I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I lo I /D-d.55 
ABERG 
n 
r l-a r n 
k. 
. J hn, 
\\'1ch 
Hntl\\ 1>f 
mnbutm=-
1L 
\ "1rhin 
hl.nn.1lll~ll110ri 
1sn-l 
nr 1. _ 
I 
CE I 
·J 
United States Department of the Interior 
IN REPLY REFER TO: 
March 6, 2002 
Dear Colleague: 
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
Southeast Regional Office 
Atlanta Federal Center 
1924 Building 
100 Alabama St., S.W. 
Atlanta, Georgia 30303 
I 
We are pleased to enclose a copy of"An Updated Survey of the Annaberg Factory 
Complex, Virgin Islands National Park." Based on archival research in Danish archives 
and field work, the study contains much new information on this important resource 
within the National Park. The study is part of the Cultural Resource Stewardship 
division's ongoing efforts to survey and document cultural resources within the 
southeastern National Parks. 
Sincerely, 
Kirk A. Cordell, 
Chief, Cultural Resources SttwVardship 
~ 
Enclosure 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
The nuns ( ch on e 
. Bui to fully 
loo b 
umcnl to 
time 
hen 
er c nt 
ind unp runcc f dus itc, It IS nK=n' m 
md explore the c mp! 
aprsuy ofhn!s :and~ clut r=rlt this 
ot 
hwnan henu c. F r amidst th c crurnbL.n 
:i uruquc md cloqucu m nument to our comm n 
ills cch a mulUtudc o v 1c , :and each has its o n 
•di.cnn 1un lcs 
en, on ii c d 
talc to ell. For 
me. the t 
crs. u 
U'\S on these very hoces. 
ought 
The Im) ~- Ou.NI onl 
. mdured. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
··---
·-·----
ANNABERG 
An Updated Survey of the Annaberg Factory Complex 
Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, USVI 
With Overviews of Contributing Sites Within The Annaberg Historic District 
Researched, written, and compiled for the National Park Service 
by David W. Knight 
Virgin Islands Historical & Genealogical Resource Center, 20Cll 
Funded through a cooperative agreement between the 
Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Park Service 
This report would not have been possible without 
the able assistance of the following individuals: 
Laurette de T ousard Prime, Archival Research Associate and Primary Editor 
Terry & Chuck Pishko, Editors and Field Survey Assistants 
George F. Tyson, Danish West Indies Resource Consultant 
Paul E. Olsen, Chief Consultant Danish National Archives 
Palle Sigaard, Danish West Indies Archive Consultant 
Gary T. Horlacher, Danish, Norwegian, and German Translator 
Gabrielle La Place, French Translator 
Lief C. Larsen, Danish Translator and Resource Consultant 
Douglas V. Armstrong, Archaeological Consultant 
Henry B. Hoff, Danish West Indies Genealogical Consultant 
Per Nielsen, Danish West Indies Genealogical Consultant 
Karen Munk-Nielsen. Danish Archives Research Assistant 
Jessica Bishop & David Knight Jr., Field Survey Assistants 
Special thanks to Bob Blythe 
of the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office in Atlanta 
and Rafe Boulon, Ken Wild, and Lori Lee 
of the Virgin Islands National Park on St. John 
Cover photograph: Carl and Amy Francis pose with their son Earl in front of their home 
in "Francis' Castle" (the old Annaberg windmill tower) circa 1916 
(Royal Library Photograph Collection, Copenhagen, Denmark) 
II 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
SURVEY METHODS AND OBJECTIVES 
In accordance with a National Park Service contract dated November 10, 2000, historian 
David W. Knight and resource specialist Laurette de T. Prime, of the Virgin Islands Historical & 
Genealogical Resource Center (VIH&GRC), assisted by independent contractors, volunteers, and 
NPS personnel, conducted a cultural resource survey of the Annaberg Historic District in the 
Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, United States Virgin Islands. The objective of the survey 
was to update all existing data on the district, as well as to locate and document any previously 
unidentified sites, structures, collections, reports, publications, or primary archival materials that 
could contribute to a greater understanding of the history of the district for interpretive and 
management purposes. 
Over the course of the survey, numerous site visits and ground reconnaissance missions 
were mounted in an effort to thoroughly canvas as much of the district as possible. During this 
phase of the project, previously identified cultural resources were inspected and verified against 
existing documentation. Newly located resources were documented and recommendations made 
for their inclusion in the district. Contemporary and historic maps, land survey documents, and 
aerial images were also scrutinized at this time, and a number oral interviews carried out. 
The archival research phase of the project began with the identification and review of 
many thousands of pages of primary documents, a large number of which were photocopied or 
microfilmed for translation and further interpretation. Among the archives utilized were the 
Danish National Archives (Rigsarkivet), United States National Archives II, British Public 
Records Office, and the von Scholten Collection. Additionally, records held in government 
repositories throughout the Virgin Islands, such as the Office of the Recorder of Deeds and 
Office of the Tax Assessor were likewise accessed. Published sources, photographs, and 
illustrations were gathered from a variety of sources that included both private and public 
collections, among them being the Danish Royal Library, British Library, Boston Public Library, 
Barbados Historical Society Library, St. Croix Landmarks Society Library, Enid M. Baa Library, 
and the National Park Service repository on St. John. 
,, 
I 
Table of Contents 
Foreword 
Page 1 
I 
Historical Background 
Page 5 
I 
Introduction to The Annaberg Historic District 
Page 11 
Section 1: The Isaac Constantin Plantation, circa 1721 - 1779 
Page 13 
• 
Section 2: Estate Annaberg, circa 1779 - 1956 
Page 19 
• 
Sugar Production on Estate Annaberg, 1722 - 1867 
I 
Historical Context 
Page 27 
Industrial Development and Sugar Production 
I 
on the Isaac Constantin Plantation, 1722 - 1736 
Page 29 
The Transitional Period, 173 7 - 1797 
Page 33 
I 
James Murphy's Expanded 
Annaberg Factory Complex 
Page 34 
I 
Nineteenth Century Modifications 
To The Annaberg Factory Complex 
Page 42 
How Sugar Was Made At The Annaberg Factory 
Page 44 
I 
An Updated Survey Of 
The Annaberg Factory Complex 
Page 47 
I 
Contributing Features Associated 
With The Annaberg Factory Complex 
Page 53 
I 
Section 3: The Annaberg School House, circa 1847 -1861 
Page 83 
I 
An Updated Survey Of The Annaberg School 
Page 87 
I 
Section 4: Betty's Hope and the 
Francis Boiling House, 1723 - 1874 
Page 89 
I 
Section 5: The Mary's Point Plantation, 1721 - 1774 
Page 93 
Section 6: The Annaberg and 
I 
Leinster Bay Estate House, 1797 - 1916 
Page 95 
Section 7: The Annaberg and 
I 
Leinster Bay Cemetery, 1808 - 1821 
Page 98 
Section 8: The Leinster Bay 
Industrial Complex, circa 1797 - 1899 
Page 100 
I 
Section 9: The Leinster Bay 
Guard House, circa 1838 -1848 
Page 103 
I 
I I 
I ·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Additional Sites Associated The Annaberg Historic District 
1 B: The Anna berg and Leinster Bay Gift Lands 
2B: The Mary's Point Watch House 
3B: Estate Brown Bay 
4B: Estate Munsbury 
A Summary Of The Annaberg Historic District 
Finding Balance; Slavery And Resistance At Annaberg 
The Case of Joe Popp 
The Mass Desertion of 1840 
The George Francis Story 
Bibliography 
Primary Sources 
A Select Bibliography Of Articles, Reports, And 
Published Sources With References To Estate Annaberg 
Appendix 
Page 106 
Page 108 
Page 108 
Page 109 
Page 110 
Page 115 
Page 116 
Page 118 
Page 120 
Page 125 
Page 129 
Page 133 
Page 135 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I -I 
I 
I 
I 
T p: I 
I ii frum l 
om 
\holm m p, I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Atlantic Ocean 
ToPurtollko 
11 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS I 
FOREWORD 
Centered at approximately 18° North latitude and 65° West longitude, in the extreme 
northwest portion of the Caribbean island chain commonly referred to as the Leeward Islands, the 
Virgin Islands effectively represent the demarcation point between the Greater (to the west) and 
Lesser (to the east and south) Antilles. Mostly volcanic in origin, the one hundred or so islands, 
islets, cays, and rock outcroppings that form the Virgins are divided into three basic groups: the 
Spanish Virgin Islands, situated directly east of the United States Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 
of which they are a part; the United States Virgin Islands, lying east of the Spanish Virgin 
Islands; and the British Virgin Islands, lying roughly to the north and northeast of the U. S. 
Virgi11 Isla11Js. 
The primary focus of this report is a geographical land district located within the 
boundaries of the Virgin Islands National Park on the island of St. John in the U. S. Virgin 
Islands, known as Estate Annaberg, #9 in the Maho Bay Quarter. This parcel began as a modest 
150 (Danish) acre agricultural land grant, formally deeded to a French Huguenot refugee, Isaac 
Constantin, by the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company on April 27, 1723 (see Section 1, 
Page 13). Over the course of the first century of its existence, the boundaries and acreage 
associated with this property were shifted to such an extent that it is difficult to accurately 
Page 1 
ascertain the bounds of the early colonial land grant. It is apparent, however, that the imposing 
ruins of the Annaberg sugar factory complex -- now stabilized and maintained by the NPS, and 
currently proposed for National Historic Landmark status -- do indeed stand within the limits of 
the original Constantin holding; but they do not represent the first plantation complex 
constructed on this property. Ground surveillance conducted in association with the research for 
this report in May of 2001 located the remains of a site believed to be the original Constantin 
plantation, situated on a low promontory overlooking Water Lemon Bay somewhat east of the 
Annaberg factory ruins. This finding, which is clearly supported by archival documentation, 
leads us to conclude that the site we know of as the Annaberg sugar factory reflects a later stage 
of development within the bounds of what once was the Isaac Constantin property. During this 
subsequent developmental phase, the original residential and industrial complex on the 
Constantin plantation was dismantled and abandoned, and a new complex was constructed on the 
far western boundary of the property. This relocation, which occurred in the early part of the 
fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, was carried out in an effort to expand, upgrade, and 
centralize the administrative and industrial heart of the plantation, after the acquisition of 
additional lands that formerly belonged to the neighboring Betty's Hope (aka: Dewindtsberg) 
plantation (see Section 4, Page 90). It was at this time that the newly built facility, along with its 
expanded field system, was christened Annaberg (see Section 2, Page 19). 
Sometime in or about 1790, the lands associated with Annaberg were again expanded by 
the purchase of the Mary's Point plantation, which lay on a peninsula north of Betty's Hope (see 
Section 5, Page 94 ). With the assimilation of the grounds previously belonging to Betty's Hope 
and Mary's Point, Annaberg had developed into a substantial 465-acre sugar and livestock 
plantation, worked by some seventy enslaved laborers. But, the property was to experience one 
last period of transformation before it would reach the apex of its development. 
In 1796, the already merged Annaberg and Mmy 's Point estates, along with the portion of 
the former Betty's Hope plantation that adjoined the two parcels, became the property of a 
wealthy Irish-born merchant and slave trader, James E. Murphy. In the year prior to taking over 
Annaberg, Murphy also purchased the neighboring Smith Bay plantation, which he renamed 
Leinster Bay (See Section 8, Page 101). Immediately following these acquisitions, construction 
began on a state-of-the-art sugarworks and a tower windmill on the Annaberg property, and a 
Page2 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·I 
···--··· -···-----
grand estate house, befitting Mr. Murphy's wealth and prominence, on a ridge-top above Water 
Lemon Bay (see Section 6, Page 96). 
Soon after the turn of the nineteenth century, with the estate house on the Leinster Bay 
property completed, and the new sugarworks and windmill on Annaberg in full operation, James 
Murphy again set out to expand his land holdings. In 1803 he acquired the Munsbury (aka: 
Frederiksberg & Frederiksdahl) plantation that lay on Annaberg 's southern boundary, and in 
1807 he purchased the Brown's Bay estate east of Leinster Bay (see boundaries on page 4). 
On November 17, 1808, at the age of 5 l years, James E. Murphy died on St. John and 
was buried on a prominent hilltop near his estate house overlooking his vast domain (see Section 
7, Page 99). At the time of his death, Murphy's Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation comprised 
six formerly independent properties with a total land area of nearly 1,300 acres: the largest sugar 
producing plantation in the history of St. John. 
Upon Murphy's death, his land holdings were appraised separately and either sold off to 
service the accounts of his creditors, or apportioned out among his heirs. The Leinster Bay 
plantation was given over to Murphy's son, Edward C. Murphy, and Annaberg, along with 
Mary's Point and Betty 's Hope, became the property of his daughter, Mary Murphy Sheen. 
Although accounted for separately for tax and administrative purposes, Annaberg (including 
Betty's Hope and Mary's Point) and Leinster Bay, remained under common family ownership 
until 1863, and continued to be closely associated well into the twentieth century (see Common 
Ownership Chart: Appendix I, Chart A). 
After total freedom from slavery was declared in the nearby British islands in 1838, 
worker unrest on St. _John greatly increased (see Section 9, Page 1104). During this period, 
attempts were made by the Danish government to ameliorate the situations of the enslaved, and 
prepare them for an orderly transition into freedom (see Section 3, Page 84), but in 1848 a labor 
uprising on St. Croix abruptly brought an end to slavery throughout the Danish West Indies. 
After emancipation the already struggling plantation economy fell into serious decline. Yet, 
despite continued labor shortages and falling sugar prices, raw sugar, rum, and molasses 
continued to be produced at the Annaberg factory until 1867, when a strong, late season 
hurricane, followed soon after by a series of devastating earthquakes, damaged the factory 
buildings on the estate beyond all hope for the economic feasibility of repair. 
Page 3 
Th I t rndi 1 uaJ t 
b l undi\'i d t1 I 
t 
th 
m m 
A1muh r . B m· · Ji, 'P . 
J/un ' Poim. 
\\ 
ran i , ''h 
umn \Ian · Point 
L 
uunm 
• '> 1th .lnnah r~. B '>lf) · Hop •. m IL in t •r B y b) hi 
ran i h 
in Lb p • iLi n f v · r. Inmguingly. 
h \\' 
in th pr 
rm r B •tty ' 
rugar pl" du 
1 n n h1 
t th tirn 
f hi 
ti n -L 
. th 
rum ~ f rh 
r 
Lim '' h n -ugar ;\ 
L full 
n 
k 
fine! • 
arefull) lai 
ri k. and 
mpl ,· la 
- ry 
Ii" 
e\·ent. that mark thi: 
t a 
unique an 
m numenc t 
ur 
mm n hum nh 
rum 
multitud 
f 
a h h 
it 
" n t 
f 
\\' 
l 
Iii a: ti r 
n 
th r . it 
in 
ap fr 
r thrn 
n 
. fi un i nlv 
nL n mi ry: 
\\. 
I') 
''. ndu 
Pag -t. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
! 
I I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
~I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 
On March 25, 1718, the governor of the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company colony 
of St. Thomas, Eric Breda!, accompanied by five soldiers, twenty planters, and sixteen enslaved 
laborers, landed in Coral Bay to claim the island of St. John in the name of the Danish Crown. 
After selecting a site for the Company plantation, the governor instructed the planters to indicate 
the parcels of land that they intended to claim. Their mission accomplished, Bradel and his party 
beat a hasty retreat back to St. Thomas, where they awaited any repercussions that may have been 
prompted by their actions. Once it became evident that the Danish claim and occupation of St. 
John would not be vigorously opposed by the British, who for some time had claimed legitimate 
possession of the island, the planters moved quickly to establish their new holdings [Larsen, 
1986; Bro-10rgensen, 1966]. 
Since few documents remain from the era, little is known of the early years of plantation 
development on St. John. From the earliest existing tax records, compiled in the year 1728, we 
can deduce that the first nine officially sanctioned private land holdings were taken up in the 
years 1718 and l 719 along St. John's northwest coast, between what are today known as estates 
Caneel Bay and Cinnamon Bay [LD, 1722; SJLL, 1728]. From a letter of report sent by Governor 
Bredal to the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company home office in Copenhagen, we learn 
that Peter Durloo, a Dutchman who had left Courac;:ao to take up residency on St. Thomas near 
the close of the seventeenth century, was the first of the ·Danish-sponsored settlers to occupy a 
parcel of land on St. John, "as none else dared because of the threat from other nations" [LD, 
1720-22]. 
As cautious as the initial Danish-backed settlers of St. John may have been, it was not 
long before Durloo was joined by an increasing number of willing colonists. As early as July 
1722, Governor Breda! compiled a list of thirty-eight individuals who had taken up properties on 
the island, and by 1728, when the first tax rolls were compiled, no less than ninety-one 
agricultural land holdings had been claimed. 
But, in order to put the events surrounding the occupation and settlement of St. John into 
proper perspective, it must be kept in mind that the hundreds of islands, cays, and rock 
outcroppings that today make up the Virgin Islands were sighted by Columbus's fleet and 
Page 5 
claimed for Spain in 1493. The Danish-sanctioned settlement of St. John, therefore, was an 
event that took place quite late in the process of European colonization in the West Indies. While 
groundbreaking studies are beginning to shed new light on the prehistoric inhabitants of St. John, 
next to nothing is known of the nearly 200-year period between the disappearance of the island's 
Amerindian inhabitants around 1520 [Watts, 1997] and the arrival of the first formally 
sanctioned Danish-led settlers in 1718: a period of time that is roughly equivalent to the total 
length of the Danish colonial experience on St. John (1718 - 1917). With such an apparent void 
in our historical consciousness it is perhaps worthwhile to step back for a moment and consider 
what we know of events on and around St. John prior to the Danish occupation. 
Early European Colonization in the \.Vest Indies 
History has left us written accounts of what is popularly believed to have been the first 
contact between the indigenous Taino people of the Virgin Islands and Europeans. On November 
14, 1493, while on his second voyage to the West Indies, Christopher Columbus engaged in a 
brief but violent skirmish with Indians along the north coast of an island that his native guides 
referred to as Ayay (St. Croix). Heading in a northerly direction after the encounter, Columbus 
soon came upon a cluster of small but mountainous islands that he named Las Virgines (The 
Virgins). As with all of the many islands Columbus observed, Las Virgines and Ayay were from 
that day on presumed by the Spaniards to be conquests, and therefore Spanish domain [Highfield, 
1995; Morison, 1939]. 
After Columbus's voyages the European presence throughout the West Indies grew 
rapidly. By 1509 (only seventeen years after Columbus' first voyage), Spain's premier colony of 
Hispaniola was reported to have between 8,000 to 10,000 colonial inhabitants [Watts, 1987]. The 
Spaniards' intentions in the New World were initially not to trade or establish plantations, but to 
conquer and extract available natural resources. Prominent on their list, of course, was gold. 
With the large, well-watered, and potentially ore-rich islands of the Greater Antilles at their 
disposal, the small and barren islands of the Las Virgines group were viewed as unsuitable for 
exploitation. It is possible, therefore, that while the Spanish had laid claim to the Virgin Islands 
Page 6 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
~I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
as early as 1493, they had relatively little impact on the area in the years immediately following 
Columbus's arrival. 
This situation, however, was soon to change. Between 1508 and 1520, as resources on 
the island of Hispaniola began to be depleted and the supply of locally available labor rapidly 
diminished, the Spaniards ventured out to occupy more territories, moving on to create 
settlements on Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. At this time they also began to actively raid and 
extract the human and natural resources of the smaller islands, such as those of the Las Virgines 
group. It is believed that by 1520 nearly all of the indigenous peoples had been removed from the 
northern Leeward Islands with the exceptions of St. Kitts and Nevis. And, in the Windward 
Islands, St. Lucia, Tobago, and Barbados had all been depopulated [Watts, 1987; Newton, 1933]. 
Between 1519 and 1521, two earthshaking occurrences took place that were to have a 
profound effect on the course of Spanish colonial history in the Caribbean: Heman Cortez's 
expedition into Mexico redirected the focus of Hispanic colonization and expansionism to the 
American continents; and Magellan's navigation of the Capes opened a new ocean (the Pacific), 
finally making the long-sought prospect of global seaborne commerce a reality. Spain now 
began to dream on a grander scale, and the small and relatively unproductive islands of the West 
Indies diminished in importance. While the bigger islands were retained, they largely became 
provisioning and transshipment points for Spanish ships navigating between continental 
American and Spanish mainland ports, their arable grounds converted to agriculture and grazing 
to support colonial ventures elsewhere. While the Spanish doggedly defended their rights to the 
possession of all of the islands in the West Indies for the remainder of the sixteenth century, by 
the tum of the seventeenth century it was becoming increasingly evident that Spain could no 
longer afford the manpower and resources required to uphold her far-flung claims of sovereignty 
over the region. Thus, a window of opportunity was created, allowing other expansionist-minded 
nations to gain inroads into what had previously been exclusively Spanish territory. 
A diversity of peoples soon sought to capitalize on the void left by Spain's diminishing 
influence in the region. British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, expatriate Spaniards, the surviving 
native peoples and their mixed race descendants, the Black Carib, all now joined in the fray, 
struggling amongst themselves for control over a share in the opportunities for trade and 
agriculture in the West Indies. Among the earliest arrivals in this second wave of European 
Page 7 
colonial migration were the Dutch, who successfully occupied Aruba in 1596. The English and 
French soon followed suit, jointly occupying St. Christopher in the 1620s [Newton, 1933; Watts, 
1987; Rogozifiski, 1992]. 
The First Danish Attempt to Establish a Colony in the Virgin Islands 
It was not until 1665, while the Dutch and English stood on the verge of open warfare for 
the .second time in just over a decade, that a group of Copenhagen-based merchants (mostly 
Dutch) put forth to the Danish Crown a plan to colonize the island of St. Thomas with a 
multinational citizenry under the protection of a neutral Danish flag. By May of that year the 
Crown granted its approval, and a small colonizing force set out from Copenhagen led by the 
Danish colony's newly appointed Governor, Capt. Erik Nielsen Smit. 
But claims of peaceful neutrality could not protect the Danish-led settlers from 
harassment by both British and French forces in the Caribbean. After only nineteen months, the 
first attempt to establish a Danish West Indian colony had ended in failure. Kjeld Jansen 
Slagelse, the Lutheran minister who had assumed command of the colony upon the death of Erik 
Smit, returned to Denmark with a handful of Danish survivors. Other colonists dispersed to 
various islands throughout the West Indies [Bro-forgensen, 1966; Knox, 1852; Westergaard, 
1917; Dookhan, 1994]. 
Successful Danish Occupation and Colonization Within the Virgin Islands 
Upon his accession to the Danish throne in 1670, Christian V granted yet another group 
of wealthy Copenhagen merchants the right to form a company to engage in colonization and 
commerce in the West Indies. Four months later, the newly crowned King concluded 
negotiations with the British, securing a "treaty of alliance" that insured that any legitimate 
colonial objectives of Denmark would not be opposed by British forces. The stage was thus set 
for Denmark's second attempt to establish a mercantile colony on the small and still officially 
unoccupied island of St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands. 
Page 8 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
On October 20, 1671, 10rgen Iversen, the appointed governor of the proposed Danish 
West Indian settlement, along with a handful of Company employees, a Lutheran clergyman, and 
a colonizing force comprised largely of indentured servants and imprisoned laborers, set out 
aboard the ship Fcero for the journey to the Caribbean. Plagued by difficulties from the outset of 
their voyage, the colonists did not drop anchor off the southern coast of St. Thomas until the 
night of May 25, 1672. Over the course of the seven-month voyage, seventy-seven of the 
expedition's members had died and another nine had deserted. Of the one hundred and four souls 
that came ashore on that day, only twenty-nine were to survive the first seven months of the 
colony's occupation. As for Company officials, Iversen alone remained to bring order and 
leadership to his country's fledgling New World foothold [Bro-10rgensen, 1966; Knox, 1852). 
Despite considerable hardships the Danish settlers persevered, and in time the critical 
period of initial occupation was behind them. As word of St. Thomas's successful settlement 
spread, persons from throughout the region, eager to escape the deprivations of war and ethnic 
persecution, chose to seek new opportunity under the Danish flag of neutrality. Among the first 
of these emigrants to arrive was a small contingent of Dutch refugees, who, only a few weeks 
after the Danes' arrival, had been expelled from the neighboring island of Tortola by occupying 
British forces at the outbreak of the Third Dutch War (1672-1678) [Dookhan, 1994; 
Bro-10rgensen, 1966]. By the time the first census of the Danish West Indian colony was 
compiled in 1686, eighty-three plantations had been established by settlers of Dutch, French, 
German, Danish, English, Irish, and Creole West Indian backgrounds [STLL, 1686] .. 
Although during the closing years of the 1600s occasional attempts were made by St. 
Thomas settlers to venture forth and establish themselves on the nearby islands of St. John and 
Crab Island (Vieques), Danish West Indies Company authorities appear to have been little 
inclined to risk armed confrontation to expand their colonial holdings. It was, therefore, not until 
after the tum of the eighteenth century that soil and resource depletion, along with the dynamics 
of a growing population, forced the island's administrators to seek new and more fertile lands 
upon which the unfortunate planter might gain his fortune, and the successful ones extend theirs. 
In 1717, when the decision was made to formally extend the Danish West Indies and Guinea 
Company's colonial holdings in the Virgin Islands, it was the nearby island of St. John that 
Page 9 
became the stage for this endeavor [STLL, 1686, 1688, 1691-1718; Bro-J0rgensen, 1966; Larsen, 
1986; Westergaard, 1917]. 
Page 10 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I: 
I 
I 
,I 
:11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
INTRODUCTION TO THE ANNABERG HISTORIC DISTRICT 
Currently, nine historically significant sites or properties associated with the Annaberg 
plantation have been identified within National Park Service land holdings on St. John. Four of 
these lie in the bounds of what is today Estate Anna berg (which includes a portion of the former 
Dewindtsberg plantation known as Betty's Hope); four are situated in Estate Leinster Bay; and 
one is located on Estate Mary's Point (which was an integrated element of the Annaberg 
plantation from 1790 until 1863). It is clear from the documentary record that it would be 
impossible to properly interpret the historic significance of any one of these sites without a 
deeper understanding of its relationship to the others. Together, the three neighboring estates, 
Annaberg, Leinster Bay, and Mary's Point, comprise what must be viewed as a broad and 
integral historic land district, that henceforth will be referred to in this report as the Annaberg 
Historic District. 
The first part of this report will explore the background and significance of the Annaberg 
plantation. It will include brief historical overviews of the (1) Isaac Constantin Plantation and 
(2) Estate Annaberg, followed by a closer look at industrial development and sugar production 
on those properties. A survey of the individual components that presently comprise the ruins of 
the Annaberg factory complex will be found at the end of this portion of the report. 
The second part of the report will address the remaining seven primary contributing sites 
or properties within the broader Annaberg Historic District in their proper context and relation 
to Annaberg. These are: (3) The Annaberg School House; (4) Betty's Hope and The Francis 
Boiling House; (5) The Mary's Point Plantation; (6) The Annaberg and Leinster Bay 
Estate House (7) The Annaberg and Leinster Bay Cemetery; 
(8) The Leinster Bay 
Industrial Complex; and, (9) The Leinster Bay Guard House. Additionally, the following 
four associated sites will be briefly discussed at the end of the above sections: lB) The 
Annaberg and Leinster Bay Gift Lands; 2B) The Mary's Point Watch House; 3B) Estate 
Brown Bay; and, .4B) Estate Munsbury. 
Page 11 
Above: Approximate boundaries of James Murphy's combinedAnnaberg, Betty's Hope, Mary's Point, 
Munsbury, Leinster Bay, and Brown's Bay property, circa 1807 
Below: Primary sites within the Annaberg Historic District: 1) The Isaac Constantin Plantation Complex; 
2) The Annaberg Sugar Factory Complex; 3) The Annaberg School House; 4) Betty's Hope and The Francis 
Boiling House; 5) The Mary's Point Plantation; 6) The Annaberg and Leinster Bay Estate House; 
7) The Annaberg and Leinster Bay Cemetery; 8) The Leinster Bay Industrial Complex; and, 
9) The Leinster Bay Guard House. 
Page 12 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,, 
~I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
A rudimentary sugarworks of the early eighteenth century 
(Detail from a print in the VIH&GRC print and photograph collection) 
Section 1: The Isaac Constantin Plantation, circa 1721 - 1779 
Located approximately .3 km east of the Annaberg factory complex, the fragmentary 
remains of the Constantin dwelling house, sugarworks, and enslaved workers' village are all that 
remain of the first Danish colonial period settlement established within the bounds of Estate 
Annaberg. The site is situated along a narrow ridge above the rocky cliffs of Annaberg Point, 
overlooking Water Lemon Bay to the northeast, and a deep valley with a brackish pond to the 
southwest. 
Page 13 
First identified during the research phase of this study in May 2001, this site has not yet 
been surveyed or entered into the NPS List of Classified Structures database. It is believed that 
the Constantin plantation has lain abandoned and seldom visited for a period of over 200 years. 
While archeological investigation will be necessary to satisfactorily interpret and identify the 
extent of this site, documentary evidence, including early site descriptions and itemized property 
inventories, leave little doubt as to its origin and background. 
Among the earliest settlers of St. John were a small group of Huguenot refugees from the 
French islands of the Caribbean. Upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the 
Huguenots found themselves effectively disenfranchised, denied their rights to property and 
inheritance on French soil, and condemned for their religious practices [Baird, 1885]. In search 
of a place of tolerance for their reformist precepts, many of these Huguenot refugees made their 
way to St. Thomas, a colony that from its very establishment had emerged as a safe haven from 
strife and ethnic persecution [Knight, 2000]. But being latecomers, the Huguenots had found it 
difficult to acquire suitable lands on which to establish profitable plantations. As a result, when 
the decision was reached to expand the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company's colonial land 
holdings to include St. John, a number of struggling Huguenot refugees were among the first 
individuals willing to risk the harsh conditions of this unproven land [LD, 1722]. One of their 
number, a barber and surgeon by the name of Isaac Constantin, accompanied by his wife and 
nine-year-old daughter, left his failing cotton plantation on St. Thomas in 1721 and established 
himself on a low promontory overlooking a sandy cove on the North Shore of St. John: a place 
that for years to come would be known as Constantin's Bay [SJLL, 1728; Martfeldt, 1765]. 
Isaac Constantin's name first appears in records relating to St. John in a letter of report 
sent to the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company headquarters in Copenhagen by Governor 
Eric Bredal, dated July 15, 1722. In this report, it is stated that "Isaac Constantin, [is] a French 
refugee [who] resides on St. John. He had a small piece of land here [on St. Thomas], but on 
measuring his neighbors he has lost much of it and can no longer live from it" [LD, 1722]. 
On April 27, 1723, Constantin received a formal 'Land Letter' (deed) to his new St. John 
property [SJLL, 1728]. The St. Thomas tax rolls for that year confirm that Constantin, along with 
his wife Gierterud Sara Baset, 1 and their young daughter, Sarrie, were already in residence on 
1 The surname oflsaac Constantin's wife also appears in documents during this era as "Moseth." 
Page 14 
1:
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
,, 
I ,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
their St. John plantation, and that the land was being worked by nine enslaved laborers -- one of 
which was listed as a 'maron' (runaway) [STLL, 1723]. It is, however, not until five years later, 
when tax accounts for St. John began to be compiled, that we are offered our first description of 
the size, location, and condition of the Constantin land holding. According to the 1728 St. John 
tax rolls, the Constantin plantation measured 3000 (Danish) feet long by 2000 feet broad, and 
was described as "lying by Water Lemon Bay, length running ESE and WNW and breadth East 
from Jae. V. Stell in Governor Moth's plantation, North and South to the manchineel trees by the 
seashore." The Constantins were still living on the property by this date, and the composition of 
the family was unchanged, but the number of enslaved laborers on the plantation had increased to 
twenty-four individuals: six fully taxable men, five male and three female 'bossaller' (newly 
imported Africans), three 'manqueron' (old or incapable of heavy labor), and six children. It was 
further stated that the Constantin parcel was a sugar plantation found to be in "mediocre" 
condition [SJLL, 1728]. 
No changes in the Constantin plantation were noted in the 1729 tax accounts, but by 1730 
it was reported that a "sugarworks" had been constructed on the property. The presence of a 
works (or processing facility) marks an important turning point in the history of this plantation. 
After 1730 the Constantin family left St. John to once again take up residence on St. Thomas, 
leaving their plantation in the hands of a hired masterknegt (overseer), one Mr. Lestej [SJLL, 
1730-31]. These occurrences clearly suggest that by that date the Constantin property had 
reached a state of development where stable productivity had finally been achieved. 
Isaac Constantin died on St. Thomas in the fall of 1732. In the process of reconciling his 
estate, detailed inventories and appraisements of Constantin's home and plantation properties on 
St. Thomas and St. John were carried out. It is from the probate proceeding for his St. John 
plantation that we gain a rare glimpse into the composition of the Constantin property [STBP, 
1732 - 1736): 
Year 1732, the 4 December appeared interim town bailiff on St. Jan, Johan 
Reimer Soetman on the plantation of deceased Isak Constantyn [sic] for an honest 
registration and to appraise what is found on the plantation .... 
Page 15 
... A plantation here on St. John with a sugarworks, which length and breadth can 
be closer seen on the deed which has been shown to the St. Thomas probate court, 
appraised for: 
Ps. 4500.0.0 
A stallion 
A horse 
A young stallion 
Amare 
A donkey 
A bull 
A cow 
Animals 
Negros 
A Negro man Fransisko, sugar cooker and bamba 
ditto Jost 
ditto Thonni 
ditto Sipio 
ditto Thoni, the old 
ditto Wille Maqueron 
A Negro woman Anna with a child, 
but the child given to Miss Sara [Constantin] 
A Negro boy Mingo 
A Negro Maron and Manqeron by name Samba, 
according to Madm. Constantyn' s own saying worth 
A ditto Jacqva also Maron and by her reported for 
40.0.0 
50.0.0 
30.0.0 
30.0.0 
10.0.0 
40.0.0 
24.0.0 
200.0.0 
140.0.0 
145.0.0 
150.0.0 
80.0.0 
60.0.0 
60.0.0 
100.0.0 
50.0.0 
125.0.0 ... 
[STBP, 1732 - 1736] 
The probate proceedings for Isaac Constantin were interrupted in the fall of 1733 by the 
outbreak of the St. John slave rebellion. During the course of the uprising the dwelling house, 
boiling house, storage building, and slave village on the property were all burned, and the rum 
Page 16 
I 
I 
I ,. 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
i 
I 
I' 
I 
·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
·1 
I 
,I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
still badly damaged [STBP, 1732 - 1736]. Despite the damages wrought, by the spring of 1736, 
when Isaac Constantin's daughter, Sarrie, married Mads Larsen, a Danish immigrant from the 
town of Aalborg in Northern Jutland, thirteen enslaved laborers were once again at work on the 
plantation. And, by 1737, a sugarworks had been rebuilt on the site [SJLL, 1736-37; Ryberg, 
1945]. 
