs
bister
at
base, vinaceous buff
at
tips; membranes brownish black,
ears
hair-brown.
Young: Everywhere darker than adults; color above, blackish brown;
below, deep mouse-gray.
SJiull.—Long, slender and delicately constructed; rostrum very long,
slender and tubular;
braincase
large, rounded and
smooth, not
rising
abruptly from plane
of rostrum; zygomatic
arches
complete, but very
light ; bulla? of moderate
size, but smaller than cochleae ;
dentition very
w^eak; palate long and narrow; basisphenoid pits distinct; mandible long,
slender and nearly straight ; coronoid low ; condyle in plane of coronoid
;
angular process slightly deflected outward.
2-2
1-1
2-2
3-3
Dentition.—I,
;
C,
; Pm,
; M,
= 34.
2
2'
1-1
' 3-3
^
3-3
Upper
:
Incisors about equal in
size, very small, simple, outer pair in-
clined
toward
but
not
in
contact with
inner
pair:
diastema between
incisors and canines; canine sharp and dagger-like, with internal anterior
and posterior cutting edges and a poorly developed cingulum;
first pre-
molar with high, sharp, median cusp, the entire crown being sharp and
narrow; second premolar
like
first, but rather larger;
first two molars
with sharp-cusped W-shaped crowns and extensive
internal basins;
last
molar smaller and lacking the complete W.
Lower
:
Incisors
often lacking
in
adult, but when
present
are
very
minute, simple, peg-like, not in contact with one another or with canine,
crowns very low; canine sharp and with posterior cingulum; premolars
like those of upper
series, but the
first one lacking the well-developed
median cone; molars similar to npper molars, but very narrow and long,
with a reduced external basin.
Measurements.—Average
of
18
specimens from
Cueva
de
Fari
and
Cueva de Trujillo Alto: Total length, 66.8 mm.
(63-71)
;
tail vertebrae
8.<S (7-10)
: hind foot, 11.4 (11-12)
; forearm, 36.7
(36-38).
Skull.—Average
of
5
adult
skulls: Total length,
19.8
(19.4-20.3);
zygomatic
width,
8.5
(8.3-8.7);
interorbital
width,
3.86
(3.8-3.9);
breadth
of
])raincase,
8.32
(8.2-8.4); length
of
palate,
9.4
(9.3-9.5):
lengtb of molar series, 5.6
(5.6-5.6)
; length of mandible, 12.36
(12.1
-
12.8)
: length of mandibular molar series, 6.38
(6.2-6.8).
42
>iriESTIFiC >iVUVKr OF rORTO RICO
Reinarks.—The genus Monophyllus
is known only from the West In-
dies, where
it occurs as different species on several islands.
The genns
is well characterized, and Monophyllus portoricensis
is not
liable to be
(confused with any other Porto Rican bat.
M. portoricensis differs from
the
species
of Monophylliis on neighboring islands by
its
smaller
size,
having a forearm less than 40 mm.
The Monophyllus of Jamaica has
a
larger skull than that of
tlie Porto liican
species, while the rostrum
is
proportionally much shorter and more tubular.
M. cuhanns of Cuba
is
(|uite similar to Jf. portoricensis, but
tlie latter may be distinguished by
a smaller skull, shorter rostrum and more rounded braincase.
This small bat was encountered in great numbers in the Cueva de Tru-
jillo Alto, where
it (mtnumbered all of the other bats.
Here
it was clus-
tered in masses, hanging in deep crevices, or '^chimneys,^' in the ceiling
of the cave, ami generally appeared to be segregated by sexes.
Thus, out
of 83 specimens collected on July
T4, 80 were males.
This species ap-
])eared to be rather loth to leave a locality, and even when disturbed flies
about
in fluttering
circles
several moments before leaving the spot
for
good.
iVfter several shots had been fired the bats would move on into an
adjacent chamber.
Some individuals which were knocked down into the
stream that flowed throngh the -cave lost little time swimming to the cAg^}
and crawling
(nit.
Others, which had been knocked down by means of a
bandfnl of slender branches and were not very seriously injured, crawled
down into a deep fissure between the earth and the rocky wall of the cave
and behav(Hl very mnch like so many mice.
When this species w^as flying
about in a wild and distnrbed condition, I often noted a metallic buzzing
sound that seemed to be made by Monophyllus, and yet
it was unlike any
noise that I had hitherto heard made by bats.
It was more suggestive of
the droning flight of a huge beetle, and possibly may have ])een made by
individuals with shot-pierced wings.
1'lie flight of this bat is strong, but
not particularly erratic or angular.
Monophyllus was
found
only
sparingly
in
the
Cueva
de
Fari
near
Bayamon.
These two
localities,
Cue\'a de
Fari and Cueva de Trujillo
Alto, were the only ])laces where Monophyllus was taken
l)y this expedi-
tion, but an additional record from
tlie United States Biological Survey
gives Cayey as a third locality.
Tliis species was found as a
fossil
in
the Cueva
Catedral.
A
siugle
fragmentary skull agrees well with skulls of the present-day animal.
The
fossil Monophyllus was found associated with Monophyllus frater. FhyJ-
lonycierk major and other species now extinct.
a:stmo:^y, mammals of porto rtgo
33
Monophylliis frater Anthony
Text
Fig. 8
1917.
Monophyllus frater Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XXXVII,
p.
565, September
7.
1918.
Monophyllus frater Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico,
p. 349, October 12.
1924.
Monophyllus frater Miller, North American Recent Mammals,
p.
51.
B
C
Fig.
S.—MonopJii/Uus
frater X 2/1
;
type
;
Morovis, Cueva
Catedral,
Porto Rico
Type
locality.—Cave near Morovis, Porto Eico.
The type
is a broken
sknll with complete rostrum and palate, but with most of the braincase
missing; the only teeth present are the last premolar and the three molars
of the
left
side.
Topotypes snpply
a few
details indeterminable from
the t3^pe.
Distribution.—-Known only from the Island of Porto Eico.
Bpecimens collected.—Five fragmentary sknlls, only one of which, the
type, shows any great assemblage of characters, but all are unmistakably
of the same
species.
They were
collected
in the Cueva
Catedral, near
Morovis.
:m-
SaiENTlFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
General
characters,— Ver}'
similar
to Monophyllus
porloricoisis, but
dceidedly larger.
Skull.—Karrow and elongate; rostrum very long^ tubular, with shallow
nasal depression in region of terminal suture, external nares snbelliptieal,
opening decidedly upwards; interorbital constriction scarcely noticeable;
brainease
incompletely kuown,
but
of
rounded
type;
zygomatic
arcli
doubtless complete;
palate
long, narrow,
shallowly concave
posteriorly,
incisive foramina large; jnterpter\goid uotch about nridway between last
molars and tips of pterygoid processes; dentition normal
for the genus.
Maud ible u nknown
.
Dentition.—Only upper dentition known from specimens, lower deuti-
tioii assuiued to be normal and so indicated in followius'
fornrula:
I,
2-2
(\
1-1
Pm,
2-2
M,
= 34.
l^lie
first tooth
of the
series
])resent
is
the second
premolar, but
the
alveoli of the incisors, canine and
first premolar indicate a
strictly nor-
mal Monophyllus dentition,
(hisp of second ])reuiolar, the highest of the
molar series, triangular
in outline, with trenchant edges and conspicuous
anterior and posterior accessory cusp on (Unguium
; molars with flattened
out and widened W-pattern, the cusps well
de\elo])ed, the (X)mmissures
low
: third molar with W incomplete, lacking the posterior stroke
: out-
lim^ of posterior border of fw^^i two molars with distiiu't indentation.
}f((i>iur(ni( n ts
of
M(m(>ph)illus<
Inter-
Breadth of
orbital
i
rostrum
breadth
i
at
m'-'
Leiipjth of
palate
Breadth
of palate
inside m^
Alveolar
length of
maxillary
molar series
4 6
4.S
4
3.S
12
11
12
i
3.6
1
3.8
1
7.1
6.S
4,5
9.3
2.<)
).3
MonophvU>(i< frater
40941*..*
40944
40945
Monophyllus
por-
ioricenMH
39431
___
i
i
•
_^^_
_
i
* Ty}M\
Rernwrks.—This large species of Monophyllus, while not found living
today, was apparently con tern poraiu'ous witli the smaller M, porforieensi>^
at the time that the cave deposits were laid down.
A typical skull of the
smaller portoricensis found in the same deposit with the skull of frater
would indicate that the two forms were living as distinct species.
Had
ANTHONY, ^rAMMALS OF POBTO RICO
f)-)
this material not been
discovered associated, the natural assumption
to
iiiake would account
for portoricensis
as
a descendant
of
frater.
The
relationship of frater and portoricensis
is quite
close, however, and the
differences appear to be in
size rather than in detail.
The two may be
distinguished most readily by the greater length and breadth of rostrum
and palate and by the much heavier dentition of frater,
M. frater appears to be the largest species of the genus MonophyUus,
It is larger than M. luciae^ from the Island of St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles,
luiving a longer rostrum and noticeably longer tooth-row.
It
is quite possible that frater may yet be found
living, and only
a
longer period of careful and extensive collecting can definitely prove this
jtoint.
Subfamily STE^ODBRMINAE
See Milled"
: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 149, 1907, for diagnosis
of the subfamily; p. 152 for diagnosis of the genus Brachyphj/Ua.
Brachyphylla caveriiarum Gray
Text Mg. 9
ls']4.
Brachf/phylla ('avernarum Gray, Froe.
Zool.
Soc.
TiOTidou,
f<ir 188o, No.
XI, pp. 122-123, March 12.
liJll.
BrachyphyUa cavernarum G. M. Allen, Bull.
Miis. Comp.
Zool., LTV,
p.
233, July.
U>12.
BrachyphyUa cavernarum Miller, North American Land Mammals, p. 43.
December 31.
nns.
BrachyphyUa cavernarum Anthony, Indigenous Tiand Mammals of Porto
Rico, p. 350, October 12.
1*)24,
BrachyphyUa
cavernarum
Miller,
North
American
Iteccnt
Mammals.
p. 54.
Type
locality,—Island of
St.
\Mncent, West Indies.
tHstrlhution.—Islands of
St. Yincent,
St. Lueia. Dominica, Moniser-
ri\t, Antigua, Barbuda, Porto Bico, Cuba,
Isle
of
Pines, and
doubtless
"ther islands not yet closely investigated.
Pecorded in Porto Pico from
l^leblo Viejo, Trujillo Alto, Cayey,
Corozal and
Coinerio
(IT.
S.
Biol.
Purvey).
Specimens collected.—19: Pueblo A'iejo, Cneva de Fan, 18
((S skins)
;
^'ueva de Trujillo Alto, 10
(3 skins)
: Cayey, 1; Corozal, 20.
(reneral characters.—A large, heavy-bodied bat with rudimentary nose-
'^'i\f, no external
tail, and pale in
color.
Head large and rounded; pad
' Through the kindness of Mr. Clorrit
8. MiUer,
Jr.,
tlie author has been
a])le to borrow
specimens
of MonophyUus
Inciae, cUneilaphus and pleUiodon from the
collection
of the
' nited States National Museum, and has thus, with the material
in the American Mu-
"••'un, examined aU the known specimens of the genus.
36
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
on muzzle, and nose-leaf represented by
a low transverse
ridge, faintly
emarginate at middle and lacking any upright process ; ears of moderate
size,
not
reaching
to
tip
of
nose when
laid
forward,
tips
somewhat
rounded; tragus
tall, broad, with two wide notches on posterior border;
humerus long, heavy, noticeably bowed; pollex long and strong; tibia and
Fig.
9.
Brachyphylla cavernarum X 2/1
; adult
?
; Pueblo
Viejo, Porto Rico
foot of normal length, calcar present but very small ; no visible external
tail;
interfemoral membrane
narrow; membranes
very
thick,
heavily
wrinkled between humerus and tibia; no hair on membranes except scat-
tered hairs on interfemoral membrane ; pelage of moderate length, with
slight tendency to be woolly.
Color.—Adults
: Above, tips of hairs warm sepia, greater length of the
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
37
luiir ivory yellow, the exact tone varying with the individual; patches on
neck, shoulders at base of ears^ and along
sides having a much lighter
;ippearance than rest of upper parts because many of the hairs lack the
tlark tips; underparts wood-brown, the hairs unicolor to the base except
i .11 throat, w^here they are slightly paler at the base ; membranes blackish
Ijrown.
Immature
: Animals as large as the adults, but not yet in adult pelage,
are colored as follows
:
above, hairs tipped with deep mouse-gray, on the
rump and flanks
the
hairs
practically unicolor
to
base, a patch
along-
Hither side of neck to shoulders white to gray basally ; below, mouse-gray.
Considerable
variation
in the amount
of dark tipping
to the hairs
is
shown.
Shidl.—Large and strongly constructed; rostrum slightly longer than
hroad, flattened across nasal suture, but not excessively so, nasals slightly
elevated above plane of upper border of maxillar}^, external nares opening
upward and outward;
interorbital
constriction
slight;
braincase
long,
well rounded, greatest breadth posteriorly, well-developed sagittal
crest,
iiiastoid
process
very
poorly
developed;
zygomatic
arches
wide-spread,
evenly flaring; palate long, U-shaped, shallowly concave, interpterygoid
notch not reaching plane of zj^gomatic root of maxillary; basisphenoid
pits shallow, widely separate; bullae large and completely covering coch-
!<»;e; mandible strong and heavy; horizontal ramus deep, slightly conca^e
along lower border; ascending ramus broadly expanded; coronoid very
wide, much higher than condyle, subfalcate; condyle slightly above phme
o[' molar crowns; angular process very broad,
posterior border
a wide
**urve ending above in an abrupt shoulder, deflected but slightly; denti-
tion heavy.
2-2
1-1
2-2
3-3
Dentition.—I,
;
C,
; Pm,
: M,
=32.
2
^
1-1
2-2
3-3
Upper: Inner incisors large, in contact at midpoint of tooth, cutting
<*dge a high triangle, posterior cingulum present; outer incisors minute,
in contact with crowns of inner pair, but not extending above their cin-
uula, peg-like in shape with slightly expanded crowns; canine large and
heavy, with antero-internal cutting edge, prominent posterior accessory
'US]), well-developed internal cingulum bearing two low cusps;
first pre-
molar small, with crown almost same in cross-section
as body of tooth,
• utting edge bilobed, crowded between canine and second premolar
:
sec-
'»nd premolar with very high cusp on cutting edge, the highest cusp
in
molar
series, with narrow
internal cingulum and low cusp;
first and
^'Hiond molars similar, second slightly the larger, crowms wider than long,
;>^
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
oTeatest breadth
externally,
external
cutting edge with two
trenchant
cusps; protoconule and metaconnle present but
small,
internal cusp
or
protocone
of
good
size,
crushing
surface
concave
with
a
few
coarse
wrinkles; third molars less than half size of
first, with concave crushing
surface and two external and two internal cusps, all low.
Lower:
Incisors
equal, crowded
against canines and one another
to
form
a
slightly
convex
row,
crowns
flattened,
and
borders
slightly
roimded
; canines strong and sharp, with well-marked posterior heel; first
premolar smaller than second, more than half as high, with triangular,
trenchant cusp and internal cingulum ; second premolar with cusp much
the highest of the molar row and even approximating the canine;
first
and
second molars with broad,
flattened
crowns,
with low
cusps
and
wrinkled surfaces ; third molar nearly as large as first, with crown similar
in appearance but with rather high metaconid.
Measuremenis.~ANiird.ge of 11 adult specimens, 2 males,
9 females
:
Total length, 107.3 mm.
(100-118); hind
foot, 22
(21-23);
forearm,
64.5 (63^66.4).
Skull.—Average
of
10
adidt
skulls,
3
males,
7
females:
Greatest
length, 31.5
(30.1-32.3)
; zygomatic breadth, 17.13
(16.3-17.8)
;
inter-
orbital breadth, 6.38
(6-6.8)
; breadth
of braincase,
12.53
(11.8-12.9)
:
length of palate, 12.86
(12.3-14)
; breadth of palate outside m^ 11.48
(11.2-11.9)
; length of maxillary molar
series,
8.73
(8.6-9)
; length of
mandible,
20.73
(20.2-21.4)
;
length
of mandibular
molar
series,
10
(9.8-10.2).
Bemarl'S.—'l^hi^ large, robust-bodied bat may be easily identified m the
field by
its peculiar light coloration, narrow interfemoral membrane,
its
muzzle with the low transverse ridge and no upright leaf or process, and
lack of a tail.
I^ext to NoctUio
leporimis mastivus,
it
is the largest of
the Porto Eican bats, although it is closely approached in size by Artiheu^
jamaicemis.
From Ariiheus, BrachypliyUa may be told by the lack of a
nose-leaf and the much paler coloration.
BrachypliyUa cavermimm ranges over a rather extensive area without
any apparent
differentiation.
Specimens from Porto Eico agree
quite
well with specimens from
St. Yincent, the type locality, as well as with
specimens
from
other West
Indian
islands.
Doubtless
Brachypliylla
ranges throughout most of Porto Eico, but
it was found only along the
north coast and the northwestern
parts of the
island.
Usually
it was
found in large numbers
if the cave was of any
size.
It appeared to be
truly a cave-dwelling bat and was not found in any other situation.
It is often found associated with Artiheus, since the two are very simi-
lar in their habits.
Both genera frequently use
well-lighted
caves and
AXTHOXY, MAMMALIA OF l^ORTO RICO
;>()
('ve]i
in exteosivo eaves are found quite elose
to the entranee.
Bracliii-
plitfUa
is deeidedly qnarrelsoiiie in disposition, and bats which are at rest
show
tlieir
jietulant
nature when
a new-comer
attempts
to crowd
in^
greeting the intruder with angry squeaks.
The
call-note
is a
strident,
rasping squeak.
Because
of
the
aggressive
disposition
of
this
species,
]]\e speinmens must be Jiandled with care, for
it
is always ready to bite
and capabhi of quite a severe nip.
Xni'sing females were
collected on July
5, but no small yonng were
noted.
Dr. Becpiaert has identified as PterelUpsis aranea Coq. parasites which
Mere taken from the fnr of this bat.
Considerable
fossil nniterial of this species was collected in the Cueva
CatedraJ.
A caretnl comparison of some 2d sknlls thus found with those
of recent ravenianim
sliot on the island show no differences worthy of
niention, and
extensive measnrements demonstrate the two
series
to be
practically identical in
detail.
Steuoderma rufiis Okeii
Text
Fig. 10
Se(^ ]\Jiller
: 11u; Families and Genera of Bats, p. 105, 1907, for diagnosis
of genus.
