IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
                       DIVISION OF ST. THOMAS AND ST. JOHN
                                       *******
JACQUELINE PAYNE, Personal                    )
Representative of the ESTATE OF TREVOR        )
MILLER, Deceased,                             )
                                              )
                      Plaintiff,              ) CASE NO: ST-2023-CV-00363
                                              )
              v.                              )
                                              )
                                              )
TAJ SIWATU and 8GDA-1 LYTTON’S                ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
FANCY, LLC,                                   )
                                              ) Cite as 

                      Defendants.             )
                                              )

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

¶1.     THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s

Complaint. Plaintiff opposed the motion.1 For the reasons set forth below, the Court will deny

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss in part and grant the motion in part.

                                              1. BACKGROUND

¶2.     The action arises out of the conditions of an apartment complex that allegedly resulted in

the fatal fall of Trevor Miller (“Miller”). Jacqueline Payne (“Payne”) and Miller were longtime

partners and resided at 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, Apartment #5, St. Thomas VI (the “Apartment”)

for twelve years. Defendant 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC is the owner of the apartment complex.

Defendant Taj Siwatu (“Siwatu”) manages the apartment complex. The Apartment could be

accessed via a stairway with eleven steps and a handrail. On October 21, 2021, Miller was

descending the stairs while holding the handrail when the handrail gave way. Miller fell, cracking



1
  Defendants filed their Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint on April 23, 2024. Plaintiff filed her Response in
Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss on May 24, 2024. Defendants filed their Reply to Plaintiff’s Response
in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss on June 13, 2024.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 2 of 11

his skull. He suffered a brain hemorrhage and was hospitalized as a result. He died from his injuries

on December 25, 2021. On October 23, 2023, Plaintiff filed the Complaint in this matter.

                                            2. STANDARD

¶3.    Virgin Islands Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) governs motions to dismiss for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Mills–Williams v. Mapp, 

 (V.I.

2017). Pursuant to the Virgin Islands Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may challenge the

court’s ability to hear a case by asserting that the plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief

can be granted. Virgin Islands Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 8(a) governs the general rules of

pleadings. Rule 8(a)(2) prescribes, in pertinent part, that “a pleading that states a claim for relief

must contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”

V.I. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Additionally, Rule 8 expressly states that the Virgin Islands “is a notice

pleading jurisdiction.” V.I. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Therefore, under the Rule 8(a) standard, a complaint is

permitted so long as it “adequately alleges facts that put an accused party on notice of claims

brought against it.” See Mills-Williams, 

. However, a complaint fails to put a

defendant on notice when the pleader “fails to articulate a cognizable claim” or “has made an

allegation that is not recognized in the law as a basis for recovery.” Arno v. Hess Corp., 

, 494-495 (V.I. Super. Ct. Oct. 17, 2019) (citations omitted).

¶4.    When considering a 12(b)(6) motion, “a court looks only to the facts alleged in the

complaint and its attachments without reference to other parts of the record.” Southwell by Henry

v. Government of Virgin Islands, 

, at *1 (V.I. Super. Ct. Apr. 12, 2011)

(citation omitted). Additionally, a court may look to the individual bringing the suit to determine

if they are authorized to receive the relief they seek. See United Corporation v. Hamed, 64 V.I.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 3 of 11

297, 304 (V.I. 2016) (stating that the defendant’s “standing” argument is more appropriately

characterized as a challenge to the merits of the plaintiff’s lawsuit).

                                            3. DISCUSSION

      (a) Statute of Limitations for Wrongful Death Claim

¶5.      The parties do not dispute that the statute of limitations for wrongful death is two years.

Courts in the Virgin Islands have long held that the statute of limitations for wrongful death actions

is two years. See Cintron v. Bermudez, 

 (D.V.I. 1968). The parties, however, disagree

on when the statute of limitations accrues. Payne argues that the two-year period began on the date

Miller died — December 25, 2021. Defendants argue that the correct start date is the date of the

injury that ultimately resulted in Miller’s death — October 21, 2021. The Court agrees with Payne.

¶6.      An action for wrongful death accrues on the date of the decedent’s death, not on the date

of the underlying injury or wrongful act. This is fairly well established in the Territory. The Third

Circuit, while sitting as the court of last resort for the Virgin Islands, concluded that “the legislature

intended to create an independent wrongful death action, and that the accrual date for the action is

the date of death.” Richardson v. Knud Hansen Mem'l Hosp., 

, 1011 (3d Cir. 1984).

The Superior Court has reaffirmed this principle, stating that “the statute of limitations governing

[the plaintiff’s] wrongful death claim…does not commence until the date of the decedent's

death.” Gerald v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

, 126 (V.I. Super. Ct. August 29, 2017).