Sarrie Constantin's husband, Mads Larsen, became the recorded owner of the Constantin 
plantation as his wife's guardian after their marriage in 1736 [SJLL, 1736]. But, with no children 
having been born of their union, after Sarrie's death sometime prior to the spring of 1746, the 
Constantin plantation came under administration by the court [Ryberg, 1945]. 
No tax records exist for St. John between 1740 and 1754, making it difficult to determine 
what transpired on the Constantin parcel over those years. When the tax records resume in 1755, 
it was recorded that Chancery (High Court) Counselor Jens Nielsen Kragh had become proprietor 
of the plantation [SJA, 1755]. As Kragh had previously been employed as Secretary for the 
Danish West Indies and Guinea Company, it is likely that he had been in possession of the 
property for some time previous to this date -- perhaps ever since it had been taken over for 
administration in 1746 [Larsen, 1940]. 
At this point there arises some question as to whether the industrial and residential 
complex of the Kragh plantation stood in the same location as the original Constantin settlement, 
or if it had been relocated during the years when the tax rolls are mute. It does seem, however, 
that Kragh, who did not hold free and clear title to the plantation, would have been unwilling to 
expend the required capital to improve and relocate the property's works during this period. 
Surface scatter observed throughout the Constantin complex, consisting of fragments of glass 
bottles and house wares, support this premise, and suggest that the site remained occupied until 
the third quarter of the eighteenth century. And indeed, a leap in the number of laborers on the 
plantation, from fifty-seven to ninety-two individuals reported in 1779, seems to mark the period 
when further development was undertaken on the property. 
In any event, at some point during the latter half of the eighteenth century, the original 
dwelling house and antiquated sugarworks established by Isaac Constantin were abandoned, and 
a new residential and industrial complex was constructed elsewhere on the grounds of the 
plantation. 
Page 17 
Conclusion: 
As the earliest known European settlement within the bounds of the Annaberg estate, the 
Constantin site is of profound importance to a broader understanding of the Annaberg Historic 
District. First identified during the research phase of this study in May 2001, the site has not yet 
been surveyed or entered into the National Park Service List of Classified Structures database. It 
is believed that the Constantin settlement has lain abandoned and seldom visited for a period of 
over 200 years. 
Recommendations: 
Pending the identification of additional supporting documentation, it is only through a 
thorough archaeological investigation that a more precise date of abandonment of the Constantin 
residential and industrial complex will be detennined. The information that might be gained from 
. such a study is critical to a full understanding of the development of the Annaberg plantation. It 
is therefore recommended that due to the fragility of the remains, the advanced state of 
deterioration evidenced in the components of the site, and the high erosion factor, caused 
primarily by the presence of large numbers of feral goats in the area, that an archaeological 
investigation of the Constantin complex be considered a high priority. 
Further, the location of the Constantin settlement makes it well suited for development as 
a publicly accessible interpretive site. A small parking area utilized by visitors to Leinster Bay 
beach already exists at the foot of the old cart road that leads to the ~ettlement, and the plantation 
ruins can be accessed on foot in approximately five minutes from that location. 
Page 18 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·1. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
. 
. 
I 
·1 
I 
·1 
:1 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
/ J Jr;,2. 
Plans for a sugar factory and tower windmill proposed by Peter L. Oxholm in 1797 
(Peter Lotharius Oxhlom, De Dansk Vestindiske Gers Ti/stand I Hanseende ti! Population, Culture og Finance ... 
[Kobenhaven, Johan Frederik Schultz, 1797]. 
Section 2: Estate Annaberg, circa 1779 - 1956 
Situated on a coastal promontory approximately midway between Annaberg Point and the 
mouth of Mary's Creek, the ruins of the Annaberg sugar factory stand as an enduring historic 
landmark amidst the fading cultural landscape of St. John's North Shore. Although 
eighteenth-century maps and estate inventories indicate that an earlier sugarworks and plantation 
residence were once located in the same general location as the present factory structures, the 
ruins that stand on Annaberg today represent the industrial complex of the estate at the apex of 
its development just after the turn of the nineteenth century. 
As previously noted, it is not yet known at what point the residential and industrial heart 
of the former Constantin plantation was relocated to the present Annaberg factory site, but 
Page 19 
available documentary evidence strongly suggests that it occurred well after the acquisition of the 
property by Salomon Zeeger Janzoon in 1758 [SJA, 1755-96]. 
Salomon Zeeger Janzoon was born on the Dutch island of St. Eustatius in 1729, the son 
of Jan Zeeger -- hence the Dutch patronymic identifier 'Janzoon" (Jan's-son) -- and Anna Maria 
Hassell. As a young man Zeeger immigrated to St. Thomas where in 1753 he married Anna 
deWindt, daughter of Johannes deWindt and Maria Battri: a prestigious union that speaks 
volumes for the high standing of both families in the rigid and exclusionary plantocracy of the 
eighteenth century [Hoff & Barta, 1998]. After their marriage, the couple moved to St. John 
where Zeeger had acquired a small cotton plantation on the outskirts of the settlement of Cruz 
Bay. In 1758, the Zeegers expanded their St. John holdings with the purchase of the former 
Constantin sugar plantation in the island's Maho Bay Quarter [SJA, 1755-58]. 
Salomon Zeeger and Anna deWindt produced four daughters over the course of their 
union: Anna Maria, Elizabeth Mooy, Anna, and Adriana. Upon Zeeger's death in 1764, explicit 
instructions were left in his will that his daughters were to inherit the Maho Bay Quarter sugar 
plantation together, and that the property was to be cultivated to their common benefit [Knight, 
1999; DVS, 1764]. Of the Zeeger daughters, only Anna appears to have died at an early age. The 
others all went on to wed men of wealth and prominence, who, upon marriage, became the joint 
owners of the former Constantin sugar plantation as their wives' guardians. 
It was during this era that the first major push to expand the Constantin plantation took 
place. The oldest of the Zeeger daughters, Anna Maria, had married Peter deWindt, owner of the 
Dewindtsberg plantation that lay immediately west of the Zeeger heirs' property. It was through 
this union that a portion of Dewindtsberg, known as Betty's Hope, was parceled out and merged 
with the Constantin plantation [Hoff & Barta, 1998; PR, 1805]. This first expansion of the estate 
was initially carried out to increase the Zeegers' planting grounds, but at a later date it also 
provided a land link with the adjoining Mary's Point estate, which was purchased by the husband 
of Adriana Zeeger, John Shatford Jones, in 1789, and thereafter merged into the broader Zeeger 
heirs' holdings [SJA, 1789]. The third Zeeger daughter, Elizabeth·, married Benjamin Lind, a 
Crown employee who held the offices of Provisions Agent, Customs Officer, and Postmaster on 
St. John [Overman, 1974; Knight, 1999]. 
Page 20 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
• I, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Together, John Shatford Jones, a savvy New York businessman and entrepreneur, 
Benjamin Lind, a well-connected government official, and Peter deWindt, an experienced local 
sugar planter of long West Indian heritage, possessed the knowledge, vision, and resources to 
transform the Constantin plantation into a large and productive sugar estate [Hoff & Barta, 1998; 
Knight, 1999]. And indeed, in 1779, under the reported proprietorship of Lind and Jones, the 
number of enslaved laborers on the property leaped from fifty-seven to ninety-two individuals: an 
increase of thirty-five workers, of whom, thirty-three were recorded as "capable" adults [SJA, 
1779]. 
In a period when a healthy adult laborer was valued at from five to seven hundred pieces, 2 
this sizable investment in manpower certainly coincided with a major initiative to boost 
production capabilities and increase the profitability of the property [MP, 1793]. It is likely, 
therefore, that it was at this time that the former Constantin site was abandoned, and a new 
residential and industrial complex was raised on a high promontory that was more centrally 
located within the estate's recently expanded acreage. This new facility was appropriately named 
Anna berg (Anna's-mountain) in honor of the common matriarch of the Zeeger heirs on St. John, 
Anna deWindt Zeeger. 
Detail from Peter L. Oxholm 's manuscript map of St. John, circa 1780 
[Rigsarkivet, Denmark] 
The relocation of the estate complex at this date may solve an intriguing anomaly that has 
long plagued researchers investigating the background of the Annaberg plantation. Why does a 
manuscript map of St. John prepared by Danish engineer Peter L. Oxholm between 1779 and 
2 Spanish silver eight reales, or pieces of eight, were a widely accepted standard monetary unit of 
this era. 
Page 21 
1780 not depict a sugar mill at Annaberg? The answer to this question may be that the new 
factory complex was still under construction at the time of Oxholm's survey, and the mill simply 
had not yet been built3 (see detail of map on preceding page). 
The Zeeger heirs remained in at least partial control of the Annaberg property until 1796, 
when all of the shares in the estate were bought out by a wealthy St. Thomas merchant, ship 
owner, and slave trader, James E. Murphy. In the year prior to his purchase of the now merged 
Annaberg (Constantin), Betty's Hope and Mary's Point properties, Murphy had also acquired the 
adjoining Smith Bay plantation, which he promptly renamed Leinster Bay -- presumably for the 
Irish province of his ancestry [SJA, 1796-98; MR, 1796-97]. 
Immediately following these acquisitions, construction began on a state-of-the-art tower 
windmill and sugar factory on Annaberg, which was to serve as a central processing facility for 
Murphy's extensive sugar cane fields in the western section of his holdings [PR, 1805]. The 
plans for the new factory and windmill were based on drawings that had been published that very 
year by Peter L. Oxholm, with only minor modifications to adapt the structures to the steep 
terrain of the site (see pages 34-42) [Oxholm, 1797]. Concurrent with the construction of the new 
factory, a grand estate house for Murphy's newly united Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation 
also began to take shape on a formerly vacant hilltop overlooking Water Lemon Bay [SJA, 
1797-1803; SJLBP, 1809]. 
By the tum of the nineteenth century the new Annaberg factory complex and Leinster Bay 
estate house were near completion, and James Murphy once again set out to expand his land 
holdings. In 1803, he acquired the Muns bury plantation that lay on Annaberg 's southern 
boundary; and, in 1807, he purchased the Brown 's Bay estate east of Leinster Bay [SJA, 
1803-07]. 
On November 17, 1808, at the age of 51 years, James E. Murphy died on St. John and 
was buried on a prominent hilltop near his estate house overlooking Water Lemon Bay and the 
3 It should further be noted that an updated version of Oxholm' s rendering of St. John published 
in 1800 indicates that an animal mill had been added to the Annaberg estate complex prior to that 
date. This map, however, was not current to the date of its publication, as it did not include the 
tower windmill that was under construction on the site as early as 1797. 
Page 22 
I 
I 
·1 
I 
.. 
I
11 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I ,, 
Annaberg factory. 4 At the time of his death, Murphy's Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation 
comprised six formerly independent estates (made up of at least nine early colonial land grants), 
with a total land area of nearly 1,300 acres (see estate boundaries on page 4, and maps on page 
12). Although the Carolina estate in Coral Bay was slightly larger in overall acreage, Murphy's 
530 acres of cane fields made him the single largest sugar cane producer on St. John. He also 
controlled the island's largest labor force, with a total of 662 enslaved individuals -- sixty-one of 
whom were reported to be house servants and/or craftpersons [SJLBP, 1809; SJLL, 1728-39; 
SJA, 1809]. 
After the death of James Murphy a prolonged probate hearing took place, during which 
I 
his properties were all appraised separately and apportioned out to service the claims of his many 
heirs and creditors. In the process of reconciling the Murphy estate, the Munsbury1 parcel was 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
I 
, 
. . 
I 
I 
sold, and Brown Bay reverted back to the mortgage holders, thus leaving the Murphy heirs with 
full title to the Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation. Subsequently, Leinster Bay was given over 
to Murphy's son, Edward C. Murphy, and Annaberg, along with Mary 's Point and Betty's Hope, 
became the property of his daughter, Mary Murphy Sheen. Although accounted for separately for 
tax and administrative purposes, Annaberg and Leinster Bay remained associated through 
common Murphy family ownership until 1863 [SJA, 1809-64]. 
It is from an appraisal of the Annaberg plantation compiled during James Murphy's 
probate proceedings that we gain our first detailed glimpse into the composition of the property 
at the very pinnacle of its development: 
Appraisements over the Estate Annaberg this day the 13th of October 1809 
1 Windmill with leaded receiver, 
[with a] complete kitchen and oven under the gangway .... 
A complete cattle mill .... 
Ps. 15,000. 
2,500. 
1 New set of works with 8 coppers & with a wall molasses cistern, 
and all the utensils .... 
30,000. 
4 James Murphy's age is stated on his gravestone. Curiously, the date of death given on his 
monument, December 17, 1809, appears to be in error. According to his probate papers and other 
supporting documents Murphy's true date of death was November 17, 1808 [SJLBP, 1809; 
STLA, 1808]. 
Page 23 
2 Stills of 250 gallons & 
one worm cistern and 2 lead receivers .... 
2 Three hundred gallon Butts ... . 
4 Butts of 200 gallons each ... . 
1 Magass house, 60' by 24', and a mule pen with shade ... 
1 Water cistern and wall spout 570 feet long 
and at an average 8 feet high ... . 
1 New necessary unfinished ... . 
1 Set of cane spouts, 1500 feet long .... 
1 Truck .... 
1 Stone wall 1330 feet long & about 4 feet high .... 
65 Negro houses at 30 Ps [each] .... 
27 Mules .... 
1 Mare with a foal .... 
130 Acres in cane at 300 [per acre] .... 
20 Acres taken up in pasture and Negro buildings at Ps 50 .... 
90 Acres at a place called Mary's Point at Ps 50 .... 
20 Acres at a place called Mary's Point ... . 
[ 154 Slaves, all named and evaluated] ... . 
Total 
4,000. 
80. 
100. 
2,000. 
1,600. 
80. 
400. 
20. 
380. 
1,950. 
2,700. 
100. 
39,000. 
1,000. 
4,500. 
1,000. 
65,750. 
Ps. 171,835 .. 
Of the Estate formerly called Dewindtsberg, or Betty's Hope, there was 
showed to us containing about 140 acres, whereof: 
40 in canes at Ps 200 ... 
90 in bush fit for cane land at Ps 75 ... 
10 in bush fit for cane land at Ps 12 Yz ... 
1 dwelling house ... 
1 Kitchen and oven ... 
1 Negro house ... 
Page 24 
8,000. 
6,750. 
125. 
2000. 
150. 
50. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1 Set of Windmill timber framed, with cases, 
Gudgeons, Cotrells, Brasses, 30 gratings & 3 furnaces... 
3.500. 
Total 
Ps. 20,575. 
[SJLBP, 1809] 
After Mary Murphy Sheen and her husband Thomas died without issue, title to Annaberg 
reverted to the widow of Edward C. Murphy, Catharina Sheen Murphy in 18275 [SJA, 1827; 
SJLPD, 1827]. By the time of her inheritance of Annaberg, Catharina was married for a second 
time to Hans H. Berg, an individual of prominence, who was to rise to the position of Governor 
and Commandant of St. Thomas and St. John in 1853. As guardian for his wife and stepson 
(James Murphy's grandson, Edward Falkner Murphy), Berg retained title to Annaberg and 
Leinster Bay until his death in 1862 [Larsen, 1940; STBPP, 1834; STBEP, 1862]. 
Throughout most of this period Annaberg remained a profitable sugar estate, with 
production levels exceeding 100,000 pounds of raw sugar per year as late as 1845. But growing 
soil 'depletion, a sagging colonial economy, and labor shortages after emancipation was achieved 
in 1848 all served to drive down production. In 1861, the year prior to Berg's death, Annaberg's 
sugar crop yielded less than five thousand pounds of raw sugar [SJRD, 1845-61]. 
After Governor Berg died, Annaberg, Leinster Bay, and Mary 's Point were put up for 
auction individually. The Mary's Point property was purchased by Berg's former overseer 
George Francis, while Annaberg and Leinster Bay were purchased by a young Creole planter of 
mixed European and African descent, Abraham C. Hill. Hill, however, did not survive to take 
possession of the properties. Less than a year after his purchase of the estates, Annaberg and 
Leinster Bay were once again put up for auction, and on this occasion sold to Thomas Letsom 
Loyd of Tortola [STBEP, 1862; SJCP, 1863]. 
For a time, Thomas Loyd struggled to maintain sugar production on both Annaberg and 
Leinster Bay, but the catastrophic hurricane and earthquakes of 1867 were soon to end all hope 
for any further sugar production on those estates [SJRD, 1867-73]. With his factories in ruin, and 
his diminished cane fields rapidly reverting to bush, on April 13, 1871, Thomas Loyd sold the 
Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantations to George Francis for the sum of $100, then quickly 
5 Thomas Sheen, who married James Murphy's daughter Mary, and Catharina Sheen, who 
married James Murphy's son Edward, were presumably brother and sister. 
Page 25 
returned to Tortola to escape reprisals for the abandonment of his estates and their laborers 
[STM, 1871; Low, 2001]. 
George Francis held title to the reunified Mary's Point, Annaberg and Leinster Bay 
properties until he died in 1875 [STM, 1871-76]. But, after George's death, his widow, Lucy 
Blyden Francis, found it difficult to keep up with the finances of the estates, and in 1876 they 
were handed over by adjudication to St. Thomas merchant Antoine Anduze [SJCP, 1875; SJA, 
1876]. Anduze retained an overseer on his St. John properties, and converted the former crop 
lands to pasture. During this period, the deep valley behind Water Lemon Bay became the 
primary grazing area for Anduze cattle, and the lands associated with Annaberg appear to have 
been little utilized [STA, 1875-1899; SJCP, 1875-1899] . 
Annaberg and Leinster Bay remained in the hands of Antoine Anduze and his heirs until 
1899. In that year, George Francis' son, Carl Emanuel Francis, along with his brother-in-law, 
Police Officer Henry Clen, were able to regain title to all of the Annaberg, Leinster Bay, and 
Mary 's Point properties from the probate court. Clen and his wife, Sophie Roseline Francis, took 
up residence in the former Leinster Bay estate house, while Carl Francis set up his household 
amidst the ruins of the Annaberg sugar factory, a place he christened Francis' Castle [STM, 
1899, SJA, 1899]. 
Carl Francis remained a prominent and respected figure on St. John up until his death in 
October of 1936. In addition to serving as the St. John representative to the Colonial Council (the 
local governing body prior to the establishment of the Virgin Islands Legislature), he also acted 
as clerk and lay reader to the Nazareth Lutheran Congregation on St. John and was one of the 
individuals who raised the first United States Flag over St. John in the transfer ceremonies held 
at the Cruz Bay Battery on April 15, 1917 [Moolenaar, 1992; Low & Valls, 1985]. 
Carl Francis sold the Annaberg estate to Herman 0. Creque in 1935, and it was from the 
Creque heirs that the Jackson Hole Preserve purchased the property in 1954. Annaberg was 
officially turned over to the National Park Service in 1956 [Near, 2000]. 
Page 26 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
I 
.I 
I ,,. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
rl 
I 
II 
I 
. I 
I 
SUGAR PRODUCTION ON ESTATE ANNABERG, 1722 -1867 
Historical Context 
Before proceeding with a discussion of sugar production on the Annaberg plantation, it is 
necessary to briefly explore the origins of sugar cane cultivation and the production process. 
A native to southern Asia, sugar cane has been nourishing man since prehistoric times. It 
is not known for certain what culture developed the technique of converting sugar cane juice into 
crystalline sugar, but as the earliest known written reference to the process appears in Sanskrit in 
about 500 B.C., historians have long credited northern India as the place where sugar cane juice 
was first rendered into a refined end-product. As with other tropical crops of Asian origin, such 
as bananas and mangos, sugar cane cultivation is believed to have slowly fanned outward from 
India into China and the Middle East over the course of many centuries. By A.D. 600 it had 
become well established in Persia, and within a century sugar cane had reached the shores of the 
eastern Mediterranean and North Africa where the first great economic sugar-boom occurred. 
Although Europe had long been aware of sugar as a v-alued commodity of the eastern 
trade, it was not until the Crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries that western Europeans 
first encountered sugar cane under cultivation on the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Sicily. 
Attempts were soon made to introduce the crop further northward, but it was found that the 
properties of sugar cane were adversely affected by even the slightest frost. It therefore became 
apparent that the Mediterranean demarcated the far northern limit of sustainable sugar cane 
cultivation. For the next 400 years or so, the Mediterranean region continued to hold a near 
monopoly on the European sugar trade. But, as the age of Atlantic exploration dawned, sugar 
cane was among the first crops to be introduced into Europe's newly acquired tropical colonies --
first into the eastern Atlantic islands, and later into the West Indies and the Central and South 
American mainland. By 1450, sugar produced on Madeira had already begun to reach Europe, 
and by 1490 sugar from Sao Tome (a Portuguese island possession in the gulf of Guinea) had 
begun to enter northern markets as well. While the introduction of sugar cane into the eastern 
Atlantic islands surely had a negative impact on the long-established Mediterranean sugar trade, 
no single event would serve to more severely erode the Mediterranean's dominance of the 
industry than the proliferation of sugar cane throughout the New World . 
Page 27 
Having quickly perceived the possibilities for sugar cane cultivation in the West Indies, 
Columbus brought sugar cane to the island of Hispaniola on his second voyage in 1493. In the 
early sixteenth century, subsequent Spanish expeditions carried the crop to Puerto Rico, Cuba, 
and Jamaica, then on to the American continent near Vera Cruz, Mexico, where it was reportedly 
under cultivation as early as 1525. But nowhere in the New World was sugar cane found to thrive 
better than in the humid environs of coastal Brazil. After King Eanuel I of Portugal issued a royal 
order to introduce sugar cane cultivation into that region in 1516, the Pemambuco area quickly 
became the veritable epicenter of sugar production in the Americas. The long-depleted soils and 
drier conditions of the Mediterranean were no match for Brazil's optimum climate for sugar cane 
cultivation, or for its abundance of fertile, well-watered, arable lands, and the ready availability 
of enslaved laborers. The era of the Mediterranean's nearly one thousand-year dominance of the 
sugar industry rapidly drew to a close. By the end of the sixteenth century, the focus of sugar 
cane cultivation and sugar production had shifted across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas; 
sugar cane had become nearly exclusively a New World crop. 
While Spain and Portugal were the first countries to introduce sugar cane into the 
Americas, it · was the Dutch who were largely responsible for its proliferation throughout the 
Lesser Antilles. Having learned the skills of sugar production during their takeover and 
occupation of Pemambuco between 1629 and 1654, savvy Dutch mercantilists set out to 
introduce the crop into the Eastern Caribbean, most notably on Barbados. By 1680, sugar was 
being produced on nearly all of the British- and French-held islands of the Caribbean, and sugar 
cane had become the dominant crop of the region [Ligon, 1673; Galloway, 1981; Watts, 1987]. 
It was during this period of rapid expansion of the West Indian sugar industry that 
Denmark first set out to establish a New World colony. Backed heavily by Dutch capital, in 1672 
the Danish West Indies Company was finally successful in establishing a tenuous foothold on the 
island of St. Thomas. Soon after the arrival of the first Danish settlers, the colonists were joined 
by a small band of displaced Dutch planters and their families, who had been expelled by the 
British from the neighboring island of Tortola upon the outbreak of the Third Dutch War. With 
them, the Dutch refugees had not only brought sugar cane slips from the plantations that they had 
been forced to abandon on Tortola, but also the skills of sugar cane cultivation and a firsthand 
Page 28 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
knowledge of the process for converting sugar cane juice into its valuable refined end-products: 
sugar, molasses, and rum [Knox, 1852; Westergaard, 1917; J.O. Bro-J0rgensen, 1966]. 
Despite the introduction of sugar cane into St. Thomas at the very outset of the colonizing 
effort, a lack of suitable land and the island's limited fresh water resources retarded the growth of 
the sugar industry in the Danish colony. As late as 1715, only about one-third of St. Thomas's 
plantations were planted in sugar cane, and no more than thirty-two properties were reported to 
have sugar processing facilities [SILL, 1715]. It was largely in the hopes of expanding the 
Danish West Indies Company's share in the increasingly profitable sugar trade that the decision 
was finally reached to extend Denmark's colonial holdings to the neighboring island of St. John. 
In 1 718, when Governor Bradel first laid out a set of guidelines for the occupation of that island, 
one of the six requirements was that a sugarworks was to be erected on each plantation within 
five years on penalty of the confiscation of the property [BD, 1718]. While it was later realized 
that not all of the land holdings on St. John were suitable for sugar cane cultivation and the order 
was never enforced, any planter with the necessary capital and appropriate location was clearly 
encouraged to do so. Among the newly established properties on St. John deemed to be suitable 
for sugar cane cultivation was an approximately 138-acre parcel deeded by the Danish West 
Indies Company to Isaac Constantin in April of 1723 [SJLL, 1728]. 
Industrial Development and Sugar Production 
on the Isaac Constantin Plantation, 1722 - 1736 
To establish his plantation, Isaac Constantin's first task would have' been the arduous 
process of clearing away a section of the dense subtropical forest that still covered much of his 
St. John property. After the larger trees and woody bush were cut off, the land was further 
cleared by burning, after which the backbreaking jobs of stumping, terracing, and tilling the soil 
with hoes could begin. As early as July 15, 1722, Constantin and his family were reported to be 
living on the plantation, and while the construction of a dwelling house, living quarters for the 
nine enslaved laborers, and the establishment of provision crops were the primary activities on 
the parcel in the early months of establishment, it can be assumed that at least a portion of the 
property's grounds were in the process of being converted for sugar cane cultivation soon after 
Page 29 
that date. As the job of preparing the land and establishing cultivation continued, construction of 
the necessary plantation structures and the installation of sugar processing equipment 
commenced. A secure timber-framed warehouse, pens for the property's beasts-of-burden, and a 
boiling wall with four built-in copper kettles were erected, as well as a furnace upon which a 
copper pot-still for the distillation of rum was mounted. Concurrently, a circular, level earthen 
platform was excavated, in the middle of which an animal-driven crushing machine for the 
extraction of sugar cane juice was installed [BD, 1722; STLL, 1723-27; SJLL, 1728]. 
By 1729 construction appears to have been complete, and the Constantin plantation was 
recorded in the St. John tax accounts as a sugar plantation with a "sugarworks." The noted 
presence of a works on the Constantin property was followed one year later by a decrease in the 
number of enslaved laborers from twenty-three to eleven individuals (nine men and two 
children), five of whom were newly imported Africans. This drop in the number of workers may 
well mark the date at which initial development of the plantation had ceased, and stable 
productivity with a gradual expansion of cultivation had been achieved [SJLL, 1728-29]. 
Such was the extent of the Consiantin plantation when the first concise appraisal of the 
property was carried out in December of 1732. Listed in the appraisement inventory were a 
dwelling house, sugar mill, boiling house, still, magazine (warehouse), and Negro houses (see 
complete inventory Appendix II, Table 8). Contemporary illustrations and descriptions of 
plantations of this era verify that the general composition of the Constantin property followed the 
typical footprint of most rudimentary sugar operations of the seventeenth and early eighteenth 
centuries (see illustrations on the following page, and in Section 1, page 13) [STBP, 1732-36]. 
While litt"le information can be gleaned from available documentation regarding the 
extent of sugar cane cultivation or the amount of sugar produced on the Constantin plantation 
throughout this period, the property's limited labor force points toward a rather low level of 
production. Using the general rule-of-thumb of this era of one capable enslaved laborer per acre 
of sugar cane, as little as nine acres, or 6.5% of the plantation's grounds, were under cultivation 
at this time [Watts, 1987]. The fact that so much of the Constantin property remained in bush 
may explain the absence of a magass shed in the 1732 plantation inventory. Magass, or the dried 
crushed cane stalks left over from the milling process (also known as 'trash'), did not come into 
general use for sugar boiling until such time as the fuel-wood resources of a property became 
Page 30 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I, 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
·1 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I\ 
I 
I'. 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
depleted: an event that may not have taken place on the Constantin plantation until well into the 
eighteenth century [Watts, 1987]. 
Depiction of a seventeenth or early eighteenth century sugar plantation with a nearly identical 
layout to that of the Isaac Constantin property: 1) dwelling house 2) sugar mill 
3) boiling house 4) rum still 5) slave dwelling 6) storage building 7) cane fields 
Also notably absent from the Constantin inventory is a cooper (barrel maker) amongst the 
plantation's enslaved labor force. This suggests that ceramic sugar pots, or jars, were being 
utilized rather than barrels for the storage and transport of sugar, molasses, and rum during this 
early period. If this was indeed the case, then the process known as 'coning' was likely being 
utilized to extract the molasses from the raw sugar. In the coning process, the freshly cooked 
sugar was cooled, then packed into open-ended cones that were placed point down in pots to 
drain (see illustration on following page). Coning was an effective and simple process for 
drawing off molasses that was well suited to the low yield sugar operations of this early period. 
Once the molasses was drained off, the sugar was removed from the cone and packed separately 
for shipping1 [Ligon, 1673]. 
1 For a full description of the sugar production process in this period see: Richard Ligon, A True 
& Exact History Of the Island of Barbadoes, pp. 84 - 92 (London, Frank Cass Publishers, 1970 
[First printed London, 1657]). 
Page 31 
i' 
' 
Absent as well from the 1732 plantation inventory is any 
type of cistern -- the only water container mentioned being a 
"water pot" listed with the contents of the household. It is 
evident, therefore, that the abundant water necessary for the 
cleaning of the sugarworks, watering of livestock, consumption 
by the occupants, and fermentation for the production of rum, 
was being supplied by a nearby fresh water source. With the 
hillsides of the property still well forested, it is quite likely that 
the numerous watercourses that ran down the mountain to the 
south of the Constantin site contained springs and pools that 
yielded sufficient potable water to meet the needs of the 
plantation in this time period. Additionally, a brackish pond, 
located on the shoreline at the base of the hill west of the site, might have held water suitable for 
the sluicing of the cane-grinding machinery and boiling pots, as well as the watering of livestock. 
As noted in Section 1 (page 16), sugar production on the Constantin plantation was 
interrupted in the fall of 1733 by the St. John slave revolt, during which the property's dwelling 
house, storage building, and laborers' houses were all burned, and the still and boiling house 
badly damaged. Available records give no indication as to whether the sugar cane fields on the 
property were also burned, but it is likely that at least some crop damage did occur. In any event, 
as early as June of 1734 the Constantin plantation was once again occupied by twelve enslaved 
laborers, so it would appear that the tending of the crops on the property had already 
recommenced by that date. Also noted on the plantation were two individuals, Francis and Cezar, 
who were noted respectively as a "sugar cooker" and a "carpenter," suggesting that the tasks of 
repairing the buildings and sugar production equipment were also well under way. It was not 
until 1736, however, that the St. John tax rolls once again began to note the Constantin property 
as a fully functioning plantation with a sugarworks, eight enslaved laborers, and a planter family 
in residence [STBP, 1732-36; SJLL, 1736]. 
Page 32 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1: 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
1: 
I 
I 
I 
·I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,., 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
The Transitional Period, 1737 - 1797 
Judging solely from the St. John tax rolls, between 1736 and 1778 the Constantin 
plantation continued to operate under a succession of owners, with the only notable change in the 
records being a gradual increase in the number of enslaved workers on the property from eight to 
fifty-seven individuals. This steady rise in the plantation's labor force most likely corresponds 
with an increase in the amount of cane lcind being brought under cultivation over this period. As 
the acreage planted in sugar cane rose, sugar production levels increased. Eventually the small 
and somewhat archaic Constantin sugarworks could no longer efficiently service the demands of 
the plantation, and a higher capacity factory was erected elsewhere on the property. While the 
date of this relocation and upgrading of the sugarworks within the bounds of the former 
Constantin plantation has not been conclusively determined, a sudden increase, followed by a 
gradual decline, in the number of enslaved laborers on the property, which occurred between 
1779 and 1784, certainly suggests that a flurry of heightened activity took place during thanime 
period. These dates also correspond with the acquisition of approximately 140 acres of additional 
crop lands by the owners of the property: a situation that certainly would have necessitated an 
upgrading of the plantation's production capabilities if it had not already occurred by that date. It 
is possible, however, that the primary dwelling on the Constantin site continued to be utilized as 
an owner's or manager's residence after the processing facility on the site ceased oper~tion, and 
it may have been one of the two houses listed in a later appraisal of the property [SJLL, 1728-39; 
SJA, 1755-84]. 
It is not until 1793 that a concise inventory of the elements that made up what had 
become known as the Annaberg plantation can be found in the archival records. From this 
document it becomes boldly evident that the large and well-developed industrial complex on 
Annaberg held little in common with the rudimentary sugarworks constructed by Isaac 
Constantin in the first quarter of the century. It was recorded in the inventory that the plantation 
was now comprised of 400 acres of land, of which 120 acres were under sugar cane cultivation, 
and among the estate structures were: two wooden dwelling houses, a brick-built kitchen with 
storeroom, a brick-built storehouse with a dungeon, another storehouse with a cistern, an animal 
mill with a raised rotunda, a boiling house with four copper kettles, a curing house with two 
Page 33 
molasses tanks, a magass house, a still house with a rum cellar, a horse stable, a mule pen, and a 
1,300-foot wooden shoot for conveying sugar cane down the mountain to the factory [MR, 
1793]. It remains to be determined which, if any, of the structures noted in the 1 793 inventory are 
still distinguishable on the Annaberg factory site today, but it is only logical that at least elements 
of these earlier plantation buildings were integrated into the expanded facility during the major 
reconstruction and upgrading of the complex that took place around the tum of the nineteenth 
century (for complete inventory see Appendix II, Chart 9). 
James Murphy's Expanded Annaberg Factory Complex 
Toward the close of the eighteenth century, the North American struggle for 
independence, combined with the rising populist fervor of the French Revolution, engulfed the 
entire western world in turmoil. Upon the French National Convention's declarations of war 
against the British and Dutch in February 1793, and Spain in March of the same year, commerce 
in the neutral ports of the Danish West Indies began to flourish; St Thomas soon emerged as a 
regional hub for the hyperactive commerce of conflict. With France's wealthiest sugar producing 
colony of Saint Domingue crippled by conflict, and her slave-owning planters of the Lesser 
Antilles in league with the British against the radical Jacobeans of the motherland, France was 
effectively stripped of her dominance over the West Indian sugar trade [Stein, 1988; Rogozinski, 
1992]. As war and revolt wore on, the supply of West Indies goods became increasingly 
constricted and sugar prices soared. In the animated entrepot of Charlotte Amalie, locally 
produced muscovado sugar rose in value from seven to nine dollars per hundredweight in 1795, 
to fifteen dollars by the close of the year l 797, while rum reached the startling figure of one 
dollar per gallon [Nissen, 1838]. 
With sugar prices at an all-time high, wealthy capitalists in London and Liverpool were 
quick to take advantage of the void left in the sugar market by the declining fortunes of the 
French. Through their local attorneys (known in England as factors), they began to extend liberal 
lines of credit on sugar futures for the purchase, expansion, and modernization of sugar 
plantations throughout the Danish West Indies. Many planters borrowed heavily against their 
estates and future production during this period, and while some were able to service their debts 
Page 34 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I.' ,,
I 
1: 
·I 
I 
I 
I , 
I 
I 
I 
-I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
i 
11 
I 
I 
I 
,, 
I 
I 
,I 
I 
and reap considerable fortunes from their properties, others were less fortunate: their bankrupt 
estates falling into the hands of British creditors [STLA, 1808-1 O; SCR, 1807-26; Pares, 1950]. 