IHV\/^ Hivnodrnnu rufum Geoffroy, Deser. de
rK.u:yi)t(\ H,
p.
114.
181 (>.
^^t\('nofli'rvui]
rufuH Oken, T.ehrbuch
<ler Xatnrgeseh.,
pt.
*>.
11,
p.
1)22.
1870.
^tvnotlerma
rufum
Pt^ters,
Monatsber.
k.
preuss.
Akad.
Wisseiisch.
Berlin, p. 430,
I'l.
1,
Fi^^s.
1-6.
mil.
Htvnoderma
[rufum]
G. M. AJlen,
Bull. Mus.
Corap.
Zool.. LTV,
p.
238.
July.
1J)18.
^teiiodcrma rufum
Aiitliojiy,
Tiidijjjeiious Land Mammals of Porto Rico,
p. 352, October 12.
11)24.
^fvnoderma ruftis Miller, Nortli American Recent Mamiiuils.
p.
01.
'^f/pc
locality.—Unknown
.
Dislribntion.—Unknown,
liccorded from Porto Kico, from
tlu^ Cueva
Catedral, as fossil.
Specimens
collected.—25 good-sized specimens
of
skidls, some nearly
('omplete, 10 mandibles and smaller fragments too small to list in detail.
General characters.—"I^ez simple.
Oreilles petites, laterales et isolees,
(U'eillon
interieur.
Membrane
interfemorale
rudimentaire,
bordant
les
jainbes.
Queue nulle.'^
(From description of Geoffroy.)
Skull.—Short and broad in general proportions; rostrum very broad,
sliortened; nasal region deeply depressed and bordered laterally by high
•^npraorbital ridges coming off from the bifnrcation of the sagittal crest^
40
SCIENTIFIC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO
Fig.
10.^
Stenoderma
rufus.
Skull
figures X 3/1
;
dentition X 14/3
;
Morovis,
Cueva
Catedral, Porto Rico
A—crown view
of maxillary
tooth-row
;
B—crown
view
of
mandibular
tooth-row.
ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
[\
external
iiares opening almost entirely upward,
subeireiilar
in
outline:
zvg'omatic arches
lieaA^y, widely flaring; brainease
liigli and inflated, but
cornpressed laterally rather than evenly rounded, low sagittal crest pres-
ent,
mastoid
process
poorly
developed
;
palate
very hroadly
horseshoe-
shaped with deep posterior emargination reaching nearly to plane of first
molar, large incisixe foramina well separated from roots of incisors and
from each other; pterygoid process short, low, triangular, int^^rpterygoid
fossa U-shaped, very long; glenoid well developed^ post-gienoid
process
\ery heavy; basisphenoid pits large and prominent; bullae not ])resent in
Porto Rican material, figured l)y Peters
{I.
c.)
as of good size; mandible
wide and
lieavy;
horizontal ramus
very
deep,
rather
short,
ascending
rajnus wide with very high coronoid, low, wide condyle slightly
e[(^vated
ahoxe molar plaJie and. angidar ])rocesses scarcndy
deflcH'ted.
2-2
1-1
2-2
:;-;]
I)entition.--I.,
:
C,
; Pnu
; M,
=^2.
2
2
1-1
2-2
'3-:^
Incisors above and below missing in Porto Rican
skulls and
descrip-
tions of these teeth taken from Peters' figures;
all other teeth described
from actual specimens.
Upper: Inner incisors very much larger than outer pair, with slender
crowns; outer incisors about half as high as inner, with well-developed
eingulum and low accessory cusp; all incisors in contact with each other
and with canines; canine not very well developed, with good eingulum
and very low internal accessory cusp
; greatest transverse extent of canine
almost at right angles to main axis of skull; entire molar tooth-row very
much crowded,
the
teeth tightly pressed
against each
other;
first
pre-
molar nearly as high as canine, which
it roughly resembles^ with a single
trenchant cusp rising high on external border of tooth ; second premolar
fully as high or slightly higher than canine, with tall, subtriangular main
cusp, lower posterior accessory cusp on external cutting edge and with
concave internal
basin;
first molar with main cusp
as high
as
that
of
second premolar, protocone well developed, hypocone present but small,
metaconule as a low, rounded cusp, paracone the main cusp, very high,
with trenchant
edges, metacone
similar but rather
lower, with
faintly
bilo])ed
edge,
internal
crushing
basin
concave;
second
molar
slightly
smaller than
first, similar in general pattern but with metacone much
lower and with an
internal eingulum
across
entire
flank
of paracone,
outline of crown subtriangular; third molar minute, closely appressed to
s(H^ond
molar, crown
flattened,
subelliptical
in
outline,
with
two
low
'Hsps, probably protocone and paracone.
^('/EXTIFJC ^URVJJY OF I'Oh'TO UJCO
Leugt
h
of
man-
dibular molar
series
-1—t— *
*
(JO (JO to CO
• CDCOCOCD
1
1
1
!
i
Greatest
length
of
mandible
*
»iO
-XJ
05
• CO 13.
12.
5
13.3
Length
of
maxil-
lary
molar
series
3«-
*
*
iC Ut <>!
-sDX
-
Breadth
of
palate
inside
m'
O C; 'X^ r^ X) I--
iC ^ -i^ »0 rt^ tH
1
Length
of
palate
from
anterior
border
post-
palatal
notch
to
posterior
border
of
in-
cisive
alveoli
CD ?£> X OC GC Oi
CO CO CO CO CO CO
Breadth
of
rostrum
at
m'
10.3
10.3
10
10.5 10. 10.
Breadth
of
brain-
case
CO ^
X
6
Inter-
orbital
breadth
COcCrJ-
lO lO iC
CO 00
to >o
—-—
Zygo-
matic
br(>adth
t,^ X C^J X CO X'
iC iC UO lO tc iC
Length
from
anterior
border
fora-
men
magnum
to
tip
of
premaxilla?
:
Greatest
length
exclusive of
incisors
r-4
CO
•
05
i
i
III
ig
Os
i
1 c
5 IT
i a
) c
4 ir
s O
> C
>
>
o
r:
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO HI (JO
\:\
Lower:
Incisors
small,
equal,
forniing convex row
between
(canines:
canine scarcely larger than premolars, with internal and external cutting
edges and anterior face of tooth peculiarly flattened,
a decided notch
at
external base of crown Adhere it meets a poorly developed cingolum
; pre-
molars with very
flat external aspects;
first premolar with high
trian-
gular crown having
very
trenchant
edges
and
an
interjial cingulum
;
second premolar larger than first, with a high, sharp cusp on the anterior
border
of
the crown which
is
overlapped
externally
l)y
the
posterior
border of the first premolar; first molar largest of series with main cus]).
protoconid, as high as main cusp of premolars, metaconid and hypoconid
present as much lower cusps upon a flattened posterior
l)asin, and
witli
antero-internal cingulum;
second
molar
with
mucli
lower
crown,
the
j)rotoconid, metaconid and entoconid as low but distinct cusps, the hypo-
conid scarcely discernible, a well-developed external cingulum; last molar
very small, with low, flattened crown showing protoconid and metaconid
with a posterior internal cusp, possibly the entoconid.
Remarhs,—Stenoderma ruftis for over a century stood as a name oidy.
Tlie habitat of the species was unknown, although
it was slirewdly sur-
mised by J)r. G. M.
x^Lllen (1911, p. 238)
that the homeland of the spe-
cies was in the West Indies, and this conjecture accorded with the ideas
of most workers on American Chiroptera.
The animal was described by
Etienne St. Hilaire Geofl'roy in a work on Egypt dated 1813
(see Lyon,
1914, p. 217), but the type locality was not given.
The natural assump-
tion would be that the bat was African, but
later workers
felt that
its
XcAv A¥orld origin was not to be doubted.
For over fifty years nothing
was added to the description of Geotfroy, and
it stood
as an animal of
unknown habitat and poorly understood characters until Peters, in 1869,
\ isited the Paris Museum and examined the
type.
He found the type
represented by a damaged skin from which the skull
liad been removed
nud lost.
Peters was deceived by the faulty figure of GcoflProy, and as
a
result lie made Stenoderma out to be Vampyrops
(Peters, 1869, p. 399).
Later on Peters had occasion to examine the type of Ariiheus undaiuni
t^ervais in the anatomical collection of the Paris Museum
(Peters, 1870.
|>.
132).
The
similarity between
the
skull
of undaium
(the
type
of
tfndalum was a skull, the skin of wdiich was supposcn] to be lost) and the
skull figured by Geoffroy at once impressed Peters, who came
tx) the con-
'lusion that the skull of undaium was the long-lost skull of Stenoderma
f'lffm.
This interpretation w^as evidently accepted by Dobson
(1878,
p.
•>*<^9), who wrote that the type of Stenoderma rufu.s was represented by a
>kin, in bad condition, and a skull in the Paris Museum.
The work of
l*eters
is important because
lie was able to demonstrate the existence
of
41:
SiJrpjNTIFlC PURVEY OF PORTO RWO
such an animal as Stenoderma rufus and to define its well-marked char-
acters^ thus putting to an end a condition which had allowed Stenoderma
rufus to be confused with Molosms rufus and Desmodus rufus.
Finally, in 1916^ Stenoderma rufus was discovered as a fossil and the
habitat^ in part, at least, of this species was disclosed.
Some of the ob-
scurity of the previous 100 years was
dispelled, but there
still remains
this interesting condition.
In Porto Rico this bat
is known only
as a
fossil, whereas Geoffroy had an animal in the flesh.
The fossil material
of this bat was found associated with Nesophontes, Phyllonycteris major
and Monophyllus
frater,
all known only
as
fossils, and with
skulls
of
BracliypliyUa eavernarum and other bats
still living today.
Geoffroy^s
type may
very
well have come from
Porto
Rico; on the
other hand,
Stenodei-ma may be extinct on Porto Rico and survive on some
of the
adJ a cent islands
.
The relationships of Stenoderma rufus are well expressed by Miller's
(1907,
p.
165)
treatment of the Stenoderminae.
The
affinities
of the
genus
are with Ardops of
the
Lesser
Antilles, Phyllops
of Cuba and
Santo Domingo, and more remotely with Ariteus
of Jamaica.
Great
divei^sity of development in
tlie subfamily has taken place in the West
Tndi(»s, specialization having run along different lines in separated locali-
ties.
Stenoderma, in the
eliaracter of
its deeply excavated rostrum,
is
widely different from
its most closely related neighbors, and in addition
it
possesses a well-develoiK^d metaconide
in m^ and m^ which the other
geniM'a of the subfamily lack.
Artibi»iis jainaiceiiHis janiaieensis Leach
T(^xt
Fijx. 11
See Miller: The Families aiul Genera of Bats, ]\
1(10, 1907, for diagnosis
of the genus.
1821.
Artiheus jamaicen.'^iM
I.eacii, Trans. Linn. Soc, XIII,
p.
75.
1878.
ArfilK'HH
pcrHpieillafuH
(iioidlach,
Anales
Soe.
Espan.
Hist.
Nat.,
VII,
p.
i:]0.
1008.
ArtUteuH JamaicvHsiH jamniicuHis AnderstMi.
I*r()c.
Zool.
Soe.
Lon<l()n.
]).
2(>5.
1011.
A7'tibeus jnmnicentiis
<J. M.
Allen.
Bull. Mus.
Cornp. ZooL, LIV,
p.
2o4.
July.
1012.
ArtibeuM jamaiccmh^
jamaicrnsis
Miller, North American Land Mam-
mals, p. 46. December 31.
1018.
Artiheus
jamaicensis
jamfiicensis
AntJbonif, Indigenous Land Mammals
of Porto Rico, p. 354. October 12.
1024.
Artibcus jammeerms jamaieensis Miller, North American Recent Mam-
mals, p. 58.
AX'j'Mnyy, jiammal^^ of t'oRTO man
^ir,
I'fljie loi'Ality.—Jaiuaiea.
D'lsirihutum?—-'''C-enlral Aiiteiiea
-,\m\
.SoutluTii
j\lcx!i;o,
in
far iwrth
;is 3lorelo8, and exeliisi?e of Yiieatao
;
St. Aiiilrews
iiii<i
Olil
Fi*ovideiie(>
IslaiJtls;
Jam,aica, Porto
Tlieo,
Saiito
T)«>min.u-o,
jrnd
Lcsaer
Antilles
sh
rnrertstasSt. Kitt«/'
1,»(.<;(.r.i..<l
ill
:Poiio
IJi^i.
frt.iii
('HTey,
run.zal,
F.iirc^,
Mf.mvi^ m\
r...izn, Fiicbht
Vicjo,
()ii<4)r«<1i11iis.
Baji
rn>riiirtii, Trujilk.
Alio, IJtnadu
:
-Igiiiis
['.iifiiaK. CoiJMTiu,
ntiii.
("a„talina,
T.ni Alta
(last four
rt'i-ords
of
V.
S. Biol. Syrvtiv).
>'/..'c/w^t«.s
(;oJ/f>r-/7fr/.^^^^47
: Cawy, 1: iuroznl, 5;
LiiivK, 8; Old
Loizn.
U)
HVIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
1;
Pueblo
\l(>jo
(Ciieva
de
Fari),
1;
San
Grerman,
14
(12
skius):
IJtiiado, 17 skins.
ireneral
rharacters.—A
large
bat
with
robiist
body,
narrow
intej'-.
feJMoral inend)Tane and eonspicuons nose-leaf.
Head rather large: nmz-
zl(»
witli
large prominent lanceolate nose-leaf, arising from an enlarged
nasal
|)ad
;
u])j)er and lower lips normal, well haired; ears short, separate.
^\hen laid forward
lacking considerable
of reaching tip
of muzzle,
tips
rounded,
])osterior
border passing
into
the
basal
conch by
an
abrupt
shoulder; tragus large, wide, notched basally, thickened internally,
sluir|)
externally;
body
tliick
set; humerus
proportionally
short
and
heavy.
furrcMl throughout
liasal half;
tibia and hind foot
short, calcar present"
but
very
short;
tail
vestigial and
not
externally
visible;
interfemoral
iu(Mnl)raue narrow
: membranes heavy and tough.
Color.—A<iults:
Above, nearly uniform, varying with the
individual
from warm
se|)ia to light seal-brown, but with
color of basal portion of
pelage, ranging
froT]i
light but? to pale smoke-gray, showing tlirough on
neck ami shoulders to give those parts a lighter time; below, uniform in
(M>l(U'atiou
witb
up|)er
parts,
but
hairs
unicolor
to
the
base
exce])t
for
limited area on
undei-
side of neck, where
the
hairs
are huffy
or
gra>'
basally,
as
al)o\e
:
facial
strif)es
absent
in
most
cases,
but
appearijig
faintly iu
souie
specinu^ns,
of same
color
as bases
of the
hairs on
the
upper side of the neck,
tlu'
stripes running from the nose-leaf over the
eye to the auterior i)order of the ear: membranes blackish brown; ])elage
rather thick, of medium length and very soft.
Young:
Dark numse-gray a^)o^t* and })elow, the hairs of the upper neck
and shoulders lighter basally.
Sku/L—Size
larg(^, stnmgly built: rostrum very broad and
flat
acros^^
nasals,
external
nares
opening
outward
and
upward;
braincase
pro-
gressively expanded posteriorly, dorsal outline strongly curved downward
from
parietals, sagittal
crest well developed; mastoid
])rocess poorly de-
veloped: zygomatic arcbes strong, wide-spread, jugals nearly parallel to
one
another:
})alate
broad,
horsesboe-sbaped
;
interpterygoid
fossa
IJ-
shape(l, reacbing about luilf tbe distance from
ti|)s of pterygoid processes
to plane of
last molars: basisphenoid
pits well develoj)ed;
bulla» slightly
smaller tbau cocbbw, combin(Ml auditory niechaiusm rather suiall; man-
dil)le strong and
beavy, horizontal ramus straight and thick; ascending
ramus
broad,
its
\entral border
in same plane
with
horizontal ramus;
coronoid
wide,
triangular, mucb
higher than condyle;
angular
])rocess
sbort, wide, round(»d
; dentition above and below heavy.
2-%
1-1
2-2
2--2
2-2 M
2
2
:\
?,
ANTHONY, }fAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
i;
Upper:
liieisors
small, inner about twice
size
of outer
pair,
sli^uiitly
separated from
each
other and from
canines^
inner
})air
with
crowns
slightly expanded laterally, cutting edge bilobed, outer pair with cuttimi'
edge
oblique,
entire; canine
straight,
simple, with
internal cingidum
:
fh'st premolar rather small^
^vitll sharp, anterior cusp, chisel-like (uitting
edge and ])oorly developed style
; second premolar about twice as largt; a-
first,
its main cusp the highest in the molar tooth-row, with broad,
flat
internal heel and low internal cusp;
first molar with crown about twice
as wide
as long, with external cusps, paracone and metacone, and two
low internal cusps, protocone and hypocone, the crown sloping abruptly
(loAvnward from the external cutting edge to form a broad, internal basin,
surface
of crown covered
witli
fine
wrinkles;
last molar
slightly more
than half as large
as
first, subelliptieal in shape, with broad, wrinkled,
crushing surface and postero-external cutting edge.
Tiower:
Incisors small, peg-like, with flattened crowns, cutting edges
\'ery
faintly bifid, teeth crowded into intercaniiu^ space
; canine simple
:
first premolar about half as high as second, with triangular, trenchant
(Misp
: second premolar with one very high cusp and resembling consid-
erably the
caniiU3
;
first molar
large, about twdce
as long
as wide, nar-
rowed anteriorly, crown low ^ith
finely wrinkled surface; second molar
sid)rectangular, much
smaller
than
the
first,
with
trenchant
internal
border bearing
three
low
cus|)s;
third molar minute,
peg-like,
closely
crowded against second molar.
Measurcnipuh.—Average of 2
1 adults, both sexes: Total length,
lOT.'^
nun. (100-115)
; hind foot, 17.5 (17-19)
; forearm. 58.88
(56-01.9).
Skull.—Average of
5 males and
5
females,
adults:
Greatest
length.
•^8.47
(27.8-29);
zygomatic
breadth,
17.02
(16.5-17.7)
;
interorbital
breadth,
7.16
(6.7-7.1)
; breadth
of braincase, 12.46
(12.2-1:5)
; length
i.r
palate,
12.65
(12.4-12.9):
breadth
of
palate
outside m\
12.:]6
( 12.1-12.8)
: length of maxillary molar series, 8.41
(7.9-8.8)
; length of
mandible,
l.S.4:5
(18-19)
;
length
of
mandibidar
molar
series,
9.1
(8jr-9.6).
licmarkx.—I'lie genus Artibeiis
lias only one representative
in
l\)rt<»
b'ico and consequently there
is little likelihood of confusion arising over
fhe determination of this well-characterized
species.
