[N THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
                         DIVISION OF ST THOMAS AND ST JOHN
                                                  *******

 SENATOR STEVEN D PAYNE SR                             )
 an Elected Member of the 34‘” Legislature and         )
 Ms Noellise Powell                                    )     CIVIL N0 ST 22 CV 00247
                                                       )
                       Plaintiffs,                     )
                                                       )     ACTION FOR DAMAGES
                v                                      )     DBCLARATORY JUDGMENT
                                                       )     and INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
 DONNA FRETT-GREGORY as Senator and                    )
 President ofthe 34"I Legislature of the Virgin        )
 Islands and its Membership,                          )
                                                      )      Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
                       Defendants                     )
 M                                                    )


TRESTON E MOORE, ESQ               JOSEPH B ARELLANO ESQ
MOORE DODSON RUSSELL & WILHITE P C ARELLANO & ASSOCIATES
14A None Gade                                         No 4 & B Kongens Gade
PO Box310                                             PO Boxll899
St Thomas V I 00804-0310                              St Thomas V I 00801
AttorneysfiJr the Plainnfifs                            Attorneysfor the Defendants


                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

1|]     BEFORE THIS COURT are two motions to dismiss filed by Defendants Donna Frett

Gregory, as Senator and the President of the 34th Legislature and the membership of the 34th

Legislature filed on August 10, 2022, and September 30 2022 respectively Plaintiffs, then Senator

At Large Steven D Payne Sr (“Payne” or “Senator”) along with his constituent, Ms Noellise Powell

(‘Powell’), have filed their Oppositions to the motions to dismiss on September 12, 2022, and October

21, 2022 Defendants filed a consolidated reply on November 21, 2022 Both motions raise the same

arguments and for the reasons that follow, this Court will deny the motions

       I      FACTUAL AhD PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

‘2     This case stems from events that occurred on February 28, 2022, on the island of St Croix

U S Virgin Islands Steven D Payne, Sr Senator At Large who was elected to the 34"1 Legislature
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret: Gregory                         Cite as 2024 V l Super4
 as Senator and Prudent oflhe 34" Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22-CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 of the Virgin Islands, was working in the St Croix District 0n the day in question, Payne’s office

 manager asked him to give a ride to one of his female staff employees after a meeting of the

 Committee on Homeland, Justice and Public Safety to the Kings Alley Hotel where they both were

 staying Upon arrival at the hotel, Senator Payne carried the employee’s duffel bag to the hotel Once

 made the hotel, and during the course of travel, the intetactions between Senator Payne and the

 employee eventually resulted in accusations of sexual misconduct against the Senator

1B      Following the incident the 34'h Legislature began its own investigation concerning the

 allegations of sexual misconduct By letter dated April 19, 2022, Senate President Donna Frett

Gregory requested the Committee on Ethical Conduct, consisting of five senators, to convene and

conduct an investigation into the allegations ofsexual harassment and to report the findings and make

recommendations to the legislative body Three hearings were conducted on May 17, 2022, June 6,

2022 and July 6 2022 Payne reSponded and denied all allegations On July 19 2022 the 34‘"

Legislature adopted Bill No 34 0287 imposing sanctions against Senator Payne in the form of

suspension for fifty (50) consecutive days without pay and a letter of reprimand for violations of the

Code of Ethical Conduct The Bill also provided “this suspension commences on July 21, 2022 and

ends on September 27 2022 The suspension of Senator Steven D Payne, Sr , does not affect the

Senator’s staff or Senator Payne’s ability to manage the affairs of his senatorial office ” On July 20,

2022, the 34‘” Legislature amended the bill by ad0pting Amendment No 34 588, which authorized

the expulsion of Senator Payne on the identical grounds to those in the Bill, i e , for violation of the

code of conduct and for the Legislature 3 zero tolerance of sexual harassment policy

14     On July 25, 2022, Plaintiffs filed an action for injunctive relief against Defendants seeking a

temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to prevent Senator Payne’s expulsion from the

34‘h Legislature of the Virgin Islands and an apgointment in the seat by his competitor, Angel L
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                        Cite as 2024 v I Super4
 a: Senator and President ofthe 34'” Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 Bolques Jr , in the Senate Democratic Party primary election scheduled to occur on August 6, 2022

 Upon the action being brought to the Court’s attention, the swearing in ceremony of Angel Bolques

 Jr had already taken place Hence, the Court issued an Order in this matter on July 27, 2022, denying

 Plaintifi‘s’ motion for a temporary restraining order as moot Plaintiffs thereafier filed their initial

complaint dated July 28, 2022, seeking both declaratory judgment and injunctive relief in addition to

a claim for damages

15       On August 10, 2022 Defendant Donna Frett-Gregory in her capacity as the President of the

34‘h Legislature filed a motion to dismiss the action on the following grounds (1) Plaintiffs failed to

join indispensable parties, namely, the other fourteen (14) senators of the Virgin Islands Legislature;

(2) the instant lawsuit violates Section 6(d) of the Revised Organic Act of I954 (“RDA”), which

grants immunity to all senators for their votes in the Senate; (3) the lawsuit violates Section 6(g) of

the RCA that defines the Legislature as the “sole judge” of qualifications of its members; (4) the

remedy sought by Plaintiff Payne seeking damages violates Section 2(b) ofthe RCA, and (5) Plaintiff

Payne failed to present his constitutional due process challenges to the Senate or, in the altemative,

waived or abandoned them

{6      Fallowing the Senate President’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs filed an opposition on

September 12, 2022, essentially challenging the Legislature s authority to expel Senator Payne under

Section 6(g) of the RCA and denying the remaining allegations On September 30, 2022, the 34"1

Legislature responded to the Plaintiffs’ complaint, by adopting and incorporating in full the motion

to dismiss filed by its co Defendant, Senate President Donna Frett Gregory On October 21, 2022,

Plaintifi‘s filed an opposition denying Defendants’ allegations on nearly identical grounds asserted in

their first opposition that was filed on September [2 2022

W       On November 21 2022 Defendants file: a consolidated reply to the Plaintiffs two (2)
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fm: Gregory                          Cite as 2024 v I Super 4
 as Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature er a!
 Case No ST 22-CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 oppositions, where they challenged this Court’s jurisdicuon based on the separation of powers and

 the non justiciable politncal question doctn'nes Defendants timber argued, Inter alia, that the

 unanimous decision to expel Senator Payne by the fourteen (14) senators was fitlly supported by the

 record before them and that Plaintlffs’ arguments are non men'torious in that regard Finally,

 Defendants contested reference to Title 14 V I C § 104 in the context of constitutional due process

 issues as inapplicable to the case at hand

          [I      APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD FOR DISMISSAL

 1|8      Defendants contend that the Plaintiffs’ lawsuit should be dismissed for (1) lack of subject

matter Jurisdiction because the issues raised before the Court present non justleiable political

questions that are rooted in the doctrine of separation of powers, and for (2) failure to join an

indispensable party under Rule 19, i e , all fourteen senators of the 34‘“ Legislature, includmg Angel

Bolques, Jr , Payne’s successor Virgin Islands Rule ofCivil Procedure 12(b) lists defenses to a claim

for relief, which a party may assert by motion Specifically, V I R Civ P 12(b)(]) offers relief for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction and V I R Civ P 12(b)(7) allows dismissal for failure to join a

party under Rule 19 The Court will address the standard for each defense in turn

       A Rule 12(b)(1) Subject Matter Jurisdiction

119       Virgin Islands Rule of Civil Procedure l2(b)(l) provides that a party may move for dismissal

on the basis that the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction Subject matter jurisdiction defines

the court's authority to hear a given type of case Joseph v Leglslature ofthe Vzrgm Islands, 

 at *2(V I Super 2017) 2017 VI Lexis I75 see also Carlsbad Tech Inc v H117 8:0

Inc 556 U S 635 639 (2009) (citing Untied States v Morton 467 U S 822 328 (1984)) If the trial

court lacks subject matter Jurisdienon, the dismissal should be without prejudice because a

determination that subject matter jurisdiction is lacking does not constitute a decision on the merits
  Senator Steven D Payne. Sr e! a! v Donna Fre110regory                             Cite as 2024 V l Super 4
  as Senator and President oflhe 34" Legislature e! a!
  Case No 81‘ 22-CV 247
  Memorandum Opinion


 of the case Id

 110      This Court notes that all motions to dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(1) are not the same ’ “The

 applicable standard ofreview under Rule 12(b)(1) differs depending on whether the moving party has

 made a facial attack or a factual attack on the court‘s power to hear the case ”2 In a facial attack the

 argument assesses a claim on its face, specifically arguing its failure to sufficiently establish subject

 matter jurisdiction 3 When considering a facial attack, the court accepts the allegations within the

 complaint as true, considering them in the light most favorable to the non moving party Id (cumg