In 1795, at the very height of this turbulent period of high valuations and wild 
speculation, a wealthy St. Thomas-based merchant and ship owner, James E. Murphy, purchased 
the floundering Smith Bay (aka: Leinster Bay) plantation on St. John, and soon after began to 
methodically acquire shares in the neighboring Annaberg estate, with its associated properties of 
Betty's Hope and Mary 's Point. By 1796, Murphy had attained his goal of sole proprietorship, 
and under the supervision of his trusted plantation manager, Owen Sheridan, set out to transform 
his new holdings into what was to become the largest sugar-producing plantation in the history of 
St. John [MR, 1795-97; PR, 1805; SJA; 1795-1809]. 
The plantation that James Murphy sought to develop was far from characteristic for the 
island of St. John in this, or any period, resembling more in size and scope of operations the 
sprawling sugar estates of St. Croix or Barbados. Clearly Murphy did not envision his properties 
as a group of individual plantations, but as a single, broad and integral land holding on which 
specific areas of endeavor were developed to maximize efficiency and take advantage of the 
specific resources present in that section of his estate. On a breezy hilltop with panoramic vistas 
overlooking the extent of his property and its approaches by land and sea, Murphy constructed a 
stately and well-fortified mansion house. And, along the shore of the estate's sheltered deep 
water anchorage on Water Lemon Bay, a center for support activities was established, consisting 
of warehouses, boat sheds, a lime kiln, blacksmith and carpentry shops, and. a complete 
sugarworks to process the cane grown on the eastern section of the plantation. But, if there was a 
crowning jewel in Murphy's plan, one project that was to be the most costly and ambitious of all 
his undertakings, it was the construction of a new and modern sugar factory on the former site of 
the Annaberg sugarworks: a complex that would serve as the central processing facility for the 
nearly two hundred acres of sugar cane that stretched across the landscape on the western section 
of the estate [PR, 1805; SJLBP, 1809]. 
The sugar factory complex that Murphy constructed on Annaberg was based on a 
proposed plan by Peter L. Oxholm, published in 1797 -- only a year after Murphy's purchase of 
the Annaberg estate [SJLBP, 1809]. While Oxholm's tower windmill design appears atypical, his 
proposed 'T' shaped factory building, with its double battery of kettles and two stills, was truly 
Page 35 
Peter I ,othariu" Oxholm 
innovative. In an effort to bring the capability of the boiling house 
up to a level of productivity that would match, or exceed, the 
windmill's capacity to provide cane juice to the factory's receivers, 
the Oxholm plan brought under one roof the processes of boiling 
cane juice down into syrup, the cooling of the syrup into crystalline 
raw sugar, the extraction and collection of molasses from that sugar, 
and the distillation of rum from a mixture of molasses and 
fermented residue of the sugar boiling process. The plan effectively increased output by 
maximizing the efficiency of a series of related, successive procedures by way of ordered 
proximity -- a concept that would come to be embraced in most areas of manufacture during the 
industrial revolution, and might well be seen as the forerunner to the assembly line made famous 
by Henry Ford a century later [Oxholm, 1797; Linvald, 1967]. It should be noted, however, that 
Oxholm's design was better suited to the flat or moderately hilly topography of St. Croix, and the 
Annaberg sugar factory required numerous adaptations of the plan to conform to the 
mountainous terrain of St. John. It is here that the ingenuity of the individual, or individuals, who 
were responsible for those modifications shines through, as it is the efficient use of the 
topography that stands out as the most unique and distinguishable feature of the Annaberg 
sugarworks. 
To efficiently process the amount of sugar cane grown on the expanded Annaberg estate, 
James Murphy constructed a new and complete factory complex on the site where the previous 
sugarworks described in the 1793 property inventory had stood. The new Annaberg works 
utilized two mills for the extraction of juice from the cane stalks: an animal mill and a windmill. 
Before construction of the windmill could proceed, it was necessary to create enough level 
ground on which to erect the tower. To accomplish this, a massive retaining wall was built and 
back-filled down-slope to the north and east of the site, while the western side of the flat was 
retained by the far walls of the property's animal mill. Although the base of the windmill was 
smaller in circumference than that of the rotunda for the animal mill, a somewhat larger level 
area was needed for the windmill in order to accommodate both the sloping gangway that led up 
to the mill's main opening, and the broad sweep of the tail-tree that controlled the windmill turret 
Page 36 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I , 
I 
I 
·1 
I 
I 
so that its blades could be adjusted into, or away from the prevailing winds (see illustrations 
below). 
A tower windmill and sugar factory of the nineteenth century 
(Barbados Museum and Historical Society Library, St. Michae I, Barbados) 
South of the mills, a large 'T' shaped building was erected to house the plantation's 
primary processing facility. In the stem of the 'T', just opposite and down-slope of the animal 
mill, was a long single-story room known as the boiling house, where the freshly squeezed sugar 
juice was condensed into a thick syrup [I].2 
2 NOTE: All bracketed letters encountered in the following text relate to the ground plan of the 
Oxholm sugar factory found on page 39 of this section. For a detailed description of the sugar 
production process on Annaberg, see the final subheading in this section beginning on page 44. 
Page 37 
Scene in a nineteenth-century boiling house 
(Barbados Museum and Historical Society Library, St. Michael, Barbados) 
Situated along the west wall of the boiling house was a raised platform that held two 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
batteries of kettles comprised of four kettles each called the boiling bench [A, B, C, & DJ. 
I 
These kettles, known also as coppers, were laid out in descending order of size on either side of 
a large receiving tank called the clarifier [EJ. 
kettles. The furnaces were stoked from an area on the outside of the west wall of the boiling 
house known as the firing trench [G]. Oxholm's plan called for the use of a furnace design 
known as a Jamaica train. In the Jamaica train, one fire, lit and maintained under the smallest 
and hottest pot in the boiling bench, the Teache [AJ, was used to heat the entire battery; while 
the temperature of the individual kettles was controlled by a series of damper doors located along 
the length of the firing trench. Smoke from the furnaces was expelled by way of a tall external 
chimney [HJ, situated in-between the two batteries of kettles opposite the clarifier. 
Page 38 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.1 
Above: Cross section of a 'Jamaica train furnace 
(Detail from: Diderot, 1752 [Reprinted 1959)] 
;ic:::::=::Jc::M::Jc:::=Jc=:JJ". 
L Jc=::JOOc:::=Jc::=:Jt 
Jc:=:JCM::Jc:::=JC=:JC 
El 
G 
Ii 
II 
G 
fi 
Ifill 
~ 
Note: In the Annaberg factory building the curing house comprised two stories: a ground floor room, where 
the molasses cistern was located, and a room above were the barrels where set out to drain into the cistern 
below. 
Page 39 
Along the east wall of the interior of the boiling house, directly across from the boiling 
bench, was an area reserved for the placement of a series of shallow, lead-lined cooling pans [J], 
in which the freshly cooked syrup was periodically turned, or raked, as it hardened into 
crystalline sugar. 
Because the Annaberg sugar factory was built on a steep slope, the southern end of the 
structure that formed the head of the 'T' stood three stories tall. In the top wooden loft or attic 
story, were the quarters of the plantation's overseer and under-overseer. On the second story, 
which was level with the floor of the boiling house, the room in the western wing was used as a 
storeroom and staging area, where the crystallized raw sugar was packed into barrels with holes 
drilled into one end [above L]. From there, the barrels were rolled into the room on the opposite 
side of this wing called the curing house [K], which had a floor made of open grating. Under 
this grating was a second sloped floor, with channels leading to an opening situated directly 
above the molasses cistern that stood on the ground floor. The freshly packed barrels of sugar 
were placed upright on the grating with the holed ends facing downward. Over a period of 
roughly two to three weeks the barrels were allowed to drain in this manner, while the molasses 
separated from the sugar crystals and collected in the tank below. Once fully drained, the barrels 
were sealed and the sugar was conveyed to a warehouse on the bay to await shipping. 
Meanwhile, the molasses that had been collected in the cistern on the ground floor under the 
curing house was drawn off and barreled in the open area at the east side of the room [below K]. 
Some of the molasses was tightly sealed and sent to the warehouse along with the sugar for 
export, but a portion (depending on the market price of molasses and rum) was transported to the 
still house to be used in the production of rum [L]. 
On the floor of the still house were mounted heavy timber trestles that elevated and 
supported large wooden fermentation tanks known as butts [M]. It is known from an inventory 
of the Annaberg plantation that two 300-gallon and four 200-gallon butts stood in the still house 
during this period. Outside, on the far western end of the still house wing, stood a worm cistern 
(shown in the Oxholm plan as two cisterns) [P], and beyond that were two furnaces over which 
copper pot-stills were mounted [N]. A portion of fermented liquid made from a mixture of water, 
molasses, and skimmings (or skummimgs), taken off the top of the boiling cane juice, was drawn 
off from the butts and placed into the stills. When boiled, the mixture turned to steam and rose 
Page 40 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
into a collector, from where it was directed into a series of tubular coils submerged in cool water 
called the worm [O]. As the steam cooled it condensed into liquid alcohol (rum), which exited 
the end of the coil through a pipe into a shallow trough at the base of the worm cistern called a 
receiver [Q]. 
A nineteenth century rum still 
It is here in the Annaberg distillery that an ingenious adaptation of the Oxholm plan is 
most apparent. In the hot and drought-prone islands of the Lesser Antilles, the production levels 
of a distillery were limited by a facility's ability to access cool water to create efficient 
condensation. If cool water was not continually added to the worm cistern during the distillation 
process, the steam going through the coils would heat the water and the still would have to be 
shut down while the worm cistern cooled [Anon., 1785]. To overcome this problem on 
Annaberg, a 570-foot elevated aqueduct was constructed to carry cool water to the worm cistern 
from a spring-fed holding tank located uphill to the southeast of the factory. As the water in the 
worm cistern warmed, it was drawn off and either directed through a channel into the boiling 
house, where it was used for rinsing out the sugar kettles, or sent directly into the still house to 
refill the butts for a new round of fermentation. Either way, the warm water from the worm 
cistern always ended up in the fermentation butts, as whatever amount was used for cleaning the 
kettles was afterwards ladled into the skimming channel on the front of the boiling bench that led 
down into the still house. 
It is an intriguing postscript to this section to note that if it were not for one document, we 
may never have known the dates, or which of the many owners of the estate was the individual 
Page 41 
responsible for the construction of the imposing Annaberg sugar factory complex. Buried amidst 
the voluminous records relating to the Danish West Indies colony in the Danish National 
Archives in Copenhagen was found a single sheet of tabulations pertaining to the enslaved 
population on Annaberg in 1805. In a blank space at the bottom of the page labeled 
"Observations," James Murphy's plantation overseer, Owen Sheridan, wrote in a cramped, but 
legible script: "On this estate is a wind mill, cattle mill, a large & convenient set of works, a 
magass house, a mule pen with sheds, all built since 1 797 ... " [PR, 1805] ( for a complete 
transcript of the plantation reports for Murphy's St. John properties see: Appendix II; third page 
of Table 11). 
Nineteenth Century Modifications To The Annaberg Faetory Complex 
It must be stressed that the preceding description of the Annaberg factory has sought to 
portray the primary processing facility on the estate as it was at the time of its construction 
between 1797 and 1805. But, as evidenced by even a cursory inspection of the ruins that stand on 
the site today, the Annaberg complex has undergone any number of modifications over the years 
-- the most recent being the large-scale stabilization efforts carried out by the National Park 
Service in the latter half of the twentieth century. 
Inventories for the estate indicate that sometime prior to 1863 the boiling bench in the 
Annaberg factory was converted to a single battery of four kettles, with perhaps as many as three 
built in clarifying tank.s. Presumably at the·same time the distillery was reduced to one pot-still. 
These modifications are represented by the configuration encountered on the site today. It is 
possible that this down-sizing of production capabilities occurred as early as the end of the first 
quarter of the eighteenth century, when tax records indicate that the amount of sugar cane under 
cultivation on the plantation plummeted from 200 to less than 90 acres, and the enslaved 
population dropped from 180 to 155 individuals (see Appendix I, Charts B, C, and D) [SJA, 
1819-25]. While the exact dates of any of the alterations to the Annaberg factory during the 
Danish colonial period remain uncertain, it is clear that after emancipation was achieved in 1848, 
labor shortages and falling sugar prices had made it no longer economically feasible to run and 
Page 42 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
maintain the facility at anything close to its original levels of production. Although sugar 
continued to be made at Annaberg until the devastating year of 1867, production had long been 
erratic at best, and the cane-sugar industry as a whole had been in general decline since the end of 
the first quarter of the nineteenth century [SJRD, 1846-70; STA, 1803-1915]. By the time a 
census was compiled on St. John in the fall of 1870, the Annaberg factory complex lay totally 
abandoned, its outdated equipment and processing facilities damaged beyond all hope of a 
profitable resumption of production. No organized large-scale sugar production, or attempts to 
modify the structures on the site for alternative industries, has taken place at the Annaberg 
factory complex since that date. 
An animal driven sugar mill 
(Detail from: Diderot, 1752 [Reprinted 1959]) 
Page 43 
(Illustration from Lewisohn, 1964) 
How Sugar Was Made At The Annaberg Factory 
At Annaberg sugar cane was cut in the fields and conveyed to the mills by various means. 
Wooden channels were used to "shoot" the sugar cane downhill from the fields in the upland 
areas of the plantation, and a "windlass" was used to hoist sugar cane up from the fields in the 
valley below the factory. But, as on most properties, the majority of the sugar cane was brought 
to the mills by cart. 
Once near the mill the cane stalks were cut short, bundled, and carried by hand to the 
grinders. All canes were passed through the mill's grinding machinery twice, after which the 
Page 44 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
!I 
·1 
I 
·I 
I 
I 
·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
spent stalks, called magass, were carried away to a drying shed for later use as fuel for the 
furnaces of the boiling house. 
Juice from the crushed cane ran out of the bottom of the grinders into a large vessel 
known as the receiver. The flow of the juice collected in the receiver could be controlled. When 
fresh juice was needed in the factory it was released from the receiver into a trough or pipe that 
led downhill into a tank in the factory known as a clarifier (at different dates the Annaberg 
boiling house might have had as few as one, or as many as three clarifiers ). 
The clarifier, which generally held between 300 and 400 gallons, was situated on the 
boiling bench in a position where its contents were heated but never boiled. To the juice in the 
darifier was added a temper, such as lime powder, a vegetable alkali, or the ashes of certain 
woods, and as the mixture warmed impurities attached to the temper and rose to the surface as 
scum. Unlike the froth that was formed in the pots at a later stages of the boiling process, scum 
from the clarifier could not be used in the fermentation butts for the distillation of rum. It was, 
however, collected and made into slop for animal feed. 
The cane juice remained in the clarifier for approximately an hour while impurities 
collected on top. Once ready for boiling, the juice was let out of the clarifier by way of a cock or 
siphon into the largest boiling pot on the bench known as the grand copper. As the juice in the 
grand copper boiled, a thick frothy scum formed on the top. This residue was used in the same 
manner as the scum from the clarifier, while skimmings from the final three kettles were taken 
off and placed in a channel that ran down the front of the boiling bench into the still house where 
they were put in the fermentation butts. When the contents of the grand copper had been reduced 
through evaporation by roughly half, the now somewhat thicker juice was quickly ladled into the 
next copper in the battery, and the grand copper was refilled from the clarifier. 
As boiling and skimming continued in the second and third coppers, the juice became 
increasingly reduced. At this stage, it was often necessary to add lime-water to the coppers in 
order to facilitate further tempering and dilute the juice's thickness. 
Finally, the thickened juice was ladled into the fourth and hottest kettle called the teache, 
where the final stage of evaporation was carried out. By this point the juice had become a heavy 
syrup, and it was tested in cold water for coagulation. When deemed ready, the syrup was rapidly 
ladled into a shallow, lead-lined box called a cooling pan. The act ofremoving the juice from the 
Page 45 
teache at the proper moment before the sugar burned, but after the point when it would crystallize 
upon cooling, was called striking, and it was amongst the most critical procedures in the sugar 
production process 
Cooling pans were usually 7 feet long by 5 feet wide and held roughly 1,600 pounds of 
sugar. Once in the cooling pan the cane syrup gradually hardened into a coarse mass of crystals 
in a thick brown residue called molasses. As the crystals formed, they were occasionally raked in 
order to separate the grains and prevent the sugar from clumping. Once the sugar was sufficiently 
cooled, it was transported to the curing house where the process of draining off the molasses 
was carried out. 
Sugar produced in this manner, known as muscovado, was still quite dark in color. The 
refining of muscovado into white sugar was not allowed in the Danish West Indies. That right 
was reserved for the large and powerful sugar refineries in Denmark. Rum, which was made with 
byproducts from the sugar production process, was the only truly refined end-product exported 
from the Annaberg factory during the colonial period. 
Page 46 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
AN UPDATED SURVEY OF THE ANNABERG FACTORY COMPLEX 
NAME 
The Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION 
The Annaberg factory complex is located on the North Shore of St. John approximately 
midway between Annaberg Point and the mouth of Mary's Creek at Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 
43.787'.3 The mills and factory are situated on a prominent knoll a short distance from the 
shoreline at an average elevation of 107 feet (32.61 meters) above mean sea level. 4 The site 
commands an expansive view of the surrounding landscape of St. John and the British Virgin 
Islands, as well as Mary's Creek, Water Lemon Bay, and the Narrows of Sir Francis Drake's 
Channel. The Annaberg factory ruins are approached by vehicular traffic from the west via a spur 
of the North Shore Road (Route 20). Presently, the site can be accessed from the east only on 
foot by way of a trail which roughly follows the historic estate road that once connected 
Annaberg with neighboring Leinster Bay plantation. 
DESCRIPTION (Note: bracketed letters in the following text refer to the site map on page 48 of 
this section.) 
The ruins of the Annaberg factory complex stand out as a prominent landmark amidst the 
rapidly diminishing cultural landscape of St. John's North Shore. A sturdy retaining wall [A], 
constructed along the north, east, and southeast sides of a knoll, supports an irregular level 
platform that provides the setting for the site's masonry windmill tower [B] and animal mill [CJ. 
The walls of the animal mill rotunda serve to retain the platform to the northwest, west, and 
3 Site location reading was taken from the center point of the Annaberg animal mill with a 
Garmin eTrex Summit Global Positioning System. GPS display indicated an accuracy of within 
21 feet. 
4 ibid. [no margin of accuracy indicated] 
Page 47 
southwest. The ruins of the site's primary processing facility (factory building) [D] stand down-
slope from the mill platform, roughly 48 feet south of the center point of the animal mill. 
Fragments of at least twenty-one laborers' houses [E] with rubble masonry foundations can be 
discerned on the northeast, north, and northwest slopes of the knoll below the retaining walls. 
Additionally, excavated flat areas on the hillside denote where other dwellings of less substantial 
construction once stood. In addition to these elements, the Annaberg factory complex also 
comprises the ruined remains of a mule pen [F], bake oven [G], a sick house with a cistern and 
detention cell [H], a privy [I], magass house [J], two elevated cisterns with a connecting aqueduct 
[K], a well with a drinking trough [L], and an unidentified structure [M]. An early twentieth 
century cook house has also been preserved on the site [N]. 
NORTH 
Although the lands associated with the Annaberg plantation were under cultivation as 
early as 1722, the existing Annaberg factory complex was not constructed until after the purchase 
of the property by James E. Murphy in 1796. Soon after his acquisition of the estate, Murphy set 
out to upgrade and modernize his new holding by the construction of a state-of-the-art processing 
facility and a tower windmill. By 1805 construction was complete, and it was reported to the 
Danish West Indies government that on the site now stood " ... a wind mill, cattle mill, a large & 
Page 48 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
convenient set of works, a magass house, a mule pen with sheds, all built since 1797 ... " [PR, 
1805]. 
After James Murphy's death in 1808, Annaberg remained in the hands of his heirs and 
their guardians until 1862. Throughout most of this period the plantation remained profitable, 
with production levels exceeding 100,000 pounds of raw sugar per year as late as 1845. But 
growing soil depletion, a sagging colonial economy, and labor shortages after emancipation in 
1848 all served to drive down production. In 1861, Annaberg's sugar crop yielded less than 5,000 
pounds of raw sugar. 
In 1863 the Annaberg estate was put up for public auction and sold to a local St. John 
planter of mixed European and African descent, Abraham C. Hill. Hill, however, did not survive 
to take possession of the property. Less than one year later Annaberg was auctioned once again, 
and on that occasion it was purchased by Thomas Letsom Loyd of Tortola. For a time Thomas 
Loyd struggled to keep the Annaberg factory in operation, but the catastrophic hurricane and 
earthquakes of 1867 soon brought the era of sugar production on the estate to a close. With his 
buildings in ruin, and his diminished cane fields rapidly reverting to bush, Loyd sold Annaberg to 
George Francis for the sum of $100. No sugar production has taken place at the Annaberg factory 
complex since that date. 
The present condition of the primary components of the Annaberg factory complex are 
generally good and stable. However, no stabilization efforts have been carried out on the 
aqueduct system and cisterns [K]. the well and watering trough [L]. the unidentified structure 
[Ml or the mule pen [Fl all of which are rapidly deteriorating and in immediate need of 
attention. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
Built at the very pinnacle of the sugar trade at the tum of the nineteenth century, the 
Annaberg factory complex is the finest and most well-preserved publicly accessible example of a 
colonial-era sugar processing facility in the Virgin Islands. Planned and constructed with an 
Page 49 
unwavering singularity of purpose, the Annaberg factory was perhaps the first sugar factory 
constructed in the northern Virgin Islands to the plan proposed by Danish engineer Peter L. 
Oxholm in 1797. 
The ruins of the Annaberg factory complex illustrate the colonial-era manufacture of 
muscovado sugar and its byproducts, molasses and rum, from the extraction of sugar cane juice 
to the packing and storage of those products for export. Additionally, the remains of the laborers' 
village on the site offer a rare glimpse into the life-ways and living conditions of the individuals 
of African descent who physically constructed the complex, cultivated the fields, and operated, 
serviced, and maintained the factory. But far beyond being simply the well-preserved remains of 
an industrial processing facility of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the ruins of the 
Annaberg factory complex stand out as an enduring reminder of the vast fortunes that were 
gained by an elite few at the cost of incomprehensible human suffering throughout the colonial 
period. 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins within the Annaberg factory complex 
are significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of colonial-era sugar cane 
cultivation and processing, or the post-plantation period of subsistence farming and livestock 
rearing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, physical context, and construction methods; and 
Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further information regarding the date of initial industrial 
land use on the site, the functions of its components, and lives of its occupants. Together with 
other remains throughout the Annaberg Historic District, the sugar factory compJex is clearly 
of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and 
association, as well as occupying its original position and relationship to the other sites in the 
district. While the loss of structural components and equipment decrease integrity, enough 
remains of the Annaberg factory complex to adequately convey the overall significance of the 
site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE: 
For many visitors, a trip to Annaberg is a step back into America's rich colonial past: a 
visit to a place where history and heritage become tangible. They are awed by the beauty of the 
Page 50 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
--------------------------------------
------
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
urr undmg. 
ed h_ h m 
lh r n r ·ug r 
ther h \\ ' r. und m p ru ular 
h 
·1111mal mill m th 
n 11111 1b •r • 
meh \\ ndur 
n h ,ind ng m._ 
r lhe la l 
m 
r ·imply relt. 
ntra l !uh r, mhum nil). an 
ul ur I 1d nt1t 
I fr 
~ r th 
ll 
. th· rum 
th t 1 th 
ulmral h 
! the \ ir.)n I 
nd 
p pl 
J\ d CJUlk 
I ,\ n 
n 
~ l 
th~ 
rg 
It 
h 
ll thrng. 
n 
m 
l 
th 
\ nn 
1111 le 
d, I 
mu amp! 
I mud 
il r ·ul u I tn ·lu 
n d 
n lb limit 
Iii 
,j,,dfr man dmini trall\ 
11\l 'rpri;: i ·e 
tng. 
at r.mg 
ng 
ng 
mdu tn I I n u 
t th 
nn h rg ta l ry 
mpl . : 1r 
- Id"' 
·1h pr . cm nna 
mpl ·: I 
I - I 
d 
< - I --
£) 
mpl 
h 
m.: 
igni team impJ t n th· hi-.1 ry an 
ultur • I 
\'irgin I·land· 
ng Ill . 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
II 
CONTRIBUTING FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH 
THE ANNABERG FACTORY COMPLEX 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[A] Retaining Wall, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The Annaberg retaining wall supports the north, east, and southeast sides of the irregular 
earthen platform that provides the setting for the site's mills. The walls of the animal mill 
rotunda serve to retain the platform to the northwest, west, and southwest. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
A continuous rubble masonry retaining wall varying in height from five to twenty feet 
controls the grades of the Annaberg mill platform. On the north side of the site the wall extends 
east-west for approximately 300 feet. Towards the east it extends south for roughly 100 feet 
before continuing in a generally southwesterly direction for another 70 feet. The highest section 
of the wall is at its northeast intersection where it supports the level area of the windmill platform 
that accommodated the sweep of the mill's tail-tree. A small vaulted cell is built into the 
southeast comer of the platform and is accessible from grade level below the retaining wall (see: 
[HJ Sick House, Cistern and Detention Cell). 
Present condition of the Annaberg retaining wall is generally good and stable. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
Page 53 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the retaining wall is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of 
location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While some reconstruction has taken 
place, enough remains of the original Annaberg retaining wall to adequately convey the overall 
significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
Most of the Annaberg retaining wall was built at the time of the construction of the 
windmill, between 1797 and 1805. However, it is likely that elements of the wall predate the 
existing factory complex. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg retaining wall: 1796 - 1867 
Page 54 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[B] Windmill, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the masonry cone of the site's windmill is located 83 feet east of the center point of the 
Animal Mill (Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 43.787'). 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
"The ruins of the windmill stand on the level platform centered north-south and six feet 
from its east edge. The circular mill consists of a truncated cone with an exterior diameter of 34 
feet at its base and 20' 2" at the top, which is 38 feet high. It is built in rubble masonry with 
battered and stepped walls measuring 4' 10" at floor level ( 11 feet above grade of platform) and 
2' 1 O" at the top. The interior diameter is 20 feet diminishing upward to 14' 6" . Access to the 
mill is from the west by built-up ramp that is preserved in fragments only. In addition to the 
entrance, there is an opening in the walls for discharging the bagasse towards the northwest, an 
exchange slit towards the north, and an opening for the cane juice sluice towards the south. All 
openings are arched and framed in cut and dressed coral blocks on the exterior. 
They are 
decorated with keystones and projecting voussoirs. Additionally, the exterior has a projecting 
collar band, two framed masonry panels over the entrance and an articulated base. 
On the 
interior facing the entrance is a shallow fireplace built into the exterior wall. The flue follows the 
curvature of the wall and opens to the exterior immediately below the collar band on the north 
side of the mill. The mill has retained fragments of the original brick pavement and traces of the 
interior wood framing can still be discerned, but except for two beams in the exchange slit, all 
parts of the interior works and of the moveable wood superstructure that crowned the masonry 
tower are missing. The standing masonry cone is in good condition" [Gjessing, 1978]. 
In addition to the above noted windmill components, it is known from an 1809 plantation 
inventory that a "complete kitchen and oven" were once located under the windmill gangway. 
Page 55 
_ J 
Present condition of the Annaberg windmill tower is generally good and stable. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the windmill tower is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity 
of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural components 
and equipment decrease integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg windmill to adequately 
convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
The Anna berg windmill was constructed between 1797 and 1805. It is of the Dutch type, 
a design that was in common use throughout the Danish West Indies in the late eighteenth and 
nineteenth centuries, in which the axle and sails were moved into position by way of a timber 
pole (tail-tree) connected to a rotating wooden turret. The windmill was noted to be in "good 
condition" in estate inventories as late as 1863, so it can be assumed that it was still operable 
until sugar production ceased on the site in 1867. 
Period of significance of the Annaberg windmill: 1797 - 1867. 
Page 56 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[C] Animal Mill, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the animal mill is centered at Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 43.787'. The walls of the outer 
radius of the mill are roughly 50 feet west of the windmill tower and 15 feet north of the factory 
building at their closest points. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The Annaberg animal mill comprises a level, nearly circular platform, with an average 
diameter of approximately 66 feet. The mill rotunda is defined by a rubble masonry retaining 
wall ranging from 3 to 13 feet in height. Access to the mill platform is from the east, opposite 
the windmill. The masonry foundations of the grinding mechanism, the brick-covered cane juice 
gutter, and the footprint of the juice receiver are all still in evidence. A section of the exterior 
retaining wall on the northwest side has collapsed revealing the walls of an earlier and smaller 
animal mill, the upper walls of which are also discernible at some places on the mill platform --
most notably near the opening on the east side. Subsequent to the discontinuance of sugar 
production on the Annaberg plantation, a wooden dwelling was erected on the mill platform with 
a detached masonry cook house. While the remains of the house were removed by the NPS in 
1960, the cook house has been preserved and is located near the perimeter wall on the west side 
of the mill (see [N] Annaberg Cook House). 
Present condition of the Annaberg animal mill is generally good and stable. 
Page 57 
ST A TEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criteri.on D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the animal mill is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of 
location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural components 
and equipment decrease integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg animal mill to adequately 
convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
It is known from estate inventories that a previous animal mill stood on the Annaberg site 
prior to 1 793. The remains of this somewhat smaller mill have been exposed by a collapse of the 
retaining wall on the west side of the existing rotunda. Construction began on the larger mill after 
the purchase of Annaberg by James E. Murphy in 1796. It was completed by 1805. An animal 
mill was noted in estate documents as late as 1863, so it can be assumed that it was still operable 
when sugar production ceased on the site in 1867. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg animal mill: 1797 - 1867. 
Page 58 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[D] Factory Building, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The north wall of the Annaberg factory building is located approximately 48 feet south of 
the center point of the animal mill (Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 43.787'). 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
"The factory is a "T" shaped building. The stem of the "T" contained the boiling house 
that points south-north towards the horse mill and measures 31' 8" by 58' 9". The head of the 
"T" contained the storage, curing and fermentation facilities of the factory and built against its 
west wall a still and still cistern. It measures 112' by 27' 9". The east wall of the curing and 
storage wing and the north wall of the boiling house are continued north and east, respectively in 
stone walls enclosing a rectangular open court east of the boiling house paved in fieldstone. The 
court is entered by a gateway in the north wall. It contains a cistern in the southeast comer, a 
masonry staircase supported on two arches built against the storage wing leading to a former attic 
story and the masonry footings of a small wood structure that was built against the east wall of 
the boiling house. 
"A firing trench is located against the west wall of the boiling house. Traces of the 
former roof over the trench is still discernible. Access to the boiling house is from the north and 
east. Its floor level is 30 inches above the grade of the passage between the factory and the horse 
mill and two feet above grade of the court. A doorway in the south wall of the boiling house 
provided access to the storage and curing wing of the factory which led to the higher terrain on 
the south side of the factory has a full story below the first floor of the boiling house. The 
storage and curing wing is divided into two equal spaces and on the second floor interconnected 
by a doorway. The ground floor is accessible from the exterior through two doorways in the 
south wall. The walls of the boiling house and the north and south wall of the storage and curing 
wing stand to plate height. Although both the chimney and the still have been reduced to rubble, 
Page 59 
- ------------------------------
- -
the standing remains provide a clear picture of the functions of the factory and the various steps 
of the sugar production .... The building shows evidence of alterations and additions and the 
storage and curing wing of the factory exhibit building practices of considerable variances with 
the boiling house" [Gjessing, 1978]. 
Present condition of the Annaberg factory building is generally good and stable. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the factory building is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity 
of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural components 
and equipment decrease integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg factory building to adequately 
convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
It is known from estate inventories that a previous boiling house stood on the Annaberg 
site prior to 1793. Elements of this earlier structure may have been retained and utilized in 
constructing the existing factory building. Construction of the current factory building began 
after 1796, and the building was completed prior to 1805. At an undetermined date prior to 1863 
the production capabilities of the factory were down-sized from an eight- to a four-pot boiling 
house, and from a two- to a one-still distillery. Despite these modifications the Annaberg factory 
building remained in continuous operation until sugar production ceased on the site in 1867. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg factory building: 1797 - 1867. 
Page 60 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
• 
,I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[E] Laborers' Village, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The Annaberg factory complex is located on the North Shore of St. John approximately 
midway between Annaberg Point and the mouth of Mary's Creek at Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 
43.787'. The village of the estate's laborers is situated downslope of the factory complex along 
the full length of the north retaining wall, and beyond it to the east and west along the contour of 
the hillsides. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The remains of at least twenty-one dwellings can still be discerned in the area of the 
Annaberg laborers' village -- although as many as sixty-five are known to have once stood on the 
site. The houses had packed mud and lime mortar walls, reinforced by a woven frame of small 
branches supported by roughhewn upright poles. Roofs were thatched with palm fronds or 
stacked reeds known as 'thrash.' At least nineteen of these structures had rubble masonry 
foundations about 2 feet 6 inches in height, with an average dimension of 13 by 26 feet. The 
wattle and daub. walls have long since disintegrated, but imprints of the wooden frames are still 
visible on the inside of the masonry bases. The access door for each dwelling was located in an 
end wall and the floors were made of a stamped clay and lime mixture. What may have been an 
bake oven or a small kiln for the production of low-fired pottery (often referred to as 'slave 
ware') is located in the northwestern section of the village between the remains of two dwellings. 
Overall condition of the elements that compnse the Annaberg laborers' village are 
generally poor. with only a few foundations presently stabilized. More attention to this highly 
significant. and potentially oldest. area of the factory complex is advised. 
Page 61 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the laborers' village is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity 
of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural components 
decreases integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg laborers' village to adequately convey the 
overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
In his 1780 manuscript map of St. John, Peter Oxholm depicted a cluster of slave 
dwellings situated in roughly the same location where the main concentration of ruined 
foundations of the village are found on Annaberg today. Estate inventories indicate that the 
village comprised twenty-one slave dwellings by 1793, and that this number conti1;med to grow 
until 1809 when sixty-five houses were recorded. In 1863, when the last inventory was taken 
before sugar production at Annaberg ceased, there were still twenty-four occupied dwellings in 
the laborers' village. It is not known at what date the last of these structures was vacated. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg laborers' village: circa 1779 - 1867. 
Page 62 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
I 
I 
• 
I 
I 
I 
I ., 
I 
I 
I ,, 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[F] Livestock Pen and Possible Stables, Annaberg Factory Complex (Note: both 
mules and cattle were used to propel the animal mill on Annaberg during different periods.) 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The Annaberg livestock pen and possible stables are located downslope 70 feet west of the 
factory building. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The Annaberg livestock pen and possible stables are represented by a rectangular 
enclosure defined by rubble masonry walls. The outer perimeter of the pen measure 60 by 120 
feet. It is divided into two equal sections by a cross wall. The footings of a covered enclosure 
built against the outer walls measuring 20 by 30 feet are located in the southwest comer of the 
pen. This covered area was possibly the estate's horse stables, while the northern enclosure, 
which was most likely covered by a thatched shade or canopy, was reserved for the 
beasts-of-burden (mules and cattle) that ran the mill. The walls of the pen have crumbled and 
stand to their original height only in the southwest and southeast comers and for a short section 
of the east wall. 