¶7.      This accrual rule applies even when the decedent's underlying personal injury claim would

have been time-barred before death occurred. The Court in Gerald explained, “a wrongful death

claim is not barred by the expiration of the statute of limitations on the decedent's underlying

claim” because wrongful death is “an independent and separate cause of action.” Gerald v. R.J.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 4 of 11

Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

 (V.I. Super. Ct. July 5, 2017). A wrongful death claim

cannot accrue until someone dies, as “a wrongful death is a new claim - with its own elements that

must be alleged in a complaint and proven at trial.” Martinez v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 

, 544 (V.I. Super. Ct. Dec. 7, 2018) (citation omitted).2 See also Jeremiah v. Virgin Islands

Dep't of Hum. Servs., 

, 328 (V.I. Super. Ct. June 15, 2023) (stating wrongful death

claim accrued on date of death); Hatchette v. West Indian Co., Ltd., 

 (D.V.I. 1980)

(using the decedent’s day of passing when discussing the statute of limitations); Lockhart v.

Government of Virgin Islands, 

, at *7 (D.V.I. Mar. 26, 2009) (stating the

wrongful death claim under 5 V.I.C. § 76 is controlled by Virgin Islands law and accrues on the

date of the decedent’s death). The statute of limitations for the wrongful death claim accrued on

December 25, 2021, the day Miller died.3 Plaintiff’s complaint was filed on October 23, 2023.

Thus, the wrongful death claim is not barred by the statute of limitations.

      (b) Payne Can Serve as a Personal Representative

¶8.      Defendants argue that the Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted

because Payne is not a survivor nor a personal representative of Miller. Defendant further states

that because “Jacqueline Payne was never married to Trevor Miller, she has no standing or

authority granted to her under Virgin Islands law to be the personal representative of the Estate of




2
  Similarly, the Virgin Islands Tort Claims Act provides a wrongful death action shall be filed “within two years after
the death of the decedent.” 33 V.I.C. § 3409.
3
  Wrongful death claims under 5 V.I.C. § 76 must be distinguished from survival actions under 5 V.I.C. § 77. While
both may arise from the same tortious conduct, they are “separate and distinct” causes of action that “arise at a different
time and address recovery of damages for totally different injuries and losses.” Gerald v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,

, 127 n 456 (V.I. Super. Ct. August 29, 2017). Survival actions preserve claims the decedent could have
brought and are governed by different accrual rules, whereas wrongful death actions benefit the decedent's survivors
and accrue only upon death. See Jeremiah v. Virgin Islands Department of Human Services, 

, 317 (V.I.
Super. Ct. June 15, 2023).
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 5 of 11

Trevor Miller.”4 Payne asserts that she can serve as a personal representative for the purpose of

bringing this suit “even with no estate opened” and although the Court has not appointed her to

that position.5

¶9.     The Virgin Islands Wrongful Death Act provides that “an action shall be brought by the

decedent’s personal representative, who shall recover for the benefit of the decedent’s survivors

and estate all damages…caused by the injury resulting in death.” 5 V.I.C. § 76(d).6 Rule 17(e) of

the Virgin Islands Rules of Civil Procedure, which addresses actions for wrongful death under 5

V.I.C. § 76, states that in a wrongful death suit, “the action may be prosecuted in the name of a

plaintiff identified in the complaint as acting as a personal representative” and “[t]he named

plaintiff shall serve as personal representative throughout the proceeding unless replaced by order

of the court.” V.I.R. Civ. P. 17(e). The Advisory Committee Note to Rule 17(e) explains the

purpose of this subsection:

        Subpart (e) is a provision dealing specifically with wrongful death and survival
        actions under 5 V.I.C. § 76 and § 77. To avoid any unnecessary requirement to open
        an estate, and to permit swift commencement of proceedings where required for
        statute of limitations or other purposes, this subpart of the rule provides that an
        action may be prosecuted in the name of a plaintiff who is identified in the
        complaint as acting as a personal representative, although court appointment to that
        position has not at that time been made. The named plaintiff will serve as personal
        representative throughout the proceeding unless replaced by order of the court.

V.I.R. Civ. P. 17 Advisory Committee Note. Although the Advisory Committee Note is self-

explanatory, the Virgin Islands Supreme Court has further elucidated that “the purpose of Rule




4
  Def’s Mot. to Dismiss 1st Am. Compl. at pg. 4.
5
  Pl’s Resp. In Opp’n to Def’s Mot. to Dismiss at pgs. 4-5.
6
  A personal representative includes “executor administrator, successor personal representative, special
administrator, and persons who perform substantially the same function under the law governing their status.”15
V.I.C. §1-201(35).
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 6 of 11

17(e) is to clarify that a probate estate need not be opened as a prerequisite to appointment of a

personal representative under sections 76 or 77.” Raymond v. Assefa, 

, 959 (V.I. 2018).