 Wlllmms v Juan F2 Luz: Hosp , para 4) In contrast, a factual attack occurs “when a defendant

 disputes the existence ofcertain jurisdictional facts ” and a factual attack may only occur “after the

allegations of the complaint have been controvetted ” Tutu Park, Ltd para 6 Thus, in determining

which standard apphes, the Court looks at the specific challenge raised by the movant Brewley v

Government ofthe Vtrgm Islands 59 V 1 at 102 (2012)

‘11      [n this matter sub judtce, Defendants did not challenge any specific facts addressed in the

complaint, therefore, none of the facts in the Plaintiffs’ complaint form the basis for the instant

motion Instead, Defendants asserted that this Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to hear

the case as the matter before it interferes with the affairs of the legislative branch of govemment

Defendants’ first assertion is that the Legislature is immune against any judicial inquiries based on

the “Speech or Debate” Clause of Section 6(d) of the RCA Defendants’ second argument is based

on the allegation that the Court cannot challenge the Legislature s authority to expel its members


‘See Brewleyv Govtofthe Virgin Islands 59 V1 100 (V1 Super Ct Feb 9 2012) Janina?! Julesv Thompson
2015 V l LEXIS 74 (VI Super Ct June 25 2015) Klolzbach v VI Water& Power Am}: 2016 V I LEXIS 28
                                                                                                (V l
Super Ct Mar 29 2016) Gardinerv V I Hosp: & Facilities Corp 2016‘” LEXIS 157(V1 Super Ct
                                                                                          Oct 4
323142 Park, Ltd v Gov: ofthe Vlrgm Island: 2019 V 1 Super 30U para 6 (quoting James-& Jules v Thompson
                                                                                                          No
SX 09 CV 136 

 ‘2 2015 V1 LEXIS 74 (V 1 Super Ct June 25 2015) (unpublished))
3 Rae: v Cheerham 2019 V 1 Super 99U para 8 (citing lesllams v Juan F L10: Hosp 2019 V 1 Super 56U para
                                                                                                          3)
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                         Cite as 2024 VI Super4
 a: Senator and President afzhe 34‘" Legislature e: a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 because the Legislature is the “sole judge” of its members qualifications, and not the Court

 1112    First, the Court recognizes the Legislature’s authority to discipline its membership, but only a

 court can determine whether such discipline occurred in violation of the U S Constitution, the

 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1954, or an external statute It is for the Court to

 determine whether any right or protection granted under the U S Constitution, the Revised Organic

 Act, or a law was violated during the disciplinary process The movants generally assert that the

challenge of the Legislature’s actions by the judicial branch presents a non justieiable politncal

question The 34th Legislature contests the truth of Plaintiff's factual allegations. that is, Inter aha,

Plaintiff‘s assertion that he was denied due process, and introduces evidence that controverts

Plaintiffs claims Defendants argued Plaintiff had notice at every step during the process, the

opportunity to be head and Plaintiff was in fact heard The Legislature’s assertions mostly constitute

factual attacks as they concern the Court's “actual ability to hear the case based on facts, or the lack

thereof, as developed in the record ” Vzrgm Islands Tel Corp v M113, 

, at ‘1 (V I

Super 2018) (citation and internal quotation omitted) Accordingly, the Court may ‘ weigh the

evidence and satisfy itselfas to the existence of its power to hear the case ” Id

      B Rule 12(b)(7) and Rule 19 (a)(l)(A) Failure to Join an Indispensable Party

$13      In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rules l2(b)(7) and 19, the court must accept all

allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the

non moving party See Junmex Kommerz Trans" G M B H v Case Corp , 

(3d Cir 2003) It is the movant's burden to prove that a non party is indispensable to the

adjudicatlon of the action Fed Home Loan Mortgage Corp v Commonwealth Land Title Ins

Co No 92 CV 5255 1993 U S Dist LEXIS 4051 

 at ‘5 (E D Pa March 31


                  1                                 6
 Senator Steven D Payne. Sr a a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                          Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
 as Senator and President ofthe 34'" Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 1993) Rule 19 governs when joinder of a party is mandatory The Third Circuit has determined that

 courts considering a Rule 19 motion must undemke a two step inquiry See General Reflactorxes

 Co v First State Ins Co 500 F 3d 306 2007 WL 24l677l at ‘3 (3d Cir 2007) Jamey

 Montgomeiy Scot! Inc v Shepard Ntles Inc 1] F 3d 399 404 (3d Cir 1993) First the initial

 determination the court must make is whether the absent party is "necessary" to the action

 under Rule 19 Gen Refiactortes Co 500 F 3d 306 

 at *3 A pany is

 ”necessary" under Rule 19(a) ifjoinder is feasible See V I R Civ P 19(a) If the court

determines the party is "necessary", the party must be joined Gen Refractories Co 500 F 3d 306,

] at *3 If a party does not satisfy the requirements of 19(a) the Court need not

inquire limiter Temple v Syntheses Corp 498 U S 5 8 III S Ct 315 I 

(1990) If the party is necessary but may not feasibly bejoined under Rule 19(a), the court must

turn to the second step in the inquiry See id Where the com determines that a party must be joined

under Rule 19(a), but doing so would be procedurally infeasible (e g , where joinder of the party

would destroy diversity of the parties and thus, jurisdiction of the court), the court looks

to Rule 19(b) to determine if "in equity and good conscience," the party is "indispensable" that is,

whether "the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed " V I R

Civ P 19(b), see Jamey, 11 F 3d at 405 American Home Mortgage Corp v First American Title

Ins Co 2007 U S D13! LEXIS 83337 ‘7 9

114 Since Virgin Islands Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) explicitly states that the Virgin Islands is a

notice pleading jurisdiction, a plaintiff merely needs to provide a basic legal and factual basis for his




                                                         7
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                             Cite as 2024 V I Super4
 a: Senator and President ofthe 34“ Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 claim to put a defendant on fair notice ofthe claims brought against him ‘ In fact, “the complaint need

 not identtfy the particular legal theories that will be relied upon, but it must describe the essence of

 the claim and allege facts sufficient to demonstrate that the complaining party has been injured in a

 way that entitles him or her to relief ”5 Pleadings        must be “fatally defective before they may be

 rejected as insufficient ”6 The purpose ofthe not1ce pleading standard is to avoid “dismissals ofcases

 based on failure to allege specific facts which, if established, plausibly entitle the pleader to relief ”7

'15        In making the plausibility determination, the Virgin Islands Supreme Court in Joseph v

Bureau ofCorrections 54 V I 644, 649 50 (V I 20] 1) adopted the following framework

           “First, the court must take note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim
           so that the court is aware ofeach item the plaintifi‘must sufficiently plead Second, the
           court should identify allegatxons that, because they are no more than conclusions, are
           not entitled to the assumptlon of truth These conclusions can take the form of either
           legal conclusions couched as factual allegations or naked assertions devoid of timber
           factual enhancement Finally, where there are well pleaded factual allegations, a court
           should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an
           entitlement of relief ”8

If the remaining facts are sufficient for the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable based on the elements the plaintiff must plead then the claim is considered plausible Id

           [1]     LEGAL DISCUSSION

1116       The motions to dismiss set forth five main issues brought for resolution before this Court

       1   The first issue is whether Plaintiffs’ failure to join the other fourteen (14) senators ofthe 34'"


‘ Bank ofNova Scam v Flavms Super Civ No SX l6-CV l25 20l8 WL 745958 at ‘6 (Super Ct Feb 2 2018) see
also M111: Willa!!!” v Mapp 67 V I 574 585 (20”)
5 Howe v MMG Ins Co 95 A 3d 79 81 82 (Me 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted)
‘ Comm v British American Tobacco PLC 796 S E 2d 324 333 (N C Ct App 20I6)
7 Basra Sens Inc v GovlofVIrgm Islands No S C!" CIV 2017-0084 20l9 WL 2488037 at ‘4 (V I June I3 20l9)
(citinng R Civ P 8 Reporter's Note and Mill: Walllams 

)
' See also Barshmger v Legislature ofVirgm Islands No ST I l CV 24 

 at ’1 (V I Super Ct
Sept 28 2012) see also Santiago v Warmmster Tp 629 F 3d 121 [30 (3d Cir 2010) (quoting Ashcrofl v Iqbal 556
U S 662 88! (2009))
                                                        8
 Senalor Steven D Payne Sr e10! v Donna Fm: Gregory                              Cite as 2024 VI Supera
 a: Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


            Legislature violated V I R Civ P 19(a)(l)(A)

       2    The second issue touches upon a question whether Defendants are “immune” against any

           judicial intrusions pursuant to the “Speech or Debate” clause of Section 6(d) of the RCA