Present condition of the Annaberg livestock pen and stables is generally poor. with little 
or no stabilization ever having taken place. This feature is also being adversely impacted by the 
cultural demonstration of charcoal burning on the site. The relocation of these demonstrations 
and the stabilization and maintenance of all remaining standing walls are advised. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
Page 63 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the livestock pen and stables are clearly of national significance. They possess 
substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying their 
original position and relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of 
structural components and equipment decrease integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg 
livestock pen and stables to adequately convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
Estate inventories indicate that an animal pen and stables stood on the Annaberg site prior 
to 1 793. Elements of these earlier structures may have been retained and utilized in constructing 
the present feature. Construction of the existing livestock pen with its associated stables began 
soon after the purchase of Annaberg by James E. Murphy in 1796. It is known to have been 
completed prior to 1805. The pen and stables remained in continuous use until sugar production 
ceased on the site in 1867. A portion of the pen may have continued to be utilized as a corral 
throughout the post-production period of general farming and stock raising. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg livestock pen and stables: circa 1779 -
1867. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1
Page 64 
_ _ _!J
., 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
• 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[G] Bake Oven, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the bake oven is located at the southeast end of the retaining wall between the windmill 
tower and the court of the factory, 65 feet from the center of the animal mill. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
"A bake oven measuring 12' X 10' 6" is located at the southeast end of the retaining wall 
between the windmill tower and the court of the factory. It has a short flue above the opening of 
the baking chamber on the west face of the oven. It is constructed in rubble masonry with brick . 
lining of openings, bake chamber and flue. The unusually large size of the bake oven indicates it 
was used in community food preparation" [Gjessing, 1978]. 
Overall condition of the Annaberg bake oven is good and stable: however. some patching 
and general maintenance are presently necessary to mitigate future deterioration. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the bake oven is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of 
location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position . and 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. 
Page 65 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
It is known from the 1809 estate inventory that a "complete kitchen and oven" was 
located "under the gangway" of the Annaberg windmill. The existing oven is presumed to be the 
one referenced in that document. If so, the oven most likely remained in continuous use until 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg bake oven: circa 1 797 - 1867 
Page 66 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1: 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
• 
I 
I 
:1 
11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[HJ Sick House, Cistern, and Detention Cell, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the sick house is located 123 feet east-southeast of the center point of the animal mill at 
the southeast comer of the windmill platform. An in-ground cistern and a detention cell, which is 
accessed from grade level, provide the foundation for the structure. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The structure believed to be the Annaberg sick house is represented by a rectangular 
foundation and floor slab measuring 23 feet 6 inches by 17 feet 9 inches. The floor of the 
building stands at ground level on the southeast comer of the windmill platform, while its east 
and south foundation walls form the southeast comer of the platform's retaining wall. The 
building appears to have originally been constructed as an independent structure, but was later 
incorporated into the retaining wall when the windmill platform was created. In the northern 
section of the sick house foundation is an open water cistern measuring 6 by 10 feet, with a depth 
of 8 feet. Beam pockets around the upper rim of the cistern indicate that it was covered over by a 
floor. Built into the western edge of the slab is an 8-foot downspout receiver that channeled water 
into the cistern. Remnants of a staircase that once led from the mill platform to grade level at the 
base of the cistern are discernible on the east retaining wall. The steps appear to have accessed 
the site's privy and bath area. A bricked recess with a water outlet at the foot o(the steps may 
have been a mount for a basin and water tap. The foundation of the privy is located 14 feet east 
downslope of the cistern, and these two features may once have been housed under a wooden 
roof that is no longer apparent (see: [I] Privy). 
Below the sick house floor in the southern section of the foundation is a vaulted detention 
cell that is accessed by way of a south-facing door at grade level. A small window is located in 
Page 67 
the east wall of the cell. Perhaps the most important and least appreciated features of the 
Annaberg factory complex are the numerous images scratched into the walls of the detention cell. 
Among them are drawings of at least two ships, one closely resembling a type known as a 
Baltimore Clipper. Because of their speed and nimble handling characteristics, Baltimore 
Clippers were often used in the illicit slave trade during the mid and late nineteenth century. But 
more important than the ship drawings is the rendering of a large building that is believed to be a 
depiction of the Annaberg and Leinster Bay estate house, which was clearly visible directly out 
the window on the east wall of the cell. Leg shackles are known to have still been secured to the 
floor of the cell in the mid-1950s. 
The present condition of the Annaberg sick house, cistern, and detention cell is generally 
good and stable. However, actions are immediately reguired to preserve and protect the 
nineteenth- centmy drawings of buildings and sailing ships that are etched into the walls of the 
detention cell. Special efforts should be made to ensure that the drawings are not subject to water 
infiltration or other damaging conditions. A gualified curator should examine the drawings and 
propose a treatment plan for their preservation. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the sick house, with its associated cistern and detention cell, is clearly of national 
significance. It possesses substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well 
as occupying its original position and relationship to the other structures within the complex. 
While the loss of structural components and equipment decreases integrity, enough remains of 
the sick house, cistern, and detention cell to adequately convey the overall significance of the 
site. 
Page 68 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I ,, 
i 
I 
I 
I ,, 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
A brick-built "dungeon" and storehouse was listed among the buildings on Annaberg in 
the 1793 estate inventory. It is possible that the east and south walls of this structure were later 
incorporated into the retaining walls for the windmill platform during James Murphy's upgrading 
of the factory complex at the tum of the nineteenth century. While no references to a dungeon or 
detention cell can be found in later inventories, a sick house, or hospital, is noted in both the 
1842 and 1863 appraisals of the property. References in pre-emancipation police journals to 
individuals being placed under arrest on Annaberg and detained in the "hospital" have led to the 
conclusion that the detention cell was in the ground floor room of the sick house building. 
Period of primary significance of the sick house, cistern, and detention cell: circa 1 779 -
1867. 
Page 69 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[I] Privy, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the privy is located downslope 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The privy, or "necessary," is represented by a three-sided foundation, 7 feet 8 inches long 
by 7 feet 8 inches wide. The privy is built on grade, with its eastern, downslope wall standing 
approximately 6 feet high. An arched drainage outlet (now blocked) is situated at the base of the 
lower wall. 
Present condition of the Annaberg privy is generally good and stable; however, the 
structure has been roughly pointed and is only reminiscent of the original foundation. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
farming and livestock rearing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, physical context, and 
construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further information regarding 
the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its components, and lives of its 
occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory complex, the privy is clearly of 
national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and 
association, as well as occupying its original position and relationship to the other structures 
within the complex. While the loss of structural components and equipment decreases integrity, 
enough remains of the Annaberg privy to adequately convey the overall significance of the site. 
Page 70 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1-
1 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
1· 
I 
.I 
I 
.I 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
The presence of a privy was first reported in the 1809 estate inventory, although at that 
time is was noted as "unfinished." It is likely that the privy was refurbished and utilized during 
the post-sugar-production period of residential use of the site. 
Period of primary significance of the Privy: circa 1809 - 1900s 
Page 71 
_,_____________________________________
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[J] Magass House, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
Situated within the cluster of ruined structures that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex, the magass house is located immediately downslope to the west of the animal mill, and 
a short distance northwest of the firing trench of the factory's boiling house. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The magass house structure was an open rectangular shed where spent cane stalks were 
stored and dried for use as fuel in the furnaces of the boiling house and stills. The roof of the 
shed was supported by two rows of four rubble masonry pillars, each roughly 2 feet square. The 
pillars of the south row have toppled and the debris has been removed; the north row still stands 
to what may have been full height. Nothing remains of the wooden roof structure. According to 
estate inventories the shed covered a rectangular area measuring 24 by 60 feet. 
The present condition of the remaining elements of the Annaberg magass house is 
generally good and stable. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the magass house is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial integrity of 
location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
Page 72 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I~ 
I 
I 
I 
I 
relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural components 
and equipment decreases integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg magass house to adequately 
convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE: 
The Annaberg magass house was constructed after the purchase of the property by James 
E. Murphy in 1796. 
It remained a necessary element of the factory complex until sugar 
production ceased on the site in the fall of 1867. 
Period of significance of the Annaberg magass house: 1797 - 1867 
Page 73 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[K] Water Collection and Delivery System, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
A water collection and delivery system extends approximately 600 feet uphill to the 
southeast of the Annaberg factory building. It consists of a spring-fed cistern located alongside a 
steep gut at its uppermost extremity, connected by an elevated aqueduct leading to a receiving 
cistern situated 60 feet southwest of the still house. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
The Annaberg water collection and delivery system consists of an elevated cistern built 
alongside a dammed stream bed, connected by a continuous elevated masonry aqueduct to a 
receiving cistern just south of the still house. The first and highest cistern remains largely intact, 
but all evidence of the dam in the stream bed have long since been washed away. Long sections 
of the aqueduct remain distinguishable with portions still standing roughly 2 to 6 feet above 
grade. Pieces of the red-clay tile water channels are scattered along the length of the system. The 
lower run of the aqueduct is mostly collapsed and only the elevated base and low~r sections of 
the walls remain. The badly deteriorating receiving cistern is situated high enough to allow 
controlled gravity-fed water to be released into the worm cistern of the factory's distillery. 
Overall condition of the Annaberg water collection and delivery system is poor. with no 
stabilization efforts ever having been carried out. It is highly recommended that a concerted 
effort be made to immediately preserve. protect. and maintain this highly significant element of 
the Annaberg factory complex. Further, the remains of an historic cart road follow the course of 
the aqueduct. This previously unrecognized feature of the factory complex offers an excellent 
opportunity to provide pedestrian access to the full length of the Annaberg water collection and 
delivery system for interpretive purposes, if the road trace can be adequately protected. 
Page 74 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
• 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
ST A TEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the water collection and delivery system is clearly of national significance. It possesses 
substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original 
position and relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural 
components and equipment decrease integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg water collection 
and delivery system to adequately convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
The Annaberg water collection and delivery system was first noted in the 1809 estate 
inventory where it was described as, "a water cistern with wall spout 570 [Danish] feet long and 
an average of 8 feet high." Its presence was not mentioned in the 1842 inventory of the property, 
and by 1863 it appears to have been replaced by a wind-driven well-pump system. 
Period of primary significance of the Annaberg water collection and delivery system: 
circa 1797 to before 1842. 
Page 75 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[L] Well and Watering Troughs, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
Two connected watering troughs are located in the swampy lowland along the entrance 
road to the Annaberg parking lot roughly 300 feet west of the factory. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
Two connected watering troughs, each 45 feet long and 2 feet wide, are located in the 
swampy lowland west of the Annaberg factory. One is situated parallel with the paved road and 
is raised 1 foot 3 inches above grade; the second stands 9 inches taller and extends in a generally 
easterly direction perpendicular to the first. The higher trough terminates inland at a circular, 
stone-lined well shaft with a diameter of 5 feet. 
The present condition of the Annaberg well and watering troughs is generally poor. with 
no stabilization efforts ever having been carried out. It is recommended that a concerted attempt 
be made to preserve. protect. and maintain this highly significant element of the Annaberg 
factory complex -- especially as it can be viewed from the main access road to the site. 
ST A TEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing, or for their association with the 
post-sugar-production period of subsistence farming and livestock rearing; Criterion C, for their 
distinctive design, physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their 
potential to reveal further information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, 
the functions of its components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains 
throughout the factory complex, the well and watering trough are clearly of national significance. 
Page 76 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I. 
11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
They possesses substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well as 
occupying their original position and relationship to the other structures. within the complex. 
While the loss of structural components and equipment decreases integrity, enough remains of 
the Annaberg well and watering trough 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
The presence of a well and watering trough on the Annaberg plantation is not noted in 
estate inventories until the 1863. Water was pumped from the well into the troughs by a wind-
driven force pump. It is possible that this feature remained in use during the post-sugar-
production period of general farming and livestock raising in the early twentieth century. 
Period of primary significance of the well and troughs: circa 1863 - 1900s. 
Note: A second, more substantial well and watering trough, are located within the bounds 
of the Annaberg estate approximately midway between the Annaberg School and the Francis 
boiling house on the south side of the road to Mary's Point. To date this structure has not been 
investigated, measured, or added to the NPS List of Classified Structures database. Its date of 
construction and period of use remain undetermined, but it is clearly historic. 
Page 77 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
[M] Unidentified Structure, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
An unidentified structure is located 60 feet south of the factory's curing house wing. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
"The remains of a building measuring 24' by 32' is located 60 feet south of the factory. It 
appears to have had a second story and a masonry staircase is built against its south wall. The 
ground floor had masonry walls towards the north, west and south while it is open towards the 
east and the second story on this side was supported by masonry pillars spaced eight feet on 
centers ... " [Gjessing, 1978]. 
The overall present condition of the unidentified structure on Annaberg is poor. with no 
stabilization efforts ever having been carried out. It is recommended that a concerted attempt be 
made to preserve. protect. and maintain this structure. as it may yet prove to be a highly 
significant element of the Annaberg factory complex. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the ruins that make up the Annaberg factory 
complex are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing; Criterion C, for their distinctive design, 
physical context, and construction methods; and Criterion D, for their potential to reveal further 
information regarding the date of initial industrial land use on the site, the functions of its 
components, and lives of its occupants. Together with other remains throughout the factory 
complex, the unidentified structure is clearly of national significance. It possesses substantial 
integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original position 
and relationship to the other structures within the complex. While the loss of structural 
Page 78 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
ii 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
components and equipment decreases integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg unidentified 
structure to adequately convey the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
In his 1978 survey of Annaberg, Frederik Gjessing conjectured that this unidentified 
building may have been a stable. The presence of a "stable" on Annaberg is noted in the 1793 
and 1842 estate inventories, but not in the 1805 plantation report or 1809 appraisal. While it is 
possible that this feature could represent either or both of these structures, its configuration 
appears to make it unlikely. The function and period of usage of the building, therefore, remain 
to be determined. 
Period of primary significance of the unidentified structure: circa 1793 - 1867. 
Page 79 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
· [N] Cook House, Annaberg Factory Complex 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The Annaberg cook house is located on the southwest of the perimeter wall of the animal 
mill at Nl8° 21.783' x W 64° 43.787'. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
A roughly 13-foot-square cook house is located on the southwest perimeter wall of the 
animal mill. An attached oven measuring 6 feet 3 inches wide extends 5 feet out from the 
northwest comer of the building. The oven is accessible from the interior of the structure. Entry 
to the cook house is through a doorway in the west wall, and the building has window openings 
in both the north and south walls. A masonry cooking counter extends two-thirds of the way 
along the west wall of the interior room. There is a brick hood above the counter that tapers 
upward to a flue and chimney. The cook house has a shed roof with metal roofing. 
The Annaberg cook house is presently in fair to good condition, and is being used as the 
ST A TEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
Built soon after the tum of the twentieth century, in a period often referred to as the 
'subsistence era,' the Annaberg (Francis) cook house stands as an enduring testament to a unique 
As per National Register guidelines, the Annaberg cook house is significant under 
Criterion A, for its association with the post-production period at Annaberg and the broader 
subsistence period on St. John; Criterion C, for its distinctive design, discrete physical context, 
and period construction methods; and Criterion D, for its potential to reveal further information 
regarding the evolution of its design, methods of construction, functions, and the lives of the 
Page 80 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
people who constructed and utilized it. Together with the earlier remains of the Annaberg factory 
complex, the cook house is clearly a significant structure. It possesses substantial integrity of 
location, design, setting, feeling, and association, as well as occupying its original position and 
relationship to the other structures within the factory complex. The cook house has currently 
been restored and daily conveys its overall significance through its use as the centerpiece of 
cultural heritage demonstrations at Annaberg. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE: 
While the exact date of the construction of the Annaberg cook house remains unknown, it 
was most likely built concurrently with a wooden dwelling that once stood immediately adjacent 
to it on the south side of the horse mill. It is believed that both structures were erected by Carl 
Francis soon after his acquisition of the Annaberg property in 1900. 
Carl Francis and his family lived amidst the ruins on Annaberg from 1900 until just prior 
to Carl's death in 1936. Like most St. John residents of this period, they lived a somewhat frugal 
and self-sufficient existence. They grew provision crops, grazed some livestock, and produced 
quicklime and charcoal. Throughout this period Francis rose to be a prominent and respected 
island figure. He served as the St. John representative to the Colonial Council (the local 
governing body prior to the establishment of the Virgin Islands Legislature), acted as Clerk and 
Lay Reader to the Nazareth Lutheran Congregation for over twenty years, and raised the first 
United States Flag over St. John in the transfer ceremonies held at the Cruz Bay Battery on April 
15, 1917. 
Creque heirs that the Jackson Hole Preserve purchased the property in 1954. At the time 
Annaberg was officially turned over to the National Park Service by the Jackson Hole Preserve in 
1956, elements of the Francis house were still habitable. It was not until 1960 that the decision 
was reached to remove the wooden dwelling from the horse mill and retain the cook house on the 
site. 
Currently, the restored Annaberg cook house serves as the centerpiece for cultural 
heritage demonstrations at Annaberg. 
Primary period of significance of the Annaberg (Francis) cook house: 1900 - 1954 
Page 81 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
lh 
nnob 
bru 
~ I 60 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
====··:·:·:··········.:w;··-~~ 
.... _., . ._..,,_ _____ ~----·-· . .J 
........................................... ____ ] 
-· ---······=·····,::.:: :_::_:_:_: _ 
___::_] 
. ' 
W-•.·••,N,•.w•·.•-•-•-W.•.·~w•·=--' 
I 
u 
•.•.• 
;,~·-
••.• _·· •.• · 
••• ······.'· 
••• • 
••. ·• .•.•. •• •• _·.· •.. •· .•• ·i 
!' 
J 
Elevation and ground plan for the von Scholten Schools, designed by Albert Lovmand circa 1839 
[From: Jens Vibcek, Vore Gamle Tropekolonier, Dansk Vestindien 1755 -1848, voL 2 
(Denmark, Fremand, 1966)]. 
Section 3: The Annaberg School House, circa 1847 - 1861 
Situated approximately .7 km west of the Annaberg factory complex, the Annaberg 
school sits on a low promontory overlooking the mouth of Mary's Creek at N 18° 21.874' X W 
064 ° 44.115'. Although the school now lies well within the bounds of the Anna berg estate, the 
property on which it was constructed (Betty's Hope) did not become a part of that estate until the 
fourth quarter of the eighteenth century. The Annaberg school was to provide free compulsory 
education to the children of the enslaved laborers on six estates within the Maha Bay Quarter: 
Page 83 
Cinnamon Bay, Vaniniberg, Munsbe1y, Annaberg (including Mmy's Point), and Leinster Bay 
[Johansan, 1988]. 
Based on a plan by architect Albert Lovmand, the Annaberg school was scaled down and 
modified to suit St. John's hilly terrain. fu all, seventeen of the Lovmand schools were originally 
planned: eight on St. Croix; five on St. Thomas; and four on St. John [Vibrek,1966]. The 
Annaberg school, however, was the only structure constructed on St. John to this general design. 
While another school was built mid-island on the Beverhoudtsberg plantation two years prior to 
the Annaberg school, that structure was constructed of wood on a masonry foundation and seems 
never to have been utilized for its intended purpose. Two other St. John schools were operated at 
the Moravian mission stations of Bethany and Emmaus, although, as with the Beverhoudtsberg 
school, the Lovmand design was not utilized. A fifth smaller school was later proposed for St. 
John's south side on the Par Force plantation in Reef Bay, but it remains uncertain whether it 
was ever built at that location. fu all cases, Moravian missionaries were to serve as the teachers 
in the schools [Gardin, 1856; Johansan, 1988; Low, 2001]. 
Although construction was well underway on the Annaberg school by 184 7, it appears 
that the building was not fully completed at that time [ Johansan, 1988]. It was not until August 
12, 1856, that Brother J. Gardin penned a report to the Moravian Church periodical announcing 
the opening of the school: 
"fu St. Jan we have, this year, opened a school at Annaberg, on the north side of 
the island. The school-house, which is a very fine one, and is in a charming 
situation, by the sea, was built many years ago, but never used. There are now 
twenty-five children in attendance. We have also opened a school in the south; but 
it is very small, numbering only eight children. fu general, the attendance in the 
schools in St. Jan is good, and the children are mostly connected with our 
congregation." 
[Gardin, 1856] 
Though the future of the Annaberg school seemed promising in the summer of 1856, 
staffing the rather remote facility soon proved problematic. Sometime prior to October 1861, the 
school was closed after Mr. A. Knevels was dismissed as schoolmaster on grounds of "gross 
Page 84 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
immorality." From that date, all students from Annaberg were sent to attend school at the 
Emmaus Mission Station in Coral Bay, and no subsequent teacher was ever engaged to fill Mr. 
Knevels's position [Gardin, 1856; Johansan, 1988; Low, 2001]. 
It is generally believed that the Annaberg school was destroyed in the disastrous hurricane 
and earthquakes that occurred in the fall of 1867. While this might indeed have occurred, no 
documentation was found to support this conclusion. It may just be that researchers have long 
presumed that the school was damaged in those events in order to find a logical explanation as to 
why it was never reopened or utilized for some other purpose at a later date. The truth, however, 
may not be so simple. 
On consideration of this issue, it might be suggested that the Annaberg school had simply 
outlived its usefulness. And, perhaps over time, the local population had come to view the site as 
a relic of their painful past: a reminder of slavery and the harsh constraints of the plantation 
system. It must be kept in mind that the purpose behind the establishment of the rural schools 
was to provide limited education for the children of enslaved workers, in a situation that kept 
those children on or close to the estates, and, therefore, insulated and under the control of their 
masters. With emancipation came greater freedom of movement and increased opportunities for 
open congregation. The dwindling number of workers who remained on St. John's rural estates 
quickly embraced self-determination, and they naturally turned to places beyond the boundaries 
of the plantations to fulfill their spiritual, social, and educational needs. The busy Moravian 
mission stations of Emmaus and Bethany became more than church settlements, they became the 
very centers of community life on St. John: school, church, shelter, clinic, meeting-house. The 
movement away from the idea that the plantation was the nucleus of one's existence was simply 
too strong to resist. As the missions thrived, the Annaberg school retreated into bush; a failed 
experiment in amelioration; too little, offered much too late. 
Page 85 
h ugh und uhl di~ 11 0 1 
rn .1 rl.ed 
l •m nf of th i l: nd 
th I tbe 
h) lhal d I . 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
AN UPDATED SURVEY OF THE ANNABERG SCHOOL 
NAME OF STRUCTURE 
Annaberg School 
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE 
The Annaberg school is situated approximately .7 km west of the Annaberg factory 
complex. It sits on a low promontory overlooking the mouth of Mary's Creek at N 18° 21.874' X 
w 064° 44.115'. 
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 
"Annaberg School has a full basement dug into the hillside but accessible at grade level 
from the north. The main floor is raised about 2 Y2' above grade on the west side of the building 
and slightly higher above the grades on the south and east sides. The main entranGe is on the east 
side and access is by brick masonry steps forming half of a truncated pyramid. Access to 
secondary entrances towards the south and west are by less expansive brick masonry "open arms" 
staircases, the name used locally for staircases with flanking masonry walls curving outwards and 
generally ending in decorated circular newel posts as in the case of the Annaberg School. The 
interior of the main floor was divided into 4 spaces, a hallway across the central east facing 
section of the building that provided interior access to the classrooms at each end of the building 
and an office or smaller classroom west of the hallway. The exterior has an articulated base, 
quoined comers, a continuous collar and a projecting cornice. On the entrance side, the central 
bays are accentuated by a slight projection. The roof was hipped. The walls were finished in 
plaster except for the steps, quoins and cornice which were in exposed yellow brick. 
"Annaberg School is a ruin in a poor state of preservation. The southwest comer still 
stands to plate height while the rest of the walls have been preserved in half their original height 
only. The ruins have been quarried for brick and although sufficient remains of the steps to 
Page 87 
indicate their character, the quarrying operation has defaced and in part has destroyed them. 
Nothing but traces remain of the interior partitions. The building measures 30 by 50 feet.. .. 
"Although in ruins, much of its original architectural character is still evident and it is a 
good example of official architectural expression of the period, as well as a symbol of the 
educational reforms that were to have far reaching effects on the social structure of the Virgin 
Islands" [Gjessing, 1978]. 
Present condition of the Annaberg school ruin is generally good and stable, although the 
interpretive display on the sight is badly in need of maintenance and an updating of information. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As per National Register guidelines, the Annaberg school is considered significant under 
Criterion A, as a physical representation of the attempt to institute compulsory education 
throughout the Danish West Indies in 1839; Criterion C, for its uniquely Danish colonial 
architectural expression within the neoclassical style; and Criterion D, for its potential to reveal 
further information regarding the date of initial construction, the functions of its components, and 
lives of the people who taught and studied there. Together with other remains throughout the 
Annaberg Historic District, the Annaberg school is clearly of national significance. It possesses 
substantial integrity of location, design, setting, and association, as well as occupying its original 
position and relationship to the other sites in the district. While the significant loss of structural 
components decreases integrity, enough remains of the Annaberg school to adequately convey 
the overall significance of the site. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
Although construction was well underway on the Annaberg school by 184 7, it was not 
opened for classes until August 12, 1856. Sometime prior to October 1861 staffing problems 
force the closure of the facility. It was never reopened. 
Period of significance of the Annaberg school: 184 7 - circa 1861 
Page 88 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
•
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
ti n 4: 
tt)' llop and 
h F 
oilin 
11 u 
3 - J 
~ 
itu· led 
me 
I .~ 
m w1.: l 
f lh 
\nn bcru I 
.t11111h r
1 and ~/arr\ Po1111 cwt . th~ han 1. 
dmu h 
l I"). 11 .1 the b Ull 
tand · m th 
I) b I\\ e n th 
r a ndg th l 
hi I , 
1m1l 
th 
un 
111l111g F an 
fr m 
I ~ I). 
. -I 
purp 
I rn1 l 
rm 
luni 11 n. \\hi h " 
m th1.: f urth 1u na ft hl: ·1glu 
th 
1hn' h u. 
Im 
th 
l b l\\ •en 
m • n1un u n wHJ1 
b ilme I u. • \\t~r n t fully 
If, ,,,, .... 
/_'.~_..~/ 
Detail from Peter L. Oxholm's 1800 map of St. John showing the Betty's Hope and Mary's Point area. 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark) 
The Francis boiling house is easily documented as it appears in the yearly tax rolls for St. 
John and was later noted in George Francis's probate appraisal [STA, 1873; SJCP, 1875]. The 
structure also has three cut-coral date plaques imbedded in its walls: two with the date 1874, and 
one that reads Aug. 1874. 1 The older Betty's Hope plantation complex, which once stood in the 
same general vicinity, is somewhat harder to document. 
The Betty's Hope plantation was developed on a tract of land originally deeded to Jacob 
van Stell in 1723. The property was subsequently merged into a broader holding by Governor 
Frederik Moth in August of 1726, and out of that parcel the Munsbury (aka: Frederiksdal) and 
Dewindtsberg plantations were later developed [SJLL, 1728-39; SJA, 1755-1803]. We know that 
prior to its assimilation into the Annaberg estate, Betty's Hope had been an element of 
Dewindtsberg [PR, 1805; SJLBP, 1809]. Oxholm's map published in 1800 clearly depicts a site 
lying in the center of the isthmus between Francis Bay and what is now Mary's Creek, and labels 
it as number 4. As the Dewindtsberg plantation was noted on the same map as being comprised 
of numbers 4 and 5, it can be assumed that the site on the isthmus was, at least at one time, 
1 A fourth cement plaque with the date 1911 represents a later conversion of the boiling house to 
a storage building. 
Page 90 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1• 
II 
II 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
associated with that estate (see detail of map on previous page). We also know that this area was 
considered well within the bounds of Annaberg by the time the Oxholm map was published, and 
that as late as 1809, when the Betty's Hope property was appraised as a part of Annaberg during 
James Murphy's probate proceedings, a dwelling house, cook house with oven, a "Negro house," 
and a works, which included a "windmill timber framed," still stood on the site (see pages 23 -
25) [SJLBP, 1809]. Given the fact that the only other settlement in this vicinity was the Mary's 
Point plantation (depicted by Oxholm to the northwest of the site in question), it is only logical to 
conclude that the site on the isthmus must be the former Betty's Hope plantation [SJA, 
1778-1806; SJLBP, 1809]. 
Further supporting these observations are the results of investigations conducted by NPS 
archaeologist Ken Wild between 1987 and 1989. Wild identified what appeared to be a 
mid-eighteenth century trash midden containing "ceramics, personal items, tools and fauna! 
remains," near the shore of Mary's Creek, only a short distance from the Francis boiling house. 
In his report, Wild concluded that the artifacts recovered from the Mary's Creek site must have 
been in context with the "Mary's Point Great House," which he noted as "standing approximately 
459 meters from the Mary's Creek site" [Wild, Horvath, Potter & Repp, 1991]. 
Wild's conclusions as to the association of the artifacts with the ruins in the area appear 
logical, and are, in all likelihood, correct. But the structures that stand on the isthmus between 
Mary's Creek and Francis Bay are not associated with the Mary 's Point estate, but with Betty's 
Hope. And, the structure referred to in the report as the "Mary's Point Farmhouse," we now 
know to be the boiling house constructed by George Francis in 187 4, soon after his purchase of 
the broader Annaberg property on which it stands. 
Note: A group of ruins believed to be associated with the Mary's Point plantation was 
located during the ground surveillance for this report well northwest of the Betty's Hope site --
close to where Oxholm depicted them on his 1780 and 1800 maps (see following section of this 
report). 
Conclusion: Betty's Hope must be viewed as an integral element of the Annaberg 
Historic District. Ever since the assimilation of its lands into the Annaberg plantation in the 
fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, Betty's Hope has remained a part of that estate. Further, 
the significance of the Francis boiling house, which stands on the property, could hardly be 
Page 91 
the la t U!! r . L f) C\ 
I h 11ng n h 
au nal R ,....1 ter 
R c mm 
mpt ncnl 
r th 
th.: . 
· n the 
UI 
himn ~ 
1ght. 
p e.e -
n 
t. J 1hn. th· trn tur 
1. 
le rl_ \ nh_ 
ull_ r 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
llUJl d n 
rum 
I a num 
r 
'id •n 
Ill I _I 
[ 
. I 
11111e1 
Jn . 
Ill n I 
\1th lh 
ti n -
h 
n 
P in Plantati n. J _ J - J 
4 
l !)' . . 
mt I 
th n _km n nh f th 
II inc h 
und th 
ruh I\! ma 
"I) 
' n u undctcnmncd 
un ntary 
ment 
f hi 
ine th 
l! nttJ...nu 
J 
n pp·1r 111 land . '' p 
Tt)i - kn,,111 
n ''fl r n 
m } ''ell h \ 
I 
( 
r 
h 
l) 
11 
u1h 
111 
I the 
th 
h m 
hi 
\ 't 
built \\itlun th 
un 
the · ·tru tur I rem 111 
t l \ ' 
".,f 11 • ' Poim rum ·. 
h fi l. n unmark d m num nt th l pp 
r l d I 
from the eighteenth century, is perhaps that of Franz Claasen, who died on the estate in 1780 
[SJLPP, 1780]; the second, is a low red brick tomb with a marble slab inscribed, "Sacred to the 
memory of Hester D. Francis, born April 20, 1826, died September 9, 1864." Hester Dalinda 
Francis was born enslaved on the Vaniniberg plantation and was the second wife of George 
Francis [SJR, 1835-60]. She died and was buried at Mary 's Point within a year of her husband's 
purchase of the property. 
These previously undocumented features on the Mary's Point property were field 
surveyed in the fall of 2000 and will be added to the NPS List of Classified Structures database. 
However to date, they have not been adequately investigated or documented. Another site 
associated with the Mary 's Point property is situated approximately 50 feet above the shoreline 
on the northern slopes of Mary's Point. It has been previously reported that this structure was 
built as a customs house, but no documentation to support this claim was uncovered during the 
research for this report (see detail from map on page 93, and associated sites section, page 108). 
Note: The Mmy 's Point site should not be confused with another set of ruins that stand in 
relative close proximity south-southeast of the Mary 's Point group. Those structures appear to 
have been rebuilt over earlier buildings -- perhaps the Betty 's Hope residence -- sometime in the 
first half of the twentieth century. 
Conclusion: Mmy 's Point must be viewed as an integral element of the Annaberg 
Historic District. After the assimilation of its lands into the Annaberg plantation in the fourth 
quarter of the eighteenth century, Mary's Point remained a part of that estate until being sold at 
auction to George Francis in 1863. Later, Francis reunited Mary's Point with Annaberg 
(including Betty's Hope) and Leinster Bay by his purchase of those properties in 1871. All of 
these properties remain closely linked in the minds of St. Johnians to the present day. 
Recommendations: The history of Mary's Point needs to be thoroughly researched. 
Once a concise historical background study has been performed, archaeological investigation will 
be necessary to date and identify the various components of the site. Information on the property 
should be worked into interpretive material relating to the overall Anna berg Historic Distract, 
and the ruins should be stabilized and maintained for safe public visitation. 
Page 94 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
The Annaberg and Leinster Bay Estate House 
constructed during the ownership of James E. Murphy, 1796 through 1808 
(Detail from a sketch by Henry Morton, circa 1844) 
Section 6: The Annaberg and Leinster Bay Estate House, 1796 - 1916 
Located roughly 1.3 km east-northeast of the Annaberg factory complex, the ruins of the 
Annaberg and Leinster Bay estate house stand on the peak of a 200-foot promontory overlooking 
the Narrows of Sir Francis Drake's Channel to the north, and Water Lemon Bay to the 
I 
south-southwest. The principal remaining features on the site are the ground floor rooms and 
foundations of the main residence and the lower story walls of an adjoining servants quarters, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
which at an undetermined date was converted to a water cistern. The site shows evidence of 
numerous modifications over the years and most recently served as a boys reformatory during the 
first half of the twentieth century. 
Page 95 
One of the many questions that have puzzled researchers of the Annaberg property over 
the years has been why no estate house was ever identified on the property. The answer to this 
question lies in the realization that no element within the Annaberg Historic District can be 
adequately interpreted without a better understanding of its context and relationship to the 
broader Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation. As has been pointed out in previous sections of 
this report, when the first settlement was established within the bounds of Annaberg by Isaac 
Constantin in 1721, a dwelling house was a component of that site [SJLBP, 1809]. And, in later 
years, when the Zeeger heirs relocated the central processing facility to its present location, two 
residential structures were erected on the property [MP, 1 793]. But those plantations were 
modest in scope and proportion to the grand estate developed by James E. Murphy, who clearly 
saw his property not as a grouping of individual parcels, but as a vast and integrated land 
holding. In the center of this estate, on a high hill overlooking the Annaberg factory and Water 
Lemon Bay, Murphy constructed a well-fortified and stately mansion, positioned where the full 
length and breadth of his property could be observed: from Base Hill in the east, to Mary's Point 
in the west [SJLBP, 1809; PR, 1805]. 