The slight super-
Hcial resemblance which this species bears to
Bracltyphi/lla cavevnarutv
^^ not mi sheading, for everi a casual comparison of the two genera shows
l>ra(hj/phylla to be larger, paler in color, and with a narrower rostrum.
"'VhUAi lacks a well-developed nose-leaf.
Ariibev^ jiDiHilcvuHls jannnccml<
las
a
v(rrv wide
ran^e and
is
found
undifferentiated
througbont
the
' Tn
this siMHMinoTi m^
is
lacking- on
botli
si<l«*s.
m
SCfhJXTJFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
(ireater Antilles^ with the exception of Cuba.
In Cnba, Artiheus is rep-
resented by another subspecies^,
j, parvipes, which differs from
/. jamai-
censis in slightly smaller size, smaller skull and smaller teeth.
Tliis species
is one of the most widely distributed of the Porto Eican
bats.
It was found
in many
localities widely separated and
its range
doubtless covers the whole
island.
It was
ahva5^s encountered in caves
and, with one or two possible exceptions, when determination could not
be made with
certainty, was
never
seen
flying
at
night.
No
especial
preference for
ivny
particular type
of cave was noticed, Artiheus
])eing
fouud in deep, dark caves and in shallow, light ones.
It was often found
in caves so shallow tliat there was very little protection from direct day-
light, and bats of otlier s|)ecies would not be present.
It does not appear
to be highly social aiul w^as generally scattered throughout a cave rather
tlian in a single large colony.
I^umbers
of the
fibrous cores
of native
fruits were found lying on the cave floors where tliis fruit-eating bat had
l)rought them.
Tlie flight of Ariibeus
is rather heavy and steady in
direction, when
compared with some of the smaller species, although this bat
is a strong,
capable flyer.
It is quarrelsome in disposition and vociferous when pres-
ent
in numbers.
If given an
opportunity,
it
is
capable
of making
a
painful wound, as
its teeth are sharp and the jaw muscles powerful.
It
is not very easily alarmed and almost never left a cave when disturbed.
Its call-note is a strong, strident squeak of harsh quality.
Females with small young were taken June 3 and gravid females witli
a single, large embryo were collected on the same day.
On June 26 jialf-
grown young were taken, and June 29 and July 1 young nearly the size
()( the adults were noted.
The females carry the young when the
latter
are almost as large as themselves, and
fly about with the heavv burden
without much loss of speed.
Subfamily PHYLLONYCTERINAE
Sie Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 171, 1907, for diagnosis
of the subfamily; p. 172, for diagnosis of the gejius.
Phyllonycteris major Aiitliony
Text
Fig. 12
1917.
Phifllom/ctcrls major Anthony, BuH. Amer. Mus.
Nat.
Hist., XXXVII,
p. 567, September 7.
1918.
PhyUmiycteris
major
Anthony,
Iiuligeiioiis Land Mammals
of
Porto
liico, p. 356, October 12.
1024.
Phyllonj/eteris major Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p.
62.
.*,\TH(K\}\
:m A 'MMJ is
ftF I'iiRTO RICO
Tf>i>'
lor.i.lUif.
^A'iwc near Mormh. Puiio
JImxi.
"I'll.* Ty|H'
is « skull Hciirly conipli'tf. hut
hiekiiig
full (h'litilion;
iii'
!'
..i!
ii'i't
.-iclc,
1)1- inul m-'
tin
I'iyiil
.»itlr
jire
tin* only iwlh
|;im>!f'nt.
/^^.v/ri7)«/;f/«.^^^^^^l\i»nni dhIv
rruni the
I>:1iiih1 uf Poiio
,Hi.-.,.
''"fi'al
vluinicU'i's.—Closely
TelatiHl
tu
Pkyllonyclcris
jweAfl,
t3iH:
rm-^
'''•it^>ly
JH}';4'er, with w'ulcr braincase ami heavier tleiilition.
^'^'fi'ulL
^Ito.-^truiii long, deep aiid rather tubular, external wires opyniwi:
lubtly
ni.wnrd. nasals marked m flattened
rid.ue aloriu rostrnrn
; inter-
ryi)
HiJIKNTIFW PURVEY OF PORTO RICO
orbital cou>triction very
slight: braincase high and rounded^ not
rising
abruptly from
rostral
plane,
broader than
deep^ expanded
posteriorly,
\'ery low sagittal (*rest ; mastoid process poorly developed ; zygomatic arcii
incomplete:
palate
very
long,
shallowly
concave,
narrowed
anteriorly,
small,
incisive foramina
present, pterygoid
region
very
long,
processes
flattened, concave
for half
tlieir extent; V-shaped
interpterygoid notch
not reacliing [dane of last mohirs; very low median ridge along floor of
ijiterpterygoid
fossa;
poorly
developed
basisplienoid
pits;
parocci])ital
processes
well
developed;
bulliB unknown; mandible
(not
particularly
associated
with
type
skull)
long and
narrow;
horizontal ramus
very
straight, of good depth; ascending ramus
scarcely elevated above
hori-
zontal ramus
; coronoid higli, wide, triangular ; condyle much lower than
coronoid, about level with molar crowns; dental I'oramen large and con-
spicuous.
2-2
1-1
2-2
3-3
DentitionJ—l,
:
C,
; Pm,
; M,
=32.
2-2
1-1
2-2
3
3
Dentition heavier than that of P. poeyi.
Upper:
Incisors not present in any skull, hut alveoli indicate incisors
as in poeyi, a larger inru^r pair, a smaller outer pair,
all in contact, hut
se|>arated by diastema from canines
; canine large, simple, with well-devel-
ojK'd anterior and posterior cutting edges and narrow internal cingulum:
fii'st ])remolar small, subterete
: second premolar rather more than twice
as
large
as
first, with
single triangular
cusp,, practically no cingulum
;
molars with low crowns, not reaching level of crown of second premolar;
first molar with crown about
as broad as long, paracone and metacone
scarcely distinguishable on
tlie external cutting edge, internal crushing
surface broad, outline from al>ove subelliptical
; second molar wider than
long, the greatest length along external cutting edge, crown pattern
of
raised cutting edge with two cusps aiul broad, internal crushing surface
third molar about half size of second, crown flattened, subtriangular, the
tooth set inside of extreme border of molar series.
Lower:
Incisors not present but indicated as minute, subequal: caniui*
large, with ])rominent posterior notch on cingulum
:
first premolar not
known, but
alveolus
as
large
as that
of second;
second premolar with
well-develo|)ed triangular median
cusp;
first molar with crown
longer
than wide, flattened, outline of cusps lost; second molar subrectangidar.
slightly longer tlum
wide, crown
flattened, with
trace
of
shallow
con-
cavity, cusps very faintly indicated: third molar smaller than either
first
or second molars.
* l)p«cription taken from
t.vpe
niid
topotype material.
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
51
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HCJEXTJFW PURVEY OF PORTO RIGO
Specimens collected.—60 fragmentary skulls, only a few of which are
nearly complete;
22
mandibles,
mostly
without
any
teeth, and
small
fragments not worth listing.
Remarks
.
—Phyllonyeteris major is so obviously congeneric with poeyi
that comparison elsewhere is unnecessary.
From poeyi it may be told by
its larger
size, more widely expanded braincase and much larger second
upper premolar.
This species was found only as a fossil and in but one cave.
It was'
contemporaneous with Nesophontes
as
well
as with Stenoderma
rufiis
and other bats to be found living today.
Possibly P. major may be found
as a living bat, the chances for this being very favorable, since P. poeyi
and the
species
of the related genus Erophylla occur
only
in
isolated
localities and escape notice for long periods,
as witness the
rarity,
till
recently, of P. poeyi and E. sezehorni in collections.
Heretofore, Phyllonyeteris, with but a single species, has been known
only from Cuba.
The discovery of a closely related species of this pecu-
liarly West Indian genus upon Porto Eico is an added bit of evidence in
favor of an earlier, intimate connection between the now detached islands.
Erophylla bombifrons
(Miller)
Text Fig. 13
See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 175, 1907, for diagnosis
of the genus.
1890.
PhyllmiifCteru fwmUfrmu Miller, Proe. Biol.
Soc. Washington, XI IT,
p.
36, May 29.
1906.
Erophi/lla homhifrons Miller,
I»roc.
Biol.
Soe. Washington, XIX,
p.
84.
June
4.
1911.
Erophylla homlnfrcms G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comj).
Zor>l., LTV,
p. 240.
July.
1912.
Erophylla
bomhlfrons
Miller, North American Land Mammals,
p.
51,
December 31.
1918.
Erophylla
homhifrmis
Anthony,
Indigenous Land Mammals
of
Porto
Rico, p. 358, October 12.
1924.
Erophylla hiymhifrons Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 63.
Type locality.—Cave near Bayamon, Porto Rico.
Distributioth.—Known only from the Island of Porto Rico.
Recorded
from Bayamon and from the Cueva de Pari, near San Juan.
Specimens collected.—14: Cueva de Pari, Pueblo Viejo, 14 (8 skins),
July 5 and 6.
Genm-al characters.—Size medium, ears simple, about as high as broad
;
tragus with notched edges ; nose-leaf rudimentary, represented by a low,
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
53
pointed, median projection upon
a naked, tumid nasal-pad;
lower
lip
with median split ; tail very short, terminal half free ; interfemoral mem-
brane narrow ; calcar present but vestigial ; skull moderately narrow and
elongate; zygomatic arch complete; lower molars with
distinct cutting
edge.
J^J(uiJo3p^f
Fig.
in.
Erophiflla homhifrons X o/l
; adult d
; Puoblo Viejo, Porto Hico
( olor,—Adults:
Above, hairs distinctly bicolor, being white for ratlier
"^ore than
half the basal
half, then tipped with chestnut-brown; from
>boulders posteriorly the color
is darker than on foreparts, where white
"t
the basal part shows through'; rather lighter on head and
face, the
54
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
hairs iinicolor and shorter; below, uniform wood-brown, the bases of the
hairs whitish.
Yonng
: Above, hairs white at base, clove-brown at tips, and coloration
uniform over whole npper surface, white not showing through on neck
as in adults ; below, coloration scarcely lighter than above.
Skull.—Elongate, with
fairly well-rounded and expanded braincase;
rostrum long and with a marked concavity in the region
of the nasal
termination, rim of external nares thin and distinctly flaring; braincase
rising abruptly from rostral plane ; zygomatic arch complete ; interptery-
goid
fossa very long; basisphenoid
pits
present;
palate long and
sub-
rectangular; ramus
very
long and
straight,
coronoid
low,
condyle
in
plane of tooth-row, angular process well developed.
3-2
1-1
2-2
3-3
DenUUon.—I,
;
C,
; Pm,
; M,
=32.
,
2-2
1-1
2
2
3-3
Upper
: Inner incisors not meeting in midline, crowns expanded later-
ally, cutting edge broad, slightly bifid ; outer incisors much smaller than
inner, with oblique cutting edge in contact with neither canine nor
in-
cisors ; canine large, dagger-like, with small internal cingulum ; first pre-
molar small and simple, with crown widened antero-posteriorly ; second
premolar much larger, with wide antero-posterior crown which has nearly
smooth surface and outside border raised to form crescentic cutting edge
;
molars decreasing in
size posteriorly;
first molar nearly twice as long
antero-posteriorly as wide transversely, outer border forming nearly
flat
cutting edge;
second molar
subtriangular
across
crown,
cutting
edge
indented medially; third molar small, triangular, with straight cutting
edge.
All of the molar series very low crowned.
Lower:
Incisors small, inner pair the smaller, not in contact, crown?
expanded, cutting edges entire ; canines large, with posterior cingulum
:
first premolar smaller than second, cutting edge on outer border, highest
at middle ; second premolar with a carnassial shearing edge
;
first molar
with long, slightly concave cutting edge ; second molar smaller than first,
cutting edge more over central axis of tooth than on outside border and
slightly depressed at middle; third molar smaller than
second, cutting
edge noticeably depressed at midpoint lying along central axis of tooth.
Measurements.—Average
of
6
specimens: Total
length,
81.6 mm.
(80-85)
; tail vertebrae, 15.1 (13-17)
; hind foot, 16 (15-17)
; forearm,
48.6 (48-49).
Skull.—Average of 3 specimens: Total length
34.7 (34.3-34.9)
; zygo-
matic
width,
11.83
(11.8-11.9);
interorbital
width,
4.5
(4.5-4.5);
breadth of braincase, 10.1 (10-10.3)
; length of palate, 10.6 (10.4-10.7)
;
ANTHONY, MAMA[AL^ OF PORTO RICO
5^
length
of molar
series,
6.27
(6.1-6.4)
;
leiigtli
of mandible^
16
(15.8-
16.2)
; length of mandibular molar series, 7.8
(7.6-7.9).
Remarlcs.—There
is no other Porto
Eicaii bat
liable
to be confused
with Erophylla horiihifrons.
In some characters this species has a super-
ficial resemblance
to
Alonopliyllus
porioricensis, but
there
are
notable
differences between the two in size, color and fundamental differences in
tooth
structure.
From
the other
species
of the genus
to be fomid on
other islands, homhifrons may be known
b}^ the combination of complete
zygomata, high,
rounded, braincase rising abruptly above
rostral
plane,,
small teeth, notched tragus, and flaring rim of the external nares.
This
brightly
colored
species was taken only
in the Cueva
de
Fan',
about two or three miles west of San Jnan, and was noted in no other
locality.
It w^as found as a small colony, in a chamber to one side of the
juain cave, and there may have been about 35 or 40 animals altogether.
After a few shots, the survivors flew out into other parts of the cave and
were lost to observation.
Their reddish appearance was apparent under
the light of my acetylene lantern, and generally this species could be thus
distinguished from the others found in the cave.
Erophylla had- segre-
gated
itself from the other
species and was found in small potholes
or
concavities in the ceiling of the chamber, a few in each place.
Young
from two-thirds grown to nearly full grown were collected.
Family YESPEKTILIO^nDAE
See Miller
: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 195, 1907, for diagnosis
of the family; p. 207, for diagnosis of the genus Eptedeus.
Eptesicus fuscus wetiiiorei
(Jackson)
Text
Fig. 14
1916.
Eptesicus wetmorei Jackson, Proc.
Biol.
Soc. Washington, XXIX,
p. 37,
February 24.
11)18.
Eptesicus fuscus tvetmorei Antliony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto
Rico, p. 359, October 12.
1924.
Eptesicus tvetmorei Miller, North American Recent Mammals,
p.
78.
Type locality.—Maricao, Porto Eico.
IHstrihution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Kico.
Kecorded
•lom Maricao (U.
S. Biol. Survey), Cueva de Far!
(Pueblo Viejo) and
^an German.
Specimens
collected.—51: Cueva
de
Fari
(Pueblo
VieJo),
26
(11
^^ins)
; San German, 25 (10 skins).
General characters.—From specimens taken
at San German.
A me-
iiim-sized bat writh
tail completely enclosed in interfemoral membrane,
5<)
SVlENTiFIV ><UH\ 1:Y OF PORTO RfVO
muzzle simple and
color of fur brown.
Nostrils
simple, no
nose-leaf,
upper lip sparsely haired ; lower lip simple ; ears of moderate size, bluntly
pointed, about reaching
tip
of muzzle when
laid forward; tragus
tail,
slender, with rounded tip; body of normal proportions; humerus long,
slightly bowed;
digits normal,
tibia of normal length, hind foot
short,
ealcar
long and heavy;
tail
long,
completely
enclosed
in
wide
inter-
Fio.
i4.
-/Jpte^irtis
fiififus wetmorei X 8/3; adult $
; Pueblo Viejo,
Foi-t<»
Uio«>
femoral membrane; no
fur anywhere on membranes;
color
alcove
auii
below a warm brown, fur long and lax.
Color,—Adults:
iVbove, everywhere a uniform mars-brown,
the
liair-
blackish brown
at the base;
below, uniform
clay-color;
hairs
l>lackisl:
brown basally; membranes black.
Individuals varying from the norma
coloration
as given were
taken.
The
variants resemble very
closely
ii
color
the immature
pelage,
although
tlie
animals
are
unquestionabl;
adult.
ANTHONY,
1/ U/J/ ILiS OF PORTO RW<J
5;
Jiniiiaturt?
:
Similar in color pattern to adnlts but differing in shade
:
iibove, bone-brown; below, tawny-olive.
Skull.—Moderate in
size and normal in proportion
of parts.
Dorsal
outline of skull nearly straight, a slight depression in nasal regi(m: ros-
trum about
as wide
as
long,
very
Hat, external nares opening outward
and upward; brainease moderately inflated through parietal region, flat-
tened dorsally; noticeable sagittal
crest; interorbital constriction some-
what pronounced; zygomata flaring, greatest width posteriorly; mastoid
reduced;
palate long, moderately concave, cut away
anteriorly between
incisors to form a U-shaped indentation; bullaj of medium size, about as
large
as
cochleae;
no
basisphenoid
pits;
mandible
normal;
horizontal
ramus straight; ascending ramus rising in gradual curve; coronoid
vcu'y
high and wide
for
a
bat, much higher than condyle;
angular
process
liook-like, ^"ery slightly deflected.
2-2
1-1
1-1
3-3
Dentition.—I,
;
C,
: Pm,
; M,
=^?)2.
3-3
1-1
2
2
3-3
Upper:
Incisors nnequal, inner much
larger than
outer pair;
inner
incisors se])arated widely by the emargination of the palate and inclined
slightly toward each
other, crowns high,
pointed, with small
accessory
cusp and poorly developed cingulum; outer
incisors
closely
in
contact
with inner, but separated by slight diastema from canines, with
single,
well-developed
cusp
and
external
posterior
cingulum
;
canine
normal,
with well-developed posterior cutting edge
; premolar with high, trigonal
cusp;
first and second molars subequal, with W-shaped crown pattern of
five
cusps and connecting commissures and
single, low
internal cusp:
third molar about half the size of anterior molars, with two cusps and
s
commissure of the W-pattern well developed, two cusps poorly developed
and the fiftli lacking entirely.
Lower
: Three pairs of incisors subequal and
similar in
detail, closely
iu contact with canines and with each other, crowns spatnlate with an-
terior cutting edge trifid; canine simple, with sharji postero-interual cut-
ting edge and well-developed cingulum
; first premolar about half as large
fis second,
l)oth
first and second with a single
cus]) and well-developed
'ingulum: molars
subequal,
the
third
the
smallest,
all with fwe
well-
'^^'veloped cusps.