       3   The third issue presents the major discussion of this case It revolves around the question

           whether the 34'“ Legislature being the “sole judge” of qualifications of its members under

           Section 6(g) ofthe RCA had the authority to expel Senator Payne from the office

       4 The fourth issue raises the question ofwhether Plaintifi‘s’ pursuit of damages violates Section

           2(d) ofthe RCA
       5   The fifth and final issue addressed by the Defendants is whether Plaintiff Steven Payne failed

           to raise constitutional challenges before the Senate during investigative and disciplinary

           hearings

‘117       In addition to the written representations, the Court also heard oral arguments in relation to

these motions on January 10 2023 Although the parties were allowed to argue matters on the merits

at the hearing, the Conn will address each issue in turn as it pertains to the motions to dismiss

                  A The Superior Court’s Jurisdiction

‘I8        As a preliminary matter the Superior Court has jurisdiction over the instant case and is not

barred from review for several reasons First, pursuant to 4 V I C Section 76(a), the Superior Court

has original jurisdiction over all civil actions regardless of the amount in controversy 9 Since the

Plaintiffs challenge, Inter aha, Defendants decision to expel Senator Payne fiom the 34‘“ Legislature

and seek equitable relief in the form ofcompensatory damages the matter is civil in nature Therefore,

this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction is established



 Haynesv Ouley 6| VI 547 554 (2014)                     9
 SenatorSIevenD Payne Sr 2! a! v Donna Fren-Gregmy                                         Cite as 2024 VI Super4
 as Senator and Pravda»! ofthe 34’” Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 119      Second, and more importantly, throughout their written and oral arguments, Defendants

 maintained that this lawsuit must be dismissed because it presents a non justiciable political question

 that is beyond the scope ofthis Court’s jurisdiction on grounds ofseparation of powers '0 Defendants

 averted that the Court may not act as a “super parliamentarian” and second guess the decision of the

 fourteen (14) senators that resulted in expulsion of Senator Payne ” In response, Plaintiffs countered

 that their actton is not barred by the political question doctrine, because they did not request the Court

 review the validity of the internal rules of the 34'h Legislature or to verify whether the Legislature

 abided by its own rules when expelling Senator Payne '2 See Transcrth ofM0110" Hearmg Plaintiffs

conceded that although under the separatlon of powers doctrine, request for such review would

present a nonjusticiable political questlon and interfere with the legislative branch instead, their goal

was to establish whether the 34‘h Legislature violated the external sources of law, to wit the U S

Constitution and the RDA when it ultimately decided to expel Senator Payne from the Senate under

Secnon 6(3) of the RCA ‘5

‘20      It is well established that the Revised Organic Act of 1954 “divides the power to govern the

territory between a legislative branch, an executive branch, and a judicial branch,” reflecting that

“Congress ‘implicitly incorporated the principle of separation ofpowers into the law of the territory ’

Kendall v Russell 572 F 3d 126 135 (3d Cir 2009) (quoting Smith v Magras 124 F 3d 457 465

(3d Cir 1997)) (citations omitted) see also Gerace v Bentley 65 V1 289 301 (V I 2016) Balbom

v Ranger Am ofthe V1 Inc 70 V I 1048 1084 (V I 2019) (stating Congress delegated cenain




‘° Defendants Consolidated Reply p 2
“ [bid at p 9
12Transcript atp 120 l 21
‘3 Plaintifl‘s’ oppositions to the motions to dismiss dated September l2. 2022. and October 21 2022 (preliminary
statements)
                                                          10
 Senator StevenD Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                          Cite as 2024 v1 Super4
 as Senator and President oflhe 34“ Legislature er a1
 Case No 81‘ 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 powers to the Virgin Islands Government and “established a system of separation of powers within

 its branches ), Todmann v People ofthe V1 

 (V l 2012) The doctrine prohibits

 one branch of government from exercising powers of the other two Bonn v Fawkes, 61 V I 201,

 212 (VI 2014) It is also true that under the political question doctrine, “certain cases present

 questions that are non justiciable ” See Goodwm v U S Federal Election Comm'n, 

, at ’6 (D V I 2012), see also Barshinger v Legislature of Virgin Islands, No ST 11 CV

 24 

 at *2 (V 1 Super Ct Sept 28 2012) A matter is non justiciable when a

concern over the separation of powers between coordinate branches of government is so inextricably

intenwined to the case at hand that a judicial forum would be an inappropriate place for resolution of

that issue ’ 1d (citing Baker v Carr 369 U S 186 217 (1962)) Courts typically decline to interfere

with the internal workings of the legislative branch when a matter concerns a legislature's violation

of its own internal rules See Brown v Hansen 

 1 122 (3d Cir 1992) However, in cases

when a legislative body violates some external source of law, such as a constitutional or statutory

provision, the matter is justiciable Consequently, courts may rule on legislative compliance with

external laws, 1 e , the RCA or the United States Constitution or some external law Hansen at 1124

see also Mapp v Lawaetz 

 (3d Cir 1989)

‘21     This Court is mindfitl that ‘the people of the Virgin Islands speak through the voice of the

Legislature” and thejudiciary does not sit to second guess its informed judgment Alele v People of

the V I 59 V I 215 228 (VI 2012) With this general principle in mind the Court turns to the

appropriate standard ofjudicial scrutiny for each claim raised by the Plaintiffs

122    Plaintiffs raised at a minimum two constitutional challenges to the 34‘“ Legislature’s decision

to expel Senator Payne from the Senate Their first claim is that the decision to expel Payne violated

Section 6(g) of the RCA because the phrase :slole judge of qualifications of its members and
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr 2! at v Donna Fret! Gregory                            Cite as 2024 V l Supcr4
 a: Senator and President ofthe 34’" Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22-CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 elections” does not preempt an authority to expel a duly elected member from the Legislature

 According to Plaintiffs, Section 6(g) is solely restricted to legislature’s functions to act as a

 “gatekeeper” and “filter” of incoming candidates for the office Second, Plaintiffs claim that the

 illegal expulsion caused a violation of Senator Payne’s constitutional due process rights under the

premises of the Fourteenth Amendment As a result, Senator Payne was deprived of his office and a

salary In addition to the above referenced claims, Plaintiffs also raised concerns that the Legislature’ s

ultimate decision to substitute a lesser punishment (suspension and a letter ofreprimand) with greater

punishment (expulsion) violated the spirit of the double jeopardy clause of 14 V I C § 104

123     In evaluating Plaintiffs’ constitutional and statutory challenges, this Court has determined that

Plaintiffs’ concerns touch upon statutory interpretation of the U S Constitution and the RCA, hence

the judicial forum is the appropriate place for the resolution of those issues To reiterate this Court

has not been asked to review whether the 34"I Legislature complied with its internal rules when

disciplining Senator Payne Therefore, as a guardian ofthe U S Constitution and the Revised Organic

Act, this Court has subject matterjurisdiction over the instant matter

               B Joinder of indispensable parties under V I R Civ P l9(a){l)(A) and (B)(i)

1124   Having concluded that this Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter, this Court turns to

the question whether the Plaintiffs failed to comply with V l R Civ P 19 Pursuant to V I R Civ P

Rule l9(a)(l)(A) and (B)(i)

       “A person who is subject to service ofprocess and whose joinder will
       not deprive the court of subject matterjurisdiction must be joined as a
       party if.
       (A) in that person‘s absence the couxt cannot accord complete relief
       among existing parties, or
       (B) that person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action
       and is so situated that disposing of the action in the person's absence may

                                                    12
133433322$323 3.2;zixmm317“”                                                   Ci" as 2°24 W SW4
Case No ST 22-CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


        (i) as a practtcal matter impair or impede the person's ability to protect the
        mterest ”

The party seeking joinder need only establish that one of the grounds under Rule l9(a)(l) exists

Whyham v Piper Aircraft Corp 96 F R D 557 560 (M D Pa.l982) see also Koppers Co v Aema

Ca: & Sur Co 158 F 3d 170 175 (3d Cir 1998) Under Rule l9(a)(l) the Court must first ask

whether complete reliefmay be accorded to those persons named as parties to the action in the absence

of any missing parties ” Gen Refiactories Co v Fm! State Ins Co , 500 F 3d 306, 313 (3d Cir

2007) In making that determination, the Court weighs the factors below and considers whether the

suit can proceed “in equity and good conscience” without the necessary party See V l R Civ P Rule

19(b)(1) (4)
1[25    In determining whether a party is indispensable, a court should consider (1) to what extent a

judgment rendered in the person's absence might be prejudicial to him or those already parttx, (2)

the extent to which, by protective provismns m the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other

measures, the prejudice can be lessened or avoided, (3) whether a judgment rendered in the person's

absence will be adequate, and (4) whether the plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is

dismissed for nonjoinder Id see also Seneca Nation ofIndians v New York, 383 F 3d 45, 48 (2d Cir