The components of Murphy's estate residence were appraised along with the rest of his 
properties during his probate proceedings in 1809. At that time, they were described as "a 
Dwelling house on the hill [valued at] 7500 Ps ... a kitchen, out-rooms, horse stable and cisterns 
all under one roof [valued at] 2000 Ps ... a house with three Negro-rooms [valued at] 300 Ps ... a 
Necessary [valued at] 150 Ps ... [and] 4 iron canons and nine small brass [valued at] 150 Ps .... " 
[SJLBP, 1809] 
The estate house that Murphy built continued to be used as the primary dwelling for the 
Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantations throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century [SJA, 
1797-1900]. During proprietorship of H. H. Berg (1827 through 1863), it also served as the 
Governor's St. John residence, and at different periods has been utilized as a Masonic Lodge, 
guest house, and boys' reformatory [Frank, 1920; Low, 2001; SJR, 1835-11; VIC, 1917]. At least 
one photograph of the interior of the house is known to exist (see photograph on page 97), and in 
1844 Reverend Henry Morton sketched two views of Leinster Bay and described the house as "a 
spacious and admirably arranged Establishment, containing among other things of interest, an 
extensive and judiciously selected Library" (see illustration on page 95) [Morton, 1975]. 
Page 96 
I 
I 
I 
I
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1 1: 
< • r 
Ulh H. 
\\ ]l 
ti n 
:\nn 
ughl · .. km 
me l f h 
nn 
pp r 11 • fhr 'e f tht 
L'T 
urr 
p 
Lh my 
imp 
in anc.I 
Bay pl nLJ 1 n unn 1 th 
nd 
in l r B ) 
[ h. 
lurph_. und 
Pag 
m t 
r~
, ir a 1 
- 1 21 
me l. 
\ 
l\\ t: nll th 
ill intJ l 
un Im Lh 
he \l urph~ g ' 
11 
r m~m 111 a 
111 ' n all m b_ a th1 k. 
f 
th 
111111h r{! 
11 / L in ra 
IL 
nm n 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
gram 
lab. r ting at p a r d n k ar 
n pav d terr 
. '"all d-in and 
Ul 
D 
m r I 
h uld r d, 
n. lnrriguin!?l . the d t 
th ins rib d n hi m nument, 
lia I d umentati n th 
111 
np 1 n 
]. 
d um ma1i n h 
mit) th 
Lher unal 
in chi gr u ; h w ver, 
Jam 
' h all died 
JI3 e 
thr 
tr 
m 
1 lik l: an 10 1 
r Ba 
planning f 
!line.. d tail, n d 
\ a1 r 
R 
mm ndati n : Th 
m 
m 
11) furth r \and Ii m 
h ul 
rp 
t ti tnl mt rpr ll\. m l nal -
Tb 
fr pair. 
p gc 
lurph 
. nd m r p rti u larl th 
Iii t ri 
1urph . 
t. 
nl; 
n 
• rL11 
m c ry ne 
inf m1ati n r I 
in~ l 
r Iii tori 
nd m imm 
dilig ntl 
met 
r. 
/ 
I 
' 
. , .... 
, . 
ir u 1 
-4 
·ti n 
h 
in t r 
a) lndu trial 
mp und . ir a I 
- 1 
1tu· te 
n Lhi.: h re 
f \,\ l r 
m n a • 
I\ I. I km a t 
f th 
nnab rn 
fa t 
mgulant m de. 1 .. n .rnd fun 11 n. th· 
an 
I\ fS I 
lurph_ cff\I i med hi \ 
t I 
und 
th. t pl. nl ll 11 \\ r lhr 
r 
p n , \Ian · Pm111 ' 
prirnnril. utiliz J a 
111111g . f11111b ,,. and B •II\ '. Hot • pre 
rtle \\ re Im 
1 e. lu 1v I 
lam d m . u ar :rne 
r r \\hi ·h ti ~ 
nn bcr~ f 
t ~ c 
' ["\ t:d 
th 
emral 
lurph~ plan .111 n ' 
k pl m . ti_ 1 
r had a re dil 
a ailal I 
uppl_ 
. 
0 n tural r 
1m 
r. 
h 
ni n 
th 
plamati n. 
m th 
pr pt.:rt · 
land mg and ten 
l d 1 \\a 
r 
m n a . ''a the 
I 
I ) 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I -
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
stage for a diversity of activities necessary for the development and maintenance of the estate's 
sophisticated infrastructure, while the deep valley behind it was used for grazing and mixed 
agriculture (including sugar cane). 
From James Murphy's 1809 probate inventory, we learn that along with the usual boiling 
house, horse mill, magass shed, and distillery, the Leinster Bay industrial compound also 
included "a building 77 feet by 20 feet [with] a mule pen adjoining it of the same length ... , a 
necessary with pidgin-house ... , a smithy (blacksmith's) shop with tools ... , a lime kiln ... , a frame 
for a lumber house 100 feet by 28 ... , a boathouse 45 feet by 20 feet..., 5 boats of different sizes ... , 
a sick house ... , 61 Negro houses ... [and,] a stone wall around the said area, 1,000 feet." 
The Leinster Bay industrial compound continued to be operated concurrently with the 
Annaberg factory throughout most of both estates' operational time-span .as sugar producers. 
However, by 1 859 production at Leinster Bay began to falter, and no sugar appears to have been 
produced on the estate after 1864 [SJRD, 1845-73]. 
After the acquisition of Annaberg and Leinster Bay by Antoine Anduze in 1876, the 
former Leinster Bay industrial compound became the center of the property's ranching operation, 
and the estate's associated crop lands were almost exclusively converted to pasture. During this 
period, the deep valley behind Water Lemon Bay became the primary grazing area for Anduze 
cattle, and the lands associated with Annaberg appear to have been little utilized [ST A, 
1875-1899; SJCP, 1875-1899]. 
Despite a wealth of documentation and the evident significance of this site, no accurate 
and concise historical background survey has ever been carried out for the Leinster Bay 
plantation. To date, none of the structures on the estate are listed on the National Register, and 
Leinster Bay was not included in surveys of historic sites within the Virgin Islands National Park 
on St. John prepared by Gjessing in 1981/1982, or Brewer & Hammersten in 1988. 
Statement of significance: As the primary stage for a diversity of pursuits necessary for 
the development and maintenance of the combined Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantations' 
sophisticated infrastructure, the Leinster Bay industrial compound is clearly an important element 
of the broader Annaberg Historic District . To the extent that the Annaberg sugar factory 
complex epitomizes singularity in design and function, the Leinster Bay industrial compound is a 
Page 101 
----
-----
tud_ in i\cr tty. an 
the \nn 
up 
n i pr ' 1d d. 
lh 
1l 
h uld 
Ba !..gr und 
r l tmg l 
h 
em 1er 
und Ii n 
and 
a · mdu in I 
and maim me f r J e pu Ii · '1 
uld n 1 h \ c 
lli 
ntl 
I pr 
n · ti n. t 
•Id m" i d. 
\\ i h UI lh 
ll 
int inc rpn.::l1\ m 
n l 
i lri I and lh rum 
h uld he I ar d. 
t h1llz d. 
Pa 1 
I _ 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
h • .uartl 1-l ou 
1,111 f 
ti n 
h 
in t r Ba · uard H u , ir a l 
- ) 4 
m 
t-n rtl 
hill ab 
01111. tand h 
ru111 
f th 
n. tn.1 ·t1 n l thi 
uq . l r m 111 un 
m1m d. 
f the 
h u c. 
he e · .. ·t <.late )f 
h<l\ 
b '11 built ·u t fl 'r 
th' 
n fth· n ·lu t:dlnb r'r in th 
riL1 h \ irgm l 
ir t half r thi.: ninet 
nU1 
ntury We 
murk 
ng t th 
tht. 
en la 
n 'tat · rhr ugh ut the 
n 
rti 
niainml! nd 
mr !ling 
re th· n fi 11) t 
ne. 
ft n • n a 
dct. inm 111 
r c trmnt 1n 
m ri.: 
th u ha 
Pa e I 
n. th t 
Hen 
l 11h. and 
d and n th r d1 
rail 
b r th 
. F 
, • nd in ccd m n l,111.:d by I. w. t 
tak 
n 
th 
n tur 
th1.: lnb rcr 
n cach c tat 
lht:tr 
with U1 
punishment. On the Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantations, four persons had been dealt with 
quite harshly in the preceding year. One individual, a woman named Venus, had been sentenced 
to "100 lashes with a Tamarind whip and a chain to be worn around her neck for the span of two 
months and to be locked up at noon and night." Her offense was noted as "refractory and 
rebellious conduct" [SJR, 1835]. 
It is no surprise that with the emancipation of the enslaved laborers in the British Virgin 
Islands in 1838, worker resistance and unrest on the nearby plantations of St. John greatly 
escalated. From Annaberg and Leinster Bay, freedom lay just across The Narrows less than two 
kilometers away, and the British islands of Tortola, Great Thatch, and Jost van Dyke soon 
became populated by increasing numbers of runaway St. John slaves [SOFS, 1854; Dookhan, 
1975; SJLD, 1828-56]. 
In a desperate effort to forestall escape and impede subterfuge, a system of watch stations 
was instituted throughout St. John and western St. Thomas. Two of these posts are known to 
have been situated in the vicinity of the broader Annaberg Historic District: one on Whistling 
Cay, a.cross from Mary's Point; and another, at Leinster Bay, overlooking The Narrows and West 
End, Tortola [SJLD, 1828-43]. These facilities, however, proved to be largely ineffective. As 
early as the spring of 1842, the Whistling Cay station was standing unmanned, and property 
owners in the Maho Bay Quarter were asked by the local judge to give their opinion as to why, 
" ... the guard house at Leinster Bay could not be entirely disposed with" [SJLD, 1842]. Despite a 
lack of funding, the Leinster Bay guard house was still operational when Reverend .Henry Morton 
visited St. John aboard the Danish cruiser Mercurius in February of 1844. According to his 
account, an officer and. sixteen men were stationed at the post, "for the purpose of protecting the 
property of the Planters from the danger which results from the nearness of the British island of 
Tortola" (SJLD, 1843; Morton, 1975]. 
It is unclear at what point the guard house at Leinster Bay ceased operation, but it can be 
assumed that by 1848, when emancipation was achieved in the Danish West Indies, the facility 
had largely outlived its usefulness. 
Conclusion: The Leinster Bay guard house is a highly significant site not only to the 
broader Annaberg Historic District, but to all of the Virgin Islands as well. It is a bold reminder 
Page 104 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I h· I 
\at h 
y th 
R 
mm nd ti n : \I m 
t n 
'' ithin lhe \nn 
1l1t) m 1h 
. h uld 
tabt 117 d f r · 
· rful 
Ill h 
l lndic.:: 
\er 
I \\ h I I 
h1 
~ The: rum 
pub Ii '1 itati n. It b 
gu 
an I 
n ·1m d 
Ul. ll \\ uld 
~m that 
p rhap th m 
full} 
pl r and 
um nt 
I th 
an 
• t!T un th 
n th 
ll 
tn lut.l d tn 1111 rprc.::ll\ e m L~nal rdutin ' l 
the.:: 
r ad r \.nnab •ro 
Iii tori 
i tri t. 
Pag. I -
I\ 
\\I l-1 
JI 
1\ 
R 
IJ I 
RI 
IP 
r ard b" Joh.innc Lrgh houn1 
1 
h ~ , nnab r 0 an 
und , cir a I 
3 
nn b ·rg an 
gif Ian 
· re hirt_·-fi, in '"' u~ I I nd p 
ut 
' er t 
\\ rk r. n th 
the \\'Ill r 
• lj 
f rm r B m · Ho 
11 n f h Ldn. t •r Bm 
Im H m R 
ar 
ti 
I m1::n 
f lh 
. ~ t m 
\ 
h1 
r m m pm · l I. h l<l m-h lding. 
ein L r 
el d1 1dc 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.-i 
.. 
IA 
.. -· ··-·--·-- .... 
--
- ·:_.I/' 
~}i' 
~ . 
t 
J",t . 
,,,,,_ 
.r~ . 
/ 
,,,.,,, 
t. 
1 
,,._ 
' 
c 
t:.. 
J 
d 
~·
. 
-1 
Plot Maps of the Annaberg and Leinster Bay gift lands, 1863 
(St. Thomas Recorder Of Deeds) 
Page 107 
h 
lar. ' , 
nint Vat h 
ou 
ituatc ' ithin th· 
\C 
th 
n I 1.: n rtl m 
m II uil ing 
a a u t 
lh t lh 
lru LUf \\ 
uill 
m l1 n 1 
. upp n tht 
r 
Lru 
un ·u n 
th 
hat 
"a h 
mJin~ 
that th1 
ll1J rur 
r. d a m1tl 
purp 
larv ·'"" 
tmll r 
fr m lh 
h. II I 
int map m 
ti n:. 
tut d \\Hhin th b und. 
f th \ "ir •in I Ian 
a l, the Brow11B11· pl nt 11 n c 
Ii 
r p1 l) 
cL ri 
1i11e. 
Ith ug.h it nl r m 
.l I } 
.irk n 
ll1 
u h. ll 
l d ' ith tl11.: 
J hn · n rthe 
rru tUJi 
11t! L 1n ter Bui 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
(I 
I 
I 
I 
* I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
plantation for a short time, the Brown Bay estate is clearly worthy of inclusion in the broader 
Annaberg Historic District. Upon James Murphy's purchase of the Brown Bay property in 
1807, 300 acres of additional land came under his control, 80 of these were standing in sugar 
cane, and 30 were in pasture or provision crops. Also included in the purchase were 103 enslaved 
laborers (see maps on pages 4 and 12). 
4B: Estate Munsbury 
Located in a landlocked valley on the southern boundary of the Annaberg plantation, the 
property once known as Munsbury is today a privately owned in-holding within the Maho Bay 
estate. Purchased by James Murphy and merged into his Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation 
in 1803, the 170-acre Munsbury estate comprised 136 acres of prime cane land. Together, the 
adjoining Muns bury and Annaberg properties produced over one-half of the Murphy sugar cane 
crop, and were worked by no less than 23 7 enslaved laborers. Although the estate was sold by the 
Murphy heirs in 1810, Munsbury was once an important element of the Annaberg and Leinster 
Bay plantation, and therefore should be included in the broader Annaberg Historic District (see 
maps on pages 4 and 12). 
Page 109 
A SUMMARY OF THE ANNABERG HISTORIC DISTRICT 
NAME 
The Annaberg Historic District 
LOCATION 
The Annaberg Historic District is located within the bounds of the Virgin Islands 
National Park, on St. John in the United States Virgin Islands. The primary body of the district is 
composed of what are today three independent geographical units, referred to in the Virgin 
Islands as 'estates': Estate Annaberg, Estate Mmy 's Point, and Estate Leinster Bay. These estates 
are bounded by the sea along a roughly 3-mile strip of St. John's North Shore, which extends 
from the western tip of Mary's Point, to just beyond Threadneedle Point at its eastern limit. The 
spine of a range of tall coastal peaks roughly defines the southern boundary of the district (see 
maps on pages 4 and 12). Additionally two neighboring properties, Estate Munsbwy (now a 
component of Estate Maha Bay) and Estate Brown Bay, are also closely associated with the 
district. Estates Annaberg, Mary's Point, and Muns bury can be approached by vehicular traffic 
via a spur of the North Shore Road (Route 20); however at present Leinster Bay and Brown Bay 
can be accessed only on foot by way of trails that roughly follow historic cart roads that once 
connected the plantations of the North Shore with the island's primary settlement at Coral Bay. 
DESCRIPTION 
Currently nine historically significant sites or properties associated with the Annaberg 
plantation have been identified within the primary body of the Annaberg Historic District. Four 
of these lie in the bounds of what is today Estate Annaberg (which includes a portion of the 
former Dewindtsberg plantation known as Betty 's Hope); four are situated in Estate Leinster Bay; 
and one is located on Estate Mary's Point (which was an integral element of the Annaberg 
Page 110 
I
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·a 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
• 
'I, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
plantation from 1790 until 1863). It is clear from the documentary record that it would be 
impossible to properly interpret the historic significance of any one of these sites without a 
deeper understanding of its relationship to the others. Together, the three neighboring estates, 
Annaberg, Leinster Bay, and Mary's Point, along with associated properties Munsbury and 
Brown Bay, make up what must be viewed as a broad and integral historic land district. 
The core property of the Annaberg Historic District began as a modest 150 (Danish) 
acre agricultural land grant, formally deeded to a French Huguenot refugee, Isaac Constantin, by 
the Danish West Indies and Guinea Company on April 27, 1723. This property functioned as an 
independent sugar plantation until sometime in or about 1779, when the original residential and 
industrial complex on the parcel was abandoned and a new compound was constructed on the far 
western boundary of the property. This relocation was carried out in an effort to expand, upgrade, 
and centralize the administrative and industrial heart of the plantation, after the acquisition of 
additional lands that formerly belonged to the neighboring Betty's Hope (aka: Dewindtsberg) 
plantation. It was at this time that the newly built facility, along with its expanded field system, 
was christened Annaberg . 
Sometime in or about 1790, the lands associated with Annaberg were once agam 
expanded by the purchase of the Mmy 's Point plantation, which lay on a peninsula north of 
Betty's Hope. With the assimilation of the grounds previously belonging to Betty's Hope and 
Mary's Point, Annaberg had developed into a substantial 465-acre sugar and livestock plantation, 
worked by some seventy enslaved laborers. But, the property was to experience one last period of 
transformation before it would reach the apex of its development. 
The already merged Annaberg and Mary's Point estates, along with a portion of the 
former Betty's Hope plantation that joined the two parcels, were purchased by a wealthy 
merchant and slave trader, James E. Murphy, in 1796. In the year prior to taking over Annaberg, 
Murphy had also acquired the neighboring Smith Bay plantation, which he renamed Leinster 
Bay. Immediately following these acquisitions, construction began on a state-of-the-art 
sugarworks and a tower windmill on the Annaberg property, and a grand estate house, befitting 
Mr. Murphy's wealth and prominence, on a ridge-top above Water Lemon Bay. 
Soon after the tum of the nineteenth century, with the estate house on the Leinster Bay 
property completed, and the new sugarworks and windmill on Annaberg in full operation, James 
Page 111 
Murphy again set out to expand his land holdings. In 1803 he acquired the Munsbury (aka: 
Frederiksberg & Frederiksdahl) plantation that lay on Annaberg 's southern boundary, and in 
1807 he purchased the Brown 's Bay estate east of Leinster Bay. 
On November 17, 1808, at the age of 51 years, James E. Murphy died on St. John and 
was buried on a prominent hilltop near his estate house overlooking his vast domain. At the time 
of his death, Murphy's Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation comprised six formerly 
independent properties (which themselves were made up of no less than eleven early period land 
grants) with a total land area of nearly 1,300 acres: the largest sugar-producing plantation in the 
history of St. John. 
Upon Murphy's death, his land holdings were appraised separately and either sold off to 
service the accounts of his creditors, or apportioned out among his heirs. The Leinster Bay 
plantation was given over to Murphy's son, Edward C. Murphy, and Annaberg, along with 
Mary 's Point and Betty's Hope, became the property of his daughter, Mary Murphy Sheen. 
Although accounted for separately for tax and administrative purposes, Annaberg (including 
Betty's Hope and Mary's Point) and Leinster Bay remained under common Murphy family 
ownership until 1863. Throughout that period the estate house at Leinster Bay continued to serve 
as the residential and administrative center for both plantations. Despite the partitioning off and 
sale of the Mary 's Point parcel in 1863, Annaberg and Leinster Bay remained linked through 
common ownership until after the tum of the twentieth century. 
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 
The properties and sites that comprise the Annaberg Historic District represent the full 
scope of the Danish colonial experience on St. John, from its earliest settlement and 
establishment of sugar plantations, to the post-plantation period of subsistence farming, livestock 
rearing, and cottage industries. However, it is the process of property consolidation, which took 
place throughout the Danish West Indies at the height of the sugar boom in the late eighteenth 
and early nineteenth centuries, that is most boldly demonstrated by the broader historic district. 
With the gradual abandonment of the small early-period settlements that lay within the bounds of 
the newly unified land holdings, the agricultural sector of the Danish colonial economy was 
Page 112 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
~I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
~
• 
·1, 
'I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
transformed from a system that relied primarily on the output of struggling low-yield plantations, 
to one firmly rooted in the large-scale production of vast and diversified agro-industrial estates. 
Merged and developed into the largest sugar-producing property in the history of St. 
John, the parcels that make up the broader Annaberg Historic District serve as a bold reminder 
of the vast fortunes that were attained by an elite few, at the cost of incomprehensible human 
suffering at the very pinnacle of the sugar trade at the tum of the nineteenth century. But beyond 
that, the association of the property with an owner who was a known slave trader, coupled with 
the fact that the Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantation also held the highest number of enslaved 
laborers of any property on the island, clearly underscores the national, and international, 
significance of the district. 
As per National Register guidelines, all of the properties within the Annaberg Historic 
District are considered significant under Criterion A, for their association with the history of 
colonial-era sugar cane cultivation and processing, and the post-sugar-production period of 
subsistence farming, livestock rearing, and cottage industries; Criterion C, for the distinctive 
elements in the design, physical context, and construction methods of its contributing sites; and 
Criterion D, for the potential to reveal further information regarding industrial, agricultural, and 
residential land use within the district, and the lives of both free and enslaved individuals who 
lived there. The Annaberg Historic District possesses substantial integrity of location, setting, 
and association, as well as occupying its original position and relationship to the other plantation 
properties throughout the island. While the loss of physical components, cultural landscape, and 
equipment decreases overall integrity, enough remains to adequately convey the overall 
significance of the area. 
Some of the identified contributing sites within the broader Annaberg Historic District 
include: 
• 
Colonial-period industrial complexes 
• 
Villages of enslaved laborers 
• 
Plantation residences 
• 
Remnants of field systems and agricultural land use, 
including wells, fieldstone walls, terracing, etc. 
Page 113 
• Vestiges of plantation infrastructure, such as cart roads, 
bridges, and guttering systems 
• Post-emancipation homesteads 
• Evidence of vernacular trades such as charcoal making, 
boat building, and lime burning 
• Cemeteries and burial sites 
While some of the sites within the Annaberg Historic District are generally well 
preserved and stable, many are in immediate need of mitigation efforts to forestall further 
deterioration. 
Note: It must be added that the secluded and largely unmonitored bays and coastal areas 
of the Annaberg Historic District are presently being utilized as drop-off points for the 
smuggling of illegal aliens in what is surely unprecedented numbers. In every comer of the 
district discarded clothes, bedding, and luggage are found strewn across the landscape. Further, 
over the course of the ground survey phase of this project, a number of sites that in recent times 
have been the scene of small plot cultivation were encountered, and on one occasion members of 
the survey team were fired upon in the area of Leinster Bay. 
PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 
As is the case with the Annaberg factory complex, it is apparent that the historic context 
of the Annaberg Historic District must be broadly interpreted, leaving ample latitude for 
cultural inclusiveness and a diversity of historical perspectives. It is therefore recommended that 
the "period of significance" of the site not be limited to a single specific date range, but be 
viewed from an administrative and interpretive standpoint as multiple and ongoing. 
Page 114 
I 
·1 
I ,
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
:1 
'I 
I 
I 
I 
•• ' 
~1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,, 
I 
FINDING BALANCE; SLAVERY AND RESISTANCE AT ANNABERG 
The issues surrounding slavery and slave resistance on Annaberg are highly complex, and 
it would require a comprehensive report to adequately address them. There are, however, a few 
individual points that can be briefly touched upon in an effort to interject a degree of balance into 
the issues as they specifically pertain to the present study. 
Much has been written in recent years about 'resistance' in its many forms. Currently, 
scholars generally break down acts of resistance into two categories: passive resistance and active 
resistance. Passive resistance constitutes such actions as working slowly, pretending ignorance, 
feigning sickness, carelessness with estate property and equipment, running away, or suicide; 
while active resistance is displayed in such ways as theft, the damaging of estate equipment, 
crops, or livestock, the maiming or murdering of other slaves, organized revolt, and . the 
murdering of persons in authority, such as owners or overseers [Greenwood & Hamber, 1980]. 
Many examples of resistance can be documented to have occurred on Annaberg, not just 
in the years of slavery, but in the post-emancipation period of contract labor as well. To fully 
comprehend the intricacies of the causes and effects of these acts requires a detailed approach 
taking into account contributing conditions and specific circumstances, such as setting, political 
climate, social issues, and cultural perspectives relating to the specific time frame associated with 
the incident. For example, life for an enslaved laborer under the inhumane slave codes in place 
during the early years of St. John's settlement was far more harsh and restrictive than it was 
during the ameliorative period around the tum of the nineteenth century. Therefore, to fully grasp 
the issues relating to an act such as the insurrection that took place on the island in 1733, one 
would have to deeply explore the roots of that event in its proper setting and context within the 
framework of the period. The dynamics that drove individuals to carry out acts of active 
resistance on that occasion were vastly different than those that led to the emancipation uprising 
in 1848, or the labor riots of 1878 -- though all three can be broadly categorized as overt acts of 
resistance in response to imposed servitude. Further, as in all human circumstances, displays of 
passion inevitably enter into the equation. Murder or assault as a means of personal revenge are 
not crimes limited to free society, therefore not all damaging or violent behavior that occurred 
among persons in servitude throughout the pre and post-emancipation periods can be viewed 
Page 115 
simply as manifestations of resistance. And finally, it should be stressed that the unfree were no 
less individuals than were members of free society, and two persons never react to a situation in 
the same way -- no matter how similar their circumstances. How persons in bondage responded 
or adapted to the harsh constraints of daily existence was perhaps the only decision left solely to 
their discretion. As displayed by the following three accounts, while some individuals responded 
to their circumstances by choosing the road of active resistance, most chose a more passive path, 
and still others sought to better their situations through cooperation. All of the accounts presented 
here occurred within the general context of the period just prior to, and immediately following, 
emancipation in the Danish West Indies in 1848 (further reference to this period can be found in 
Section 9, pages 103-105 of this report). 
The Case of Joe Popp 
In the early morning hours of November 5, 1839, Joe Popp somehow managed to free 
himself from the heavy iron shackles that bound his wrists and escape from the detention cell on 
the Annaberg plantation. After quietly making his way to Water Lemon Bay, Popp swam out to 
the estate's boat, a sloop named the Kitty Berg, and fled to the nearby British island of Tortola. 
Only after his escape did witnesses begin to come forward and provide details of the crime that 
Joe Popp had long been suspected of committing two years before [SJPP, 1839]. 
Early in the year 1837, John Edwards had taken over the duties of overseer on the 
Annaberg plantation. Upon setting up household on the estate, Edwards and his wife chose two 
slaves to serve as their house servants. A young girl, Maria Rosina, was taken on as 'house girl', 
and a young man, Joe Popp, was given the position of 'house boy' [SJPR, 1837]. 
From the start there was trouble in the Edwards's household. On numerous occasions Joe 
Popp was caught stealing food and other items, and for each offense overseer Edwards dealt out 
harsher and harsher punishments. Soon Joe Popp began to speak openly among his fellow slaves, 
saying that someday he was going to take either "himself, or Edwards, out of the way." Popp 
was also heard to threaten others "that if either white or colored plagued him too much, he had 
something to give them that they would not be able to be rid of." For a time Joe Popp simmered, 
Page 116 
I 
.1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'I 
'.I, 
,I 
I 
:1 
'I: 
'-·'J 
I 
I 
,-1 
I ,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,I 
I 
I 
'I 
but his emotions soon overflowed. After Pop was absent from the estate without permission for a 
whole day, Edwards publicly flogged him with an oxtail whip on the following morning. For Joe 
Popp this was the final insult; he swore aloud that it would be the last beating he would ever take 
from Edwards [SJPR, 1837]. 
As was the daily routine, a few days later Mrs. Edwards instructed Joe Popp to fetch Mr. 
Edwards's medicine and prepare him his morning tea. After handing Joe the key to the cupboard 
where the medicine was stored, she instructed the girl Maria Rosina to accompany Popp to make 
sure he didn't remove anything else from the shelf. Alongside the medicine in the cupboard was 
kept a bottle of arsenic used for poisoning rats on the estate, and it was a portion of the contents 
of that bottle, not the medicine, that Joe Popp added to Mr. Edwards' tea. Maria Rosina, too 
afraid to speak, later testified that she watched as Joe Popp served the overseer the poisoned 
mixture. Around 2 o'clock that afternoon, Edwards came in from the fields and lay down in his 
bed complaining of a fever. He never rose again [SJPR, 183 7]. 
At the time of the incident, there was only circumstantial evidence that pointed to Joe 
Popp as the perpetrator of the crime. However, it later came out in hearings after his escape that 
it was common knowledge among the slaves on the plantation that Joe Popp had poisoned 
Edwards with a cup of tea. Laborers on neighboring estates were also well aware of the incident, 
as the story had been passed from property to property by way of a song that the field gang would 
sing as they worked. According to one deponent, who spoke out at a hearing to extradite Joe 
Popp from Tortola in the fall of 1839, a slave named Ludvig from the Munsbury plantation had 
made up the words to the song, which were entered into the court record: 
The lady tells him to take his thing and go to Tortola land. 
Mr. Edwards say no: we stay for two three week more. 
The lady lays in the window and cries out for her dear John; 
Mr. Edwards! didn't I tell you so? You wouldn't take care of Jonis Garg, 
Jonis Garg carried you to livis land. 
Little Maria has confessed on the bad woman and said, Manger! You wouldn't hear. 
The cup of tea sent him to livis land. 
[SJPR, 1837] 
Page 117 
It was also revealed during Popp' s extradition hearings that the Annaberg gang had been 
heard singing a similar song while the overseer who replaced Edwards, Thomas Hyland, Jay 
dying of an undetermined illness on Christmas Eve later in the same year [SJPR, 1837]. 
In the end, efforts to bring Joe Popp to justice proved futile. After making his escape to 
Tortola in November 1839, Popp quickly left that island and found his way to Trinidad. 
According to witnesses, he was last seen on St. Thomas in 1853 when a steamship he was 
engaged on as crew stopped over at that port [SOFS, 1854]. 
The Mass Desertion of 1840 
On the night of May 24, 1840, estates Annaberg and Leinster Bay were the scene of the 
largest mass desertion of enslaved laborers on St. John since the outbreak of the 1733 slave 
rebellion more than a century before. In all, eight men (Charles Bryan, James Jacob, Adam [alias 
Cato], Big David, Henry Law, Paulus, John Curay), and three women (Kitty, Polly, and Katurah) 
were involved. The group made their escape by stealing the estates' boat, the Kitty Berg, and 
rowing the vessel to nearby Tortola under the cover of darkness. Ten of the individuals were 
from Leinster Bay, while only one was from Annaberg [SJPR, 1840; SOFS, 1854). 
According to police reports of the incident, the runaways had carefully planned their 
escape. One of their number, Big David, was the watchman at the Leinster Bay plantation on the 
night of the desertions; another, Charles Bryan, was a carpenter, and it was believed that he had 
secretly fashioned oars and hidden them for the occasion. In preparation for leaving, members of 
the group had also sold their "pigs and small animals on St. Thomas." Their houses were found 
empty of belongings after their departure [SJPR, 1840). 
The incident was first reported to authorities at IO o'clock on Sunday morning, May 25. 
Upon notification of the escape, Police Master Brahde immediately made his way from his home 
in Coral Bay to Annaberg, where he found the estate overseer, Mr. Davis, in a state of great 
consternation. Davis, who expressed complete bewilderment over the incident, claimed that he 
"knew no reason for the Negroes' desertion," and explained that upon his evening inspection at 8 
Page 118 
I 
I 
I 
I, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
l 
1
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
·I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
(I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,f 
'I 
o'clock he had found "everything as it should be" on both the Annaberg and Leinster Bay 
· plantations [SJPR, 1840]. 
After inquiries on the estates proved largely uninformative, Brahde concluded that, 
beyond determining that the group had fled to Tortola, no further pertinent details of the case 
would be forthcoming. In an effort to resolve the matter as quickly as possible, he decided that 
his first course of action should be to immediately send the local Moravian missionary, Brother 
Schmitz, to Tortola to plead with the deserters to return home. After sending word to Schmitz to 
prepare for the journey, Brahde hastily set out for St. Thomas to secure the governor's formal 
pardon for the runaways in the event they consented to come back to St. John [SJPR, 1840). 
Late Sunday night Brahde returned to St. John with assurance that none of the group 
would be prosecuted, and early the next morning Brother Schmitz set out in a hired boat for 
Tortola to negotiate. Upon his arrival in the British colony the missionary went directly to the 
local magistrate, Mr. Lewis, who called a gathering of the runaways at his home to discuss the 
issue. According to Schmitz, the house was soon crowded with not only the refugees from St. 
John, but also a number of local "free farmers" who had come to voice their support for the 
group. Once assembled the deserters expressed in no uncertain terms that they were "the utmost 
embittered" towards overseers Davis and Wallace, and that none of them would return as long as 
either of those men remained on the estates. The most vocal of the group, Charles Bryan, cited 
the cause for their dislike of those individuals was that they could never "work enough" to please 
them, and "for each trivial matter were locked up or punished." To each account offered as to 
how they had suffered at the hands of the overseers, the free Tortola people in the crowd 
responded with hearty cries of "Hear! Hear!" [SJPR, 1840). 
Convinced of the groups' resolve, Brother Schmitz returned to the Emmaus Mission 
Station on St. John where he penned a report to Police Master Brahde. In his report, Schmitz 
stated that he had been well treated by the people on Tortola, but held out little hope that any of 
the refugees would ever return [SJPR, 1840]. 
In fact, some of the group did return, but not until well after overseers Davis and Wallace 
had left the estates. During a hearing held in connection with claims for compensation due to the 
former owners of emancipated slaves on January 16, 1854, Charles Bryan recounted what had 
become of each of the eleven members of the group. In his testimony Bryan stated that he, along 
Page 119 
with his wife Katurah and James Jacobs, had all returned to work at Leinster Bay and were 
currently residing there. Of the others, Kitty, Paulus, David, and Adam had been recently seen on 
St. Thomas, while Henry Law, Petrus, and Polly -- who on at least one occasion had visited her 
family at Leinster Bay -- were still living on Tortola. As for John Curry, he had left Tortola 
bound for Trinidad soon after the meeting with Brother Schmitz in 1840. Bryan added that as 
recently as two years ago he had heard from a Tortola boat captain that Curry was "still on 
Trinidad and was well" [SOFS, 1854]. 
No record was found of any punitive actions ever having been taken against any member 
of the group. 
The George Francis Story 
George Francis was born enslaved on the Annaberg plantation. His name appears in the 
earliest recorded census for the property compiled in 1835, in which he was recorded as a 
thirteen-year old field laborer, baptized in the Moravian church on June 21 , 1822 [SJR, 1835]. 