Measurements.—Average
of
15
adult females:
In
all
the
studies
col-
lected there were no adult males suitable to be included in
th(» series for
nieasurement.
Total length, 119.9 mm.
(114 125);
tail vertebne,
18.3
^ 13-52)
; hind foot, 13 (12-14)
; forearm, 50.4G
(48.2-51.3).
Skull.—Average of 10 skulls of adult females: Greatest length, 19.55
58
^VIEXTIFIC SURVEY OF POBTO RWO
(19.1-20.2)
; zygomatic breadth, 13.16 (12.8-13.4)
; interorbital breadth,
-1.26
(4.1-4.4)
; breadth of brainease, 8.59
(8.3-8.8)
; length of palate,
8.59
(8.4-8.8)
; length of maxillary molar series, 5.59
(5.4-5.7)
; length
of mandible, 13.73
(13.3-14.1)
; length of mandibular molar series, 6.81
(6.7-7).
Ke7narJcs,—The long, lax fur and rich brown color of Eptesicus fuscus
ivetmorei are sufficiently diagnostic to mark it off from all the other bats.
Its closest relative, perhaps,
is Eptesicus fuscus
cuherisis of Cuba, type
locality, Trinidad, Cuba, from which
it differs but slightly.
In the orig-
inal description by Jackson, the Porto Bican animal is given full, specific
rank.
On the basis of the improbability of the actual intermingling of
the Porto Eican form with the mainland fuscus or the Cuban /. cutensis,
this determination
is satisfactory, but on the basis
of development and
actual relationship the trinominal
is the best expression.
Examination
of typical fuscus, iniradorensis, cubensi^, and ivetmorei has convinced me
that the relationship
is a very close one, and. to carry the expression of
this relationship only
to the limits
of the mainland and then
call the
island forms full species hardly seems consistent.
Eptesicus
f. wetrnojr/i
bears especial resemblance to
/. miTadorensis from the Chiriqui region of
Panama, having
the
same,
well-built
skull,
heavy
dentition
and
long
forearm.
This bat w^as not noted throughout the island, but appeared to be
re-
stricted rather
to the western
half.
In the two regions where
it was
taken
it was a conspicuous
bat, and were
it generally distributed over
Porto Eico
it seems
fair
to assume more specimens would have been
taken.
Both at San German and at Pueblo Yiejo it was found in caves,
using deep crevices and holes in the limestone in much the same fashion
as did Tadarida, being crowded into its retreats in large numbers.
The
several
colonies
located were
nearly
all
females, and
practically
every
animal was nursing or heavy with a single large embryo.
This condition
was noted June
6 and July
6, and while considerable variation
in the
development of the young bats was noticed, the majority of them were
at about the same stage of development.
At San German, June
6, most
of the young were short-haired and about one-half the size of the parent.
One of those taken proved to be a partial albino, differing from the others
in its almost white coloration.
A bat seen at dusk in Lares was thought to be of this species.
A series of 9 skulls, some of wdiich are nearly perfect, and one man-
dibular ramus of E.
f. wetmorei were secured
as
fossils in the Cueva
Catedral.
These skulls appear to be indistinguishable from those of the
living form, although associated with the
skulls were
skulls of genera
ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF IH)KT() RICO
59
and species now extinct, the inference being that tlie deposit is older than
the very recent.
\€spertilio inaugei Desmarest
1819.
Vespertilio maugei Desmarest, Nouv. Diet.
d'Hist.
Nat., XXXV,
p.
480.
1018.
VespertiMo maugei Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto
Rico,
p. 360, October 12.
This bat, said to have been brought from Porto Eico by Mange,
is de-
scribed in sufficiently great detail to make
its identification as one of the
large-eared Vespertilionids
certain.
Very
likely
it
is Corynorhinus,
as
the characters given by Desmarest
fit this genus very closely, and Gray,
hi Cuvier^s Animal Kingdom,
vol.
5,
1827,
p,
97, places
it under Plc-
roUis.
This
state
of
affairs
gives
plausibility
to
the
hypothesis
that
Desmarest's specimen did not come from Porto Eico, since CorynorJiinv!^
lias never been taken in the West Indies.
Probably Mauge obtained his
specimen from the mainland and, as was the case so often in the early
days
of
systematic mammalogy,
the
describer
confused
the
localities.
For this reason I believe that
Vespertilio maugei
is not truly a Porto
Bican record.
Family MOLOSSIDAE
See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 241, 1907, for diagnosis
of the family;
p.
251,
for
diagnosis
of the genus Nyctinomus =
Tadarida.
Tadarida inuriiia (Gray)
Text Fig. 15
1827.
Nyctinomus murinus Gray,
Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,
Griffith
edition,
V, p. 66, paragraph 187.
1801.
Nyctinomus musculus Gundlach, Monatsber.
Iv. preuss. Akad. Wissensch.
Berlin, p. 149.
1011.
Nyctinomus
hrasiliensis 7nusculus G. M.
Allen,
Bull. Mns. Comp.
Zoi')!.,
LIV, p. 244, July.
l'.)12.
Nyctinomus musculus
Miller, North American Land Mammals,
p.
70,
December 31.
15>18.
Nyctinomus
murinus
Anthony,
Indigenous
Land Mammals
of
Porto
Bieo, p. 361, October 12.
^•24.
Tadarida muscula Miller, North American Becent Mammals, p.
86.
Type locality.—Cuba.
Distribution,—Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo and Porto Eico.
Re-
' ''rded in Porto Eico from Adjuntas, Cabo Eojo, Manati, San German
'Hi XJtuado.
iV)
mjlENTlFlC PURVEY OF ]*()RTO RICO
Hpecimefis collected.—54: x\djiiiitas^ 4
(3
vskiiis)
: Cabo Eojo, 9 skins;
San German, 35 (12 skins)
; IJtiiado, 6 skims.
General cliaracters.—A small, free-tailed bat of dark-brown coloration,
JTead small
; ears !)road, not pointed, not nnited across forehead but aris-
ing from
sani<* ]><>int: tragus vprv small, subrectangular ; antitragiis low
and rounded
: muzzle well fle\el()})ed and witlunit any excrescences except
a
few minute
Jioriiy
])oints on
u[>per margin:
scattered long
liairs on
face: upper
lip with
a
lunjiber of
transv(U'S(' ridges: lower lip not pecu-
liar: humeni< long and nearly straight: wings wvy narrow; legs short;
T(ni(ii'i<la
iHHrhta
a<luU
9
;
rtuado,
rorto
Hici
incnd)ranes
fairly tough and
leathery, not haired anywiiere except
for
a
few
very
short hairs on upper
surface
of
interfemoral membrane and
along median under surface of that membrane; long hairs on feet;
tail
free for about half of its length: color dark brown: fur soft and velvety.
Color,—:Vdults: Abov(% from ^varni Sepia to seal-brown, varying with
the
imlividual, the
liairs light buff at the base and showing the lighter
color more or
less in
the neck region;
below", varying from cinnamon-
brown
to
luital-brown,
the
hairs
liglit colored
at
base
as
above; mem-
branes blackish.
ANTHONY, i¥AAO/AL^ OF PORTO RICO
Gl
Skull'—Small^
with
dorsal
outline
nearly
a
straight
line;
rostrum
i airly wide, rather fiat and of normal length proportionally; interorhital
constriction not excessive;
braincase rounded but not
globose^
great(;st
inflation through
parietal
region,
a
constriction
at
region
of
supraoc-
cipital and interparietal
; no
sagittal
crest ; zygomatic arch well
devel-
ojH'd,
flaring but
slightly; lachrymal and
supraorbital
ridges
present;
|)alate short and concave;
interpterygoid
fossa wide;
basisphenoid
pits
hardly- discernible; bulla and cochlea of moderate size; mandible normal
with ramus curving slightly into ascending portion; coronoid sharp and
deflected outward from
plane
of
tooth-row;
condyle
slightly
elevated
above plane
of tooth-row;
angular
process
not
conspicuously
deflected
I'roui plane of lower border of ramus.
1-1
1-1
2-2
3-3
Dentition.—l,
;
C,
; Pm,
; M,
=32.
3-3
1-1
2
2
3-3
Upper
:
Incisors inclined toM ard each other, but not meeting medially
or
filling up
the
intercanine
s])ace,
ci'own
surface
long and
oblique
;
canines sharp and
simple,
with
practically no
cingula;
first premolar
vestigial and visible only from outer side of tooth-row; second premolar
large,
with
high
anterior
cusp
and
postero-internal
basin;
first
and
second molars
equal,
w^ith W-shaped crown
pattern, of
five
eusps
w'itli
connecting commissures and two additional cusps internally
; third molar
smaller,
identical with
second and
third
molars,
but
lacking
the
last
ascending arm of the W and with only one internal cusp.
Lower:
Incisors minute, subequal, crowns slightly expanded, bifid, the
teeth completely
filling space between canines
; canine
of moderate
size
with antero-internal accessory cusp and internal cingulum, first premolar
about half size of second, simple in form, with single, sharp cusp; second
(premolar with high median cusp, the highest in molar tooth-row; second
aud third molars with normal pattern of fi\e cusps; last molar slightly
smaller but retaining the five cusps.
Measurements.—Average of 10 adults,
5 males and 5 females:
Total
length, 95.2 mm. (93-100)
; tail vertebra^ 33.8
(33-36)
; hind foot,
9.8
(9-10)
; forearm, 38.98
(38.2-40.1).
Skull.—Average of 10 adult skulls, 4 males and 6 females:
Greatest
length,
15.9
(15.6-16.2); zygomatic
breadth,
9,25
(8.8-9.3);
interor-
lutal
breadth,
3.78
(3.7-3.9);
breadth
of
braincase,
T.v
(7.5-7.9);
length of
palate,
5.83
(5.6-6)
; length
of maxillary molar
series,
4.63
M.5-4.8)
; length of mandible, 10.51
(10.2
10.7)
; length of mandil)ular
'nolar series, 5.1
(5-5.3).
The name for the common Tadarida of the Greater Antilles has been
Q2
SOIJ^NTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
generally given by
recent
writers
as Nyctinomus
musculits
Gundlach,
1 861.
This does not take into consideration the much earlier name of
(^ray.
In The Animal Kingdom of Cuvier, published in 1827, Gray de-
scribees Nyctinomus murinus from
a specimen
in the
British Museum,
the lia})itat of wliieh
is Jamaica, queried, according to Redman.
In the
Magazine of Zoology and Botany, vol. 2, p. 501, 1838, Gray gives another
description
of
this
species
and
states
its
range
as
"South
America,
(Brasils); West Indies,
(Jamaica)."
Dobson, in his Catalogue
(1878,
p.
43T),
places niurmm
in synonymy
with
A".
hrasiUensis
but
lists
among his specimens one from Jamaica as "Type of Nyctinomus murimis
Gray/^
As Dobson had other specimens from Jamaica and was familiar
also
with Nyctinomus
inacrotis,
the only other
species
of Nyctinomus
known
to
occur on
.Tamaica,
it seems
fair
to assume
the
validity
of
mnrinus and
of the type
locality
as well.
This being the case, Gray's
name must stand for the small Tadarida generally distributed through-
out the Greater Antilles, musculus being a synonym of
it.
Lyon (1914, p. 217) has discussed the use of Tadarida for Nyctinomus
and
it seems best to make this change in generic terms.
lie marks.—Tadarida uiurina
is not liable to confusion with any other
Porto Rican bat with tJie exception of Molossus fortis.
The distinctions
between these two forms
are fundamental: the high
sagittal
crest, the
robust upper
incisors
completely
filling up
the
intercanine
space,
the
number of lower canines reduced to 1-1, and the curving dorsal outline
of the sknll
of Molossus serving to show a well-marked generic separa-
tion,
if the skulls are (compared.
Superficially, however, the differences
are not so apparent, and as a rule
it is necessary to have the bat in hand
in order
to determine whether
it be Tadarida or Molossus.
The
best
external
characters
to
distinguish between the two
are the
following:
Molossus
is appreciably the larger and has noticeable strips of fur along
the humerus which Tadarida lacks;
it has ears that are much lower and
tliicker than those of Tadarida, a much narrower tragus and more promi-
nent antitragus; males of Molossus have a gular gland; the upper lip of
Tadarida
is more tumid and has transverse wrinklings not to be seen in
Molossus; and the
fnr of Molossus is darker in color, more velvety to the
toucli and much
riclier in appearance.
From the species of Tadarida to be found on the other islands of the
West
Indies, marina
is distinguished
as follows: from
T. antillularmn
of the
Less(»r
Antilles by
the
slightly smaller
size
of the
latter; from
T. bahamensis of the Bahamas by the larger
size and grayer coloration
of
til at form, and from
T.
macrotis of Cuba and Jamaica by the fact
that macrotis belongs to that section of the genus whic^i has 2-2 lower
incisors.
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RKJO
(];]
This small bat
is easily the best flyer of the island species.
Its flight
is very rapid and under such perfect control at all times that on occasion
\(>ry erratic maneuvers are executed.
This bat occupies much the same
position among its fellows that the swifts do among the birds.
The long,
narrow wings give rapid strokes, and the bat rows through the
air, oscil-
lating from one side to the other, looking at a distance very much like a
small
swift.
The compact,
cylindrical form
of the body, the long
tail
generally held out
straight behind,
so that the contour
of the animal
diminishes from the thickness of the body at the hips to the point of the
tail behind, and the wings vibrating so rapidly that they often present a
semi-transparent zone along the sides, all combine to give such a charac-
teristic picture that this animal may be readily recognized on the wing,
tlie closely related Molossus being the only other bat on the island with
similar flight.
Tfidarida murina is a dweller in both caves and houses, seeming to be
one of the most abundant bats on the island.
Old buildings frequently
had bats to the number of several hundred spending the day packed into
(lark
crevices.
In
caves these bats
chose deep
fissures or holes
in
tlie
hmestone and were packed in very closely.
When disturbed they poured
forth literally in a stream.
The large
piles of droppings beneath such
holes demonstrated the fact of the great concentration in numbers.
In
110 case was Tadandd ever found in small,
scattered groups, the
social
instinct seeming to bring
all
of the individuals of a region
into large
congregations.
The habit of the sexes of keeping in separate colonies
is
very marked.
This species has a sharp, high-pitched squeak and is rather
noisy when in large numbers.
A very large colony was located in an
old, deserted building
in Sau
^Jerman.
It was a typical old Spanish structure of low, rambling con-
struction, made of brick and wood and with an inner court.
In places
it was more or less fallen in.
Early in the evening, about 6:45, we en-
tn'iH]
the building and were greeted by a great deal of squeaking from
the many dark
corners.
The noise was made by
so many individuals
that
it seemed as
if we stood in a gigantic beehive, and this squeaking
hnzz could be heard even before the door was opened and the buildiug
'iitered, showing tliat the bats were beginning to stir about, preparatory
^<» issuing forth for the night.
By seven o'clock, bats were flying about
tln^ darkened corridors and rooms in small numbers.
Very shortly they
*'egan to come fortli in large numbers, and the interior was teeming witli
lie noisy animals on the wing.
Soon the bats left the interior and began
'<> leave by way
of the
innei' court, which took on the appearance of
a
liirlpool
of
liats.
Issuing from
the rooms, they
circled
the
court,
all
(M
S<'ii:XTIFI€ HUHVfJY OF I'ORTO RICO
uoiiig
ill one
(liriH-tioi) and at a liigli rate of speed.
A few passed up and
nver the eiielosiire at the completion of each Jap, luitil finally none were
left.
The whole
building had
the pronounced musky
odor
seemingly
rliaraeteristic
of
the
Molossidae.
Tadaruki
seen
in
other
localities
showed a tcndeney to circle for several moments about
tlie spot where
it
had S|)eut the (Liy before straightening out the flight and taking a direct
course for other feeding gronnds.
Females
taken Jnne
7,
11
and
24
contained
single,
large embryos
nearly
n^ady
tor
birth.
N'o immature animals
flying with
the
adults
were taken.
At Han German, during early June, this bat was frequently
siMm
to
reentiu- the home crevice
after having been awing about
thirty
minides: ponsibly this wjis for the purpose of nursing the young.
MoioBsiis
fort is MiUer
Text
Fig. IB
Sec Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 2m, 1907, for diagnosis
of the genns.
1878.
MoloHHUH ofmmniH Giin<llaeh, Anales de Historia Natural, VII, p. 140.
\m:i
MalonHm fortU MiUor,
I»roe.
IT.
S. Nat. Mus., XLVI,
p. 89, August 23.
11118.
MoloHHUH JortiH Anthony,
IiKligenons Land Mammals of Porto Rico
p
im\, October 12.
1024.
MoloHHHH fortiH IVIUU^r, N<irtli Amei'lean Recent ISIammals.
p,
80.
Type lomJiff/,—lj\Him\\(), Porto Kico.
DiHlrlhufion,^ Known (mly from the Island of Porto Rico,
Recorded
rrom
Lnquillo
(IT.
S.
Nat.
Mus.),
Adjunta.,
San
German,
Utuado,
A)!)onito and Mameyc^^
(last two records of
IT.
S. Biol. Survey).
Simdmem
voUecfetL---:]:]: San
German,
2
skins;
Adjnntas,
27
(20
skins)
: Utuado,
I skins.
(^eneml rhararfers^^X small,
free-taiUMl bat with dark pelage; head
small;
ears
low,
the
joining membrane
thick,
meeting
on
forehead-
tragus very 8mali, antitragus
tliiek and rounded; nostrils slightly tubn-
ar; a tew
stitf hairs between ears and nostrils and on upper lip^ lower
Iqv not
jMHuiliar: hnmerns moderately cnrved; wings long and exceed
mgly
narrow;
tail
fre<.
for about
half
its
length;
interfem oral mem-
bnme not extensive;
feet with conspicuous long hairs on the tarsals and
metatarsal;
fur short, soft and
velvety; gular gland on males: narrow
stnps of fur on
unnerus, above aud below, and fur of body extendim.
onto lateral membranes for short distance.
'
"^
f'olor.~Adults:
Above,
varying with m,
individual from Vandyke-
brown
to clove-brown,
the hairs white
for
the
basal half;
below, same
AXTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
(io
color as above^ but fur shorter and white
basal portion showing more;
membranes blackish.
Yonng: Pelage
very
short and
thick;
abont
chaetura-black ;
below,
(jeep monse-gra}^
Skiill.—Sknll small, but not especially delicately constrncted ; rostrum
\ery short, expanded anteriorly, external nares opening upward
as well
as outward; brainease expanded laterally, flattened on superior surface;
39X60
3
Fk;.
ir>.