2004)

1126    These factors “are not exhaustive, but they are the most imponant considerations in deciding

whether to dismiss the action " Gardiner v Vtrgin Islands Water & Power Auth , 145 F 3d 635, 640

(3d Cir 1998) “Due to the equitable nature of the inquiry, there is no precise formula for determining

whether a necessary party is indispensable ” Gateco Inc v Saflzco Ins Co ofAm Civ No 05 2869,

2006 U S Dist LEXIS 23386 at ‘5 (E D Pa. Apr 26 2006) (citation omitted) The party moving for

dismissal for failure to join an indispensable party “has the burden of producing evidence showing
                                                   13
 Senator S(evenD Payne Sr eta! v Donna Fret! Gregwy                                  Chests 2024 VI Super4
 as Senator and President oflhe 34“ Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22-CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


the nature of the interest possessed by an absent party and that the protection of that interest will be

 impaired by the absence Holland v Fahneslock & Co Inc 210 F R D 487 494 (S D N Y 2002)

(quoting Citizen Band Potawalomz Indian Tribe v Collier 17 F 3d 1292, 1293 (10th Cir 1994)) “If

a non party is necessary, cannot be joined and is indispensable, the action cannot proceed and must

be dismissed Jamey Montgomery Scott Inc v Shepard Niles Inc , 1 1 F 3d 399 403 (3d Cir 1993)

1[27 Without specifically citing V I R Civ P Rules 12(b)(1) and (7), Defendants argued inter aha

that Plaintiffs’ complaint must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to join

a party under Rule 19 The moving Defendants maintained that this case should be dismissed because

Payne failed to join or name indispensable parties, i e , the other fourteen (14) senators of the 34m

Legislature, in violation of V I R Civ P 19(a)(1)(A)," including his replacement, Senator Angel

Bolques, Jr , pursuant to V I R Civ P 19(a)(1)(B)(i) because, as it relates to Senator Bolques, Jr ,

the reinstatement sought by Plaintiff Payne would serve to the detriment of Bolques, Jr and result in

his expulsion fiom the Senate Id at fn 23, see also Id , Transcript at p 55,1ines 2 11 With respect

to the latter, Defendants argued during the hearing that the reinstatement of Senator Payne would also

result in violation ofthe separation of powers doctrine because it would potentially occur through this

Court’s order and not by means of democratic voting process of the citizens of the Virgin Islands '5

Defendants are correct on this issue But, the only case Defendants cited to support this argument of

joinder is Richards v Jones 47 V 1 I97 201 (VI Super Ct 2005) where the trial court ordered the

joinder of the members of the Committee on Ethical Conduct                Senator Richards was accused of

sexually harassing two female staff employees in the Twenty fifth Legislature and brought suit for

declaratory judgment and injunctive relief against Senate President David Jones Richards had not


" Defendant Donna Frett-Gregory's Motion to Dismiss, pp I I 13 see also Defendants' Consolidated Reply pp 2 3
lsTranscript atp 5011 I9 seeaIsoatp 5218 24            14
Senator Steven D Payne Sr 2! a! v Donna Fretl-Oregwy                            Cite as 2024 VI Supet4
as Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


served the Defendants at the time of filing his Complaint and subsequently filed a First Amended

Complaint within the time permitted by law followed by proper service ofthe Defendants In contrast,

Payne brought suit against Donna Fret! Gregory as Senator and President of the 34“ Legislature and

the Membership ofthe 34‘" Legislature and properly served the Executive Director of the Legislature

Hence, Richards is inapplicable

 128 Next, it is true that a court order reinstating Plaintiff Payne in his senatorial capacity followed

by an expulsion of Senator Angel Bolques, Jr would constitute an intrusion into the realm of the

legislative branch of the government and therefore violate the separation of powers doctrine The

Court further recognizes that it has no authority to create an additional senatorial seat in the

Legislature should it find Payne’s expulsion was improper On its own accord the Court understands

that it cannot compel the currently serving 35‘“ Legislature to admit Payne into the office Thus, on

this issue the Court agrees with Defendants

1|29    However, with respect to questions of law that touch upon V I R Civ P Rule 19, the Court

does not agree with the Defendants The Legislature failed to argue either explicitly or implicitly that

any of the unnamed senators claim a cognizable interest in this matter or that this Court's eventual

determination ofthe Legislature’s rights would somehow impair or impede an individually unnamed

senator’s ability to protect his or her purported interest To the extent the Senate President or the

Legislature argues that a determination of their rights is somehow hampered by Plaintifi’s failure to

individually name each senator, such an argument remains unavailing There is no premise or basis

to conclude that any of the individually unnamed senators claim an interest that is so situated that

disposing ofthe action, as it the stands, would impede or impair the Legislature’s ability to protect its

interest Defendants’ arguments do not reflect that any ofthe individually unnamed senators claim an

identifiable specific interest in these proceedingsl 5Nor do they reflect how their individual absence
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna FreIIoG'regory                              Cite as 2024 VI Super 4
 a: Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature e! a!
 Case No ST 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 will prevent this Court from grantmg complete relicfamong existing parties Afterall, the membership

 is inclusive of all fourteen (14) senators who voted against Payne Finally, Defendants did not

 demonstrate to what extent or how ajudgment rendered without the senators being specifically named

 would be prejudicial towards them since they are part of the membership Nothing in the record

 supports such a proposition Therefore, Defendants’ assertions have no bearing on a Rule 19 analysis

Accordingly, no rights will be impeded or impaired, as neither the remaining thirteen (l3) senators

nor Bolques Jr are necessary under V I R Civ P Rule l9(a)(l)(B)(i)

 1130 In opposition, Plaintiffs asserted that they met minimum pleading requirements in accordance

with V I R Civ P Rule 8(a) and properly served the opposing patty under Rule 12(a)(2) Plaintiffs

correctly argued that they were only required to file a “short and plain statement” of their complaint

in compliance with the V I R Civ P Rule 8(a)(l)(2),"’ which provides in pertinent part

                 “(a) Except as otherwise provided in these Rules, a pleading that states a claim
                 for relief must contain
                 (1)3 short and plain statement ofthe grounds for the court's jurisdiction, unless
                 the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new jurisdictional
                 support
                 (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is enntled
                 to relief    because this is a notice pleading jurisdiction    and the pleading
                 shall be set forth in separate numbered paragraphs as provided in Rule 10(b),
                 with separate designation of counts and defenses for each claim identlfied in
                 the pleading ”


(31 Considering that the Plaintiffs have also brought suit against the Membership of the 34‘h

Legislature, the Court does not find that naming each senator individually makes a wmarkable

distinction between the membership and the naming of individual senators The suit was brought



'° Plaintiffs Opposition to Defendant Donna Ftett Gregory‘s Motion to Dismiss, p 3
                                                         16
 23:23:22,353; 3.533233755292 317"”                                             CM 2°24 V' 3”“
 Case No 81‘ 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion


 against the 34‘h Legislature collectively, and each cause of action is brought as a result of concerted

 behavior, not personally to any senator Neither does the Court find failure to name Angel Bolques,

 It individually, amounts to failure to join an indlspensable party Plainttfi‘s properly presented a plain

statement of causes of action and the basis for relief under the V I R Civ P Rule 8(a) by asserting

that Defendants have, collectively, violated external sources of law (i e , beyond the Rules of the

Legislature), implicating the United States Constitution and the RCA, when expellmg Senator Payne

from the 34‘“ Legislature and ultimately disregarding voters’ choice to have him as their representative

at large Moreover, the evidence on the record supports finding that Plaintiffs’ representations are

more than naked assertions or eonclusory statements deprived of any factual basis Their assertion

that section 6(g), the Legislature being the sole judge of the qualifications of its members, does not

include the authority to expel, rises above the threshold of a naked assertion Finally, allegations

pleaded in the Plaintnffs’ complaint and factual findings on the record are enough to raise a right to

relief above the level of speculation As such, the complaint is sufficient to allow the case to proceed

and address pleadings based on the merits of the asserted claims

f32      Plaintiffs further asserted the President of the 34"I Legislature was not sued individually, but

only in her official capacity as an “agent” of the Legislature Id As such, the 34‘" Legislature was

collectively served through the Summons and Complaint upon Defendant Donna Frett Gregory

pursuant to V I R Civ P 4(i)(4) ‘ According to V I R Civ P 4(i)(4)

         “In any lawsuit based upon any action conduct or activity ofthe Legislative or Judicial
         Branches of the Government, the Executive Director of the Legislature or the
         Administrator of Courts shall be personally served with a summons and a copy of the
         complaint ”




‘7 Plaintiff's Opposition to the 349‘ Legislature’s Motion toll?7ismiss, p 3
Senator Steven D Payne Sr 2! al v Donna Fret! Gregory                         Citeas 2024 VI Super4
 as Senator and PrcSIden! ofrhe 34'“ Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