Already a widower by age nineteen, George Francis worked diligently to gain the respect 
of his fellow workers, as well as his influential master, Hans H. Berg. By the time the 1846 
census was compiled, Francis was among the most trusted of the estates' laborers, and by 1850 
he had gained the position of 'driver' (the leader of the work-gangs). Sometime in or about 1845, 
George Francis married Hester Dalinda, a young woman who had been born enslaved on the 
neighboring Munsbury plantation where she had lived all of her life. Secure in his new position 
as driver, Francis felt confident that a request to allow his wife to leave Muns bury and join him at 
Annaberg would not be refused. And indeed, a short time later Hester and her children, Peggy 
and Johannes, were all reported to be living at Annaberg [SJR, 1846, 1850, & 1855; SJLUC, 
1850]. 
Over the course of the succeeding decades, George Francis found opportunities that in his 
youth must have seemed wholly unimaginable. In the 1860 census for Annaberg, Francis's 
position was listed as estate 'overseer,' and two years later he received clear and outright title to a 
2-acre parcel of land on Mary 's Point by the will of his former owner, Hans H. Berg. But George 
Francis's ambitions did not stop there; through hard work and frugality he managed to save 
Page 120 
--------------------------------------··-- -··-·
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I!
I ,.
I 
I 
I 
I 
. I. 
. I
I. 
I 
I 
,,, 
,, 
I ,, 
:1 
II 
1· 
I 
11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
II I,, 
I 
enough money for a down payment on the remainder of the Mmy 's Point property when it was 
auctioned off during the Berg probate reconciliation [STEP, 1862]. 
George Frances's wife, Hester, died only a short time after their purchase of the Mary's 
Point estate. The couple's possessions, itemized in Hester's probate inventory compiled on 
September 29, 1864, display the relative wealth the Francis family had attained by that date: 
18 Head of Cattle 
40 Sheep 
3 Asses 
2 Horses 
1 Decked Boat 'The Ester of St. John' 
1 Row Boat 
2 Bedsteads with Bedding 
2 Tables 
1 Press 
18 Chairs 
l doz. Plates, Knives, Forks, Spoons and Glasses 
[SJCP, 1864] 
A year after Hester's death George Francis married for a third time to Lucy Ann Blydon. 
Together the couple lived on and worked the Mary's Point property, and in the 1870 census f9r 
the estate Francis had the gratification of listing his profession as "Planter." 
In 1871 George Frances encountered what was perhaps his greatest opportunity. After the 
buildings and crops on the Annaberg and Leinster Bay plantations were destroyed in the 
devastating back-to-back hurricane and earthquakes of 1867, the owner of the estates, Thomas 
Loyd, fell behind on his mortgage payments and could not afford to rebuild the properties. After 
enduring years of pressure from his creditors, Loyd finally decided to quit the colony to evade his 
obligations. Upon his departure, Thomas Loyd handed over title to both Annaberg and Leinster 
Bay to his former property manager, George Francis, for the sum of $100. 
Page 121 
George Frances died on St. John in 1875. He was the last individual to hold title to the 
combined Annaberg, Leinster Bay, and Mmy's Point estates. At the time of his death, Francis 
had recently completed the construction of a new b?iling house and horse mill, and was 
endeavoring to reintroduce sugar cane cultivation on his properties. The remains of the Francis 
sugarworks, which stand on the isthmus between Mary's Creek and Francis Bay, represent the 
last sugar factory ever erected on St. John. 
*** 
While numerous acts of resistance did occur on Annaberg, examples of cooperation can 
also be cited throughout the colonial period. Although the settlement was burned and the 
laborers' houses were destroyed, the fact that only one slave appears to have deserted from the 
Constantin plantation during the 1733 revolt certainly suggests a degree of cooperation on the 
part of the workers in that period. In later years, the nearly equal birth and death rates among the 
enslaved laborers evidenced between 1803 and emancipation in 1848, and the relatively low 
incidence of escape or the use of corporal punishment in the years leading up to emancipation, 
may be indications that the conditions under which the laborers lived and worked were less than 
intolerable -- perhaps due in part to the somewhat paternal attitude displayed by the estate owner 
H. H. Berg during the period of his proprietorship. 
But the seemingly moderate situation on Annaberg in the years following the tum of the 
nineteenth century may simply reflect ameliorative efforts being instituted throughout the West 
Indies during that period. The forces that drove this process, however, were often more firmly 
rooted in economic self-preservation on the part of the slave owners than in humanitarian 
precept. Primarily adopted to counteract the negative impact the suppression of the transatlantic 
slave trade was having on the West Indies colonies, amelioration was designed to achieve 
sustainable positive population growth amongst the enslaved laborers, thereby making the 
constant importation of new Africans unnecessary. Efforts on the part of the Annaberg estate 
owners or managers to provide better living conditions for their workers should in no way be 
construed solely as an indication of benevolence. Under all circumstances life in bondage was a 
cruel and demoralizing existence. No degree of liberality, short of unconditional manumission, 
could have lessened the effects of slavery on the human condition. 
Page 122 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
11
--
•
I 
I, 
I, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
ln 1.h 
nd. 1t w ul 
m Lh c n 
ra :>.11 
r 1 tan e r 
Ul 
P pp f und h1 
ullim t ly a hi 
will-
ltb ugh th 
11) di' rgent. 
I arl_ th n. h ,,. an indi,,i 
matt r f 
h n 
L. J hn p h 
m t r. 
arl I I 
rea ti n 
la 
n w th l manci an n had 
fimng p 
th ftn I ' ar 
n . lnnuh ro 
n July ~. 
int hi j umal. 
r d I \\ nh L1l 
Le. 
f \! h t the human 
l th 
n a hie\ cl rand 
a 
r 
\ f\'\\he 
grea and the ti Im_ 
t \ ·ard 
h 1r I t 
Pro\ · i o or und 
( llh graph b) 
r .... 
\\. 19 :1 
nth 
rd r f lh .\nnab 
• nd lun 
UI) plantation 
t 
ja P al.:. ir a I 
. B.e ntz n. publt h d m I :6 [ba ed nan e rh ·r 11 pam1ing b_ fril7 ldb ..:] 
g I_ 
I 
I 
:1 
I 
,I 
:I 
I ,, 
I 
I ,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
''I 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
(alphabetical bys urname) 
Anonymous, Letters To A Young Planter; Or, Observations On The Management Of A Sugar 
Plantation [written on the island of Grenada] (London, J. Strachan, 1785). 
Charles W. Baird, History Of The Huguenot Emigration To America, Vol. I & II (New York, 
Dodd, Mead & Company, 1885). 
F. W. N. Bayley, Four years Residence In The West Indies (London, William Kidd, 1830). 
Betsy Bradley and Elizabeth Rezende, Captured In Time: 1919 (St. Croix, VI, Island 
Perspectives, 1987). 
Israel Bowman, Hints To Young Barbados-Planters (Barbados, Israel Bowman, 1857). 
1.0. Bro-fargensen, Vore Gamle Tropekolonier, Dansk Vestindien Indtil 1755, vol.l (Fremand, 
Denmark, 1966). 
N. P. Burgh, A Treatise On Sugar Machinery (London, E. & F. N. Spon, 1863). 
Noel Deerr, The History Q(Sugar (London, Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1949). 
Denis Diderot, L 'Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers 
(New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1959 [First published in 1752]). 
Isaac Dookhan, A History of the British Virgin Islands (Essex, Caribbean University Press, 
1975). 
Isaac Dookhan, A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States (Jamaica, Canoe Press, 
1994). 
J. W. Evens, The Sugar-Planter's Manual, Being A Treatise On The Art Of Obtaining Sugar 
From the Sugar-Cane (Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 1848). 
Harry A. Frank, Roaming Through The West Indies (New York, Blue Ribbon Books, 1920). 
J. H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914 
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989). 
R. Greenwood and S. Bamber, Emancipation to Emigration (London, Macmillan Education Ltd., 
1980). 
Page 125 
Charles E. Hatch Jr., Virgin Islands National Park. St. John Island ["The Quiet Place"} 
(Washington, DC, National Park Service, 1972). 
Arnold R. Highfield, St. Croix 1493, An Encounter Of Two Worlds (St. Thomas, USVI, Virgin 
Islands Humanities Council, 1995). 
Arnold R. Highfield, Emancipation in the U S. Virgin Islands, 150 Years of Freedom (St. 
Thomas, USVI, Virgin Islands Humanities Council, 1999). 
Birgit Julie Fryd Johansen, Slave Schools In The Danish West Indies, 1839 - 1853 (Denmark, 
University of Copenhagen Historical Institute, 1988). 
David W. Knight, A Brief history of the Cinnamon Bay Estate on St. John in the Danish West 
Indies, 1718 - 1917 (St. Thomas, USVI, Little Nordside Press, 1999). 
David W. Knight, Into the Light,· The Enigmatic History of Water Island in the Danish West 
Indies, 1672 - 1917 (St. Thomas, USVI, Little Nordside Press, 2000). 
David W. Knight, The Story of Estate Lindholm, 1718 - 1917 (St. Thomas, USVI, Little Nordside 
Press, 1999). 
John P. Knox, A Historical Account of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies (New York, Charles 
Scribner, 1852). 
Kay Larsen, Guvernorer Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer (Copenhagen, Denmark, Arthur 
Jensen Forlag, 1940). 
Lief Calundann Larsen, The Danish Colonization of St. John, 1718-1733 (St. Thomas, The 
Virgin Islands Resource.Management Cooperative, 1986). 
Florence Lewisohn, Diverse Information on The Romantic History of St. Croix From the Time of 
Columbus until Today (Virgin Islands, St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1964). 
Richard Ligon, A True & Exact History Of the Island of Barbadoes (London, Frank Cass 
Publishers, 1970 [First printed London, 1657]). 
Steffen Linvald, Sukker og Rom (Copenhagen, Foreningen Dansk Vestindien, 1967). 
Ruth Hull Low & Rafael Valls, St. John Backtime, Eyewitness Accounts from 1718 to 1956 (St. 
John, U.S. Virgin Islands, Eden Hill Press, 1985). 
Ruth Hull Low, St. John Voices, 1717 .- 1975 (Chillmark, Massachusetts, Eden Hill Press, to be 
published in 2002). 
Page 126 
I 
I 
I 
I 
• I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
•I
I 
I 
I 
I 
1: 
I 
I 
I 
. I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
. I 
:1 
Christian Martfeldt, Samlinger om de Danske Vestindiske Ger St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. Jan, 
Vol. III. (Denmark, Manuscript in the Rigsarkivet, circa 1765). 
Ruth Moolenaar, Profiles Of Outstanding Virgin Islanders (Virgin Islands, Department of 
Education, 1992). 
S. E. Morison, The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, From Cadiz To Hispaniola And 
The Discovery of the Lesser Antilles (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1939). 
Henry Morton, Danish West Indian Sketch Book and Diary, 1843 - 1844 (Copenhagen, Dansk 
Vestindisk Selskab & St. Croix Landmark Society, 1975). 
Colonel Charles Theodor Overman, The Henrietta Estate (Hacienda Enriqueta) and The 
Overman and Lind Who Owned It from 1827 to 1882 (British Columbia, Canada, Col. C. T. 
Overman, 1974) . 
Arthur P. Newton, The European Nations in the West Indies, 1493 - 1688 (London, A & C Black 
Ltd., 1933). 
John P. Nissen, Reminisences Of A 46 Years' Residence In The Island Of St. Thomas, In The 
West Indies (Nazareth, PA, Senseman & Co., 1838). 
Peter Lotharius Oxholm, De Dansk Vestindiske Oers Tilstand I Hanseende til Population, 
Culture og Finance ... (Kobenhaven, Johan Frederik Schultz, 1797). 
Pierre J. Pannet (Translated and Edited by Aimery Caron and Arnold R. Highfield), Report on 
the Execrable Conspiracy Carried Out by the Amina Negroes on the Danish Island of St. Jan in 
America 1733 (U.S. Virgin Islands, Antilles Press, 1984). 
Richard Pares, A West-India Fortune (London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1950). 
George Richardson Porter, F. R. S., The Nature And Properties Of Sugar Cane (London, Smith, 
Elder and Co., 1843) · 
Alan H. Robinson, Virgin Islands National Park, The St01y Behind The Scene1y (Las Vegas, 
Nevada, KC Publications, 1974). 
Irving Rouse, The Tainos, Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus (New Haven 
& London, Yale University Press, 1992). 
Jan Rogozifiski,A Brief History Of The Caribbean (New York & Oxford, Facts On File, 1992). 
Hugo Ryberg, A List of Names of Inhabitants of the Danish West Indies from 1650 - ca, 1825 
(Copenhagen, Published by Compiler, 1945) . 
Page 127 
I 
---~---
Robert Louis Stein, The French Sugar Business in the Eighteenth Century, (Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana State University Press, 1988). 
Jens Vibrek, Vore Gamle Tropekolonier, Dansk Vestindien 1755 - 1848 , vol. 2 (Denmark, 
Fremand, 1966). 
David Watts, The West Indies, Pattern of Development, Culture and Environmental Change 
since 1492 (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1987). 
Waldemar Westergaard, The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (New York, The 
Macmillen Company, 1917). 
Ken Wild, Elizabeth A. Horvath, Douglas T. Potter, Andrea C. Repp, 1987-89 Archaeological 
Investigations Conducted Along The North Shore Road, St. John, 
US. Virgin Islands 
(Tallahassee, Florida, National Park Service Southeast Archaeological Center, 1991). 
Samuel M. Wilson, "The Caribbean Before European Conquest, A Chronology", Fatima Bercht, 
Estrellita Brodsky, John Alan Farmer, and Dicey Taylor (Editors), Taina, Pre-Columbian Art and 
Culturefrom the Caribbean, (New York, El Museo del Barrio & The Monacelli Press, 1997). 
PERIODICALS· 
(alphabetical by publication) 
Henry B. Hoff, F.A.S.G. and The Rev. F. Kenneth Barta, "De Windt Families of the West Indies, 
Descendants of Lieven De Windt of St. Thomas," The Genealogist, Vol. 10, #2 [Utah, 
Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Ltd., 1998]). 
Brother J. Gardin, Account 22, August 12, 1856, Periodical Accounts Relating To The Missions 
Of The Church Of The United Brethren, Established Among the Heathen, [London, Walter 
m 'Dowall, 1856]. 
Don Near, " 100 Years at Annaberg Plantation," St. John Times, November 2000 [St, John, June 
Bell Barias, Editor and Publisher, 2000]. 
Page 128 
---------------------------------------·
I 
I 
I 
I 
·-• 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-I 
I 
I 
I 
1: 
I 
1· 
'I 
I, 
I 
I 
I ,, 
I 
• 
I 
. I 
I 
I 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
PRIMARY SOURCES 
(alphabetical by abbreviation) 
[DYS] Danish Chancery, East and West Indies Records, 1688 - 1799 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[LD] West Indies and Guinea Company Archives, Letters and Documents, 1674 - 1754 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[MP] Record Group 55, St. John Mortgage-protocols 1766 - 1821 (U. S. National Archives II, 
College Park, Maryland). 
[MR] Record Group 55, St. Thomas - St. John Mortgage Registers, 1776 - 1806 (U.S. National 
Archives II, College Park, Maryland). 
[PR] West Indies Local Archives, Plantation Reports, 1797 - 1805 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJA] Central Management Archives, West Indies Audit Registers for St. John, 1755 - 1915 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SCR] Records of the Royal West Indian Superior Court, Deed and Encumbrance-books, 
1807-1826 (Office of the Recorder of Deeds, St. Croix, Virgin Islands) . 
[SJCP] Record Group 55, Case Papers Before the St. John Probate Court, (U. S. National 
Archives II, College Park, Maryland) . 
[SJLD] West Inqies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Diverse Correspondence, 1828 - 1856 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLL] West Indies and Guinea Company Archives, St. John Land Lists, 1728 - 1733 & 
1736-1739 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLM] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Mortgage Protocols, 1767 - 1791, 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLBP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Bailiffs' Protocols, 1789 - 1913 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate Sessions Protocol, 1758 - 1775 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLPD] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate-documents, 1778 - 1859 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Page 129 
[SJLPL] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate-letters, 1783 - 1806 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLPP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate-protocols, 1741 - 1823 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLRA] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate Registrations and 
Appraisements, 1797 - 1807 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLRAP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Probate Registrations and 
Appraisement Protocols, 1835 - 1882 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLRTP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Registrations, Appraisements, 
Sessions and Testament Protocols, 1807 - 1826 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJLS] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Land-matters, 1811 - 1845 (Rigsarkivet, 
Denmark). 
[SJLUC] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Unarranged Correspondence, 1851 -
1875 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJP J] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Police Journals, 1829 - 1892 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJPP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Police Protocols, 1832 - 1878 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SJR] Central Management Archives, Registers for St. John, 1835 - 1911 (Rigsarkivet, 
Denmark). 
[SJRD] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Register of Duties, 1845 - 1873 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[SOFS] Record Group 55, Slave Owners and Former Slaves, 1854 (U. S. National Archives II, 
College Park, Maryland). 
[STBEP] West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, Executor Probates, 1778 - 1868 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STBP] West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, Probate Protocol for Planters, 1728 -
1 736, Ltr. G (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STBPP] West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, Probate Sessions Protocols, 1817 -
1893 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Page 130 
I 
I 
I 
I 
i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
•• I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
[STEP]West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, Executors' Probates, 1778 - 1868 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STLA] CO 259, piece 4, St. Thomas Loan Accounts, 1808 - 1810 (Public Records Office, Kew, 
United Kingdom). 
[SILL] West India and Guinea Company, St. Thomas Land Lists, (1686) 1688-1754 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STM] St. Thomas I St. John Mortgage & Deed Registers, NA (Office of the Recorder of Deeds, 
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands). 
[STMC] Central Management Archives, West Indies Journals, Health-services, 1817 - 1916 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STPP] West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, Police Journal, 1853 - 1855 
(Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
[STTRB] West Indies and Guinea Company Archives, St. Thomas Report Books (Rigsarkivet, 
Denmark). 
[VIC] Department of Commerce, Record Group 29, Records of the Bureau of Census 1920, 
Virgin Islands [compiled in 1917] (U.S. National Archives, Washington, DC). 
Page 131 
Page 132 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I ,, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTICLES, REPORTS, AND PUBLISHED SOURCES 
WITH REFERENCES TO ESTATE ANNABERG 
Studies and Reports 
Mark Barnes, National Historic Landmark Nomination for Annaberg Plantation and School 
(Washington DC, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Unpublished 
Preliminary Draft, 2001). 
David M. Brewer & Susan Hammersten, Archeological Overview and Assessment, Virgin Islands 
National Park, St. John, US. Virgin Islands (Florida, Southeast Archeological Center, National 
Park Service, Tallahassee, 1988). 
Caribbean Volunteer Expeditions, Documentation of Structures at Annaberg St. John, USVI (St. 
John, unpublished report, Virgin Islands National Park Virgin Islands National Park Service, 
2000). 
Frederik Gjessing, St. John Sites Report 1981-82 (Virgin Islands, Virgin Islands National Park, 
1982). 
Frederik C. Gjessing, The Tower Windmill For Grinding Sugar Cane (Virgin Isiands, Bureau of 
Libraries Museums & Archaeological Services, Department of Conservation & Cultural Affairs, 
1977). 
Charles E. Hatch Jr., Virgin Islands National Park. St. John Island ("The Quiet Place'') With 
Special Reference to Annaberg Estate, Cinnamon Bay Estate (Washington, DC, National Park 
Service, 1972). 
Birgit Julie Fryd Johansen, Slave Schools in the Danish West Indies 1839-1853 (Denmark, 
University of Copenhagen, Historical Institute, 1988). 
David W. Knight, A Brief Hist01y of the Cinnamon Bay Estate on St. John in the Danish West 
Indies, 1718 - 1917 (St. Thomas, USVI, Little Nordside Press, 1999). 
Regina M. Leabo, "Investigations Conducted At The Slave Village On The Annaberg Plantation, 
St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands", SEARCHING ... , First Quarter 1997 (Florida, National Park 
Service, Southeast Archaeological Center, 1997). 
Judy Shafer, Archeological Monitoring of the Northshore Road, Phase II (Colorado, Denver 
Service Center, National Park Service, 1993) 
Page 133 
Kenneth S. Wild, Elizabeth A. Horvath, Douglas T. Potter, Andrea C. Repp, 1987-89 
Archeological Investigations Conducted Along The North Shore Road, St. John, U.S. Virgin 
Islands (Florida, National Park Service, Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee). 
Kenneth S. Wild, Jr. And Roy W. Reaves III, Archeological Investigations Conducted Along The 
North Shore Road, St. John, U. S. Virgin Islands (Florida, National Park Service, Southeast 
Arcqeological Center, Tallahassee, 1986). 
Published Sources 
Anon., Reflections Of The Virgin Islands (New York, Robilith Publications, nd). 
Betsy Bradley and Elizabeth Rezende, Captured in Time: 1919 (Virgin Islands, Island 
Perspectives, 1987). 
Devereux Butcher, Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments (Washington, D. C., Judd and 
Detweiler, Inc., 1960). 
Frederik C. -Gjessing and William P. Maclean, Historic Buildings of St. Thomas and St. John 
(London, The Macmillian Press Ltd, 1987). 
Jeanne Perkins Harman, The Virgins: Magic Islands (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 
1961 ). 
Arnold R. Highfield, Emancipation in the US. Virgin Islands, 150 Years of Freedom (Virgin 
Islands, The Virgin Islands Emancipation Commission, 1999). 
Desmond Holdridge, Escape To The Tropics (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1937). 
Ruth Hull Low & Rafael Valls, St. John Backtime, Eyewitness Accounts from 1718 to 1956 (St. 
Jqhn, U.S. Virgin Islands, Eden Hill Press, 1985). 
Ruth Moolenaar, Profiles Of Outstanding Virgin Islanders (Virgin Islands, Department of 
~ rl .. ~~+:~-
1 """\ 
..l .... A.lUVU.UVU., .1 :/ 7 L-). 
Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural Adaptation & Resistance on St. John (Gainesville, University of 
Florida Press, 1985). 
Karen Fog Olwig, The Land is the Heritage (Denmark, Division of Social Sciences University of 
Copenhagen, 1994). 
Alan H. Robinson, Virgin Islands National Park, The Story behind The Scenery (Las Vegas, 
Nevada, KC Publications, 1974). 
Page 134 
-
-
-·-·-
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,-------
1 
·1 
l1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
11 
I 
1· 
1 . 
. 1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1
I 
I
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
,I 
i 
Appendix A 
Chart A: 
Chart B: 
Chart C: 
Chart D: 
Chart E: 
Appendix B 
Table 1: 
Table 2: 
Table 3: 
Table 4: 
Table 5: 
Table 6: 
Table 7: 
Table 8: 
Table 9: 
Table 10: 
Table 11: 
APPENDIX 
Common Ownership, 1721 - 193 5 
Sugar Production, 1845 - 1870 
Acreage and Land Use. 1803 - 1868 
Population, 1723 - 1848 
Births and Deaths of the Enslaved, 1803 - 184 7 
Constantin Plantation, 1723 - 1740 
Constantin/Annaberg, 1755 - 1776 
Constantin/ Annaberg, 1777 - 1802 
Annaberg, 1803 - 1810 
Annaberg, 1811 - 1841 
Annaberg, 1842 - 1849 
Annaberg, 1850 - 1915 
Comparison oflnventories, 1732 - 1733 
Annaberg Inventory, 1733 - 1862 
Comparison of Plantations, 1808 
1805 Plantation Report Tabulation, 1805 
I 
Appendix C 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Document # 1: 
Document # 2: 
Document # 3: 
Document# 4: 
Document # 5: 
Document# 6: 
Document # 7: 
Document# 8: 
Document# 9: 
Document# 10: 
Appendix D 
Extract of St. John Tax Roll, 1728 
Extract of Probate Proceedings, 1732 
Extract of St. John Mortgage Register, 1797 - 1803 
Will and Testament, 1792 
Appraisal of Annaberg, 1809 
Census, 1835 
Auction Announcement, 1862 
Extract from the Register of Deeds, 1871 
Tax form, 1882 
Census, 191 7 
Annaberg Photograph Gallery 
Appendix E 
Site Plans & Drawings 
Page 135 
Page 136 
·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-•I
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
)I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
f/) 
I 
~ 
< 
:I: 
u 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-----·-
·1 
I 
II 
I 
·1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
- - - - - - - - - -
hart 
'ommc n 
wncr: hip \ ithin th - - - - - - -
nnabcrg llistori·DL"tri·t I 2 1 - 11 J5 
111 111111 t 1 I 'I.: 
h.11tdl.'lJ 111, I 111 '\1tdll/t 
I 1.11K1 
1.1111rl 
tl' l.1111 
\1,1n • 
I '111111 
I r.1111.:1 
l.111111\ re• 1111 
1111 · to 
'\1111,11 ·1 • • • md I c 111 tl'I B.t) 
1\1.11 
., 1'01111 .ind I 0.:111 ru B." 
11111k1 .1d1111111 .. 11.1111111 "' lht.: 
llllll I 
11 I I 11111u 
rct.1111 
\1111ahL·r i; 
\1111.tb ·1 • old Ill l 11.'t!llt 
11ld 111 J,tl 
1111 I l11k 
- -
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1870 
0 
N 
0 
~ 
0 
Thousands 
a> 
0 
0) 
0 
~ 
~ 
0 
N 
0 
0 
• 
en 
c: 
(Q 
~ 
.., -· 
:J 
"'C 
0 c: 
:J a. 
VJ 
,I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
(") 
:::r 
::l 
""! .... 
co 
I 
.,_ 
c 
J'Cl :.: 
I 
""! .,, 
., 
0 c.. 
c 
I 
r. 
::::!" • 
0 
::I ---
I 
::r 
t':) 
> 
::::l 
== 
I 
:::r 
t':) ., 
]:: 
~ 
I 
n 
0 
'~ -
I 
oc 
~ 
I 
) 
I 
-J 
0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-------------------
0 
0 
hart 
er-ea• and Land 
' 
n th 
nnab rg Plantation I 0 
l 
I 
-------------------
'hart I 
Popul tion nth 
'on. ta n tin a nti \nna 
rg Pla nt ation. , I _3 to 18.t 
200 
1.:-0 
Enslaved 
Free 
5 
so 
25 
c 
0 
..c 
.... 
,,., 
, 
.... 
( 
c 
·.: 
'-
Q1) 
e.; 
I-
"" 
..c 
~ 
.... 
c 
-. 
l;D 
c 
~ 
c. 
3 
..c 
c 
I-
..c .c 
CQ 
~ 
~ -
:i 
If 
I-
, 
,., 
c 
CJ 
<-'!! 
.e 
..c 
0 
°" 
~ 
c. 
CJ 
~ 
c 
"' 
~ 
:.J 
c 
,,,._ 
0 
~ 
-------------------
II [ 
I-
8 
I-
7 I-
t-
I-
I-
i2,,3 
2 
1-i f2 
I 
rr 
! I.., 
i 
0 
T 
'lrnrt 
,,. 
Birth, and 0 ath . • mong th En.-lav don th 
nnab rg Planl:llion 180. t I 8..i 
8 
8 
e a 
7 
6 
6 
s 
I 
SS 
5 
I 
"' 
" 44 
44 
' I 
3 
! 
12 
12 
I 
I 
12 2 
i ! 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I I 
I 
r 
I ~ 
11 
000 
'° 
0 
00 
0 0 
T T 
r 
T 
r T 
66 
5 s 
s 
5 
" 
33 
3 
2 
[2 
J! 
I 
I 
I 
II 
I 
r 
• "1 
h 
I 
0 
T 
5 
"1 
10 • 
16 
11 
7 
8 
6 
I 
0 
T 
7 7 
7 
6 
5 
14 
I 
5 
2 '2 
I~ 
• 
Birlh '> 
I 
~dh s 
-------------------
T AL , 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
abl • I: 
n tantin Plantati n, I 2 - I 4 
--..::.. 
·~ 
,._ 
··-
T• 
• 
17'' 1 
I IUI ' ( \111 1.1111111 
Ni\ 
~ l man, I"' 11u111 
~ 
' 
I 
l 111.1n 
'I 
1 Thom1L' 
...:! 
l ~trl 
I .111J I 1M 
1n1. 
I 11.1 I 1111 1.1111111 
-:--.j 
I 1111111, l \\11111.111 
~ 
' 
1111<111 
. I 
TI1 n n m~ 
l. 
l...£.lrl 
l unJ I " ' 
11~ ·~ 
I Iii 
l " '" '" " "" 
N.\ 
""N 
I man, I "'m1.111 
Ill 
' 
lj 
1 11 ~111 
.:!~ 
..,1 nwrnu 
h 
l11rl 
L!!11J I l\I 
1n1i•2 
I ia.i ( t 11 1.111111 
N.\ 
N.\ 
I m.m.1 "1111m11 
IO 
1 
<l 
,, 
'>I TI1 llllU 
_]_ 
IJ!.1rl 
h!!_nJ I M 
mn 
l •.• ' ('1111 1.1111111 
N,\ 
N;\ 
I man I \\Hlll'111 
10 
) 
lj 
~1 
s1 1111 mu L.u J I 1 I 
K_ 
17~ 
I 
I °Gin llllillll 
.!OOO 
u •.tr 
I man J 11o1•man 
I 
h 
Sn n 
l n I 
::!1 
I 1r I~ Joh1 
lj 
~ \{MKI 
I rtrl 
.1. "..!!'~ 
I"'- l 1'11'!!!. 
17111'3 
I 
~('ITT, 1.1111111 
1111MI 
u • r 
<J 
)! 
3, ., 
:!1 
I) 
~_ll.IOO 
...... ~ 
'1~1111icn 
lfioiJ 
I 
Con 11111 n 
2000 
u r 
Im I rLn •t 
... 
I 
,t mc:n 
II 
M 
t r\n •1' , ~an 
I 
I 
I 
~ llJOtl ~ 
I lhtlJ 
m11J 
I I 
·(on 
llllll 
:!OOO 
u r 
I 
I tll •t 
5 l I 
) 
[I) 
2 
I 
II 
I II 
I 
:! 
~ 111011 
_\\Of~..S_ 
~mn 
17WJ 
I 
'Cun 1a111m 
:!OOO 
~ 
Im '' !Inc •t 
7 
I 111 
~ 
3 
~ \(l(I() 
:! Ho .I 
17H 
I .1 
ou 1.uuin
1N 
~11011 
' 
I 111.1 tcr 11 
•t 
I 
I •111 
I man 
1 
I l 
l>1.1ui;h1 t•l1 
\\ 11111\\ 
\Ill I 
I 101111o1n 
I u l>o • 1111//11 
~1. t\ 11. ill.l 
~111 \1'D I ~12_ 1 tl_li_'il 
JOI t'!_ 17' I • l_ll~ 
( 1 llSI lnllll 
I 15) 
M ~d I .1r ·cn 1\ ulhl r •' 
.CK IJ 
\ 
\ 
(1 
I •irl 
I 
ll 
Juu • 111 ~ 1 rnurt 1cJ 
,, 
~ 10!111 
1 'lliil 
,\I 1J l If en 1\ Chor • 
~()()() 
u' r 
I rna11 
I oman 
~ 
I 
I •1rl 
I "''"' II 
!\ 
7 
~I 
If Ml 
.,.,-,ri...s 
1m 
11d l 
II \ lb«t' 
2000 
U I r 
I man. I "' 111.1n 
I 
5 •1rl 
I "man 
I \UIU n 
13 
..! 
~1110 
"-Orl.s 
I ' 
1.1 
I I 'II• lbor • 
:!111111 
u • r 
In n 
h 
I 
l 
10 
_ri_ 
A "Miil 
~1tlc!_ 
I llW.!£!~!.!£.!! ' 
I 
lu\ 
pw ·ha: :J 111 17411 
I l' 
1 d L r 
11 
1 ,. 
.c 
I 
u • r 
I m.111 
" 
I ' 
I 
II 
~llCl(I 
~1·~s_ 
I m~'!9:'._l 
IJ:.111 
Nfl 1,\ ~ Rll_ORl8:1 OR_j_T J~~ lll_'l '·IO lllRQ.l (1 H 1 -~5 
uds 
·1 en \ 1lh r • married l !sail 
t n wnim' dau •htcr. 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~ ahl 2: 
on. tantin/Annah ' l"j!., I 55 - I 
I ii'laHd 
It I 
CI 11rr 
I r1111 
hr re nl nl 
'• l tJo 
I 111 
7hrhlru 
"' 
I/[ 
I 
,, hi 
I ndrr I~ 
I oral 
firlJ 
\1Mn4u ""' 
_HI~ 
17.« 
Jc:n~ N-1cl!iC11 "'R'mi!h 
:!IHll~ Ml(I 
_!U!!llf 
I nw.•tcii"ncgt 
5 
h 
h 
II 
~I 
ill!· 
~rmcm:rJN~ 
,'.!11(11~11)() 
~l!.8!_11 
I m.i.,tcri..nq!t 
~· 
h 
I• 
,, 
}1 
m7 
--<}rm~J~h 
211000iKJO 
~u~tr 
I mii.-tcrJ..ncpt 
;!h 
j_ 
8 
II 
so 
® 
... , 1lu1tlt\ll /(!C£Cf JilJlUl<lll 
:!IMKhlrMMI 
~UJ!UI 
I >.it~ 111.:ondum c • !Tuurc:s .:.•mhrncd ''1th l>lhcr h11IJ11~ 
~· 
:S.1111111_111 Zccgcr fo.111-;:;i•n 
:!OI J(_l0_i lflO 
~ ug.ir 
Iman. I •1umnn. ~~s 
21 
J 
10 
Ill 
ff 
I 7(t{I 
~110~1 /.ccrcr Jurvoon 
wo1~Jj)(111 
~If 
21 
J 
,, 
-:.1\ 
1761 
S••I 111011 /c: • • r JJfllu••n 
101111;-fOIKI 
Ir 
T1 
1 
,, 
D 
20110Jooo 
2.1 
J 
I 
--;; 
T3 
•.tu 
11 nahlc 
i71t2 
Sol111111n/ 
er lillllt'<•O 
II ut 
1,T.J 
~•In 
h 
•i:rJ 
10 
2tll)()~l)(J(I 
Uo 
I 
21 
" 
33 
UI "h 
I.? d 
Ii ;I 
11 n nZ 
•c~11km 
2000;-Jooo 
u 
I 
20 
2o 
~ I 
iJ 
11\nn.i Jc \\ 111<11 I 
i}t~ 
1h:r~1•1 S.~mun /.-.:µer 
201~()00 
~U_!l._11 
lm;.m I \\<tffillJl 
2h 
:! 
Iii 
15 
I 
hi 
l}M• I I ~!_!_Ill ~mon /cxim 
:!tKllMIMIO 
~U!l.W' 
Iman I ""man 
lh 
2 
Ii 
II 
Iii 
17,,, 
~ 
lil' record• lur~ John m lhl\ \CM 
111'!K_ 
I h:r~I ~.mk>n /CC)!cr 
21.K~OOO 
\~ill 
I man. I \\1•m:ui 
](1 
! 