M0I0S8US
fortiH X
'»/!
;
adiiU
^
;
Ad.jimtas,
Torto
IJico
ligh knife-like sagittal crest extending fi*oiu just anterior to tln^ greatest
'Hterorbital constriction back to the lambdoidal ci'est, and high(>r in males
iban in females; lambdoidal crest high and thiu
: zygomatic arches flaring
•'I'y
slightly;
Inilla? nearly
as
large
as
cochlea^;
jugal
straight;
palate
bort, concave, narrowing slightly anteriorly;
iiiterpterygoid
fossa very
^ide:
basisphenoid
pits
deep
and
prominent;
mandibles
of medium
'^Igth, forming a triangle of approximately equal sides; ramus deepened
i;h
srn:sTiF!(' huhvi:y of porto unu>
Hiitcriorly, strai/fht
to
last molar,
tlieri
ciirvea gently up into ascending
ffimus;
<orojioi«l
n
sharp, outwar(]ly
doiieetecl
process; angnlar
process
larir<' and .strongly curved outward.
1-1
1-1
1-1
:i-:)
iJenfiiion.- I,—^;
CL
: ]*m,—--; M,
==2G.
I'pper:
hi<isors
large, strongly
in
contact
nuMlially and
a|)j)roxinuit-
ing contact
with
ilu^ cingnhi
of the canines, crowns sul)triangular,
with
high
c(MH» on
the anterior internal angk*; canine with anterior and pos-
terior internal cutting edges and
a cingidum
; premolar wider than long,
with
a high, sharp
cus)>
anteriorly and
a
deep,
internal concavity
pos-
teriorly;
first and second molars with
the
ty])ical W-sluij)ed
pattern and
the inner
pari
«)f
tlu^ crown
{ilknl up hy
a large ])rotocone; third molar
represeiding
in muM details halt of an anterior molar.
L<»w«>r:
Incisors minute with
laterally expanded crowns, cutting edge
hilid,
in contact me<lially, hnt (-rowded forward from the n(u*mal position
hclween canines:
«'anines
large, the cingula meeting
in the midline, an
ndi'rrjal anterinr accessory
cnsf) on the cingulnm;
first premolar small.
verv cl(»sely crowded
l)y second premolar, very narrow antero-posteriorly
-ecnnd
fu-enndar with high antero-median
cus}> and low postero-internal
ensp:
the
three molars
suheqnal,
third
the
smallest, each with
5 cusps
and connecting connnissnres to form a discontinuous W-pattern, the dis-
continuity due to the ahsence of the
fnll num])er of commissures as found
in the upper molars.
Mmmin'mmfs.'
Average of
10 males:
Total length, 111.3 mm. (104-
IIH);
tail
vertehra%
10.1
(llo
l(i)
;
hind
foot,
10.9
(10-12); forearm,
-IKlo
(3H..V
!()/>)
.
Average
of
10
females:
lV)tal length,
108.3
(100-^
Ml):
tail
vertehra-,
.17.8
(35-11): hind
foot.
10.8
(10-11);
forearm,
:»h.t:i
(:n,ri
\o.2).
Skull. ~Av(>rage of
lo sknlls, 5 nudes and
5 females:
Greatest length.
'^••*^
('*^-''
^^-^' ^ymnnilv
hreadth,
10.:
(10.2-11.3);
interorhital
f'readth, llAU
(3.P.3.7)
: hreadth o! hraincase, S.72
(8.5-9.1)
; length of
J'^''^'^*'-
^••'*
<^ ^•)'
J^'"^^l»
<>i' molar
series,
5.07
(5 -5 2)
•' length
of
''•^•n<lihle,
IPM;
111.2^12):
length
of
nuu)dihnlar
molar
series
6 01
Unmtrk..^~'\\x.^vv
,s only one species of Mo\o..n. on Porto
llico
and
eonsetpumtly ].rh. needs no
spcH-itie c-omparison
witli any of
its imrne-
dmte
tu.|ghhors
A
very
dose,
superticial
resend)lam.e
exists,
however,
between the sumll uH.uhers of the related genera, Moios^u. and Tadarida,
n'
i "
.
t
t 7""'^n
'"''' "^ ^"''^
'^''' '^'^ ^^' b^ taken
in
d,stn)gi„slnng th. two.
1 he characters of distinction have alreadv heen
ASTIIONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
07
oi\eu
ill the
treatnieiit of Tadarida
niurina.
From the related
species
of Molossus, the Porto Kican foriis
is distinguished by the combination
of the following characters: moderate
size
(forearm, 40 mm.), rostrum
not heavy, color dark and molars of normal size.
In addition to the
localities recorded under the distribution, this bat
was noted
at Lares and
at
tlie
Preston Eanch near
I^aguabo, but no
specimens were
taken.
Because
of
the
impossibility
of
distinguishing
between Molosstis and Tadarida when on the wing and in a poor light,
(iefinite records
iire gi\en only when specimens were collected or the op-
})ortunities for observation were unusually good.
Molossiis fortis appears
to be quite well distributed over tlie island, although I have no notes for
it
ill the San Juan
district.
It was not found anywhere in caves and
probably
is
almost
strictly
an
inhabitant
of
old
dwellings, which
are
sufficiently numerous
in
l\)rto Eico to afford ample quarters.
For this
reason
it was not as oasy to
collect,
as
it was often impossible
to shoot
about the
buildiiigs, and in the
case of old church buildings
the
higli
ceilings where the bats were in hiding were inaccessible.
Tlie flight of this bat
is exceedingly swift and erratic and possibly
it
is an even more
skillful aviator than Tadarida niurina.
The
flight
of
these two forms is so essentially identical and the size difference so slight
tliat there is little to mark off the one from the other.
This bat comes forth while there
is yet considerable daylight, and by
early dusk, if tliere is any large colony of bats in a town, a multitude of
the
little animals
will he seen pursuing their zigzag courses about the
streets.
In the month of June the first bats would begin to appear about
T p. m.
In a quarter of an hour the number would greatly increase and
probably the total bat population would be awing by 7:30.
This bat was
frequently seen leaving the eaves of some house in the evening and one
could not
fail to be impressed by the intense activity of the small crea-
ture.
The bat would drop out from the opening and take a downward
<*ourse for five or six feet, then straightening out in the most rapid flight.
Often one could
see the head of the
bat appear an
instant before the
animal
precipitated
itself headlong,
but
so
quick
Avere the movements
tliat it was exceedingly difficult to shoot the bat, even when thus warned
»'> expect
its emergence.
jXot infrequently the animal was not observed
nutil
it appeared as
if sliot out from the opening in
full
flight.
A large cohiny was located in the
attic of the lodge building at Ad-
Juntas.
It Avas
])ossible to ascend into the attic and by poking into the
'i'eviees between
the
rafters dislodge the
})ats.
This species
is not very
dormant, e\en
in midday, and
it was not an easy task to dislodge them.
A nose and
])air of bright eyes would
|)eer out of
a crack with
a very
;h
HiJlENTlFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
riiouse-like aspect and the owner would dodge back
vso nimbly as to avoid
all thrusts of the
stick.
Tobacco smoke blown
into
a long crevice
de-
moralized the tenants and they attempted
to move into adjacent nooks
witli much
sciiiHlng and
scratching^ accompanied
by sharp
squeaking.
When animals were knocked down
to the
floor,
if nninjured, they
raii
for dark corners with as much agility as a mouses
This bat always
at-
tempts
to bite
if given
tlie opportunity.
An intensely musky odor wa?
always to be noted about the buildings where Mo/osms stayed.
Order INSECJTl VOKA
Family N ESOPIIOI^TIDAE
imri.
Nesophoiitldac Anthony, Kull. Amer.
]Mils. Nat. Hist., XXXV,
p.
728.
uei.
Nesophontinl
Winge,
Pattedyr-Slaegtor,
I,
p.
123
(under
family
Tal-
pldae).
1024,
Xf'sophontidju'
^lillor, North American Recent Mammals,
p.
0.
Nesophoiites Anthony
mifl.
Kemphonti'H Anthony,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XXXV,
p.
725, No-
vember
ll».
VMS.
SvHophtmtvH
<;. M. An<Mi, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zoo!., LXIT,
p.
135, May.
V,m,
XmnphmitiH Anthony,
Indi,tir(^n(ms Land Mjinunals of I»orto Rico
p
305
October 12.
l«J2:t.
Nenophontes Winj:(\ Battodyr-Slnegter,
T.
pj).
12.'{.
14S.
1021.
Xempfmntcs MWUh'. North AnuM-ican R(MM>nt Mammals,
p.
1).
l'ffpe.—Nesophonfes edilhae Anthony.
InsiM'tivores of nuMliuni
size
witli nearly the
full primitive dentition:
'
-,
'
'
•'
••
•'-•>
'.V,T' ^'Ta' ^"''-ri!' ^^'^-^i""'"-
'"*''«'^"-'^
Mnaller
tliaii
canines,
si.npl<>. n.Hl with n„.,linn diastema above: e«„i,ies <laoo,,,._,ik,, tw..-rooto,1
HI normal
position; „pper molars
triangular
i„
eniss-seetion.
with Y-
^haped
protoeone
metaeorie and
paraeone-,^
lower
„,olars
of
prin,itive
.nh..renlo.sector,a
t.vpe
:
.v.omatie
arch
incomplete,
lackin,
nu.lar:
>kn
1 e|on,.,te and narrow, hasicranial
reo-i,,, mod,.ratelv elonoatc nntero-
posteriorly.
^^JM,,iu.n.^^^K...^n
only
fron.
I'orto
It,,.,,,
('.dn,
an,l
the
Isle
of
.vr.
d,.nm„strnt,-,.
,h,..
,ho „„w„r„
,„,„«r
posV'
. ""he
T,'n
T^''
'"''*'"''"''
'"''^'
n.p>-.
I-nf.,rt„„.,i,.|y. .ho m»gnoM<. of the fnni.-
nr J,
•
implement
of
primaiy
..f n.ls,
.•...Hvuo.l
,h.. „,i..tn.om..nt as
t.. He
"'„„/!!" '",
'" ""'^
''''*""^'' ^^^''
e
:;7K).
Th..
lie,,,.,.
..r
X,,. new;
pni,',.;'!.™
""''''
'" ** ^^^e discussion
I-.., .„„...
• '"'""
^"^«-.
"'"0
iBdicated
the
presence
of
the
AXTJfOAY, ^[AMMALS OF rORTO RICO
69
Mv.JUi Ji.^^/y^%^^
^^o.my^ ?x|
Mv.cM^A J^.^rogd $ xf
M iyO(j6 $^\
"ty.
17.—Nesophon'tes
edithw
X 2/1.
Skulls
of
adult
male
and
adult
female
from
Cueva
Catedral,
Morovis, Porto Rico
70
HCIESTIFKJ miRViyY OF PORTO RfCO
Nesophoiites edithae Anthony
Tf'Xt Figs. 17-28. Plates X[TT-X\^
IDKi.
Nenophontes edithae Anthony,
Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nnt.
Hist., XXX \',
p.
725, November 10.
1018.
NeHophonteH
eddthae
Anthony,
Indigenous
Land
Mammals
of
I'orto
Uieo, p.
:](>5, October 12.
1924.
Ni'Hophmites edithae Miller, Nortli American Kecent Mammals, p.
1).
Type.— No. 141T4, Dept. Vert. Pal, Anier. Mus.
iSTat. Hist.
The type
is a skull
in nearly perfcx't condition, being broken only at the extreme
tif) of tbe
i)renuixillaries and lacking
tlie auditory bulbe, dentition
well
worn.
Type
/o€rt./i/fy.--The type, as well as a large number of other skulls of
this insectivore, was taken from a cave near Morovis, Porto Eico.
This
cave
is more or
less
well known
locally
as
tlie
Catliedral
Cave, ''Cueva
Catedral.'^
J)istnhnl{on.-~Kn()\\i\
(»nly
from
Porto
Rico.
Recorded from Porto
Hico from Hacienda Jobo
(near IJtuado), TJtuado and Morovis
(Cueva
(
' 1 a ra a nd C i le va
( 'ated ral )
.
ShdL~~^{Ti^xi
Figs.
IT,
18.)
Mah^s have
skulls
considerably
larger
tlian
tliost^ of
females,
altbougii
proportionally the
skulls
of both
sexes
are firactically identical.*'
Skull <»l(»ngate and narrow, tajjering gradually
h\ width from parietals
to end
of
nasals,
superior
outline
nearly
straiglit,
slightly
elevated
in.
rr<»nto-parietal area;
rostrum
long,
tubular, and
strongly' convex from
side to side, only slightly narrower outside incisors than at base of zygo-
matic roots, much <hi>per than wide; misal sutures not satisfactorily ^dis-
''••nnblc bc.aus(^ of fusion, hut
ap])arently nasals are very narrow; mter-
nrbital
n>gion
with
sides
practi(.i!lv
parallel,
in
males
a
very
slio-ht
widenmg anteriorly,
this whoh^
region
flatlv convex from
side
to
side
•
bra.ncase onlv
slightly
intlate.l,
parietals
swollen, but
interparietal and
suprno.v,p,tal
regions
s^anewhat
constricted,
inflation
generally more
noticeable m fcMn.hs than nudes: very low sagittal crest, higher in males
.ndmg anteriorly
in noti.eahle supraorbital ridges: lambdoidal crest well
<i*'veloped, especially
iu
nudes: noticeable
fine wrinkling of bone surface
over upp(T part
of hraincase
(best shown
in tvpe,
a
female)
Zygonudic anh
in<-omplet<^
lacking
jugah
anterior
root
a
pe-like
pro<.ess, posterno- root
a blunt process upon the expanded glenoid
; infra-
dirr..no.
I„
.1..
is Known .^u..:^n^.^\Z^
^^ -^^ «-
«r,.ups
in
,ho
s.rl.s
of
i'uhnn
Vr.o,,/,o„f,.;
. C ^^
t
'H-cmrmice of two
similar
aiffrn.nr.. W nor
Intor
b„(
i„ir„-.,HMillc.
"-^'i*^"^
tho
im,m^ssion
that
the
.^i/.e
.LV7'7/OAr.
1/
1.1/.)/
1/.aV of rORTO RICO
]\
()ri)ital foramen actv large^ lachrymal canal of
<>-oo(l
size: nnistoid
process
well developed.
]*alate
lon^-,
laterally
concave,
aJmost
parallel-sided,
witli
a
pair
of
small
iiicisi\(» foramina, and terminatins^ jnst posterior
to
last molar
in
M: /^ J"^ M7¥ %
jreJ7W%xl
M.iym ^xf
Fru.
18.
JSH'SopliontCH
vflithtv.
t^kulls of ndun
male and adun
ftMiiah' from
(^iieva
Catedral,
J*orto
Rieo.
X 2/1
a square, povstpalatal notch; palate completely ossified^ but very thin ami
often with
four
distinct,
transverse,
arcuate
rows
of minute
])ores
or
foramina
; pterygoid processes well separated,
low, ternrinating in small
SVU'jyTIFia ^UKVI^Y OF PORTO RICO
l,..k-like pn^esH
at
their lughent points
before they
slope grad^allv
tn
„.,t
thc^ ilcr of the alisph.nioid; pterygoid fossa reduced to shallow coii-
.,v.tv:
basieranial
region
of good
length, not compacted; ^^^
with' a
nair
of
sliarp
ridges bounding basisphenoid pits; glem)id with
.nnnn itV h^'UMT Hhnost directly front instead of customary ventral posi-
,i,H, due to extrenu^ development of the postglenoid process; the petrosal
i<
.mall
with
a
flattened
anterior and rounded
posterior
face, and
a
4,nrt
thi.k
posterior external wing that attaches to the tympanic; the
u-mpunie
is
rin-sliaped, nearly
circular, and placed transversely, with
,,Iv
a
.lioht
p()sterior obliquitv;
it
is
closely appressed to the petrosal
hmI
i- separated bv a considerable interval from the postglenoid process;
nnther ali^pbenoid
nor basisphenoid euiev
into the auditory structure;
,,,,,M(.ipital
process
well
developed;
condyle
large; foramen magnum
'
Mamliblo vcrv strong and lieavy; horizontal ramus with lower border
r„rucx, deei) and
thick, deepest at m, and ra^; posterior mental foramen
below the last premolar; ascending ramus with lower border continuing
m the curve of luu'izontal ramus, angular process large, falciform; coro-
uoui
process
large and
high, with muscle
insertion
areas
prominentl}'
nuirked; condyle with articulating surface facing obliquely backward.
3-3
1-1
3-3
3-3
Dentition. -I,
;
C,
; Pm, -;-;;; M,;;-^ =40.
':V3
1-1
'>
'>
'>-'
<Tcxt
Figs.
IS,
10, 20.)
r[)per:
Incisors arranged
in nearly
parallel rows, the teeth
of each
row clos<dy
in contact with one another, but the anterior incisors of each
row
>eparated
from each
other by
a diastema equal
to about half the
width of
th(* palate from canine to canine; first incisor the largest of the
three, about
thnv-quarters
as high
as canine, with slightly convex an-
terior outline, and ])osterior outline with shallow notch or shoulder about
half-wav up;
second
and
third
incisors
subequal, simple
in
structure,
witlnnit
any
])osterior
notch, but
a
noticeable
posterior cingulum;
all
three
in( isors hav(^ flattt4\ed internal faces giving anterior and posterior
tutting
edg(»s;
all
are
slightly
procumbent,
the
greatest procumbency
being found
in
tlu^
first incisor: a distinct diastema between incisors and
canines; canint^ double-rooted, large, strong, piercing, much the highest
tooth in the mitire row except
for
first incisor, which approximates
it;
anterior face
flat, with longitudinal groove, well-developed anterior and
post^^rior
cutting
edges:
internal
face
flat,
with
conspicuous
median
longitudinal groove; posterior face slightly convex, a noticeable posterior
uo\ch
at
!)ase of tooth
in
the position
of cingulum;
first two premolars
ANTHONY, MAAUIAL>^ OF PORTO BICO
7;;
subequal, with simple trigonal cusps and poorly developed postero -inter-
nal cingula; third premolar submolariform;,
its single trigonal cusp the
highest
of
molar
series^
with
low^
internal
heel and
postero-externa
I
shoulder;
first two molars subequal^ wdth crown roughly triangular
in
outline^
well-deTelo|X'd protocone and nietacone
as trenchant V-shaped
i'lo.
19.
NeHoi^hontcs
editha'.
Crown views of upper dentition, A, and lower dentition,
B.