During the hearing, Plaintiffs posited that there are no indispensable individual parties in the context

of V I R Civ P Rule 19 and compared the 34'“ Legislature to a corporation, which can be sewed

through its executive body '8 Besides service upon the Senate President, service was properly

effectuated upon the 34‘“ Legislature as a separate Defendant, through the Executive Director,

therefore the 34th Legislature has been properly joined particularly since no one is sued individually

Collectively, all are represented through membership

133      In evaluating the plain text of V I R Civ P Rules 8(a) and 4(i)(4), the Court agrees with the

Plaintiffs Following the strict framework set forth in the above referenced rules, Plaintiffs complied

with the service of process requirements First, Plaintiffs filed a fully pleaded complaint seeking

relief in the form ofdeclaJ-atory judgment that satisfies notice requirements in accordance with V I R

Civ P Rule 8(a)(2) Second since Plaintiffs instituted the instant action against the 34'h Legislature

and its President, which comprise one legislative body, the process was proper under Rule 4(i)(4)

The Court is unable to glean any procedural exceptions that would require Plaintiffs to individually

join all fourteen (14) members of the 34‘“ Legislature Therefore, Plaintiffs joined all the necessaty

parties as required under the rules of civil procedure For the reasons given above, the Court finds

that the Defendants have failed to meet their burden for dismissal on a rule 12(b)(7) motion

                  C Concerns Over Violations of the “Speech or Debate” Clause of Section 6(d) of
                      the Revised Organic Act

£34     This case serves as an example ofthe fine line ofthe intersection ofpolitics and law that poses

a challenge for courts As the Court is mindful of this intersection, it will meticulously consider the

issues raised by the Defendants In their motion to dismiss, Defendants averted that Plaintiffs’ lawsuit




1"l‘rai'isci'ipt,atp 96725 seealso atp 971-6             13
Senator Steven D Payne Sr eta! v Donna Fret! Gregory                        Cite as 2024 VI Super4
a3 Senator and President ofthe 34“ Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22 CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


was filed in violation of the “Speech or Debate” ptotection afforded to the members of the Virgin

Islands Legislature by Section 6(d) of the RCA '9 Section 6(d) of the Revised Organic Act provides

in pertinent part

         “No member of the Legislature shall be held to answer before any tribunal
         other than the legislature for any speech or debate in the legislature ”

The “Speech or Debate” Clause of the Revised Organic Act is worded similarly to the Speech or

Debate Clause of the United States Constitution which provides that “for any Speech or Debate in

either House, they [Members of Congress] shall not be questioned in any other place ” U S Const

art 1, § 6 Because the policies underiying the “Speech or Debate Clause” of the United States

Constituuon and the Speech or Debate Clause of the Revised Organic Act are also closely parallel,

the Third Circuit Court of Appeals has found “that the interpretation given to the Speech or Debate

Clause ofthe Federal Constitution, whiie not dispositive as to the meaning ofthe legislative immunity

provision of the Virgin Islands is nevertheless highly instructive ” Government ofthe Virgin Islands

v Lee 

 (3d Cir 1985)

‘35     The Supreme Court of the Territory of Guam likewise noted the similarity in wording and

underlying policy between the L'nited States Constitution's “Speech or Debate” Clause and the

“Speech or Debate” Clause of the Organic Act of Guam, 48 U S C § l423c(b), which is nearly

identical to the “Speech or Debate” Clause of the Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 1954 See

Hamlet v Charfizuros 

 *2 (Guam Terr June 4 1999) The court

took guidance from case auLhoiiLy interpreting the United States Constitution's provision in its

interpretation of the “Speech or Debate Clause of the Organic Act of Guam Id

1B6     This Court will follow the course charted by the Third Circuit and the Guam Supreme Court


’9 Defendant Donna Frett-Gregory’s Motion to Dismiss. p 1];
SenatorSrevenD Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret: Gregory                              Cite as 2024 VI Super4
as Senator and Prasadem ofthe 34" Legislature e! 0!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion

by considering the case precedent interpreting the “Speech or Debate” Clause of the United States

Constitution in determining whether the senators are immune from suit in this case The “Speech or

Debate” Clause absolutely bars members of Congress from suits for either prospective relief or

damages, so long as they are engaged in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity Eastland v

United States Servtcemens Fund, 421 U S 491 501 503 

 (1975)

Accordingly, “the purpose ofthis immunity is to ensure that the legislative function may be performed

independentiy without fear of outside interference ’ Supreme Court of Vzrgmza v Consumers Union

ofUS Inc 446 U S 719 731 

 (1980)

137     For the Virgin Islands Legislature to carry the burden of defending itself or to bear the

consequences of litigation's results, it would be forced to divert its attention from their legislative

tasks in serving the people of the territory Thus, guided by the interpretation of the “Speech or

Debate” Clause of the United States Constitution, this Court finds, that, as a general rule, so long as

the Virgin Islands legislators are engaged in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity, they are

immune from suit including actions seeking damages, as well as those seeking only declaratory or

injunctive relief Hispanos Umdos v Gov? ofU S Vzrgin Islands, 45 V I 619, 622, 

 503—04 (D VI 2004)

138    The movants posit that Section 6(d) ofthe RCA immunizes all members ofthe 34‘” Legislature

from liability for their votes, as well as from any judicial inquiry as to their motives in relation to the

business on the Senate floor that resulted in expulsion of Senator Payne Id Cltmg Lewis v

Legislatw'e ofthe VI 44 V I 162 165 (ten Ct 2022), see also Eastland v U S Servzcemen s Fund

at 503 Defendants argued that under the “Speech or Debate” Clause, all fourteen (14) members of

the 34'h Legislature were entitled to be skeptical regarding Payne’s testimony to the Committee on


                                                      20
 Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna FreII-Gregoo:                         Cite as 2024 VI Super4
 as Senator and President oflhe 34'” Legislature et a!
 Case No 81‘ 22 CV 247
 Memorandum Opinion



 Ethical Conduct and question his motives in relation to “Jane Doe” 2° In other words, members of the

 Senate were free to discredit Payne’s testimony during the investigative and disciplinary hearing on

the Senate floor Id at pp 7 8 For the reasons stated above, Defendants contested that this Court is

not at libetty to come to a contrary conclusion, or “re weigh” the testimony prov1ded before the Senate

by Senator Payne Id At this juncture, the Court agrees with the Defendants with respect to senators’

autonomy to express their opinion during the hearing of Payne’s matter and vote on the Senate floor

1B9      Further Defendants relied on United States v Menendez, 831 F 3d 155 (3d Cir 2016) by

arguing that the “Speech or Debate” privilege protects their “legislative act” that resulted in expulsion

of Senator Payne 2' Under Menendez, to detennine whether the legislative act is capable of such

protection, the Courts follow the two step framework Id First, they look to the form of the act to

determine whether it is inherently legislative or non legislative Id Some acts are clearly legislative

in nature, that no further examination has to be made as to determine their appropriate status Id

Examples of “manifestly legislative acts” include introducing and voting on proposed resolutions and

legislatlon, introducing evidence and interrogating witnesses during committee hearings,

subpoenaing records for committee hearings, inserting material into the Congressional Record, and

delivering a speech in Congress Id And even though ‘ such manifestly legislative acts may have been

pursued and accomplished for illegitimate purposes, such as personal gain, the acts themselves are

obviously legislative in nature ” Id Thus “an unworthy purpose” does not eliminate Speech or Debate

protection 1d

140 Second, if an act is neither manifestly leglslative nor clearly non legislative, then it is

ambiguome legislative, and we proceed to the second step of the Speech or Debate analysis Id


3° Defendants Consolidated Reply, p 6
2' Transcript atpp SS 57                                 2!
Senator Steven D Payne Sr mm v Donna Fm: Gregory                               Cite as 2024 v1 Super4
as Senator and President 411:: 34" Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


There we consider the content, purpose, and motive of the act to assess its legislatlve or non

legislatwe character 

 (3d Cir 1985) Ambiguome legislative acts—including trips by

legislators and informal contacts with the Executtve Branch will be protected or unprotected based

on their particular circmnstances See id at 524 In Lee, for example, a legislator from the Virgin

Islands faced criminal charges for a trip he took supposedly on the Government’s behalf Id Lee

argued that legislative immunity batted the prosecution because he engaged in legislative fact finding

during the trip Id [The court] first explained that there was nothing inherently legislative or non

legislative about the trip because it was only legislative to the extent it “involved legislative fact

finding ” 1d at 522 Rather, “[i]t is the content of Lee’s private conversations, and not the mere fact

that the conversations took place, that determines whether Lee is entitled to legislative immunity ’