'" 
II 
hi 
i1f.ij 
I h:r~I ~lumon l.CC'f!Cf 
21)()11,~)(IO 
~Ulf.iU 
}I 
II 
II 
hi 
mo 
llc:usol ]nlo1mon /ccgcr 
200ll~INIO 
~Ul!ar 
T1 
h 
II 
11" 
,;J 
m1 
I t.:u, <•I '41l1•mnn I C..'1!Cr 
:!llCN"JCJl")(l 
_ ~u1mr 
~ 
h 
II 
iJ 
"~ 
U"R 
lkr!!.£.I ~>li•llk•ll /i:t:l?C:I 
:io~111,"}"111ic1 
~U!!lll 
37 
l 
Ii" 
11 
"1"11 
m1 
I'd I Jc \\'111111 I I 
2111.1110"011() 
u al 
Im n I '"man 
II 
I 
" I "'' 
Solun~n I ~-cgcr I lc1r' 
1771 
I' I r J.: \\ 111J1 lor 
:i1"111;j111"1 
II 
I 
I 
7 
11 
1.11 
'M•lomnn /cc11cr I lc:1r-. 
m~ 
I' I ·r Jc \\ 1ni.J1 h•r 
l1HHl0"1HMI 
11' r 
\II 
5 
~ 
I:! 
,-;) 
'Mil11mnn /Ct:l!O:r 1 k1r\ 
17711 
I'd ·rJC \I,, 111JI h•r 
:!IHI!) lOoll 
II' 
It 
I 
7 
iJ 
11(1 
S11h•m11n /ccJ!cr I ktr.. 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
:ihl 
n ·tantin/ nnahc r •, I' 
- 1 0 
I mon. 
II 
Iman 
I~ 
l'o .,ihl 
lb 
Jt,hm nl u 
1111 h ~ 
In :re ' 
12 
:!:! 
In 
20 
.:w 
2 mlillll' 
11111.1111 I l>t•\ I ~ml 
I I \Cf 
I m 1k man ucr in 
I m n. I " 1m.111 
um n 
I m ll<fU r •n 
.. lurl 
I mun I II''" 
I l•llnlJJI 
I nu1114ucwn 
h 
~ 11111 
.:?.lm n 
J me: 
lurph\ 
:!OOO moo 
u • r 
I 11\c:rsccl 
II'' 1111 11 
.2 0!11 
II 
Jim 
1urplt\ 
:!01111 . (l(KJ 
u II 
I llHT 
·r 
Cl:! 
17•111 
1.1111 
1urphv 
:!OOO 
I U\C:f'>CCI 
I/ 
ICI ""men 
m.1h: ml.um 
Om·n 
II< lrn1uk ull.int 2m k 
17'19 
J.u11 
1ur h1 
200(1 
I mer cc1 
:!'I \\1llllC1l 
I/ ht\~. II •ul 
lcmuk m Ill• 111.:r n 
1117 
~mule 111Jun1 
11101) 
Jnmc 
lurphv 
:!0011 
0(1(1 
u •ar 
I lllC:f\C ., 
lmnn 
11111·11 
'I l>.1\ , I I •irl 
I Ill 
~\I \HlfUCtl 
IHOI 
J.1111c 
urph1 
mmr 
~m 
11\C:f'\l:C:f 
h men 
ho) . Ill gul 
I IU 
\\lllllC:ll 
rn•\\ 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
abl 4: Annal rg, I 03 - I 
l men 
IKU 
J Ill 
,\1111 her 
I \\ lOI 
< 
""' 
11; 
q 
1 rrl 
K 
•1 
-
11 n 
I 
-" 
I 
h.1\ 
2 •rrl 
Ulflll\ 
' 
l _llfl§ 
111 rhcr 
<-
I 
q I 
2 hm 
"' 
lm.1 
1<1 
I I I 
J n 
,, 
In n 
II 
I 
I< 
I <II 
-1 rn n 
II rrl 
I ll1t11U1 
I-
~l11!f11\ 
m·n 
h.1\ 
"'" 
I o< 
J.111 
nn 
1<11 
I "~11"111 
I~ 
q 
i 111 11 
10 
-" 
11 men 
f19 
111 
•rrl 
lurph\ 
I ' 
I-
I llh 
J 111 
turrh\ 
lJ 
111111"'-:1 
11 RI l lllH> l11R I Ill " 
R 
1---
men 
s l ho1 
11111 
l me 
nn.11...:r 
1"11 
I 
I I I 1111111 
l<h 
'. 
~ m n 
1111 
_u 
111 men 
fl 
rrl 
1111rh1 
I hi. I 
1--
Jun 
<men 
I 
I 
1111 tiler 
< l "''' 
ho\' 
Im n 
IKO 
h1rph1' 
•1 
1 m·n 
I 0 
20 
I 0 
_ 11111ncn 
711 
II 
rrl 
I girl 
I lllllllWI 
I 
l h1IJr,11 
I ho•\ 
J 111 
< m n 
"''} 
h.11 I 
\1111 tier 
.? men 
u 
.w 
I II 
2 \\l'n n 
I I 
I 
II 
I I I 
lurrh' ' 
•J 
1111 
I 11rl 
( hrhJrcn 
I "-•\ 
1--
J 1111. 
\nn.1licr 
m·n 
< "''' 
I 
I< 
I fl ICI 
lurph1 · 
I/ 
Iman 
11>0 
Cl 
hll 
~<O 
12 
~ 
- 111·11 
I 1H•m n 
girl 
2 •rrl 
Sun 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ahl 5: 1-\nnah rg I 11 - 184 1 
, , rt'\ 
\ rr 111 
\ rr 
I 1H!!!' t•d 
'''"'' 
I •I 1lc 
It ' llr111 
I rrr 
r "'"r . 
'"''' 
li 111w 
apubl 
Ill 
c 1r11u 
111 
llurn n 
n .t1 
Un It 
1 11rr 
i ll 
II 
I 
I 
I urnl 
11 
I t111lh 
I mplo c · 
or 
' fl' \ 
11 
mr 
( 1nr 
llu' h 
11 111 
1 ll'ld 
I rc•1· 
I 
ll 
II \t ti 
I'm' J,1011 
l!.!! nd 
cl 
18 11 
I h m. 
nn1b rt 
I c 0 
280 
7 men 
60 
1_ 
- - h )' 
-
I mal 
l'i6 
'-lhccn 
I\ llllUll 
7 girl-. 
bll) s 
- bQ.~ 
J_girls _ 
18L 
I h un 
nmrbcrg 
I 111<111 
:? nlr n 
I hO 
I ()(I 
3 0 
I _ men 
I 
-•I 
B 
I . 
_ mnk 
170 
'\hccn 
I\\ mi.Ill 
I \II lllUll 
•1rl 
-
I bo'l-
ICmuk 
181 
I h Hl1JS 
nn 1berg 
l men 
I () 
I<; 0 
35 
I )men 
12 
"1 8 
::!8 b y · 
7 ln ., 
-
7 nrn l ·~ 
I 18 
" " 'Cll 
I wom n 
_ " im n 
irl 
gir Is 
hoy'> 
I 
I~ 
_ _girh_ 
li.>nral~ 
1--
1111111 erg 
I lllWl 
I 111Ul1 
- u 
'i() 
I 0 men 
17 
18 
bo) 
'i h 
17 
IX I ·I 
I h m· s 
-
., 
I 
hc1:n 
- \\ m·n 
-
l 'irl . 
1 •1 I 
2 hQ}_'> 
181 'i 
I h llllil'> 
nnabcr • 
:?C I 
7 
26'i 
n 
11 men 
I" 
15 
_5 
5 hO'l- '> 
I 
ICJ 
~l_C!_cn 
2 \\l!'l1Cl1 
.!..QJ:!1·1., 
t-
-::i 
-· 
I<() 
-10 
'H) 
'i 
I 0 men 
'i8 
_() 
5 
( b 1)"1 
·l 
17'> 
181 
I h llll<t 
nnabcrg 
I girl 
I man 
h1:c11 
I \\ man 
I 
•irl'> 
I ho 
I _g_1rl 
-
1817 
I homas 
-I 
nn 1b ·r • 
I •1rl 
I man 
_()() 
318 
'ii 
l men 
5 
_() 
J 
)( h . ., 
'i 
I 
\hccn 
I \\Oman 
_5 ' Iris 
11 o 
l ~i rl 
TIR 
l h ma 
1111. b rg 
_() 
318 
51 
1 men 
-
_() 
J 
60 I )"• 
I 
17 
_ men 
-
l.ih ·en 
I w< mun 
_ 'i girl., 
I 
) 
l_g_1rl 
~ 
I h mas 
I 
n1111hcrg 
_ men 
200 
311! 
- I' 
18 lllCll 
5-1 
12 
I be . ., 
-I 
I 
179 
h_(!_Cn 
- '~·~· 
.!_(}_g)r 1., 
200 
58 
(' () 01 
17 
IR20 
I h lnlUS 
nnnbcr • 
_ Jl) 11 
't i 
518 
10 m n 
_o 
., 
hccn 
I '' m ·n 
_'i g11l'I 
I h )-
I _H!rl 
I gc I r 4 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
<lbl : . 
n na l rg, 18 11- J 8~ I 
,, '""'' rJ 
I r 
\ rr 
II Ill 
~ , 
I 1111 
I I I 
I( 
llJ Ill 
11 
*I 
I 
I 
'" nrr 
I 1mil 
~mpltt ) 
Ill 
'" 
ff 
.1111 
' 
' _...,._ 
or 
. -· 
' nnr 
f'rn11 wn 
• •nu 
ii 
I hllil I 
I ifhl 
l
2 rrt 
lur I 
2 I 
I man 
II 
.5 
l' ) 
22 
Iman 
_men 
.5 
II 
I C)'i 
_ m·n 
II 
177 
- men 
() 
11 
_ m n 
0 
~I 
11 
nm1hcr• 
I man 
.'.! m n 
15 
I. 
I 
) 
II II 
\nnahcrg 
_ men 
0 
12 
R ·ri: 
II II 
I man 
{) 
I) 
7 
12 
2 
Berl? 
! I. II. 
_ men 
0 
,_ 
161 
r ' 
I n:c olor d 
I m1u1 
'\ "l'O! ·o 
~ b\I\ 
2 •1rl' 
18 () 
11 . 11. 
_ m n 
0 
7 
L 
lb 
1 l 
Pu 1l: -
r 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
al I :. 
n nab rg, I 11 - 1 41 
\ rt 
\ r.- 111 
\ rr-
,, .. ~ 
I 111 
I \ I I 
ll -111 Ill 
I r 
I' 1ur 
ill 
I uf I 
llou 
( 
p hf 
1'1 
( hlltJ 
I I\ 
n rn 111 
ll tJ 
1>111 
( "11r1 
II 
\u1 
I• •I 
1111 I 
/I 
"1111 · 
l 11111 ,, 
I 1111111. t 
t r 
Buh 
11r 
I k ill 
I Id 
I r • 
II( 
J 
~ ' II 
II' II 
P ro1 l\t1lll 
II and 
H ·r 
'i w men 
2 1 •irb 
Ir 
l"11lurctl 
:! b ) 
1111.111 
l 1 urn ·11 
I h•I\ 
1831 
II I I 
nn 1bcr • 
Im n 
I man 
70 
I 
05 
518 
men 
-
2 
t) bo . 
6 
) 
I 1 
lkr • 
'omen 
I 
irl 
I re 
1•11 red 
Iman 
2 11•mcn 
l.!_!nl 
1832 
II . 11. 
n11.1bcrg 
I m.nn 
80 
-JO 
I08 
518 
-4 men 
7 
I 
'iCI b . 
:! 
5 
I I 
ncr • 
\\Omen 
•1rl. 
I re· ( I 11 d 
..j h ) 
I rn n 
I 
2 umcn 
l..!_trl 
,_ 
I 
'l 
II II. 
..j 
nnabcrg 
2 men 
( 
_ 1 
() 
51-8 
m..:n 
5'i 
--
-
J 
15..t 
. 
Beg 
\\ men 
12 •trl 
I re • ( "l\>li.:J 
Im n 
\ '""en 
I ht11 
18J I 
11 I L t--
\ nnabcrg 
-2 men 
100 
I_ 
' 
O" 
- 1 
men 
19 
_7 
1(1 h \ 
I 
I 
1-48 
lkrg 
I re.- l oh•rcJ 
I " men 
I girl 
I 1111111 
1 girl 
I \ l>tnWI 
l_,g_1rl 
1-11 h 
nn bcrg 
\~ h11 
I r.-c C.:1•lmcJ 
Q(l 
'in 
3 
5 1 
9 men 
19 
15 
.. 
l 
'-
~ 
I 
I l 11. 
-
llcrg 
men 
'men 
, 111 men 
I 
•irl 
I \1mm111 
I "''11hUI 
I 1rnl 
I gu l 
b ) 
18. l 
11. I I. 
nn. twrg 
V.. h1h: 
Cl 
() 
388 
~
1 8 
5 men 
51 
30 
~ l h ) ., 
6 
I 
15 
lkr • 
mn 
1\1 men 
11 gi I' 
~ \ \'t n1 ~11 
I b ~ 
I 1>111 
I ~nl 
18 7 
II. II. 
nnal erg 
I r • 
80 
5) 
~ 8 
51X 
8 men 
5.2 
.1 1 
-1 7 h y 
. 
I 
161 
f 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I · 'c 4 r 4 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ahl 
: .\nnab g. I -' - I -' 
lp11v 1t · c •Hie!' 11 • 111d11 cJ Ill IUIW I 
7 
I '-
nn· berg 
hmcn 
~ )fll" 
•tr 
111 had Jan 101.111 
(I ) 
l) 
\nnabcrg 
ti II\ le 
luLJll 
() 
60 
51 
lpm le 
hot.al 
I man 
() 
6 
8'i 
'i()'i 
6 111 n 
I< 
nn, t 1g 
(f111\I h: 
arc an I uJcJ 111 
.2 \lllfllCll 
tilt.all 
51 men 
I 17 
11. II. 
1\1111 her• 
I m n. I \\1 rn n 
3 5 
·o 
6mcn 
17 
Cf' 
18 IK 
II II 
nn· berg 
\ 
Cl 
10 
85 
I I 
B ·r 
[ 111.llll'I I 1111111 
11. 11. 
7 
'i 
()_ 
- m·n 
Berg 
l'i 
1 
- - - - - - - - - -
... - - .. - - -
ahl 
\nnab qz, I 
~ - I 1: 
12 
5 
,_ 
,, 
\.\ 
18'il 
II. II B •r • 
1 
518 
17 M 
7M 
1-
'2 
11 
-
l 
19 
2.:! \\, 
I. 
1 \ 
1852 
II II I ., I 
6 
P ·tur • 
()I 
'i I 8 
IJ( 
fr \I I 11 
I'\ 
Data in fu I i I 
B ri: 
1\ nn.ibcr 1 
nn berg 
18 7 
11. 11 
nn therg 
l8'i8 
11. 11 
nnabcr• 
J 
- I 
18 
2 "" 
1: 
' 
p 
~ rJll 
.t 1 
~ I 
1 
IUrt.: 
-
8 
I I 
llW 
\\ 
I \.\ 
2 
II 
'-' 
II. If 
I 
. I 
I \\ 
,, 
lllll 
18 I 
II. II 
nnabcrg 
'iO 
P.tstun.: 
50 
2 
_, 
12 
11 
\ 
I Ul!C 1 r -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ahl • 
nn:ll · r~ I 50 - I 1: 
Ann berg 
\nnabcrg 
'\ 111r1bcr • 
nnab rg 
5C 
I) 
l \~ 
- M 
~ 
t I II 
l hrn11,1. 
nnl1bcrg 
"0 
Pu lure 
5 
7 
If 
I Vv 
, .. 
I( 
I fl\\ 
I lo u 
7 v 
I humas 
vail bk 
- 7 
l I ·d 
nnalierg 
- 7 
_47 
nnJ erg 
_ 11 
_ 17 
\nn.1licrg 
_, 
::! 7 
187 1 
lh ma 
l Jla in ra Li I 
1872 
::! 
7 
- 7 
.'.!. 7 
-
18 
- -
'>I 1hom 
1'11"1.lk 
( l•Ult I u 
( U'll 
JI Ill ·1 
- - - -
0 
- - - - - - - - - - - -
ahl ' 
Annab •rg, I :O - l 1-
o I aw 1n I a I 1 -1 
- ( 
2 
al.!l:: 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ah l 
nnah ·rg, 11 SO - 19 15 
arl 
0 
nn 
rg 
:n 
:!)() 
t\nn berg 
:! I 
:!. () 
nn berg. 
:!O 
:! I 
:!"'O 
I' n 
nn berg 
"I 0 
-
I run1:1 
_ arl 
.t 
[ mm.mui: I 
\nn 
rg 
11 
21 
---·· 
r .mt.:1 
rl 
5 
nn 
·rg 
~ 
191 
.., 
r at. m I a I 1~1 
I )CJ 
rnab ·r~ 
,_ 
:!( 1_ 
:! 
..,., 
J l 7 
nnaber • 
20. 
_)() 
r · mm.mui:I 
-I 
nna 
rg 
~ 
I Cl 
2. 
.. r.tn I 
rl 
I mm mu ·I 
nna 
rg 
::ic 
2:' 
I I i.lllt: I' 
I 
11)1() 
I mmanu ·I 
nnabcr 
- 0 
J (J 
I 
ll I 
Pa~·
' r 
-------------------
nhl 
nnab ro, 1850 - 19 15 
ii 
1911 
I· mmunud 
11n bcr • 
0 
_oo 
2 ( 
I ranc; j., 
uil 
l' 12 
I mrn mu •I 
nnab·r • 
I 1 
18·1 
2 0 
F ind 
• 1rl 
lllil in I a ' I i I 
19 13 
l_:.11111wnu I 
nnabcrg 
7 
_o 
-·H 
l nd 
• rl 
l ) I 
bmn1111u •I 
nnabcr 
t) 
_o 
- 7 
l·rnn ·i 
·art 
1< l 'i 
I .mmanu ·l 
nrubcr • 
_, 
- 7 
l·ron i'> 
Ol.!c 
f 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
a I 
n 
ln,· ot ri 
t r th 
t. J hn 
r th 
la' R b 
tao tin 
n 
J 
lantati n 
l 
l•illJ.'iHHJ!~ 
:ii~~ LI 
l:'] 
Pl•ntation::;yr~ \ 2000· 
f'!!_ni.liQ_n~~ \ !lliJll" 
B!_U Dl'G"" 
Q!_tlhne huu~ 
.i"_.!!liu e 1!.!!_u~ bum:.!!!_ in rt~ l!!!_n_l 
~uurmill 
\ rill in eond _!l}_DdiliOD 
Bo1hne bo~ 
flrine ~a U \l ilh-4 copper l.e 11l~[da m !!£[_ed in ~ l!Q_n l 
_l!lill 
~i ll "hl~ut c11'_!!"o r~'J.!!!!.m~d_!_n r~ lm n ) 
''•l!UJ'!.t 
( \~:zi~ bu m_!_d rn ~~!!_o n ) 
'ti:rn ho~ 
(~u bQ_u~b u rntd in ~liunl 
11\_E~i-. 
\~allio11 
_b!•ll!.!!_n ~ 
in~nl 
\hone 
\ ~ 
\ •oune~olhuo 
b_Ll ll~n ~ 
i n__!'.!_~ll!!nl 
\ lll8':!_ 
l 'l•rt '"'' rn rth~l in'!!_ 
~diinl.t~ 
~bull 
\_rn" 
!!_,,,. d~·•p~and m R.!.,llelUanl 
r~ \\_[_O 
Fnn~ l'_aur ~..,i...r1 
lJ'.lln~l~lll!#r t'OOl.trl_ 
J1_KI 
~ 
~nl 
~ 
EI 
~t) 
' IJlio 
Q_ld llluni 
~dlh_t1_n i 
\\ illi \faqUtf'!!_D 
\\ ilh \l aq~1 
\nna~lh child 
\ "'~ 
ll!!_r ..!_hild d_!!_d l 
\linen 
0_l l~~n1 :11111 ~~n r tl ) 
~•mil!_ \111g_urron tmaront 
~~um bu (hJL"...!_ fi11!!_hernia) 
··~· 
~ 
(•1~ 
m~ n h111 n~ 
110 "1 • .l ohnJ 
i_'u n lgl_']>!'tlll'rl 
l_llilo l ICOll!!_Q !!.in~· ..!_OUld ll~ I hoU1111 
~!!DU f!lOOd-1!!.!_n !.!!_llUll ~ru) 
_l!_rn 
I !Q_l _ "Ll ~l D \\ \ R l-"_ 'll Q_llll R PR_Ql'!"RD_ 
! f!!._ur ~nm.I ~n ~n n_Q_n • 
I r.. u~und irnn ....!:!.."'!!!.." 
~111cd.!!.inc~ ""h mnl_hl~IDd l~nJmc~ 
-30..!l!n or llin•~. t~~or~i. 
_!!utltl. 
~n~ruili1~~mcl;_!!or l!l • 
~ 
alra~ra~111h 
_!.5~-2£_1"'11...J!..!!!!.!.! • 
\ Mnineli.!£1.l nrt Hd a Sprat art 
\ ~!_g_ li•cl-1_ "!'.!.J!.Cl!. 'l!fa1 '!!_I • • 
11 hanei~dl- lutl.!_ 
11 b_ll_n!?Jn_g_{p.,t_tJl-
I~• 
• 
\ 1'...!_ltr J!!!t 
\n old clolbiq c~ 
•rral i:un : I mot loct. fnfltl: a pair or pi• 1ul : aad 
•rral 
ri~"ithuut lof~ 
\~hrr~ord 
\_.l!_artial~nod -"nrl.J!l 
1 0~~ 
Ill~ •• 
\ hr~iq 
krlllt 
\ lill_!!_!!_• l.rnlr 
\_t_OP~r _!_Im iD~_jll)I 
\ lilllt~on~arrJ Ira~ 
II cha~ 
I la_!Xt'_!_Dd :?_'_mall round t~_b~ 
:? cll~ith lid•~ 
\drum 
\ nurrur 
c. i.a.1~ .nd ron.~ 
~··~~1k_·1rnh "rteht• 
J .,, .. _I!!!!!_ 
_i_\ copper l.!t•lr 
.!.\a 1ntn...!_•~ltr ~1th tiill'112~n 
_!_\ numhcr or ca~a~ 
1110~ 
J iron po~~llb chain and b1lh_ 
J 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
a l le 9: In ·nl.ori 
for _.. tat 
n n a b r-g I 31 - 18 2 
'i I 
11 
11.r • ., pa 111r 
Buildino 
t\ 
"i1h 
mph:k 11 hen and 
un er tht: gang\\,) 
fan.1 • • .mu 
P gc I 
-------------------
abl 
: Inv ntor i 
for lo.sta t 
nnahcrg 17 3 - I 62 
1733 
1793 
180') 
1842 
18<•3 
A nc' ma •a.,., h u c 
ma 1 • 
hou 1: f • h) - · and a 
lllal?a . h U'C 
muh:El1 \\ ith_5-h.~c 
-
J" 
lllep ·n IJr ''· 
1 pen f r mul .• ind h rn ·cJ 
-
,111lc 
.-
1111 h ll c wJth lb f?J n I I 
2 thrc hundn:<l g II n hull <tnd I 
till I. Il le ol 400 • Ill 11 • 
rum ell r wuh thr i.: I rrc 'iluml' 
h\ >hundred gUlll n butts 
\ ith 
ppcr tuh • .,, ctL. 
. l lermentml.! f_Q_ni....:J 
- '>ti ll "ith p •wti.:r tub 
nd 
- -.1111 
I _'i() •all n '' ith one 
__Qr.1_~k__Qu11t 1,111!.'> 
l~(.lflllCJS~rn nd
-J.c?.!!..d~ci\. ~ 
!---
n nnimnl mill \ ith mi cd 
mrlcte atilt: rnlll 
ulc mill 
11 an1mul mill 1 1th r • I\ Cl 
II 1111111 ii 111111 
r.Q.lUlld<I 
~mule 
..Q_en 
I ~ 
. 
f-
65 _ticg!:Q_ l~u C!t 
l.Q-N~ 
l!.Q.U'>C'> 
c •re hou cs 
2 I ~~ro hQ_ui,_e,-. 
2 I N cg~1 1.22..u'c' 
~~~llh~llC ll'Oll \ICtghls 
~1 irQ_n~ with hanger J'JJ 
~n~ll iron _£_nnr1om 
u 1ur p 1u1 r !th 
l 
111·1ini11 • 
Cl r n p lUls I 'i 0' ll ng 
;wind le & Rope Ii r 
fl\Cyin • 
llQO foot Qf boJrtb 
. _fJllC 10 M_ill' 
llCI 
till .111d f''I 
~r1~d 
I---
\\lit 'I p< I 
n thcr ' ' r •h u' and , i t •m 
-y:.: \1·a1 •r l'>h.:rn ''1th will p UI 
Wt.!ll 
1th ptm11 .md 
7(1' I ng and ut J\ ·ni •c • h1 •h 
m.1'un . trou •h anti u pure 
·-
m~l!t I IQ ice ..Q_U n!J!. 
Ile\ ne c 1ry (unfinished) 
I tru k 
·I ·. m 
l nc \\ II l er long anJ b Ul 
,_ 
1 • h_ig_h 
Ln, l:1vctl 
' · '!~_ht_\ eel 
1-.n .. ~~d 
..£.11, l:\\_~d 
-.f:Q_nlntcl .b_nl on•r, 
_ I men 
~5 men 
I 
3 l \ men 
I 
'i2 
m n 
Cl bo) ~ 
32 boys 
-1 
3~i rl-. 
_s girl 
l_l!la l LQ_ 
lulu! ~ 
J'otnl· 1.5·1 
rowl. 177 
TQllll ·I 
Lh ~l ~I. 
_1!\ C'>IOCk 
Lil ~t o~k 
Live, lock 
_1i \ ~O l' I. 
25 mule-. 
_ 7 mule-. 
23 111ulei. 
-
lllll ~ 
1----
_A l~c 
I ma~'" iLh !.Qi.ii 
11 h_<l~~ 
I C1 h o~ 
-:f hor'>c'> 
I . '"' 
11 c 11 I 
12 aul 
l-.. 
-
Pag 2 r 
----------- --------
I hull 
Id nkc 
ablr 9: In 'otoric ' for 1 state 
nnab rg, J 7 3 - 1862 
1733 
1793 
1809 
1842 
IH<•.1 
Point 
"ith a!'>c • Guug,con'>. 
'utrt;ll~. 
l:Jru ~I!... 
•ratine. •• and 
furn ICC ." 
Pa• 3 of . 
Point 
-------------------
nhl • 10: 'umparison of. 'I. ,John .' u~ar Plantation. in 1808 
OW l:R 
l·S I T ·/ 
uml 1;r 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
abl 11: 
·:ibulation and \\'rill n 
ornm nt 
fr m th I OS I lantati u R p r·t · 
for Jam . 
lurph~ '. J r p rti _ on 't. J ohn 
J\nnabci:g_ · 
l_ei~ler ·. 
l_Qial N~e!> 
147 
I!_? 
~·l a le 
~ 
112_ 
rem~ 
_Qi 
61_ 
_Ircole:. 
.E._7 
9<> 
Afr~~ 
!Q_ 
83 
_f_hri t .!!_f!i 
_±7 
~ 
l leathe~ 
!..QQ_ 
_!8 
r ield '\J~oe~ 
I .!l_ 
1]_1 
l !.2._u~~ 
_i 
-
Trade:. men 
5 
3 I 
l m~id' 
II 
15 
n er 
Male' 
7 
_q_ 
-
ea 
I- m h.: · 
I r m 
Makl> 
1 
_§_ 
: 1c I 0 
h:mnlc 
·rm 
_Mal~ 
_! 
_1_1 
10 l -
f· 'mal 
1-
19 
' c11ain 
hm 
~al~ 
19 
22 
_, -
- -
r 
:?O tc 
0 
Fem I . 
I 
i\J1p1_•, rin • 
I r m 
~I~ 
:?9 
!_:!_ 
g' 
0 (I 
Fem le 
I -
18 
I r m 
1\ !Q.I~ 
Ll: 
}Q: 
} l 
ri.:111 · k 
9 
-I 
I r m 
~I~ 
I 
Q 
0 l ) 0 
!·cm k 
:? 
I 
Mn I cs 
..:!_ 
_:!_ 
bo' 
0 
Fem le 
' 
I I m~ l\.lam Pu1r 
I 
11 
L "" ful 
II 
. 
c 
~ 
.1:.lllac..!!'~:..!::::.. 
-
\l.1tnm nic 
Ihm ,\Ian} P.ur 
IQ_ 
LQ 
atu I 
11 
,,,..~ ·-
-
to-th.-..·•.!!!.•~ 
-
·1 t I m UllL 
_fu)_y_S_ 
2 
2 
ofBmh., 
_fiir~ 
_J_ 
I 
I h \\ 
1an~ t th 'Ill napll.t ·<l. I 
In 11,.. 
I 
I 
and in \\ hat~hu~1 
I forCl\· 1.i11 ( h11r It 
111 •11 man~ :--.:gr• 
«•nn tcJ 
M!!l~ 
I 
II 
m 1amm "' ''1th q_m · «'I 
I cm le 
11 
••th..-r~l~ 
I g' I f ~ 
Munsbu11 · 1 
To ta.~ 
111 
-l_Q_O 
_§!__ 
~ 
_§_4 
195 
5 1 
m 
]_7 
--ill: 
]I 
2.Q.4 
~ 
2_2§_ 
@!_ 
~ 
4 
I]_ 
4 
4Q_ 
lj_ 
_1_1 
3 
19 
11 
--
]_ 
11 
7 
I..'.!_ 
1_3 
7 
15 
~ 
18 
-
Q 
5_ 
13 
-t 
12 
~ 
9 
2:? 
..1. 
1-t 
3 
6 
7 
~ 
I 
12 
l_Q_ 
22 
7 
2_l 
7 
I 
5 
. 
_6 _ 
0 
-
l 
~ 
21 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Deaths 
!ale 
In 
The 
L t 
I ~mal 
'l ear 
. abl 11: 
· ulati n 
fr m th J 
~ r Jam 
Murphy 
and \\ ritt n 
lantati n R 
Pr p rti 
Ann 
0 
I wm :'U and 
lh ·n:all\.l\ 
DGIJ born 
0 
ein ter ·-
0 
0 
2 
~ 
0 
0 
I 
0 
0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
*l 
Table 11: Tabulations and Written Comments 
from the 1805 Plantation Reports 
for James Murphy's Properties on St. John 
"Of the Estate called Annaberg, laying in the Mahobay Quarter, No. 9 Belonging to James Murphy Showing the 
total number of negroes on Said Estate, with proper elucidations. 
Observations: On this estate is a wind mill, cattle mill, a large & convenient set of works, a mag ass house, a mule 
pen with sheds all built since 1797. The land is a rich black mouid [soii] on a stiff clay, but the iand being steep 
and rocky is very laborious, the gang with the assistance of those of the two other estates cultivate part of 
deWindbergpurchased by the former owners, of which 20 acres in canes are to be taken off this year and as many 
more are open ready for planting. The remainder of said land is at present in negroe grounds. The whole is suppose 
to contain 103 acres, deemed excellent land, it also joined number 7 & 8 called Franchy 's and Mary point. The 
latter had about 40 acres lately planted with Guinea grass. This remainder of both tracts in crops & pasture 
although the greatest part might be cultivated with great advantage were there a sufficient supply of negroes. They 
are supposed to contain 250 acres & with part of the land purchased from deWindberg will form a very fine 
settlement. St. Johns 14th January 1805- [Sig.] Owen Sheridan, manager [and] John Rawbone and MOS Kyrne, 
overseers" 
*2 
"Of the Estate called Leinster bay, laying in Mahobay Quarter, No. JO belong to James Murphy, showing the total 
number of Negroes on said estate, with proper elucidations. 
On this estate is a convenient dwelling house, kitchen, stable negro rooms, and a cattle mill with a very 
commodious set of works, a magass house, a mule pen with a house over part of it, answering the double purpose of 
a shed and storage for provisions, utensils etc. There is besides the largest and most convenient and comfortable 
being all hilly and rocky would require at least a hundred able field negroes to keep the land at present in canes & 
fallow in due order. Independent of this there is a piece of land of75 acres of very superior quality which might be 
cultivated to great advantage and taken off with the same works were the strength of the negroes adequate. The 
negroes cultivate as much fine rich land for themselves as they have a mind to. St. John 14th of January 1805-
[Sig.] Owen Sheridan, manager, Char. Odell, Overseer" 
*3 
"Of the Estate called Munsbury, laying in Mahobay Quarter, No. 6, belonging to James Murphy, showing the total 
number of Negroes on Said Estate with proper elucidations. 
extent of these, a mag ass house, mule and cattle pens with sheds and a small sick house. The negroes since it has 
been purchased by the present owner work the grounds for themselves on a part of de Windberg, purchased by the 
proprietors of Annaberg. The land is rich and contiguous to their dwellings and they are allowed to plant as much 
as they please. Muns bury being very hilly and rocky soil should have at least 100 able works in the field. Many of 
these inserted in this list in the column of field negroes not being of that description. St. Johns 14th January 1805 -
Owen Sheridan, Manager, John A. Hartly, Overseer. " 
Page 3of3 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-------------------
;\ i . 
r F -
Reproduction of Original Document 
Extract from the first St. John tax roll in 1728 
·lt • 
(, 
4 .. ~~ 
·~ 
•. : .Q40 .. ~ 
IJ. 
.J~IA-
1¢. .sa..... 
[SJLL] West Indies and Guinea Company Archives, St. John Land Lists, 1728-1733 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document l of l 0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Extract from the 1732 probate proceedings for Isaac Constantin 
with the appraisal of his St. John Plantation 
~··". -
.. 
....__ .. 
__..:...... -· 
. ' 
Ce;. 
.. 
. 
- - . ~ - . . . -·-
. ~ 
~ 
. 
t;-C-· 
·'1/{-C-1 
.!!<.-
............ 8-!-! 
·~ 
[STBP] West Indies Local Archive, St. Thomas Byfoged, probate protocol for Planters, l 728 - 1736, Ltr. G (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 2 of I 0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Extract from the St. John Mortgage Register where James E. Murphy's 
Purchase of the shares in the Annaberg estate were recorded 
[MR] Record Group 55, St. Thomas - St.John Mortgage Registers, 1776 - 1806 (U.S. National Archives II, College Park, Maryland). 
Docwnent 3 of I 0 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Last will and testament of James and Elisabeth Murphy, 1792 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
[DYS] Danish Chancery, East and west Indies Records, 1688 - 1799 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
I 
Document 4 of I 0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Appraisal of Annaberg in James Murphy's Probate, 1809 
Page I of3 
[SJR] Central Management archives, Registers for St. John, 1835 - 1911 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 5 of I 0 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Appraisal of Annaberg in James Murphy's Probate, 1809 
Page2 of3 
(SJLBP] West Indies Lncal Archives, St. John Landfoged, Bailiffs Protocols, 1789 - 1813 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 5 of I 0 
1! 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Appraisal of Annaberg in James Murphy's Probate, 1809 
Page 3 of3 
[SJLBP] West Indies Local Archives, St. John Landfoged, Bailiff's Protocols, 1789 - 1813 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 5 of 10 
.. 1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
The 1835 census of enslaved laborers on Estate Annaberg 
In which individuals who were "punished by judgment" were noted. 