X G/1
f'usps; paracone much smaller than
either protocone or metacone^ low
para- and metastyles; third molar
slightly more than half
as
large
as
>^econd, wdiich it closely resembles -except for loss of corner of tooth bear-
nig metastyle ; protocone well developed, metacone not as well developed
as in m^, parastyle present.
11
H<ni:MlFIC HUm KY (IF rORTO RJCO
Lower:
JiK'i!>^<>r?^ not
all present in any
inaiidibles
foiiiid,
but
alveoli
hIiow ttiat the three are small, eloi^ely in coutac.'t and the rows nieetiiio- at
tfie
niaiidibiilar
Hyiiiphysis
;
third
inei.«or
reaching-
about midway
np
(•aninc,
cutting edge
broadly
bilobed and
entire
face
of
tootli
greatly
ex[>anded,
a wide
sniciis down inner
fac(» of incisor; canine strong and
'^IphunicH vditha
.
\'\>ih'V ih'ntiiUm
in
profile.
X 0/1
rniieh higher than any otlier tooth of mandible, with an anterior cutting
edge the outline of which
is convex
; the internal face, passing from apex
to
root, st'cms
io
rotate;
to the rear, so that canine appears as
if twisted
from right to
hd't;
this notation further ex])ressed by appearance of ex-
ternal and
posterior faces of caniiu\
a narrow^ shoulder developed at base
(d*
f)ost(»rior
face;
three
premolars
subequal,
with trenchant triangular
eusps and narrow
Ihh'I
: tliree molars of approximately equal size, all with
high
tuherculo-sectorial
trigoni<l and
l)road,
flat talonid, the protoconid
l)eing the highest cusp.
In a nuindible (No. 17115) showing tnidenees of early maturity wdiat
Hf>pears
to
he the pernunu^it caniiu' can
be seen pushing up against
its
rrnik
predecessor, which
is subpremolariform in shape.
Skulls roih'rhul.—m\
<,f which many are nearly complete, lacking ordy
iui'isors and bvdhv.
Mammies
rolhrled.^V).
t\w
greatcs^t
nund)er
lacking
only
the
in-
Hsors;
also,
a considerable munber of fragnuMitary
skulls and^ami too
badly broken to be
\v<irtli listing separately.
nemaii's.^^T]mH^
speeies
of
the
gt^nus Nemphontes
have
been
de-
svrilml--^ nhf/Hw <d Portn
Rico. iHiaus of (^uba and Ungirosiris, also of
rulm
Edifhne
,s very much larger than either of tlie two Cuban species,
n nM^U^ns
in
the
size
<litference.
there
are
cranial
distinctions which
have been M
fortfi m MM by Anthony
(1919, p. 633).
N
micrus has
the
lirst
antenor
upper
prenu.lar
noticeably
larger
than
the
second,
whereas m
e.hfha.
the anterior upper premolars
are
equal.
N,
lanq\-
jvWn. has
a d.stmct diasteuui between eanine and
first premolar abo;e.
'-*^-'*;"
thc^ two
ant<.rn>r premolars, .nd between
the second and
third
premohu's.
AXTHOW, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
^ i ^
^ c ^
>- X
^ o n
"--^ £ o
o^ g-o „^ ^
G G S O
tN
a; C j:^ G ^
;:
. r
.
-^5 ^ o
t.
Of g
T3 h
o
^__
COQO
.- —
r- j-o t^ CO 'X
»0 CO CD ^o
rococo. CO CO
17116
17117
17118
17119
17120
>C CO -M
iC «C
^ CO rtt Tf CO CO^
•O CD Ci r-1 fM (X
X' l-^ t^ QO OC W
(N (M C^ 05 01 Ol
^ (N CO ^ ^rf
05 Ol (N 04 Ol l^
1^ 1:^ t^ t^ l>- -xt
Oi oi
;D
cr.
•O r^ iO to Ttl O 05
05
'ff(N
»OcC00O4'!tttO
O5C0CO0^IOJO5O5OIC0COC^
05 01 to lO 1^ Tt^ l^
toco
Oi
to T-- »0 CO t^ rft
»0 «0 »0 lO Tt< lO rf
'^rH
CO^'+Tt^Tt^Tt^^rJ^
Tfl CO
t-H
w t^ cc
CO to to O^l
rfi O-l Ol
l>- t^ CO CO to l^ CO
00 00 -*
coi^r^
C3i CO 00
r-i r^ Ci 1-^ CO CO to
cOcOcOcOcO»OcOcOcDcOcO
33
o3
tH
62^
03
1 o S
O o
33
?^ p o p o
55
C0 05X'
o d d o ot'
G
,*_J
03
>i
!;C
0) S^ o
'^ tfc- **-• ^
^
05 rH CO Ol
I- »0 Ol 01 t-H to
Oi Gi G^ a a cc: a Oi Oi cfxXi
QOCiQC Oi
to (M t»-
Tfi CO 05 O^ CO CO »0
rt<lOCO'^Ttlrtl'^'?t<Tflrf
05 Oi
COCO CO
^05 »OrH
CO CO CO CO CO t>
OOO^
Tf Tf^ ^ ^
^^^^^^^
t^XOSOCO'^ COl^XOTt^
2? 2? ^ ^ '^ "^ *"•
OiQiOSOO OOOOr-t t^
O O O -H f-l T-( rH
O O O *-* f-H rH
T--( 1— r-( rH 1-1
i^ t>- tN. !>. i^ r* t>.
t>- 1^ i> t>. In. t>- 1>. fv. i> tN. fs.
U)
SCflLXTIFlC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO
The SkeJeton of Nesophontes edithae
']'1h' scapula
(text Fig, 21)
is long and
lias a breadth equal to about
half
its
Ien<itli.
Tliu spine
is very liigb, the acromion and metacromion
art'
well
(h'velojH-d and
the eoracoid
is very long and strongly curved.
'V\\i' axillary border
is
reflected outward to produce a ridge and a deep
r(Hi<avity
paralltdini^* the spine.
The anterior superior border
is smooth
and regular.
Srn-pnhr
cDiiiirlni.— Parts of seven scapulas, of which three are fairly
well
pn'scrviMl
jifid
afford Ix'twoc^n them
all the diiferent strnctures.
Am Mus No 17155
F{«;-
2t.
<
.
v.'mral aspect
x 5
'2
l/.-,.s.,.v.../..
(,„„i,.,si,..
Of
seapuhP.,
.11
,uale..
Length
over
all.
,;"";-^
''\
';'
""'^''-
'''-'' ^^^^^^ 'M^^^- through Lromion,
1:
fni-
'';';;''^'.^- >-,>ula 1. takou
as u pn.nit.vo tvpe, the Ne.opnontc
M..pnla
,>
.,,.„
tn
I,.,
rath,.,- n,o,v advanced
hi several details
The
re
llf-tion „f
tl... nxilhirv l-onl.T and
tl,,.
..vf,.,.,,,
i
,
,„,,..„:,
,
'
,"
^^t"^"K' development of the acro-
;
Tr" "T ""
'"'""^^ - "- ^''"''"'^^ Bcapula, while
>l..n. >
,nu.l,
d,..,,..r
,n
the ease of AV..o;,AoW...
A elose a^proxi-
AXTHOyY, AIAMMAL>< OF PORTO RIVO
77
ination
to
NcsopJioHtes
is
noted
in
Solenodon.
Proportionally,
Seso-
phontes
lias carried the development of the spine fnrther, and the con-
striction
of
the hodv
of the bone
at
the neck
is mnch more marked.
Xpsophonies does not have the posterior superior border drawn out into
a sliarp pointy
as in Solenodon.
Probably
as
close agreement
is shown
by the (Jrocidura {(U'ocidura nyansae ki'ni) seajnda, where the same de(»p.
])artially enclosed^ infra -spinatus fossa
is found .
The same expansion of
the spine in the acromial region does }iot occur in tlie Croddura scapula.
The Gyrmiura, and
to a
lesser degree the Erinaceus, scapuhi
resend^les
the NesopJtonfes scapula in most of
tlie primiti\e
details.
XesoplwnteR
^.^T
\m
B
XcxopJiontcs
editJur.
Lett Immorus
:
A,
aiitt'rior
a.sjx'ct
;
V>.
intonial
aspect
;
C,
posterior aspect.
X 5/2
'loes not very closely parallel Tupaia in details of the scapula,
altliougli
ihey have the reflected axillary border in common.
The humerus
(text Fig. 22)
of Nesophonfes
is nearly straight, ratlier
"obust, and with
a
cons])icuous
deltoid
ridge.
It
is expanded
distally
ind the shaft above the expansion
is rather slender.
The head
is
large
-nd broadly elliptical in cross-section; the bicipital groove is well marked
tnd the greater and
lesser
tuberosities
are
well
developed.
Moderatc-
ized
entepicondylar
and
supratrochlear
foramina
are
present.
The
'ipinator crest
is an arcuate ridge which extends onto the unex})anded
^I't ft.
There
is
a
conspicuous
swelling on
the
internal
as])ect
of
the
rs
^viESTiFW ^i rm:y or porto Rico
.Ic'lfoid rid^' to Jnark the attachinciit area ot the teres major and
lafi^o^i-
iHHs
iiorni,
//HtHeri rolleeie(l—~\'^^,
iuor>t
ot" them
perfect.
MvdHHntnrnts of Humerm
<>/ NemphiwivH (dhhue
a .....
.
1»
(*
9
f
%
h
\
(ireut«'Ht
length
2(',.l
26
()
27.7
2() 9
20
. S
22.7
2:^
7
22. r.
22
(>
22. r;
(Jreatcst
widtli
distHllv
(>.9
B.S
7 2
7.0
7.2
")
7
6 2
.')
. T)
.>,8
ii
3
I.eaJst
width of
shaft
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
IS
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
Greatest
depth
through
deltoid
ridge
:i.l
8.8
3.5
3.4
3
.
3.3
3.2
2.9
3.1
2 9
Transverse
width of
head from
bieipital
groove*
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.6
3
.
The liunienis of Xrsophonies I)ear8 considerable resembhuice to that of
Solcnodon, but
is
evi^i more primitive than
tlie latter, retaining an un-
.npeeialized
form
and showing
litth'
decided
adaptation
for
a
fossorial
habit.
The SoJenodon hiunenis
is much heavier proportionally, and con-
.sequently
is muth more augidar
in the attachment areas.
The Haitian
animal
hicks
the
suj)ratroehh'ar foramen,
the
head
of
tlie humerus
is
much
more
elliptical
and
the
deltoid
ridge
is
nK)re
greatly expanded.
Hie ditferene(\^
for the most
[)art appear to
})e responsive specializations
to a
f(»ssorial habit.
H(>lationship
in primitive characters is more clearly
shown by
a comparison with Cenlefcs and llemicentetes, where modifica-
tion
by
peculiar environmeid
has
not
idayed
a
part.
The Erinaceus
iiunn rus only appro.xiuuitely resembles that of Xesophontei^ and does not
show as elosc^ a resemblance as the Zalambdodonts cited, but the Gyninura
himierus
bears
a wry
striking
likeness
to
the
Nesophontes humerus.
The arboreal
type*
oi' humerus,
as exem|)liiied by
TujHda, shows such
a
parallelism
with
the
lumu'rus of Xesophontes that
tlie evidence
should
not be passed over lightly.
1Mie Talpids are too highly specialized in the
ror<* limb to give any clues through com])arison, except
it should be noted
tfuit a primitive humerus, miv\\ as that of Nesophorites, has the possibili-
ties
f«u- tlurl^ilpid
specialization.
11ie more primitive condition of the
Soricid humerus, using Croridiun as a type, hears significant likeness
t(»
the Xesophonff's Inimerus.
.LV77/OAl\ MAirUALS OF PORTO RICO
ro
The
ulna
(text
Eig.
2o
)
is
of
the
primitive
pkeeiital
type— long,
slender and
neai'ly straight.
It
is
flat and thin for most of
its length,
witli
a
large, strong oleeranon proeess
wliieh
is
well
ridged
for tendon
Fk;.
'211.
—.\(%^ophonic fi
cdithfv.
ivisht
ulna
:
A,
anterior
asiUH't
:
IJ,
external
asiHH't
;
(',
posterior aspect;
IX
internal
aspect,
X
">
-
attachment.
The sigmoid ea\ity
is ample.
'Iliere are well-defined sur-
faces for
tlie articulation of the
i'a<lin8 and
for
t1ie
i)isif()rm and
cunei-
lorm.
Uhue collected.—33, most of them perfect.
Measurements of Vina
of XcsophonUs
etlithac
Greatest
length
o
1
.
.
25
1
,
25 6
27
1
25
9
23 4
23 3
23 4
22 5
22
1
Greatest
an tero- posted or
width
2.3
2 2
2!?
2.4
2 3
2.2
2 2
1.9
2.0
1.9
Length of ole-
cranon from
horder of sigmoid
cavity
4.0
4.1
4,3
3.9
3.7
3.0
3.3
3
. t)
3.0
3.0
,sn
s('ii:\TiFi(' Sim in of roirro n/co
1'Im'
Scsojfhuiib'H uJna eomi)Hr('s
wtvll with the shrew
iihia, Crocidura,
but tfien;
is raTlier Jiiore speeiatization to be seen in the oh^cranon region
of
tlie
latter.
The
primitive
zahunbdodonts
Centetes,
Eemicentetes,
and
b'ss elosely Soleiiodon and Foicunogcde—show remarkably close simi-
lai-ity to Nesophontes throughout.
The Erinaceus nlna is also sutlieientlv
g<"nrrali/ed to
l)e elosely eompared witli Nesophontes.
The ulna of Gynh
tutra
is
\i)Y\' similar and
tlie greatest diiTerenee seems to be merely in the
riir\(! of the bone.
The ulna
of Tupaia bears out the resemblance
ex-
pj-essed
by
tlie
hituieriis aud
agrees,
iu the main, quite well with Neso-
phonfes.
3
\r.'^t,/thnnff H
'iifiia.
Left
ladius:
A,
antorior
aspoet
;
B,
ext^^^rnal
aspect
(\
posrorioi-
as[)«>(:t.
>(
'>/2
II"'
I'iuhii.
(irxl:
Fig.
21)
is moaenitcly
bowed,
nearly
imiiorm
in
rr„ss-s(.ct,.,n
l!.ro„ul,out,
j„h1
wi'th
a
^.li,crht
distal expansuni.
It has
a
.•ons|,u.u..us
t„i,e,vl,> and
well-,nark,.,l
insertion
areas
for the supinator
MiHl
pronator
mus,.kv.
Tliere
is a
well-defined curve
for
the extensor
l;;nd.Hi. and
ti.e
artienlatin,.
surfaces
„f the
bone,
both proximal
an,!
-Hsta
.
an.
lar.uv.
C.nsidering the small
size
of the
radius,
the muscle
insertion areas are nmisualiy well inarked.
l!,ulii rnUrrlv,].
^><. most of thein
i)i.rfeet.
WTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
g\
Mca.suretnevts of Radius of
.V<%sop/iot*ie« vdithnc
(ilea test length
Tijiiisverse width
jit mid-point
a
;
20.9
i
1.5
h
1
18.7
i
1.2
V
i
18.8
I
1.2
d
20.6
I
1./)
e
i
19.0
i
1.1
9
!
!
f
I
17.1
j
0.9
Centetes and
Solenodon,
while
rather
cloBely
agreeing
with Neso-
j)/( antes as to radii, are not proportionally as well equipped for pronation
and
supination.
Although
the
hones
of
these two
genera
are much
larger^ and therefore should be more clearly marked off for muscle inser-
tion, they are actually smoother than the small radius
of yesophontes.
Erinaceus has a radius
quite
similar
to
that of Nesoplionfes, and
the
Shrew radius (Crocidura and Blarina)
is also similar.
.ilthough
several
ribs
of Nesophontes were
found, mostly from
the
anterior part
of the
series,
it
is not possible
to draw very
satisfactory
deductions from the material.
The ribs are not very strongly curved and
the greatest degrc^e of curving
is at the proximal end.
On some of the
ribs the
tubercle
is
fairly
well
developed,
but on
the
longer
ribs
the
tubercle facet
is wanting or
is undifferentiated from the surface of
tlie
rounded head.
The shaft of the rib
is strong, compressed, but expanded
distally to form a thickened articulation surface for the costal cartilage.
In most cases there is a Avell-marked groove along the shaft.
Ril)s collected,-— 15, most of them perfect.
MeaHuremenh.—Sex indeterminable,
9
(?).
Greatest
h^igth,
third
( ?)
rib, IS.G uim.: nintli (?)
rib, 19.7; greatest breadth of shaft, third
rib,
1.5.
Judging from
tlie curvature
of the
few^
ribs
collected,
the body
of
A cmpliontes must have been deep rather than broad.
In the characters
of
the
ribs
themselves,
considerable resemblance
is shown
to
those
of
^'rocidtira and to Gymnura.
Centetes, as well, should be included in this
'omparison, although
in some
details, such as the more rounded
shaft
'Hid the better-developed tubercle, a decided difference
is displayed.
The
^olcnodon rib
is compressed in a plane at right angles to the plane of
oDvpression
in
the Nesophontes
rib, and
this
is
confirmatory
of
the
! hypothesis that Nesophonies had a det^p body and not a widened-out one
like Solenodon.
i^one
of the other
insectivores examined
have such
a
..,
saffjxTiFic sr iniJY of rouro uico
knoh-like expaBBioo
for
tlie
eo.tal attaclnneots on the
distal end
of the
''^Th,. saenim
(text
Fi,'. To)
is eomposed of three vertebn. and
is nmeh
,M.r at th. .ephaU.
thai,
at
the caudal extremity.
Tlie neural spines
an.
,.ot
fuMMl
lo
forui
a ecmlinuous dorsal
erest and they are not
very
),,.},
Th. r.pha]ie artiridar siirfaoes are of medium size, but the eauda,'
.rnrnhitinns
aro
rath.r
snialL
The
hiteral
borders
eurve
gently
Iron,
.
,1a. to th(. thinl
.aeral
v.rh-ln-a.
The dorsal foramina are very large
,,
^,,,
,,,,t,,u
rnnuniiia
aiv
fair-sized.
In one specimen, probably that
ohi
iu.livi(hial, advaiuvd
fusion
with the
first
cau(hil
vertebra
is
.hnwn.
41ie sacrum shows no rharacters of specialization.
>acm colh'ctciL— T.
.)/.v/.,/;rm../..- Length through centra,
S
1^.8,
9
11.9 mm., breadth
mro.> ahe,
6
^Jl,
9
H:^.
Thr Xrsnphonh's samim
WiuU
its
closest resemblaiu^e m
the sacrum
n, Cruriilnm and others of ihv SiM'icidae, the ]n'oportions of the diiferont
<'in
V\r.,
•_•.'•.