Id We then determined that Lee’s conversations were not “in fact           legislative in nature so as to

trigger the immunity ” Id To reach that conclusion, we consider “the content of Lee’s private

conversations” and his “purpose or motive ’ for engaging in them 1d at 522 24

1|41    Applying the first step of the standard provided in Menendez, the movants put forth the

procedure employed and the decision of the 34"I Legislature to expel Payne was proper and

constituted a “manifestly legislative conduct ’ that consisted of introducing and adoptlng Bill No 34

0287 and Amendment No 34 588 Id at p 58 lines 4 ll Defendants further posited that the

hearings held before the committee were consistent with the Rules of the 34III Legislature Id at p

58, lines 11 14 Therefore, all questions and interrogations before the Senate were part of the

legislative process protected under the “Speech or Debate” Clause Id at lmes l4 19 The ultimate

decision to expel Payne on July 20, 2022 was made during a regularly scheduled Senate session in

[the] course of legislattve business Id at pp 58 59 Therefore, the first step of the Menendez analysis

is satisfied With respect to the second step this (igurt finds that since all the indtcatots on the record
SenatorSlevenD Payne Sr e: a! v Danna Fret! Oregon;                                    Cite as 2024 VI Supcr4
as Senator and Presldem ofthe 34'” Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
MemowIdum Opinion


leave no doubt that the act ofthe 34‘h Legislature was purely legislative in nature, the second step of

the analysis is not feasible

142      In addition to Menendez, the Defendants supplemented their arguments by relying on Lewzs

v Legtslamre of Virgin Islands 44 V1 162 165 (Terr V I 2002) and asserting that the Territorial

Court in that case did not inquire into the legislative action at issue           namely, the consideration and

passage ofzoning legislation        even though the Plaintiffs contended that a legal variance was invalid

Id , at p 60, lines 1 23 The Court held that “purely legislative 80110118” are not subject to review by

thejudiciary Id The Court concluded that the validity ofthe variance in question must be determined

without subjecting the Legislature to litigation and subsequently granted the Legislature’s motion to

dismiss Id In its reasoning, the Court pointed out that the purpose of the legislative immunity under

the premises of the “Speech or Debate” Clause is to prevent “intimidation of legislators by the

Executive and accountability before a possibly hostile judiciary ” Id citing Tenney v Brandhove

341 U S 367 372 S 

 (1951)) At the conclusion of their arguments Defendants posited

that they should not stand before this Court and subject themselves to an attack for their vote in the

course of their regular legislative business that was accompanied by a proper procedure 1d at p 63,

lines 1 20

143     In response, Plaintiffs countered that the 34“I Legislature and its President have been sued

only in conjunction with their collective “arbitrary, capricious, and illegal action in violation of the

Revised Organic Act by incorrectly assuming an unfounded ability to expel a duly elected member ”’2

Plaintiffs challenged Defendants immunity under the Speech or Debate” clause by arguing that

Section 8(a) of the RCA limits the Legislature s authority and power to “all rightfiJI subjects of



1’ Plaintiffs Opposition to Defendant Donna Frett Gregoryz'; Motion to Dismiss. p 3
Senator Steven D Payne. Sr er al v Danna FreII-Gregoor                                Cite as 2024 V 1 Super 4
as Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22 CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


legislation not inconsistent with this Act or the laws ofthe United States made applicable to the Virgin

Islands ”23 In other words, the immunity extends only to the legislative process and does not prohibit

inquiry into the Legislature’s actions on the floor Id As such, the Legislature is not immune against

the     inquiry       regarding       the      expulsion       of      Plaintiff   Payne    Id          Finally,

Plaintiffs asserted that they are not seeking any other remedy at this juncture, other than a declaratory

judgment that Payne’s expulsion was illegal 2"

1144     Here, the Defendants do not enjoy absolute immunity from standing trial, especially when

constitutional concerns are involved The United States Supreme Court has announced the general

duty of the judicial branch to review compliance of other branches of government with the

Constitution and laws The Court in Powell v McCormack, 395 U S 486 

 (1969) stated

the following

         “Especially is it competent and proper for this court to consider whether its [the
         legislature's] proceedings are in conformity with the Constitution and laws, because,
         living under a written constitution, no branch or depanment of the government is
         supreme, and it is the province and duty of the judicial department to determine in
        cases regularly brought before them whether the powers of any branch of the
        government, and even those of the legislature in the enactment of laws, have been
        exercised in conformity to the Constitution, and if they have not, to treat their acts as
        null and void ’

011mg Kilboum v 

 l1 S 168 199 (1881) This announcement provides the authority

for the rationale that a grant of power to any branch ofgovernment to engage in certain activity 18 not

a license to violate the Constitution or laws See Bryan v Lzburd, 35 V I 46, 54 (Terr VI 1996)

When such violation is alleged, it is the duty ofthe judiciary to decide whether the challenged activity




’3 Plaintiff's Opposition to the 34th Legislature’s Motion to Dismiss p 4
1‘ Transcript at p 105 IS 25
                                                          24
Senator Steven D Payne. Sr e! a! v Donna Fren-Gregoly                           Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
a: Senator and President ofthe 34"I Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum 0pimon


was in compliance with the Constitution or laws Id

1145    Here, Payne alleged that his procedural due process rights under the Founeenth Amendment,

to name the least, were violated when the 34“ Legislature expelled him from the ofl‘ice The

Fourteenth Amendment, Section I provides

        “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
        thereof, are cinzens ofthe United States and of the State wherein they reside No State
        shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
        citizens of the baited States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
        property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
        equal protection of the laws ”


First, Payne argued that the 34"I Legislature did not have any power under Section 6(g) of the ROA

to expel him, because the provision itself renders the Legislature exclusive power to judge the

elections and its members’ qualifications to hold the office, but the language of Section 6(g) is silent

on matters relating to expulsion Second, Plaintiffs elaborated that the 34'” Legislature’s decision to

expel Payne violated his procedural due process rights afier the Committee on Ethical Conduct

already recommended punishment in the form of suspension and letter of reprimand and the 34"1

Legislature agreed to it, but then imposed greater punishment A determination of whether there was

violation ofdue process rights can only be addressed afier weighing the evidence, therefore dismissal

would be premature

1l46    For the reasons stated above the Court is not barred from review of the instant matte: based

on the ‘Speech or Debate’ clause when constitutional matters are called into question As explained

above, the issues raised by the Plaintiffs and evidence on the record present sufficient grounds for

this Court to inquire into whether the procedutes employed by the 34‘" Legislature complied with, not

its Rules but the federal Constitution, the Revised Organic Act, and Virgin Islands law As the U S

                                                        25
Senator Steven D Payne. Sr at a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                                 Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
a: Senator and Presadenl ofthe 34“ Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion



Supreme Conn stated, no branch ofdepartment or government is supreme under a written constitution

that is the supreme law and as guardian of the Revised Organic Act and the U S Constatution, this

Court is compelled to review whether the 34‘h Legislature’s actions in Payne’s matter were in

compliance

1l47     On the validity of the intemal rules of the 34‘“ Legislature that provide for expulsion,

Defendants argued that according to Brown v Inmate»,25 it has been determined there is no violation

of internal legislative rules which present non justiciable political questions as long as “external

sources of law” are not violated As such, the Defendants should not stand before the Court for

violations of their internal legislattve rules, ifany It! The Court agrees with the Defendants but note:

that neither the Plaintiff nor the Court has addressed issues related to the internal rules of the 34'"

Legislature

1:48     The pivotal issue is whether the 34'" Legislature statutorily “had the ability’ to expel Senator

Payne in the first place 2‘ First, Plaintiffs argued that the Revised Organic Act does not authorize the

Virgin Islands Legislature to impose sanctions upon its members Id Thus, the internal rules of the

34"I Legislature authorizmg expulsion of its members violate the provisions ofthe RCA Id Although

Plaintiffs acknowledge that the Legislature ‘shall be the sole judge of qualifications of its members,

Section 6(3) of the RCA does not explicitly authorize expulsion Id                    Section 6(g) provides, in

pertinent part

            The legislature shall be the sole judge of the elections and qualifications of its
       members, shall have and exercise all the authonty and attributes, inherent in legislative
       assemblies and shall have the power to institute and conduct investigations, issue
       subpoena to witnesses and other parties concerned and administer oaths



’5 973 F 2d Ill8(l992)
2‘ Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendant Donna FrettoGregory 5 Motion to Dismiss, p 2
                                                         26
Senator Steven D Payne Sr era! v Donna Fm: Gregory                                     Cite as 2024 v1 Super4
as Senator and President 01m 34'» Legislature e! a!
Cue No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