. ,' 
\ , 
·' 
;.--
Page I of2 
ll~EGiS'J.'ER '. 
of Sfaves Jivin.; in the CoUJ1try ill SL 'John's. 
.~ .. --
." ..... .,., 
. • . 
••a-,.. 
.., a.-.--• ......_ 
-----~ 
· ..... . 
[SJR] Central Management archives, Registers fur St. John, 1835 • 1911 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 6 of I 0 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Announcement of the Auction of Annaberg and Leinster Bay 
After the death of Governor Berg in 1862 
AUCTXOl~. 
~ 
Y request of tbe Executorcs 
r;,.~"' 
testamcnti of the la.te Vice~ 
Governor TI. II •. BERG tmd Attorneys--o~ 
Kar.auerjuo.ker E. F. MURPHY, will be 
\
put up fo;: eale at one Auction, proviaed 
~~ acceptable .. offer Le made, .eithe.r:\ 
l10tnlly or upara.tcly, · 
. 
' 
I .THE SUGAR AND STOCK ESTlTES 
· 
~nnrrherg U 11thrnt{'rhrr~, 
situP.tea in Ma.bob:i.y Quarter sub No. 4. 
and 61 in tl:.is ls1o.nd, o.nd belonging, tho 
first namea pl'operty to tb.e dealing of 
the deceased Vice-Governor II. II. BERO, 
nnJ consisting of 200 e.cres .of land, 
wh~reof 60 acres in cane cultivation, 
and with a Etock of 18 lioms, 17 mules, 
f, CGS::s, 63 Leo.d of l~omed cattle, ts 
~hec;:i; a.nd the eccond, to Re.rnmcrjun-
kei E. r. 1IURPIIY, nnd consisting of 27 6 
ac:es of l ~na, vrLcreof 25 t.eres in c11nc 
cultivl~icn, v.ith a Etock of 18 liorses, 
17 rn u 1~s. 6 e.sses; li3 · Le1ld of Lo med 
cattle, C5 ebeep.' 
Al\D l\D!EDIATELY AFTERWARDS: 
SOME GOOD MAIIOGA.N\7 
~ mlf1 ~m 
ru1 ITT~ D 
ns 'Iab~es, Cb:i.irs, Ileiht€c.ch, e~c., etc.; 
c. good LIBitARY of a.bout 1,3C·O vo-
lumes, a Spanish tt!lllicn 3.:?!l, E. crnofo 
ili~b. o.nd e. Sloop, [In belonging to 
Kao::ncrjunktr E. r. ll'JR?.EIY. 
I 
'Ibe Auction will be held en the 
Estate LeinstcrLay, 
\ 
TUESDA 1~ th.e 2nd of December\ 
ensuicg, at 10 o'clocl\. fo the forenoon
1 
precisely, r.nd the cond'.tio.cs for th &a.le ii 
and the appmisemenh 1:1ay be seen at I 
tbis O!lice, as also at tbt h1nt!cg Offices; 
of St. 'Ihomas and St. Croix. • 
\ 
~t. Jl)h't Auction OJi.:e, lGtlt Octoocr; 
1 
1~:32 
• 
: 
r. A. nnwrrunsT. 
St. Thomas Tidende, Vol. 16, Wednesday, November 5, 1862, # 89 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 7 of I 0 
·I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
Reproduction of Original Document 
Extract from the Register of Deeds 
showing the sale of Annaberg and Leinster Bay 
by Thomas Letson Loyd to George Francis for $100.00 in 1871 
[STM] St. Thomas I St. John Mortgage & Deed Registers, NA (Office of the Recorder of Deeds, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands). 
Document 8 of I 0 
- - - -
' . 
- ;-
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Reproduction of Original Document 
Tax form for Estate Annaberg filled out and signed by Antoine Anduze in November of 1882 
I 
fXiU1f'llllL' .. f\111111 
•1ttwfo1c '"' t11a 
0-uer. lleul&r, 
ll:1nai;:t'f 2i1w.l 
(.h'fru.n.. 
i 
I 'o 
----!-·--
TAX-LIST 1882 
• TIL\Ot.slO:S. 
... 
LA I 0 RE R $. 
f1tld bhorn a~I J•Ullllt- 1-..a.. 
(1r11,\".u .. "°'""'"a .. 1Jr & f'1n ol ll.. ft:U 
.. IW. fwWI HUj"'MJ. 
I ...... 
) a-. 
I 
:0-1>-c:.L 1,.i.,,._.,.t II• tlot •b":1.c1 
; 
~oc:L w i....,: .... IP lie ...... ,. .. 
~ -
.... ·--
1 .. .... ·-· .. it .... 
- ---- __ i 
j 
I 
i 
! 
-l -i-
.1 
I 
'i 
I!.! 
""' l#llll'n, £"~ . 
nn1.u1~c;s. 
1-r.· i ! 
I 
! 
l I 
P•P'IOllt IMng on th• Ettat, ~ut without bting employed 
lo wot.II tlltra. 
. 
I 
Tht utii112to o( d .. ~11ol i• cane an1I pult1rt 11 coucc\ 1 
to tl1e ht•I of our hc.•lc1l;e, to •1il11d1 •• un t.'h ' 
OMii, if rr11uiN<I. 
[SJA) Central Management Archives, west Indies Audit Registers for St. John, 1755 - 1915 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). 
Document 9of10 
- - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Reproduction of Original Document 
Census form for Annaberg and Leinster Bay from the first United States Census compiled in 1917 
! 
[VIC] Department of Commerce, Record Group 29, Records of the Bureau of Census 1920, Virgin Islands [compiled in 1917) (U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C.). 
Document 10 of 10 
--------------------------------------------------·-·--
I 
I 
I 
I ,, 
·1. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.1 
I· 
I 
I 
I 
.. I 
I 
II 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
(P 
nnab r 
all r 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
nnab rcr Ph tocrraph Gall r / 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
'
T 
--··
-
-
tin 
n 
hn 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
nnab r 
raph 
all r r 
rial' i " o 
1h ~ ruin or lh 
\nnab rg Fa I _ 
mpl \, ir n 19 _. 
I ph t graph b) \ Ian R bm~ n) 
\nn b rg 
:i i 
. 
ompl \.ru in 
lh ' indmill . 
' mb r 1 
Ph to' ph b)' D ""' •hi. _ 
) 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
no b ra Ph to raph 
all ry 
' : • no b rg a I I') 
mpl , , ruin 
1b E I I') till, 
\ mb r 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1111 b rg 
nn b r Phot 
r ph 
all r 
• ph } 
"-night. _ 
10 '") 
O\ mh r 2 
1-..nu!hl. _ 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.I 
I 
I 
I 
1. 
I 
I , 
.. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
- j 
. 
·i..uct of -. ,-J--· 
~&crlO!oi -~ ~: 
,_ 
.. ; 
.. : . 
..... 
. : 
... ;~ 
..... _; . ./:.;{; 
)J-. 
,::. .. ;.• 
_.-
-·-.,_ t 
,-
n 
-~ 
I· .: 
. l . ... 
·. y 
. 
' ~ .. 
• ·.;. ·•c · 
: . 
~ .. • ... 
--_,_.11' --.•'" 
) 
. . "·" 
~ $lu4.J 
' 
. 
(/ 
- -
;._ .. 
> • 
. .. 
'"'"'-
~"!' 
. 
........ 
~
. . 
· ... ~ ~r 
...•. 
-.-
·.,, 
·. ~ · 
., ~. · ., 
- - - - - - - - - - - - -· - -
SUGAR FACTORY 
UlllClllilll Ol•1£"1'1GM#W UN1~9?Al1"1:1100.........,.0'"9 ""1'W:lllltQlllr 
MATIOflM..• .... MmJWIC&. ~Ol 
........ ANODal.,., 
SU(.iAR 
Series Drawing I of 5 
lSTATI. 
AIJllAt.tllC. 
~Ul.~I( 
Al< If' '.-' 
(<W~ ' J>:< MILL · 
Tut. FACToa.'f C.OtJ"TAl\J., Ruf. ;. ; •.~ 
o~ 1e. "i . ..4 
"''~ 
•=?T~ . (t :.; •JY. ,· 
:coN~ill:J~TIOI< 
~"ID l(n ;.
;.'..,~ T~•(i.~ .;-r 
~t · . ; . .... ,_ ....... .)~t 
Ll>JC,~
. 
~UILDl~. 
I~ UIJrnv"loJ 
;nco~DtD BY 
TIH. UIJIH D )11,ll'., IJATiOlfo. PMX )[:. \ .~ \. 
oWI~ P~OJl(T WA~ ntl'AIJ((O 
r1>.01,< · hJ"lllS <JF'l•ll .,,~~10 ... ""' l>R<.>-.1:. Al<I 
er 
'TW'-
\.IA110WAl 
\lA~~ 
=>l~'llU 
1.11.•~Ull.tO 
""~ 
.ll~' ... ,, 
l)U~I ... , 
~ •. , 
P£ fl ·IOD 
All4 - 0(. T 
\~ 5 9 
Ut4 Cl R. 
1~~ Ol''.t: 1'11)1. C':' 
( '.,..\,\ :> 
~ • t . \'-!' 7\:,; _ ' >., 
SUPt'lYl~\\...I~ 1'.R<.H:\t'=.T, 
Ml~TO~h. 
::.O~lC.Tl.l :· l: :. · :.-...:.n.·.: ... f.( !',J \. . .. l\ ~·1
, 
A.RC~ITtC.T J 
11,;(\0\( I. 
i 'l{kti"T. 
::> lUDl!<..l·~ ') >1:.·r1 11-r h: CMl~r.·
· r ,\1,1. ,.,, 
ui.J1v. or PA ., 
.t.~o i-u!T : .. DAlN. tDA . 
roa. IM~Ol'l.HloTION ON \ll'/11WUl-lhl 
,:·Llk.U'.•r .. ·. At.lV•' ,.'•I' :· 
~-.•.•.• ~s ~r '<o'1'r 
•'•EE. '5er'f-.=.-.· 
WAI .. . 
f.\CTORY -· -
---·- · 
NAME OF STRUCTUA£ 
[<:J~· ;.·: .: '.'·. t. :t_.- ( 
5URVl't' NO. 
- · .... , 
HISTORIC AMERICAN 
BUILDINGS SURVEY 
SHUT • or 
~ SHUTS 
- -
- - -
... . 
-
.. . 
... ... .. 
.. 
.. 
" 
.. 
-
_____ ,......,. .... .......-.. ........... ... 
.. ~"··"'•' "' •~•• ""··1ra .... ~ 
.. ,..,,. .... ,.,.:1 ........ ~ •. 
-
Series Drawing 2 of 5 
-· 
..: ~· . ..:_· -. 
- - -
a"'1w• o• •L..,..,• •-·~-
••~"' .-..,.. • .,..,.,.,.. 
°"'-"' IJ~ 
• .,. .... 0-•1..• ., .... _.., ......... __ ... 
HAM&C# ST 
M 
- -
sucoAIC. l'AC.TOR.Y, E.STATE ANNABEl<G, ST.JOHN. VIRGIN ISLAND~ 
- - ·-
~ ...... Ji,'.;; • 
...... l.o>'o"''f-
PLOT PLAN OF FAC.TOl<.Y SITE. 
6CA.L& r•90._ 0. 
L•' " & 
HISTORIC AM~CAH . ·• 
IUIUllNQI llllt\ll'(.·"'' 
- -
- - - -· - - - - - - - -
I 
I I 
I 
I ! 
au., lrUJ&& AiMD ~ 
~ 
..... 'T'f .... 
..,.,....M...,a~tM ..... ~. 
81:11UM6 ~ 
•flllill.6l1MITA"'t OWL.V. 
~ 
I 
t-
Series Drawing 3 of 5 
NOR.~R. HI la&.. 
flO& DIJTr· .... • ....... ..,..n .,.,..~ 
-- .. .,. 
'//. 
o·r.... 
---~~ 
·:-:----
,. 
I .i 
t---~------t- r ~. 
P'ttD ...... L,OU.~IOt.I 
OF 11D1Pt•11t. ..::Ml"N5V 
FLOOR.. PLAN OF FAC.TOR.Y 
'!>GALE "1'a·-.i:,o• 
~--~==~===r.==w===.~-~--9-· 
- - -
\ 
NO'ft.! 
6~ 
... ~ 
C:OM6TMIC• 
,.IL!) N 
ltUt!I01.-~ ,...-._,.._.,. 
._..TM Bai''°' UWIN~ ~ oP•• " 
Ml ... •""""'"' 
o.....NC',.,.auawtN•tuo• 
GUT CO .... L llMXW «fU.lolNIUil 
~ 
... .alNC. t-F OP9.l.llv<..•· 
..... -~i~. 
J· ~ .. 
. 
f.~·}\_:.. 
·.)::: 
· • .'<.· 
- -
- - - .. 
-------------------------------------
- .. - - .. -
.......... 
NOR.."TH ELEVA•ION 
SOUTH E:LEVATION 
WEST E:LEVATION 
~ 
Ofl ""'"" ~ 
..... V•"••":.o• 
MAMI 01 IT'RUCTUllK 
- - -
I 
,......,....,..,.O*~u~-"'"' 
r
~ta"lllOIC"9Q Ot'4 ~i.. VAlill..T 
. -..-•••l.•GO•Te.-. ..... 
--~-..... l.#Jo ...... . 
,r 
-
SE.CTION A-A 
SU~AI<. FACTO~Y;E.STATE ANNABE..RG, 5T.JOHl-J,Vl!<Gl!-.I ISL.ANDS 
Series Drawing 4 of 5 
----------------------------------- ·-·---
.. - - -
- - -
.. -
EAST E.LE.VATION 
ILS't TS 
SEC.TIO"-IAL El£.VATION Cjl·O 
Series Drawing 5 of 5 
- - - - -
D 
8&.•V 1t· 
.STILL C.16Taia.N 
~ECTIONAL E.LE.VATION B·B 
....... 
euw. ~4 
I 
• 
' 
;,~~~~tE~~-~~~~,.,~~G~I. 
lo.------·-·- .. 
ELEVATIONS A~JD -:_,c;;. .-.T 
~~u: '='' l>llt»'a.
' L.d~ 11.· .. 1~0· 
NAME ~ 
STRUCTURl 
- - - - -
D 
•. 
c 
0 
... ,.,, 
~C.TION TM.RV C.U1t.H..a6P. $T0a..AWe. W\NC:. 
l>o~~0•1c.1~1..'llll•NDO- AWO Oooq, ~NIN&• .. ._..LC>,._.V&.\..L.CWU'~IC.I'(--, 
,A!..L ORIG.ltd.L DOO•A.W~ 
OPl!\o&ING.<!) PAR.,.t,..U.V IDLO<Kl!C, 
l ... !>T u.e.v,e.,-IOM CP pl(:n~\Wu llC\'1!)1:. 
-:.E.C.TiONAL ELE.VATION C-C. 
c .. - ,_.. . . ·~ . r 
.c •... , ~ 1 : 
. .... 1 .•. • 
:&tl' N 
·~-
· 
<'I Si \(' ... • 
•.).) 
1 ! 
MJRYtv NO. 
SUC:.AJC. J:"ACTor.:.v, c..~-.A-r A.1',;N,.:..~~
·~...; .. ~T 
.. _· . · 1 
• , . ·.·: r: ..,· 
..... 
HISTORIC AMERICAN 
BUILDINGS SURVEY 
SHEU 
~ or ,, 5MUn 
- - -
-
.. 
f 
,. r 
. 
;. 
·; I 
~~: ,. 
}J I 
. : 
~•,.;.ttt • .,, 1.1n·:, •""\tOltA\ . a.A....-. 
l ·IM,., ,. l N t 
4 
t'1G.2. 
... .w:t,':':::...~..::::~!~~~~~:,~:;::::= ~':::!•._• 
~~·1 .. 1 ~ t.NWAL' PIO 
~ .. 
~ §' 
. . 
I; 
z 
9 
.. 
g 
~ 
" 
... . 
.· 
.·. 
........ OI .. .WCTVM 
MILL TOWGR RUIN~ -
~UGJ.\R FAC.TOR'/ 
, 
SalN\• .IQllOI 
-------·-----. ·-----:-
- - ----- ·-- - -
.. 
I 
l' 
- -
1 J 
.W, 
'™ 
.• 
, . 
I I 
i 
~ 
ll Ii 
JJ~ 
.. 
-
. ·.o 
. • t 
,o • 
z ) 
'l 
u• 
l!l. 
ti) 
. , . 
tuUOlllC ioMliol.:.uf 
llUUllMa• IUAYO' 
l••at II ., U ""'" 
- - - -
~ :·.: .•. ·~
. 
; .. -
11. 
-
·-------------------------------------------------
--
.. __.:- ·-·-
•! 
I 
----
n 
--
rr 
-·-
•l ., 
II 
1 
~ 
~ 
"' r 
I 
.C> 
. 
~' 
u:1:1 .. 
5~' 
Q!, 
C7 
---~:' 
. 
-~
- ·~ 
~ ·\} 
"' . 
'\ .. ' 
. •.11\Qlll 1~1 .llloll-.S llA'l'loo'fll\1. PllhK 
j 
• llil.11 O'~ .. :a• . '""'· 
............. .,. .................... , ........... . 
.......................................... 
- - - -
.. 
.. 
1 
~ 
~ 
~ •1 
., 
. '• 
. 
Ii 
'll111 
> 
I:. I 
~ t 
o'~ 
.,,, 
ii 
t,·n 
:r U 
.. :~ 
:. 
·u~c . 
J ' 
3•-
~ 
.. ~ ~ 
·' -
\ 
~ ~ ~ l 
J ;; • § 
~~ii 
sos' 
~ " ~ 'I i 
........ "" ..-.,,cn.tlC 
MILL. TOW£R 
RlJIN~ -
~U~AR FACTORY 
· :141Nl" .IOllN 
- - - - - -
' 
I . 
- . . . 
-·.-
.. ··: . 
:-.• 
.-.. 
. ·. · J 
I 
. 
,; . . .. . ··: .· .. 
. NISlGlllG ANUll~ 
... ILOIH<ll IUllVU ' 
-• 4••-
,· 
... 
- - -
r-i 
r-i 
·n 
~ 
i:: 
·ri 
~ 
tn 
H 
Q) 
.0 
Ill 
i:: 
~ 
~ 
0 
tn 
Q 
·n 
~ 
ctJ 
J.t 
Q 
fJl 
Ill 
:a 
M 
t+--< 
0 
N 
~ 
·~ 
ro 
~ 
0 
en 
d) 
'i: 
d) 
rJ). 
- - -
I 
In~=================~=-=.==========~~= 
i 
~! ;; 
I ilh! . 
I •'",.. .. 
. fl·~ 
I i;;: ! 
1 
·1 i!;~ 
'~ 3f 
Ii ~r 
I 
! ii ; 
I Ii l 
aJ 
•i i 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
. I 
1· 
~ 
i:: .. •• 
.. 
1· .. I 
I 
I 
I 
s...r- j 
~·or. 
I 
· ~ j 
. :-::.~O' 
.,·.JL. 
?U.N~OM~-~ 
" 
HABS Drawing of Annaberg Windmill. 
Series Drawing 3 of 3 
: .. 
r I 
I 
I. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
., 
!' 
I 
l 
! 
I 
I 
I 
1· 
I 
I 
I 
11 
I 
:'° - ~ 
1· 
I 
1··· 
---. 
I 
I-
! i'-. .,. 
re 
13 
-- -- -- -
- - - - - -f=-
·' \' ___. 
i .' 
.· /~~ // 
,' /\.,,,.-" /1 
/ 
I 
~::::: 
j I 
/ :' IC)=// 
; 
/ 
I ....J 
/ / 
.' 
I 
'CD 
'/ 
::::::::~--­
-·- 7 ,, 
- - -/f"' 
~ 
/ / 
II 
Y.. i I 
=- I' 
:; . I 
-" 
! "7!':::::: 
I '/' 
1-
, 
E--. -z 
-
--
-
...l.-
1 
1:: 
:r:. 
z -. 
. 
~ -
' '--' 
.............. 
0 
....J 
·. 
~ 77 
;: . 
,11 
: .' 
. , 
I 
I' 
---c 
::>-. 
-, 
_, 
---~I 
...... 
:::::> r'\' ' 
-
--· ·--
.. 
--- - ·- ·---- - - - ----- ------- ----
-
,., 
'-'"" 
_, 
"""' -·. -
\ . 
.. -i: 
. ----.-
---
I 
--+-
- 11 -
-
I 
:I 
II 
11 
..., 
I i 
z 
---=-1~·_; 
':·j 
~ 
u 
Q 
I 
-i 
~ 
·J.: 
::, 
~ 
.... 
........ 
! 
I i 
" ' 
; 
' , 
' ' : 
' 
:..:::: 
r ·. 
....... 
::) 
~ 
~ 
.-~ 
- I -:-=-____::;:.- -=--=-
=== .. :::· =:::-~
· ====.I 
. ,. -
~; 
l'k 
'· ·~ 
·I 
I 
I 
.. 
I 
1· 
I 
I .. 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
.1 
·I 
I 
:I 
I 
I 
I 
.. 
~.,.<-· 
'· 
~ -
' 
~}.·. 
.\ 
~ ., _ 
\ 
\ 
_, . 
L • 
._,. I T E--
\I ': ·. C . 
... 
.#·. 
~ . 
\ 
'· 
' 
·-
- -
--- --- tr'l 
\ 
'· 
\ '"' 
'· 
...... 
. 
..., 
\ 
., 
. 
.. \ 
. 
\_ __ 
" . 
.. l~'t 
~ 
0 
............,_ 
,, '~ 
' . 
.. 
' ' ff 
' 
' ' ,,,. 
·~r:c..~ 111 t..c i 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I. 
I 
DOCUMENTATION OF STRUCTURES AT 
ANNABERG ST JOHN, USVI 
NOVEMBER 2000 
• 
Summary 
Volunteers assisted the Virgin Islands National Park Service in the documentation of 
······ 
' 
·-
structures at Annaberg. Ken Wild, archeologist and cultural resource manager, and 
Brian Coffey, historian, from the Atlanta office led Caribbean Volunteer Expeditions 
with 14 Elderhostel volunteers who cleared and measured structures at A.nnaberg and 
also Mary Point. This work helped identify structures to be included on the National 
Park Service LCS: List of Classified Structures. 
These consisted of the following: 
• 
Structure # 1 
This stone structure was built into the hillside to the east of the retaining wall near the 
windtower. The walls were about 6 feet high on the lower side. The building was 
about an 8 feet square. On the east wall was a brick arch. 
• 
Cistern# 2 
This cistern has exterior walls, some of which are collapsed. The south side leads to 
an aquaduct. The walls are about 19 inches thick, plastered on the inside. The cistern 
is filled with dirt and rubble. It is about14'-5" by 11 '. 
• 
Structure # 3 
Possible stable or manager's house. 
This 42 foot by 28 foot building contains only piers and some rubble stone walls. 
The wall on the west is a retaining wall about 36 to 30 inches high. There may have 
been stairs on the south. 
• 
Structure# 4 
This large enclosure ·of about 60 feet by 116 feet has rubble walls; some of these 
have completely fallen down. The area was very overgrown, and quite disturbed, so 
it was difficult to examine the entire area. 
• 
Unidentified Structure to the East 
Volunteers spent many painful hours searching to the east for an "unidentified" 
structure located on the Gjessing map of 1978. However, we were not able to find 
any walls in this area. 
Series Drawing I of 8 
f 
11 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1. 
I 
I 
I 
Caribbean Volunteer Expeditions is a non profit organization which recruits 
volunteers to work on historic preservation projects with local Caribbean Agencies. 
Volunteers on this project were Elderhostelers: 
CVE-Elderhostel Nov 12-19 2000 
'_!_ 
No 
First 
Last 
Address 
Ci!Y_state 
··••·· 
... 
··-·· 
... 
89012 
Caro~Grover 
Everett 
2606 Orchard Ln 
.. 
' · 
Lawrence KS 66049 
89012 
Rebeccaff imoth_y_ 
Tem..£_leton 
141 S Momin_g_side Dr 
Le Sueur MN 56058 
89012 
Sue/ Ale;~:inder 
Eichholz 
POBox431 
Tracy~ Lani, MD 20779043 l 
89012 
James/Janet 
Shea 
81 Old Street Rd 
Petersborou_g_h NH 0345816:: 
89012 
Nancy 
Demarinis 
898 Shennocossett Rd 
Groton CT 06340 
Arden 
Towill 
89012 
Jean 
Danz 
7 Oxford La 
Smithtown NY 11787 
89012 
Roberta 
Gribbon 
6439 Lanclin_g_Neck Rd 
Easton Md 21601 
89012 . 
Stewart 
Cohen 
POBox505 
·West Kin_g_ston RI 02892 
89012 
William 
Worth 
6164 S Ash Cir E 
Littleton Co 801213130 
89012 
Suzanne 
Gordon• 
Box 765 
Nevis, West Indies 
Anne 
Hersh• 
5 Emarket St 
Comin_g_NY 14830 
89012 
Abe 
Ban_g_oura * . 2501 lancaster St 
P~outh MN 55441 
Total 
' 
* eve group leaders 
, 
, 
Series Drawing 2 of 8 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1---;--~~-
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
:Z.-r"'t::'rl ~t-t n or:::-
..i.,. ~ 
Y· · l
-~V:.1
--V-~ 
· -~ 
"l 
\\ t' x. P<HJ NP,, 
~~~-
·~
·A·­
V~~-L~=--~ ~-~-~---
D 
. 
. •' '/ 
· ·AQue;:~~:·q 
I 
~~TE=:
· ·-[/,~~M 
I 
I 
I 
I 
~f;JOI· :r.o··· .-.~~L-e · . 
Series Drawing 3 of 8 
, 
' 
SITE DIAGRAM 11/00 
ANN AB ERG, ST JOHN ... ·. 
DRAWN BY 
CVE BOX 388 CORNING NY 14830 
I 
.' 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
, .r 
Series Drawing 4 of 8 
I 
;,, '' 
I 
j 
• \ 
\ 
\ 
. <:...;.. 
,. . 
~~-- .... .:s.---~. 
\ 
. 
i 
... -·· -LL, .. L.: 
. 
i 
-
. - ... -· ...... -. .. 
! 
. 
. . , 
.... .,. .. I ··' .. 
• • . .,:.._. • 
'" 
STRliCTURE,# 1 11/00 
ANNABERG, ST JOHN 
. 
DRAWN BY 
CVE BOX 388 CORNINO NY 148JO 
I 
'"'I .. 
~ ; < 
~~-
l1l 
· H 
~·
. 
I I 
: i : -· 
·-·· 
_, 
..... 
~ .. 
.. . 
.. ~. .. 
. . - •..... 
. .. -· •· .•. ·- .. .. - - ~ ·- . . - ··- - -.. 
I. 
:~; ... : . 
.:.:_ :_·~ 
-~ ...:·.-.=-=~ ------ · --. 
........... .: .... --i-~-· . . . . . . . . .. 
•·:: ~~1.~~+?fih;·~~Y·~-; · ·-· 
I···--·-·--"---
--------···-· 
: . . .. •. . : : . ~ . : -: . . ... L .. . 
I 
I 
l 
l I -. 
I· . 
I: 
. . 
I 
•• 
f 
.. 
L ·I 
• ; ·I· ... , 
'.i 
t·· 
1 ct 
. 
:J 
I'" ... 1 
i .. 
'{I v'l 
:: 
\,n 
~ 
2 ... 
1~ 
t1 
3 IV~ 
' ' \.[) 
Ln 
r<\ 
lo ""'•\ _,i 
,, 
, 
,,.-/ 
r 
~ -
~ 
; 
ri, 
\ 
. 
' 
' 
. .. ·-· . --- --
.-· · . -
-··· -----··--· 
·--· -· --- . .... --· . - .... _ .. __ ..... ·--·-
-~-- ··--- ·-·--·-··-·- ------- -----~ --
. --
".:> 
·-
.. .... 
. . .. .. -- -
;.. ·- ····- · -··· .. ___ :. 
.· ~- - !- --.. -···. t· r· ·•· ..... ,. . 
. ; .: .:~~--; .. : i 
.~=~--~t~::~: 
• . • •r .• L •• 1 •••• ···t-t-·-· .•• .4 . ....;.... .•.. •· .~ 
. __ 
... _:__ __ ~1-
: ~ i i 
: 
... · 
. 
. .... 
f 
f 
•··· . -·-··-··:.....;- • . : ... "":. .. l. ;...., _..;_,!.__ 
• • . 
CISTERN # 2 11100 
ANNABERG, ST JOHN 
DRAWNBV 
Series Drawing 5 of 8 
CVB eox 388 CORNINO NY 14830 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
6 
·~·· ·. •· •• •, 
~ 
\ 
\ 
. 
... , r() • 
. 
t .:;~~: .:-;.~1=i' -i~l5ii1~-; i rrl ·~t8t3c~~i,J~- · -~·;· . • : ... 
:.:_~; 
. . . . -- . . 
I
~ 
.. - . . . . . 
~ : .. ! -~ . : : . --· :.: : -.. - -· 
-~ 
. 
. 
__ . _ . :- .... : . _ ...: ~-
~ ~--- ~~.:_~~:~-->-: -i :_8.: 
~"~ _w PP.Tl O'.J. 
_,. -
J 
r 
-
--
-·--·--· 
.
. 
• · 
, 
. 
I 
... -. . ------
-
.. - ----· -· . -- --------o -
------------ --- ---. 
I 
• .• @' 
· ·~ · .• i . . . 7;~~:~1,~lt/N 
7Wt? · 
. _ ...
. 
I 
-. 
-:--if'~ ... :-- :-
. - - -
. 
· ... ..... 
' , ''
' .-.-- .. -- -·· ..... .... --
STRUCTURE # 3 11/00 
- .. 
ANNABERG, ST JOHN 
DRAWN BY 
CVE BOX 388 CORNING NY 14830 
I 
• 
I 
I 
I 
Series Drawing 6 of8 
,. . 
. . 
/ 
___ J_ 
D 
/r'\a . 
0 '._/ _.., 
I 
0 
(; '-"' 
0 
C> 
D 
0 
:D6 
.. ...... ' -Cj 
l . 
· 
L6 
~ 
bD 
I ' .:. . : : : . 
~ . : : : . 
~ = . : < . : ::::_ . . . ·. : ... 
": 0 0 ('· 
·--·- - ·· -
-~ . - ~ · ·····- ~!--~ - -~-· - -~-.l-.. ·---· ... --· ~- · - ... ~ ·-
.. •. - ·; . • -;.-
- ~ r . : .. :· . . : j 
u 
! 
... ·--t-+· :""T I I i : j 
· 
· · , 
-+·tr-; ·;:-~ : - --;- : 
,__r;·; 
- -~ ···- ----- .. .J.--r-1-r- ··· · 1·:.tr-i o · ·· · · 
·-.-~-+---"------._,._f-+-+-+_,;._..-+-~_._.._i -, ...;.__·1'---· +---, ~·-
I 
; 
; 
: 
'. 
. 
; 
'. 
~ 
: 
~ 
, 
I 
; 
: 
-!-~-
+-:-~-~ 
. 
· -+--:-+--H-i-' 
· -L1~---ri~- ..... ~~----
+-.-
............ t-.. --o .0 ....... , 
.... ..:=.·_tJ_t-~-~~ , l =il.i .fu-
~~1j~Li~~i.1-t-~ : ~J-.-L :
: ~:- ~ ·.: _.i.:-r~ .. ~i~ ~~~~~-f~-~--l~UQ. ~. ~~ I 
- .. -l . .. -
. 
. .• i . . .. 
. .
.
.
. -· .. -
... ij (:) 0 
I ·~- ~ -~: .::. ~~· -"~ -~~- :
: -
----· ... 
-· ·:: .: :. 
~: ·:fJ vu 
- ··-· ----- -- --- ..•.. - . .. ···- _. ... .. ·-·-- - -·· 
-. ... --··-- --·· ··-·-
·-·- .. 
.. --·-· - -
. 
1 ... : 
. - . --
. 
- . ---
. ··1 · - ·-
: 
'--1-. -~ ; 
. I 
. --
. ---·- --r--
· 
. , 
, · 
! 
. 0--:o·-::=j 
1:;~ ~, · =mif t:~ 7::1-:-~t::=rf~=-:.,~ f f;ri=-Tj~f rf ?~--: ~{fD;~~~;-:~ 
~-
·; ±; iT 
. . 
· -Pf 
~~i,., '.f~~c .f=r-i ·· ·~ ~- B:+ ~ff. · ~t 1 1. -!- P~a+L 
...,; 
I 
I ! 
I 
I T -
I 
·Jr·; 
. 
I 
'7 L7 ~~ _J:: -. 
I 
I I 
I i,_, 
I 
:.1 I 
~~ _J_ i • 
.-.:+·, ~ . :
. 
:·-.~-~-:--· ~
. ~ - ~.; ... ~~.:=~J~i:: __ 
.!.}'h .112: : -:~~-()
- .:..i
.~.J-~_t.+~ . ~.-~- - ; _ .. : '. l! :~ .. -.. . ~ . 
.:.J~ 
-· . . . ; ... . - . - . .. -- - . fv~ ... --·· ~ t . . ... . ... ·-
. . .. . . . . 
- . .. . 
c 
-
t ii .. . . -- :.v· : 
. ~ 
i 
I . . . 
..... . . . -·· .. . : 
. ~ . ' 
i 
•••.• · -
__ "l 
-1. 
.. -..... . 
. 
. 
• ._--_-···_ 
.. -_
--_
-- -_·- -_-·-_·····_··_-_-_ 
... --- -·· ·_--___ 
- -··--; 
.. r.. -_
- ·- - L.~~~-,-
0~;;~--c=-~::.~-... ---£-
. -~-~~-· - ~w-irH · :· 
I 
,1:'o "lI ~. : ... A:···:- ~-"T"',,, ~!~_.-:: : . -.. : . 
-~V'·M."" .1-!lf--·;T-·•V- ~~·~·-.:·.: :~ -. ·~ ::· : . 
I NG .. 
I ?~AW 
Y~'~' !...O" 
I 
I 
. .. . . . L.; _· ; . ·: ·; .; . i I •-,....J .,.,. 
STRUCTURE # 4 
11100 
ANNABERG, ST JOHN 
DRAWN BY 
CVE BOX 388 CORNING NY 14830 
: - : _ ;_; .. L l.: 
,.. 
..,, 
Series Drawing 7 of 8 
I 
I 
I 
·1-~-
Series Drawing 8 of 8 
. . . . . 
. i . 
I 
• 
t 
• 
f 
• 
J; . i 
' 
' 
I 
f