\isrtftfiotifrs
iditlut
.
S;»cniin
:
A,
dorsjil
;i.s|)«m'I
;
11,
Inlornl
asjuH't.
X
4
1
oh'inonts being,
in g<uu'rab simibir.
The sacrum of the primitive zalanib-
ilodonts, Ceniples and lleniirentetes. is decidedly diilferent in the propor-
fi(»n>
of
ih<'
first two
sacral
vertebra^,
Hemicentele^^
resembling Neso-
phtmieH
in
this
resptH't rather more than does CenieicR,
The Solenodov
sacrum,
of
four
vertebra^ and
with
tlie neural
spines fused
to form
;i
eri'st,
18
quite* dissimilar
to the XesophoNfes sacrum.
The Erinaceidar
ha\e (piite a high sat^'um of nearly uniform width and need no
detaile<l
romparisou here.
The sacrum
<d' the ar})oreal Tupaia
is much wider and
of a sirueture widely diil'erent from that of the Porto Eiean
iiisectivor*'
Th«' iuiionuuate bone
(text
Fig.
*^())
is simple and unspecialized.
Tb
•
uiaiu
axis
<d'
tlu» element
is nearly straight.
The ilium
is long, slender
and
trihedral,
exjianding
anteri(U'ly
in
the
transverse
plane,
with
tb'
exteriuil border a symmetrical eurvi*.
The ilium probably does not enb
r
info ihe acetabulum, judging from
a specimen which has been broke
i
and shows
a sutural
{*ontaet.
'I'he articulating surface of the ilium
e
-
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO
83
tends from about the middle of the bone to the terminal fourth.
The
ischium
is laterally compressed, expanding where
it articulates with the
]}ubiS;,
and
seemingly
does
not
have
an
osseous
connection
with
the
IK;.
2<>.
Nesophontes edithw.
Right innominate of adult male:
A,
external aspect;
iorsal
aspect
;
C,
internal
aspect.
I^eft innominate
of
adult
female
:
D,
external
-U^xt.
X 5/2
SI-
SCIENTIFIC SURVEY 01 rORTO RICO
HaeruBK
The ischial Bpiiie
is present and there
is a noticeable roughen-
ing for tendon attachment along the distal portion of the ischium.
The
pnbin
is
flat^ slender and straight for most of
its length, with a slight
inward curvature at the symphyseal region.
Apparently there
is either
very
sliglit fusion of the pubis at the median symphysis or none at alh
Hiiice
the
{'(\^e
of
the bone
has
such
a
small, roughened
area
in
the
symphyseal
region.
The acetabulum
is deep and cup-like, with a wide
cotyk)id notch.
The obturator foramen is a large and roughly triangular
opening.
The contact of the innominate bone with the sacrum occur>
only along the ilia.
fnnominafa collected.—59, a large part are perfect.
MeiiHurvuK'^niH of fimominate Bone of Nesophontcs edithae
(jf reatest
length of
innominate
l>one
:«
<>
3:5.4
Anterior
l)order of
acetabulum
to anterior
end of ilium
Greatest
width
across
ischium
4- pubes
Greatest
diameter
of acetabu-
lum
Greatest
diameter
of obturator
foramen
&
a
.
b
,
.
,
,
c.
19.0
18.9
16.0
16.0
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
9.8
9.3
d
35
1
20.9
32?
18.9
27.1
16.1
27.2
16.3
26,7
15.8
25.7
15.0
24
7
15.0
«*
.-.
^
...
9
f
h.
i.
.
.
j
11.2
12.0
11.0
10.8
7.4
7.7
7.7
6.9
Young
m'
?
k
I.
.
.
t
29.7
:
17.4
2Q 5
lii
w
13.2
^^
8.0
!
'"
'^
'-^
'^
4.1
8.0
I
li.'
i""o.u„>at,>
Ihmu.
„F Xcwphontes most nearly resembles that
of
the
/alHinh,lo.lo.,ts,
Solcnodon.
Ccniete., Ilemkentetes and
Microgah.
Agreement
with
Fot,nnogah
is
less
intimate
because
this
structure
i-
more
ujrhly
s,K...iali.e.l
in
the
latter genus.
The simple characters
..r
*he .IMrerent el..„,e„,s of the pelvie girdle, whieli lack anv of the special-
,xe,l
var,at,o„s
n
forn,
found
in the higher groups of insectivores,
ar.
s„rtK.n>nf
to d>st,ngu,sh
the Ncsoph„,aes innominate from most
of
t!.
ns«.,voru
ontsule
of
the
Zalan.bdodonta.
In
this
respect Ermaccns
Ims ,.rogressed bnt
httle.
if any, past the primitive condition found
n,
y,-.opho,Mu\. ,n the ease of niari.a and Crocidn.a a possible
e.'-
hitum from this condition
is seen.
.LV77/0.\i', 21A.UMALS OF PORTO KIVO
85
The feiiiur (text Eig. 27)
is of a very generalized type with a straight,
-iiiooth shaft of nearly uniform
cross-section from trochanters
to
con-
dyles.
The
well-rounded head represents
fully half of
a
sphere.
The
/jeep constriction at the neck is continuous except at a point on the upper
posterior surface, where the rounded surface of the head terminates ab-
ruptly at the edge of the trochanteric fossa in a Y-shaped ridge.
Both
ureater and lesser trochanters are well developed and almost equal in size.
Tlie posterior intertrochanteric line and the trochanteric fossa are con-
spicuous and well defined.
The third trochanter
is present as a promi-
nent, rounded process on the compressed, external border of the
shaft.
The ccmdylar region
is normal.
The femur of males
is
so much larger
Ki<;.
27.
SemiihitnU.H
iMlithu.
Itight femur
of
adult
male:
A,
anterior
a.sf)eoi
:
<',
Itosterior aspect
; D, internal aspect
; E, external aspect.
Ki^ht femur of adult female
:
B, anterior aspect.
X 2/1.
and heavier than that of females that some of the insertion areas, espe-
i'ially
in
the
region
above
the
intercondylar
notch,
are more
clearly
^hown.
However, there are some of the largest of the femora winch are
very smooth and with very little rugosity at any point.
Femora collected.—144, most of them perfect.
In many details the femur of a male Nesophontes resembles the Sole-
fiodon femur; the disparity in size is great and the femur of the latter is
i'roportionally heavier than that of Nesophontes, but the development of
^he different areas and processes in the two genera
is almost
identical.
^>oth have the rounded surface of the head extended toward the greater
rochanter in a V-shaped ridge, but the head of Nesophontes is notice-
ably the better developed and more restricted at the neck.
Nesophontes
80
SCIENT/FW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
differs
from
Erinaceus
in having
a femur
with
better-developed
tro-
ehaiiters, the third trochanter of the former genus being very small, and
a mo ell deeper trochanteric fossa.
Compared with the femur of a large shrew, Crocidma mjansae Mru,
from
the
Belgian
('ongo,
close
agreement
in
general
structure
is
ob-
serve<l, but
thtj shrew femur lacks the trochanteric fossa and the inter-
troclianteric line so well marked in Nesophontes.
The [emur of Hrnlopin^ has the third trochanter greatly developed and
liigh on
tlie
shiift,
tliereby
differing from Nesophontes, but in the
ap-
jiroximation
of the eonvc^x surface of the head toward the greater
tro-
chanter there is similarity,
The
f<'mur of Xt'snphouirs, because
of
its primitive character, needs
/no comparison with
sucli genera as Rliynchocyon, Macroscelides, Cliryso-
'
rltlori^ and
Tupnin.
In
its generalized characters
it agrees
fairly well
witli any of the primitive insectivore types, the best agreement being with
tile genera dis(;ussed above.
McftHHrciHvntH
of Femur of Kesophontcs fdlthae
Lc!ip;th
Diameter
of head
Greatest
breadth
across
tips of
trocnant(»rs
S.4
Least
width of
shaft
Greatest
width
across
Widtli
across
articular
2S.0
4.0
condyles
surface
•\
2.9
6.7
3.7
h
.
2n.H
3.S
S 2
2.8
6.1
2.9
('
2()
(i
3
7
S
2.7
6.1
3.1
d
2<).2
4
2
s
s
2.9
6.6
3.6
(*
2S
4
I
S
. 5
2.8
6.8
3.9
f
27
\)
3.H
S 2
2.9
6.2
2.9
n.
27 S
4 4)
S 3
3.0
6.6
3.4
h
27
3
7
S
7
2.9
6.1
2.8
i
27
1
3
, S
S
4
2.6
6.4
3.1
j..
2S
7
27
71
23
1
22. n
22 U
22
7
24
5
23
5
22 5
)'>
7
1
1
3 92
2 9
3,1
3.0
3.0
3.2
3
3.2
3 2
3.2
3.2
3.10
S
5
s.io
t>.4
().5
t)
5
<)
4
t>.9
2.9
6.8
3.0
\v<'rMK<'.
2.84
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.0
6.44
3.24
k
!.
.
.
?n
n
o
p
...
5.2
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.7
5.2
5.3
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.7
M
"'!!•!"'"
V
s
23
1
b.o
6 3
2.5
2.3
5.4
5.4
2.7
2.7
<u*^
. o
23 05
6.5
6.52
2.3
5.3
2.5
AvtM'a^jr.
.
.
.
2.39
5.33
2.64
AXTHOyr, MAMMALIA OF PORTO RICO
The tibia (text Fig. 28)
is quite long, being slender and nearly straiglit
tln'oughoiit most of its lengthy with a smooth
sliaft and no speeial inser-
tion areas other
tliaii that tor the
tibialis anticus muscle.
The crest of
the anterior border
is sharp and extensive and there
is
a well-marked
concavity along the onter aspect where the tibialis anticns attaches.
The
tibia has a very
flat ])roximal end with a low median ridge.
The tnber-
ViG.
2S.
XcHopliontcf^
edithw.
Right
tibia
of
adult male
: A/ external
aspect.
Left
iil>ia and
fibula
of adult female:
IJ. antfU'o-extmujl
aspect;
C,
external aspect; D,
pos-
terior
aspect.
X 2/1.
nsities
are normal.
The
facet
for
the
tibnla
is
small,
facing
directly
• lowiiward and not obliquely downward.
The internal malleolus
is long
and
tlie articulating surfaces indicate that the outside keel of the astra-
i^iilus
is much higher than that on the
inside.
The sexual dimorphism
is very marked in the series of tibia.
Tihim collected.-— 123, most of tliem perfect.
SVlKNTlFia .SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
\fcaHurcmrnts of Tihiu
of Nesophontes edithae
h.
.
c.
.
V.
.
i.
.
h..
(Jrcatrst
Least
width
i
width
(Jrcatt'.^t
length
across
|
across
tuber-
!
anterior
osities
aspect
Ave.
3(>.0
33
34
t»
34.4
34
5
33.3
36 2
35
2
34
r,
33.1
34.4t»
7.3
(>.l
6.2
6.5
6
5.9
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.0
().30
1
7
1
5
1
\
1.7
16
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.6
1
57
k
I.
m.
n.
.
o.
.
P
q..
r.
.
Ave.
(ireatest
i
length
28.5
30.3
30.7
31.1
32.1
31.2
30.7
30.7
31.9
31.4
30.86
Greatest
width
across
tuV)er-
osities
4.8
5.2
5.6
5.2
5.0
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.3
5.5
lieast
width
across
anterior
aspect
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
5.27
1.43
hi
tiie eliaraeter of
Hini|)le, .smooth, and slightly curved shaft the tibia
of Xempliontes displays its ])rimiti\e nature.
Among all the Insectivora,
the
retention
<d'
an
equal
degree
of
generalization
is
shown
only
by
Solenoiion, Crnfcfes, llemiernietes and Tupaia.
The IU)ula
H^'xt Fig. 28)
is long, slender and of nearly uniform cross-
section.
The shaft
is very straight, and fusion to the tibia
is so iraper-
feci that the two elemcmts were seldom foimd attached, and close inspec-
tion
is nei^essary to locate the area of fusion at the distal end.
Expansion
of the shaft at
l)otli proximal and distal ends
is moderate.
The grooves
for tendon passage at the distal end are well developed.
Fihukr coJIfcfaL—^^ only one perfect.
}fmsureinpffts.~~- S
:
total
length,
29 mm.;
cross-section
at
a
mid-
point,
I by
.9 mm.
The
fibula
of Xesophonies, being
almost
free from
the
tibia, needs
littk» eom|>arison with most of the insectivore genera.
As in the case of
the
tibia, the
closest agreement
in
this primitive condition
is found
in
the members of the (Vntetoidea, Solenodo7i, Cenfefe.^, Hemuenfefes and
in
TufMiin.
The
vertel»ral column
is represented by comparatively few
vertebrjr.
and hence cannot be described in
detail, although
a few vertebrae from
each series are present.
In most of its characters the column appears to
he primitive.
The atlas is of good size proportionally, with ample articu-
lating surfaces and a well-developed, tubercle for the longus colli muscle.
The axis has a robust spine, higher than broad, large cephalic articulat
ing surfaces, peg-like transverse processes, and a strong median ridge
oi
ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RWO
81)
the ventral surface of
tiie centrum, which gives
tlie
posterior aspect of
the centrum
a subtriangular appearance.
The
available material
indi-
cates that the anterior cervicals
are normal.
There
is no trace
of the
dorsal spine on the few cervicals found.
The sixth cervical has the three
branches of
the
transverse
process
w^ell
developed,
the
costal
element
large and with an almost straight, ventral border.
One of the first of the
thoracic series
is very short, with slender dorsal spine and well-marked
articulation
for the rib tubercle, but most of the thoracic
vertebrae are
too fragmentary to describe.
The lumbar vertebrae are large, with well-
formed processes and articulations.
The dorsal spine
is restricted to the
anterior half of the vertebra because of the narrow, Y-shaped indentation
wliich runs forward between the two caudal
articulations.
The dorsal
spine
is
low and
forwardly
inclined.
The
caudal
vertebra,
wdiich
is
identified as that of Nesophontes,
is a simple, rod-like element, with the
h^ngth equal to about twice the diameter.
Vertehrw
collected,—Atlases,
2;
axes,
4;
cervicals,
2;
thoracics,
2;
umbars, 5: caudals,
1.
.Measurements
of Vertchrw
o.f Nesophontes edifhae
Atlas
Axis
Cervical
(sixth)
Thoracic Lumbar
Caudal
lipnft'th of centrum
& 7.3
9
6.5
& 3.2
9
2.4
d^i5.2
6.0
(heater transverse
l)readth.
0^11.
5
911.3
o^ 8.8
9
...
cf'10.5
9
S.6
d^ 7.0
2.8
The vertebral column of Nesophontes, as a whole, does not closely re-
semble that
of any other of the Insectivora.
In most
details
it comes
closest to Crocidura and Centetes.
The Crocidiom column has the atlas
very
similar, except for
a longer tubercle;
the axis has a wider dorsal
^pine; the
cervicals are very similar to those of Nesopkontes and have
'uit \ery low dorsal spines; the thoracics have a low spine, but otherwise
^Hry somewhat from Nesophontes; the lumbars have the same indenta-
tion between
the
posterior
articulating
surfaces,
but
are
rather more
s|H'cialized
on
the
ventral
surface;
the
caudals
are
similar
in
nature.
^ entetes agrees with Nesopltontes in the characters of the axis, the cervi-
''ds
(except
for
the presence
of a pronounced
dorsal
spine), and
the
^ln)racics, but only partially in the hunbar region and not at
all in the
'Hudal
series.
Erinaceus, Gymnura and Solenodon
all have
primitive
' <'^tebral
characters resembling Nesophontes, the
greatest resemblances
1>0
SVIEXTIFW HUIiVEy OF PORTO RJCO
Ix'ii)^- found
ill the
corvieals, where^ however^ the dorsal spine
is found
ill every
ease.
The specialized Tupaia
lias marked resemblances in the
Inu-spiued tlioracies and the
postc^riorly forked liimbars.
Summarv
of the Principal
(Characters of Nemphontes edlthae
1. The skull is primitive in chara(;ter—elongate, tubular, slightly con-
si ri(.'ted interorbitally
(hence with large olfactory chamber), lacking an
ecto|)terygoid fossa, possessing large infraorbital foramen, large foramen
magnum, incomplete zygomatic arch, ju'ominent himbdoid crest and low
sagittal crest.
2. The mandible has a curving ventral outline, a high coronoid, well-
<h'velo|>ed angular
|)rocess and mandibular condyle with
transverse
ex-
f)ansion and backwardly directed articulation.
:>.
Tlie dentition lacks only a premolar above and below of being the
full, |)rimitive, plact^ntal set of 44.
The milk dentition is well developed,
the milk
incisors persisting
into
early maturity.
The
incisors
are not
highly
si)ecialized,
the upper
canine
is
two-rooted and
large,
the
pre-
molars
ai'e of the s(*ctorial type, and the molars have the high Y-shaped
cusps above
(protocone, nietacone and paracone), the tuberculo-sectorial
trigonid and talonid below.
I. The hnmerus
is nns|)eciali/ed, retaining
its normal form and with
hirge entepii'ondyhii- and snpratrochlear foramina.
5.
11ie iihia and radius are slender and nnspecialized.
il The innominati^
in noj-mal in
its development.
The ilium
is long,
slender and trihedral, the ischia
liave well-developed spines and are well
s«»j)arated, and the {nd)ic el(>nu»nis do not coah^sce at
tlie symphysis.
T. The femur has the
tliird
troehanter and a well-developed intertro-
chanteric line.
8. The
tibia and
libnla,
are
se|)arate,
slight
ossification taking
place
distally.
i).
Tlie
V(»rtebra» lack any specialization.
\esophrn,fps
is
wi^lely separated from any of the existing families
of
msectnores, Imt be(^ans(> of its excetMlingly ])rimitive structure agreement
ni a lew eluiracters
is
f(,nnd with (.ich family.
No living insectivore ha<
such an
assenddagc^ of generalized characters and the gap between auv
nf them and ^ esopkonffs
is apparently very great.
A number of characters link the Nesopl.ontid^e' with the Centetoidea.
1 he general form of the skull with elongate rostrum, nearlv full primi-
tive dentition
tritubereular molars, absence
of jugal, large infraorbital
foramen,
fused
nasals, completely ossified palate and non-inflated brain
ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO
111 CO
\)\
case^ indicate a degree of relationship with Such forms
as Ccntetes and
Solenodon.