         Second, Plaintiffs agreed with the Defendants to the extent that Payne was initially qualified

to hold the office under Section 6(b) of the RCA at the time he was elected however, they posited

that Senator Payne did not commit a crime that would justify his “disqualification” or “expulsion” by

the statutory standards 27 As a result, his expulsion was illegal Id

1|49     During the January 10 2023 hearing Plaintiffs also argued that in Brown the Supreme Court

held that the legislature may not by its own rules ignore constitutional restraints or violate

fundamental rights, and there should be a reasonable relation between the mode or method or

proceeding established by the rule and the result which is sought to be attained Brown at 1122 See

also Transcript ofMotion Hearing at p 91, lines 1 20 Therefore, the 34'11 Legislature is the “sole

judge” of qualifications of its members as long as it Operates under the constitutional restrictions as

stated in Powell

1|50    With reSpect to the wording and teIos of Secnon 6(g) of the RCA Payne posited that the

Revised Organic Act is silent on how a member of the Legislature becomes “unqualified ” Id , at p

92, lines 12 19 Had the ROA permitted expulsion it would explicitly delegate such power to the

Legislature in its text Id By correctly referencing the text of the U 8 Constitution as standard for

interpretation for the RDA, Payne argued that unlike in the RCA, both Houses of Congtess have that

specific power to expel a member of Congress through votes of two thirds of majority Id Since

neither the express language nor the Spirit of Section 6(g) of the ROA demonstrate that the noun is

not the expulsion clause it is appropriate to consider Section 12 of the RDA, a recall, of any elected

official Id , at p 93 lines 4-12 Finally Plaintiffs argued that it is a direct violation of the RCA to

expel a member of the Senate three months prior to the election [or] within their first year of service



2’ Plaintiffs Opposition to Defendant Donna Frett-Gregory2’3Motion to Dismiss pp 3-4
Senator Steven D Payne Sr :1 a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                          Citeas 2024 VI Super4
a: Senator and Prudent ofthe 34" Legleature el a!
Case No ST 22 CV 247
Memorandum Opinion



in the Senate Id at p 93 lines 14 22 See ROA § 12(c)(6)

   151 Finally Defendants argued during the hearing that even though Section 6(g) of the RCA

does not explicitly mention the expuision ofa member elect, it implies that the framers ofthe Revised

Organic Act intended for the Legislature to have the authority to expel 2‘ Defendants cited fn 6 in

Mapp that addressed an opinion by the Virgin Islands district com that said

        “In view of the absence ofany express procedural limitations relating to the expulsion
        of members from the Legislature we must conclude that the framers of the Revised
        Organic Act intended to leave those procedures exclusively to the Discretion of the
        Legislature This conclusion is reinforced by the Organic Act's designation of the
        Legislature as the “solejudge” of its member's qualifications ”
                                                    [till]




       “This is not to say that a court is powerless to consider a removal said to be based on
       a member's lack of standing qualifications when there is a mere sham or fraud without
       any basis in fact ” Id

152    With respect to justiciability of the given issue in conjunctton with the legislative functions

under Section 6(g) of the RCA. the violations alleged in Plaintiffs’ complaint involve civil liberties,

because Payne seeks declaratory judgment and damages under Section 2(d) Under Bryan v Lzburd,

constitutional protections of these liberties would be nonexistent if any branch of government could

ignore them pursuant to an alleged grant of exclusive power The institutional competence of courts

in the field of constitutional and statutory law is well established Id Accordingly, this Court

concludes although Section 6(g) of the RDA confers broad powers upon the legislature to determine

what procedures to utilize in disciplining its members, those powers are not exclusive and final Id

The Btyan court opined that the procedures utilized may not transcend constitutional or statutory

limitations that are clearly in dispute Further, it is the duty of the courts to monitor compliance with



”TmscripL PP 4 75 12 24 I 25
                                                        28
Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                        Cite as 2024 V 1 Super 4
a: Senator and President ofthe 34“ Legislature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


those limitations Id Since Plainttffs raised allegations of constitutional and statutory violatlons the

propriety of Payne’s expulsion from the office is a justiciable issue regardless of whether he prevails

on the merits or not

                I   Constitutional premises of expulsion of an elected official.

$53    In order to determine the scope and meaning of “sole judge of qualifications of its members”

under Section 6(g) ofthe ROA, this Court must examine the historical background and congressional

application of Art 1, Section 5 of the Constitution, a premise that laid a foundatton for Section 6(g)

of the ROA and bears similar meaning It is appropriate to analyze historical developments to

determine the true intent ofthe framers of the U S Constitution Therefore, as the matter is justiciable

dismissal would be inappropriate

               2 Functional equivalent of Section 6(g) of the ROA in other U S jurisdictions

154    In order to understand Section 6(g) of the ROA better, it is also important to interpret similar

enactments in other U S jurisdictions Out of 50 states and five tem'tones and possessions of the

United States, only seven states, New York, South Carolina, Alaska, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

and Minnesota; and two territories Guam and the U S Virgin Islands, mention that the legislature

shall be the “sole judge" of its members’ qualifications The remaining majonty ofother United States

jurisdictions, however, provide for in their state and territory constitutions similar wording with

regards to the expulsion of a member of the legislature

       “Each House shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings and punish its
       members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence, to
       enforce obedience to its process to protect its members against violence or offers of
       bribes or private solicitation, and with the concurrence of two thirds, to expel a
       member, but not a second time for the same cause, and shall have all other powers
       necessary for the Legislature of a free State A member expelled for corruption shall
       not thereafter be eligible to either House and punishment for contempt or disorderly

                                                   29
Senator Steven D Payne Sr e: a! v Donna Fret! Oregon:                                Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
as Senator and Presulen! ofthe 34‘" Legislature er al.
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


         behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same offense ”29

    Evidently, the preceding language is unequivocal as it relates to the punishment of

legislative members which leaves no room for ambiguity such as what constitutes being the

“sole judge of the elections and qualifications of its members” particularly if the Revised

Organic Act of the Virgin Islands specifically provides a remedy for removal of an elected

oficial from the Senate, to wit, recall election initiated by a two thirds vote

                  3   Expulsion of Senator Payne from the Senate pursuant to Section 6(g) of the
                      RDA

$55      This Court notes that on numerous occasions, Defendants averted that the Legislature has the

power to expel a member who “loses” their “qualification" during their time in the office as a result

of a felony conviction 3" As such, Defendants imply that Payne 3 alleged sexual misconduct towards

“Jane Doe ’ justifies such measure The Court is unaware of any such criminal conviction as a result

of these allegations of sexual misconduct As Plaintiffs has put forth during the January hearing, the

Investigative Report Revised (April 13, 2022) prepared by investigators did not find that sexual

harassment took place Id at p 102, lines I 8 Considering this the Court is obligated to address

these issues only upon an evidentiary hearing as the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee that

no person shall be deprived of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law          ” U S Const,

amends V, XIV Pursuant to 48 U S C (5 1561, the equal protection and due process ciauses of the

Virgin Islands Bill of Rights provide as follows         [n]o law shall be enacted in the Virgin Islands which

shall deprive any person of life liberty or property without due process of law or deny to any person

therein equal protection of the laws ’ V I C Rev Org Act of 1954 § 3 Several key phrases—such



2’ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Art II. Section I l
a"Transcript, p 80 l 14                                 30
Senator Steven D Payne Sr eta! v Donna Fret! Gregory                                  Cite as 2024 VI Super4
as Senator and Preuden! ofthe 34'” Legislature er al
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


as “due process of law” and “equal protection of the laws”--appear in both provisions Balbom v

RangerAm ofthe VI Inc 70VI [048 1062 

 1 14 (2019)

156     Procedural due process generally guarantees an individual the right to notice, fair procedures,

and a hearing before a neutral decisionmaker Mathews v Eldridge, 424 U S 319, 334 (1976)

Procedural due process “is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation

demands ” Id (quoting Morrrssey v Brewer, 408 U S 471, 431 (1972))

1157    Defendants allege, mter aha, that Plaintiffs never properly presented their constitutional due

process challenges to the Legislature or in the alternative, they waived them 3' Citing Bryan v Lzburd,

Defendants further argued there is no due process right or entitlement to the office of Senator and

salary that goes with it under the 5'’1 and 14‘“ Amendments, as such, no due process challenge is

cognizable by the Plaintiffs 

 Moreover, all charges that were brought against Payne were specific,

substantiated, and were properly adde with sufiicient notice Id Defendants’ next argument was

that Payne was given an opportunity to speak and defend himself before the Senate and/or the

Committee on Ethical Conduct, however, he failed to do so and they further provided examples to

support their contention Id One such example proffered is when Plaintiffs’ counsel submitted two

(2) memoranda to the Committee on Ethical Conduct, they failed to bring any constitutional due

process challenges 32 In Plaintiffs’ first memorandum following the preliminary inquiry dated May

20, 2022, Plaintiffs barely addressed their concerns as to vagueness” and “overbreadth” of Rules

801 and 802 ofRules ofthe Legislature without properly citing any legal authority 33 As for Plaintifi‘s’

second memorandum dated June 29, 2022, that followed “Jane Doc 5” testimony and the Committee’s



" Defendant Donna Frett Gregory’s Motion to Dismiss p I? 18
  Ibid pp 18 19
3: gefmdant Donna Frett-Gregory 3 Exhibit 3 at p I See also Transcript ofthe January I0 2023 hearing, p 41, paras

                                                       31
Senator Steven D Payne Sr eta! v Donna Fret! Gregory                                 Cite as 2024 VI Super4
as Senator and President ofthe 34" Legnslature e! a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion



Statement of Charges, Plaintiffs yet again failed to raise any due process concerns based upon

vagueness and overbreadth ofthe aforemenuoned rules

158      Plaintiffs countered that when the 34"I Legislatute disregarded the tecommendation of the

Committee to suspend and ultimately determined to expel Senator Payne from the Senate, it was a

total and complete disregard of his due process rights under the Constitution of the United States of

America and the RCA per se 3‘ Additionally, Plaintiffs argued that Defendants not only violated the

consumtional provisions, but also violated Plaintiff Payne’s due process rights under 14 V I C § 104

by disregarding initially proposed sanction of suspension and a letter of reprimand and imposing a

greater punishment of expulsion instead Id at p 2 As Plaintiffs have demonstrated, on July 19,

2022, the Committee presented Bill No 34 0287 recommending a fifiy (50) day suspension period

and the letter of reprimand The following day July 20 2022 Amendment No 34 588 provided for

an expulsion of Senator Payne from the Legislature instead Id Additionally, Plaintiffs argued that

the constitutional challenges were properly and timely raised in the course of the instant litigation

Id at p 4; see also Transcript, at p l 16. lines 22 25 Finally, Plaintiffs asserted that Payne is entitled

to his salary because it was illegally taken away from him as a result of his illegal expulsion Id , at

p 117 lines ll 18

159     Before considering the adequacy of the process, this Court must determine whether due

process requirements are appltcable They would apply only where an interest protected by the

Fourteenth Amendment can be identified Bryan v Ltburd (clung Board ofRegents ofState Colleges

v Roth 408 1‘ S 564 57] 

] 2706 (1972)) The Fourteenth Amendment provides in

pertinent part



" Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendant Donna Frett-GregoryészMotion to Dismiss, p 4
Senator Steven D Payne Sr eta! v Donna Fret! Gregory                              Cite as 2024 VI Super4
as Senator and President ofthe 34" Legislature er al
Case No 81' 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


        “ nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
        process of law ”

160     In Taylor v Beckham 178 U S 578 (1900) the Kentucky General Assembly adopted the

findings of the election board that the defendants govemor and lieutenant governor elect were

erroneously declared as winners The defendants claimed, Inter alia, that they were being deprived of

their property (elected offices) without due process of law Specifically, they alleged that the

Assembly met without notice to them or an opportunity to be heard The Supreme Court concluded

that no right secured by the Fourteenth Amendment was violated The same holding was repeated by

the Supreme Court in Snowden v Hughes 321 U S I 

 (1944) where it

said

        “More than forty years ago this Court determined that an unlawful denial by state
        action of a right to state political office is not a denial ofa right ofproperty or ofliberty
        secured by the due process clause

16]     With respect to double jeopardy violations in conjunction with constitutional due process

considerations, Payne parallels sanctions directed against him with 14 V I C {5 104 by pointing out

that the Legislature punished him twice for the same offense This Court disagrees for two reasons

First, 14 V I C § 104 is inapplicable Section 104 provides, “an act or omission which is made

punishable in different ways by different provisions of this Code may be punished under any of such

provisions, but in no case may it be punished under more than one An acquittal or conviction and

sentence under any one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other ” The Court

discovered no such precedent that involves the application of § 104 to a civil matter, neither has

Plaintiff presented any such stare decisis And even if § 104 was hypothetically applicable here, the

Plaintiff’s argument would fail because by passing the second resolution aiming to expel Senator


                                                       33
Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                                 Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
a: Senator and President of(he 34’h Legislature e! a!
Case No 81' 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opinion


Payne, the Legislature had effectively stricken down the first resolution with a lesser punishment

Furthennore, contrary to Plaintiffs’ belief, the Court has found no rule or law that obligated the

Legislature to follow the Committee’s recommendations for sanctions and did not oblige the

Legislature to follow the recommendation Therefore, the Legislature’s second resolution did not

violate the “spirit” of Section 104

                 D Damages Under Section 2(b) of the Revised Organic Act

1162     Defendants maintain that Count [II of the Complaint must be dismissed because the Senate

President, other Senators, as well as the 34‘h Legislature as a body, are immune from an award of

damages resulting from official acts under Sections 2(b) and 6(6) of the RCA 3‘ They posit that no

consent to suit has been granted by the Senate President, or any other Senator, or by the VI

Legislature, and none is alleged by the Plaintiff Id Section 2(b) ofthe Revised organic Act provides

         “The government of the Virgin Islands shall have the powers set forth in this Act and
         shall have the right to sue by such name and in cases arising out ofcontract, to be sued
         Provided, that no tort action shall be brought against the government of the Virgin
         Islands or against any officer or employee thereof in his official capacity without the
        consent of the legislature constituted by this Act[ ]”

163     In response, Plaintiffs referred to their Complaint by stating that Payne is entitled to

compensation as a duly elected Senator 3“ Namely, because the 34‘h Legislature chose an illegal

remedy expulsion, Plaintiff Payne was illegally deprived ofhis salary 3" At this point, the record is

not clean as to whether Plaintiff is still maintaining this argument with regards to salary, therefore this

matter can only be decided after the merits have been considered




3’ Defendant Donna Frett Gregory 5 Motion to Dismiss, pp l7 l8
3‘ Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendant Donna Frett-Gregory's Motion to Dismiss, p 4
3"l‘tansei'ipt p I” 11 I8
                                                         34
Senator Steven D Payne Sr e! a! v Donna Fret! Gregory                               Cite as 2024 V I Super 4
as Senator and President ofthe 34'" Legislature er a!
Case No ST 22-CV 247
Memorandum Opium


         IV      CONCLUSION

164      For the reasons explained above, the Court will deny Defendants’ motions to dismiss Given

all the arguments raised by the Defendants, they do not dispel the singular and most important issue

raised by the Plaintzfl‘s, i e , whether the 34'h legislature violated Section 6(3) of the RCA upon

expelling the Senator Thus, the motions to dismi                   denied An appropriate Order shall follow
                                                                           I                         ’5




Dated January M 2024                                         ‘        MIKI/IW/
                                                                    Renée Inw- Carty
                                                                 Senior Sitting   . _ , Superior Court
ATTEST                                                               of the Vi @ Islands
Tamara Charles
Clerk of the Court


By _—W6
      Donna D Donovan
      Court Clerk Supervisor 01 18 / 2024




                                                        35
     i
     i




      '                IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
     ’                        DIVISION OF ST THOMAS AND ST JOHN
                                                   *******

SENATOR STEVEN D PAYNE SR                               )
an Elected Member of the 34‘" Legislature and           )
Ms Noellise Powell                                      )        CIVIL NO ST 22 CV-00247
                                                        )
                           Plaintiffs,                  )
                                                        )        ACTION FOR DAMAGES
                   v                                    )        DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
                                                        )        and [NJUNCTIVE RELIEF
DONNA FRBTT GREGORY as Senator and                      )
President of the 34‘” Legislature of the Virgin         )
Islands and its Membership                              )
                                                        )        Cite as 2024 V 1 Super 4
                           Defendants                   )
                              ___._)

                                                  ORDER

            THIS MATTER is before the Court on the motions to dismiss filed by Defendants Donna

Frett Gregory, as Senator and the President of the 34th Legislature and the Membership of the 34th

Legislature filed on August 10, 2022, and September 30, 2022, respectively The premises considered

and in accordance with the Memorandum Opinion of even date, it is hereby

          ORDERED that Senate President Donna Frett-Gregory’s motion to dismiss is DENIED, and

it is further

          ORDERED that the 34‘" Legislature of the Virgin Islands and its Membership 5 motion to

dismiss is DENIED, and it is further

          ORDERED that copies of this Order shall be directed to the parties of record


Dated January 3            2024
                                                            9                  {(14 é‘z(fl/5/{
                                                                                              7
                                                                Renée         umbs Carty
                                                             Senior Si        Judge, Superior Court
ATTEST                                                           of          irgin Islands
Tamara Charles                                                           L
Clerk ofthe Court W
By: R __~~____
   Donna D Donovan
   Court Clerk Supervisor 01 I 13/          2024
01/18/2024