Nesophofites, however,
is even more
primitive
than
these
o-enera, not
onl}'
in details of the skull but in the skeleton,
llie proto-
cone in the Nesophontes mohir is a ver}' important cusp of large size and
has not begun to suffer from the reduction and subordination shown in
living centetids; the incisors and canines bear the primitive relationship
to each other and the skeleton in general
is more primitive.
Nesophontes
was
undoubtedly
of more
primitive
habit
than
those
zalambdodonts to which
it bears the closest resemblances
Solenodon and
CeivteteH.
The skeleton shows none of the fossorial ada|)tati()ns of Soleiio-
(lon, and
the only developments
aside from
the purely
terrestrial
are
arboreal.
The forearm shows marked powers
of pronation and supina-
tion, and, when taken in connection with the unthickened shafts of the
bones, this faculty could have found expressio]i, seemingly, only when the
animal climbed.
Perhaps
it was both terrestrial and arboreal, or semi-
arboreal, for only on this hypothesis can the fundamentally generalized
skeleton be accounted
for.
The surprising parallelism with Tupaia
in
the characters of the humerus, ulna, tibia and vertebrae
is significant in
this connection as to an arboreal habit.
NesopJiontes agrees with the
tupaioid,'^ erinaceoid and soricoid forms
oidy in the very primitive characters.
Gymnura has such a generalized
skeleton that many resemblances are noted when the skeleton
of Neso-
phontes is compared with it; this
is true of Erinaceus to a lesser degree.
In its primitive type of skeleton with arboreal specialization, Tupaia
shows unexpected
similarities
to Xesophontes.
In
skull
characters
tho
differences are profound.
Of the soricoid forms, the Talpidae are so highly specialized in many
l)articulars that resemblance to NesopJiontes
is very remote.
Of the dif-
ferent genera,
the Old World Talpa presents
the
closest agreement
in
characters of dentition, the only part of the
skeleton
that may be con-
sistently compared.
The agreement consists in the relation of canine to
incisors and the well-developed metacone.
Differences equally important
ure the reduced protoconc and well -developed paracone of Talpa, as con-
trasted with the reverse condition in Nesophontes.
The Soricidae, as far as their characters have been unchanged by spe-
«'ialization, have many skeletal characters in common with Nesophontes.
^hmg large species of Crocidura as bases of comparison, agreement was
' For
thf
sake
of
complftencss,
llio
]\rfnotyphla
wero
comi)arfMl
with
Nesophnntes,
'iihousii tbore can
1)o no
(loubt that Nesoplioiitcs
is a true
inseetivore in
the
restricted
^ense.
in
S(lj:XTfF/C SURVEY OF PORTO RICO
fiaiml
in
the
i'ollowiiig cliaraeters :^ the shape of the scapula^ the devel-
opment of the s})iiK'-aeromion complex and the deep infraspinons fossa;
Hk* ulna and radios; the hiimeriis; the sacrum; the vertebrae; the ribs.
Trie dentition,
es|)ecially the incisor-canine
series^
is very highly devel-
()|>cd in the shn'ws, but in the procumbent upper incisors and the bilobed
lower incisors of
Xc.^ijphonies a possi!)le step in the direction of soricid
sfXHtializatiou
is
seen, and there
are marked resemblances
in the molar
crowns.
Crociihira has a high metacone and reduced paracone very sim-
ilar to Nesophonh's.
I'he shrew protocone, however,
is greatly rednced
and
tlie molar
has
mhltH]
a
[lostero-intcTual
spur not found
in Neso-
phontcH.
'\'\w
l>est agreenH>nt between Crocidura and Nesophontes
is in
the following skull characters:
the wide separation of postglenoid process
nnd
})eriotic, the lack of outgrowths from the alisphenoid and basisphe-
rio!<{ to form
pnrt
of the bulla, the ring-shaped tympanic, the position of
the
foranu'n
ovale
bcivve<^n
the
postglenoid
process and
the
pterygoid
wiu^
of the
alis[)henoi(l. the glenoid cavity opening forward instead of
• lowriwani, the elongate
basi(a'anial region, the greatly reduced anterior
and posterior zygomatic roots, the optic foramen opening into the sphen-
orhital
fissure
in
Xr.^ophotifrs
(confluent with
it in Crocidura) and the
posterior mental foramcMi situated beh>w pm.j.
Fn.m
th(* lieptictichie, Xr.wphonirs (Mv.v^ radically, some of the main
diU'erences
being
i\w
{H)sses>.ion
in
this
family
of
' four
premolars,
as
against thnv in Xrsnp/fonh'.^ : the prcNsence of a well-developed zygomatic
arch,
the
unfused
juisals
and
the much
broader,
heavier
skull,
with
prominent lateral
longitu<linal crests.
It
will be
s<.>n from
tlu.^ foregoing ])aragraplis that the N-esophontidae
!s a very W(dl circuniscrilxMl family and
is not immediately related to the
other
insect ivore
families.
Because
of the undeveloped
possibilities
in
Its structure,
the
l><>rto
Kican animal might be near the line of descent
of several of the nuxlern
families.
On the one hand, Solenodon or Cen-
Irh's might have .volve<l fnun
su(^h a primitive ancestor as Nesophontes.
^;'"^''
7\^^'^^
^^^^»^^''
^^^^'^^1
the
possibility that
the
Soricidae might have
descendc.l
from
an
i.xvh
nesophontid
must
not be
overlooked.
Neso-
Phnnirs
IS such a type as might well be looked for in the Eocene and
its
persistence down
into
th<^
late Pleistocene or early Eecent may be
ex-
1 amed
by
its
msular
isolation.
If
this interpretation
of
its
relation-
ships
u; placed upon
A..o/>/.^
it implies a related ancestry for the
li'^ittt^n!
"^"""'^"^-"-^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ady suggested by Leche
.v::!:^:.::'"^^
^"^
'^-'''"^'^ -^
'^
^'^^
^'-"-^^^^^-^
-^ ^^^
<^^f^^rent
..elotal elements
of
xyTHoyy, mammal;^ of roirro Rico
9:]
Skeletons of the following species have been available for comparison
with NesopJiontes:
Tv/pam speciosa
Macroscelides rozeti
Rhynchocyon
claudi
(rymnura rafffesii
Erinaceus europaeus
Sorex personatus
Blarina hrevicauda
(^rocidtira nyansae kivu
(-rocidura riibicunda f
yfyogale moseha fa
Talpa europa ea
Scalopus aquaticu.'^
Fotamogale velox
Solenodon paradoxus
Oentetes ecaudatiis
ITemicenteies semispinosus
Ericulus
felfairi pallescens
ryzorycies
fetradactylus
Microgale dohmni
Chrysochloris frevelyani
Status
of the Family NESOPHONTIDAE
The
difficulty in determining the relationships of the Nesophontidae
hes not so much in establishing the validity of the grou]3 as a family, but
rather in finding other families
of insectivores enough
like
it to claim
affinity.
The characters which set the N"esophontidae apart are obvious,
but the resemblances with other insectivores are not so patent, except for
the many primitive characters whereby similarity may be found, to some
degree, with practically any of the insectivore gTOups.
The position in which I placed the iSTesophontidae in my description
of the family (1916), rather nearer to the soricoids than to the zalamb-
dodonts, was not accepted by Dr. G. M. Allen
(1918,
p. 135), who be-
lieves that the true condition is the reverse.
Dr. Allen advances comparisons which give strong support to his con-
tention, and I freely grant that there is a deep gulf between the primitive
Nesophontes and the highly specialized Soricidae or Talpidae;
so,
also,
is there a great gap between Nesophontes and Solenodon, to bridge which
Dr.
Allen
presupposes
special
development
of
the
generalized
Neso-
pkonte>i condition
to evolve the present-day Solenodon
condition.
The
profound changes which would develop a Solenodon from a nesophoiitid
would
also
carry
a
nesophontid
well
into
the
soricid
stage,
if
along
>^lightly different lines.
The main difference in
i\\e two comparisons
is
that the Soricidae are very highly developed as we find them today
(witli
respect, to some features of skull and dentition), whereas the zahunbdo-
<lonts
re|)resent
a more
primitive
stage.
However,
the
zalambdodont
'lentition
appears
as
early
as
the
Basal
p]ocene
in
Palaeorycies
of
Matthew (1913, p. 309).
Gregory
(1910, p. 2()8), writing of the evolu-
tion of the Centetoidea, says
:
Hinet* the common
orij^in of the Centetoidea
and
Eriiiaceoidea seems
well
assured, from the evidence cited on pai^e 26<>, Ave nnist ])elieve that most of
tl»('
1)1
SCII'JXTIFIC siR\f]Y OF PORTO RJGO
H|M'rijil
(k'liretid
charjictcr.s above enumerated,
except possibly
the
V-shaped
Iir<»ro<oiie of the
upi)er molars, the hiek of a hypoeouid, and the position
of
the rMJSterior iiKnitai foramen, liave been acquired by the Centetidae after they
b^'canie separ-ated from
(lie foi'ermuiers of the Erinaceoidea.
Ttie date of this separation can at present only be determined witliin very
wide
limits.
It was
certainly
not
later than the Lower Eocene,
for
in
the
IvKnnie and Oligocene
the family
Leptictidae had already become Erinaceoid
in many cinuacters, wdiile
liy the time of the Louver Oligocene the Zalambdo-
donts had <ll(f(»rentiated into (lirysochlorids
(p. 258) and Centetids
{Apterno-
dns,
p.
2r>*)>, the Solenodontida<' also possibly being represented by Micropter-
HinlUH
(p.
2.11)).
As
to the lower linnt for
th(» date of separation, there
is
still less to guide
US.
If
the
Fotanufffale upper molar be more primitive than
the Microgale
molar,
thc^n the nun-phologicai gap between the Microgale and presumably
thr^
Aptrrnodiis njolar on
tlie one lian<l and the Ictops molar on the other is very
profound, and
tlie separate phylogenetic lines representing the Leptictidae and
tlu» Centetidae would have
to
be
i>rolonged back very far before they would
run together.
If, on
th<' contrary
(as seems on the whole more probable), the
MUnHjaU' molar
is
the prindtive Centetid
type, then the principal
difference
b<'tween
It
and
the more prindtive htopH molar
lies in the reduction of the
l»anMM.ne and soim^times its fusion with the parastyle.
In that case the lower
lindt
for
tin* separation
of the
I'^rinaceoids and Centetoids might perhaps be
tlic Basal Eocene or l'pp(»r Cretaceous.
('oiiHcqiuvptly,
if
the
zalanibdocloiit molar was
derived from
a
neso-
phoritid molar the development must have taken place at a very remote
time.
Dr. Matthew writes of the zalambdodoiit molar in his report on
Palaeon/rh's:
^'that
it
has
])r()bably,
although
not
certainly,
passed
through
a
m»rnial trituhercular
stage
in
its evolution"
(1.
c,
p.
313).
T\u>
sanie
author,
writing
in
1009 on
the
Insectivora
of
the Bridger
I^asin, page olM, says:
Whatever
thcMiretic views may be held as to the ultimate derivation of the
ddambdochmt
from
the zalambdodont type of molar, or vice
versa, the
fact
renmlns
that
in Mesozoic as
in modern times the two were entirely
distinct,
and
that there
is
n<. direct evidence
for the derivation of any dilambdodont
tandlies of instn-tivora from zaiambdodont ancestors.
The Oligocene zalamb-
d<Mlonts may
or
nn.y
not
l»e
related
to
the
ChrysocWoridae.
Centetidae
or
Noleno^huitidae,
but
thc^y
are not
related
to the
Talpidae,
Soricidae,
Leptic-
tibiae, etc., and shotdd not be placed even provisionally in any of these famUies.
While
this nuiy be taken
io show the antiquity of the distinction bo-
Hveen the zaland>do<h>ut and the dilambdodont dentition,
it has bearing
nn
the
a hn,t,es
oi Xesopho.ie. only in
so far
as
to point ont the im-
pn
m!>.lity ot a transition from the nesophontid n.olar to the Solenodo.
HHdar
in the
p^runl sim.
the Eocene.
I have conceded
earlier
in mv
discussion
of ^e.opho,U. the
|>ossibilitv of evolving a Solenodon from
ANTHONY, J/IJ/J/ ILaS' OF PORTO EICO
<)5
a Xesoplionfes,
as far
as structural data
is concerned.
Palioontological
data
indicates
that
sncli
structural changes^
if they took
place
at
all.
transpired
before
the
Eocene.
Since Nesophontes
is
so
well
dift'eren-
riated from the zalanibdodonts on the one hand and the dilambdodonts
on the other, it becomes more or less a question as to whether the hypo-
thetical molar change
of
the unknown pre-Eocene should outweigh an
a|)])arent (although ])ossibly unreal)
affinity to the Soricoidea molar.
Willie I have tried to show that the zalanibdodonts, as far back as they
liave l)een discovered, are
still far removed from nesophontids,
it might
he said with almost equal force that the same is true of the earliest known
soricids and
talpids.
They,
too,
are
well
specialized
families
at
their
(^arliest appearance, although in their case the record does not go back to
the Basal Eocene.
In making tlie assumption that the line of descent of
the Xesopliontidae inclines toward the side of the Soricidae, I have pic-
tiuHHl the primitive soricid as combining, to a greater or less degree,
tlie
])rimitive
skeleton
of the present-day
shrew" with the more
generalized
(h^ntition
(as
compared
with
the
Soricidae)
of
the
moles.
I
would
(pialify my
earlier use of the term
Soricidae
(Anthony, 1916,
p. 728)
and employ now Soricoidea, in order to better include an ancestral form
witli generalized dentition and skeleton.
Tlie
Eo<*eiie talpoid forms are probably related
to either moles
or shrews.
but probably they combined the more primitive dentition
of the moles with
the more primitive skeleton of the shrews, and may have lacked certain pro-
u^jessive features common to both families.
(Matthew,
1909,
p. 508.)
Tlie Talpidae seem to be linked ancestrally with the Soricidae through the
primitive genera,
Mi/ogalc,
Urotrichus and
Uropsiltis, the
first of wiiich
ap-
proaches the typical
Talpidae, while
the
last
is
shrew-like
in almost
every-
thing except
its dentition.
(Gregory, 1910,
p. 265.)
The Talpidae and
Soricidae have very
i>robably diverged from a connnon
>^tom. the
typical Talpidae having acquired high
fossorial
specializations
in
the limbs, while the Soricidae have developed a very peculiar and highly modi-
M(m1 antemolar dentition.
(Gregory, 1910,
p.
2()»*5.)
lint the numerous resemblances cited abov(\ as well as certain generalized
<<'ntetoid features of NecrolesteH, seem only to warrant the inference that the
^teni form
of the
Soricoidea
(which was
doubtless not
yet
mole-like
in
its
liml)s)
is related to the stem of the Centetoidea on the one hand and
to the
^teni of the Krinaeeoidea on the other,
((rregory, 1910,
p.
20(».)
To sum up, the choice of affinity
lies between the Zalambdodonta and
iHe Dilambdodonta, ami accordingly
as the various characters of Neso-
I'liontes are given weight
tlie liypothetical line
of descent of the
IS^eso-
'liontidae may be diverted toward the one or the other.
If the
differ-
'i^'es bet\\'een Nesop]io7ifrs and Solenodoii—for example, such
as
tlie dif-
1M;
S(IESTIFIV ^UllVFA' OF PORTO RICO
fereiiee between the tliree-eusped W molar pattern of the former and the
riMJiieed two-cusped V pattern of the latter—do not outweigh the resern-
l)hinee8, such as '*the shape of the skull, the incomplete zygomatic arch,
the long, tabular ro.^trum, early fusion of the nasals
(also in Soricidae).
the slight inflation of tlie frontal region, large foramen magnum, promi-
nent lambdoid and
low
sagittal
crests,
the tooth-formula,
the
double-
roote<l upi)er canine, and the transversely expanded mandibular condyle"
{ii. M. Allen, 1918, p. ]*5o), which are, for the most part characters held
in common by
all
|u-imitive
insectivores, then the
iSTesophontidae must
have closer
affinities %vith the Zalambdodonta than with the
Soricoidea
or- any
otlier snperfamily of the Insectivora characterized
as dilambdo-
dont.
nowev(»r,
if the sjjecialized features of the Soricoidea may be consid-
«'red as a later development obscuring the true primitive condition, then
serious consideration must be given to such agreement in characters
be-
imnnx NcHophontes and
Tal])a as an identical fundamental arrangement
of
primitive cusps
(modified
to
different degrees, but present
in
both
( ases), similarity in position of posterior mental foramen (under the last
[u-emolar
in Nmrphontes. approaching
that
condition
in
Talpa),
and
upper canines in
tlie same stage of development, double-rooted and with
nornuil
relation
to the tooth-row in both genera.
Other genera
of the
S(,ri(H)idea--~-f'ror;W///Yf, for example—are like Nemphontes in the follow-
ing
nvspiM'ts:
high metaeone and reduced
paracone, wide separation
of
postglenoid
]n•oc<^'^s and
])eriotic, no part of the alisphenoid or basisphe-
n<ud
forming
])art
of
thi^
bnlia,
ring-shaped tympanic, foramen
ovale
betwccMi
i)o.stglenoid process and pterygoid wing of alisphenoid, glenoid
cavity opening forward instead of dowiiward, elongate basicranial region.
n.Uwvd nnterior and
]>ost(»rior zygonnitic roots and optic foramen open-
ing into the maigm
of
tlie sphenoi.lal
fissnrc.
From the fore-oing
it
may be arguc.l that the Xesophontidae have reasonable claims
for inclu-
sion
in the
D.laml.lodonta rather than
tlie Zalambdodonta.
Tt mav
be
overemphasizing these resemblances to inchuh. the IsTesophontidae in
the
same snperiamily with the Snricidae and th. Talpidae.
For that reason,
and
because
ot
<mr
present
inadecpiate knowledge
of
Tertiary
Insect!-
v<.ni.
f..l
that
a
definite statement
as
to the immediate status of
th.
Nesophontidae partakers, more or less, of the nature of a guess.
I believe.
Imwever
hat we niav expect to
lin<] the ancestors of the Xesophontid.c
''
'^'r
<^^^^^^^^Mn.\.nt
rather
than
in
th. zalambdodont
section
of
th^
lns(»('tivora.
Pa CMS
sE.\n 'Mm
!X,
I'l.ATi:
VI
:;litfHi
^
IX.
1*1.ATE XI
; i/i.
I'iy-.
:;;,,
:u.,
JX.
Pl.l'l L
Xi
i6c
•"\
|6b
iii 6c
8
I
93
1
10|
Ml2a
|l1a
11b|
13a
13b
^3c
Il7a
ai7b
17c
5
1
4*
ii
20 cT
2oir
^
'
ZZ
A
1
1^.
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