¶10.       More recently, the Superior Court in Jeremiah v. Virgin Islands Dep't of Hum. Servs.

rejected the very argument advanced by Defendants and permitted the plaintiff, who had not been

appointed executor or administrator in a formal probate proceeding, to file the lawsuit as the

decedent’s personal representative. 77 V.I. at 325. The Court clarified that “while some

jurisdictions require a personal representative, such as an executor or an administrator, to be

appointed first by opening an estate via a formal probate proceeding, the Virgin Islands Supreme

Court, in promulgating Rule 17(e) of Virgin Islands Rules of Civil Procedure, expressly eliminated

the requirement to open an estate via a formal probate proceeding as a prerequisite for a plaintiff

bringing or maintaining wrongful death suits filed under Title 5 V.I.C. § 76 and survival actions

filed under Title 5 V.I.C. § 77.” Id. In this case, Payne identified herself as the “Personal

Representative of the Estate of Trevor Miller” in the Complaint. Since no appointment of a

different personal representative has been made, Payne can serve as the personal representative

throughout the proceedings unless she is removed and replaced by court order.

(c) Payne Cannot Recover Damages in her Individual Capacity

¶11.       As stated above, Payne can serve as the personal representative in this action. However,

Payne cannot bring claims as a survivor. Paragraph 19 of the Complaint states that Plaintiff

“maintains this action for wrongful death of her partner, Trevor Miller, for all such damages as are

allowable by law, both in her representative capacity and individually.”7 According to the




7
    Compl. at ¶ 19.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 7 of 11

Wrongful Death Act, survivors of the decedent may seek compensation for lost support after the

death of their relative. See 5 V.I.C. § 76(e)(1). The Wrongful Death Act defines survivors as:

         the decedent’s spouse, children, parents, and, when partly or wholly dependent on
         the decedent for support or services, any blood relatives and adoptive brothers and
         sisters. It includes the illegitimate child of a mother, but not the illegitimate child
         of the father unless the father has recognized a responsibility for the child’s support.

5 V.I.C. § 76(b)(1). The individuals who may recover damages for wrongful death are defined by

statute. Payne does not qualify as a survivor under the Wrongful Death Act. The statute clearly

provides that a “decedent’s spouse” is a survivor.8 Plaintiff does not allege that Miller was her

spouse. Rather, she alleges that he was her “long-time partner” for “34 years” and that they lived

together at Defendants’ Apartment for 12 years.9 The Virgin Islands Wrongful Death Statute does

not allow a surviving long-term partner to recover for the wrongful death of their deceased partner.




8
  Although the Virgin Islands Wrongful Death Act does not define "spouse," the term is consistently used throughout
the Virgin Islands Code to mean a party to a valid, legally recognized and subsisting marriage, with spousal status
terminating upon legal separation or divorce by court decree. The following statutory provisions collectively treat a
spouse as a party to a valid, legally recognized marriage. Title 16 V.I.C. § 63 abolishes interspousal immunity and
states that “[t]he common law doctrine of interspousal immunity is hereby declared to be abolished and either spouse
may sue and be sued, not only free from the other spouse's participation and control, but they also may sue one another
for injuries to person or property to the same extent and manner as if unmarried.” Title 16 V.I.C. § 341 defines an
obligor as any person “required to make payments under the terms of a support order for a child, spouse, former
spouse, or any other specified person”, and defines an obligee as any person entitled to “receive payments under such
an order for child, spouse, former spouse or any other person specified in section 342.” Title 5 V.I.C. § 854 expressly
states that a “valid marriage must exist when the witness-spouse is called to testify for spousal immunity to apply.”
Similarly, 5 V.I.C. § 855 defines the marital communication privilege as prohibiting “spouses from divulging
confidential communications between them that occurred during their marriage, without the other’s consent.” Title 16
V.I.C. § 109 defines marital property as “all real and personal property acquired by either spouse subsequent to the
marriage.” These statutory provisions anchor the definition of “spouse” to the existence of a valid, legal subsisting
marriage. The Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands has referred to “spouse” as a party to a marriage. See Inniss v.
Inniss, 

 (V.I. 2016). The Virgin Islands Supreme Court Code of Judicial Conduct defines “Domestic
partner” as a person with whom another person maintains a household and an intimate relationship, other than a person
to whom he or she is legally married.” V.I. S. Ct. R. 213. This further confirms that "spouse" refers to a party to a
legally valid and subsisting marriage. It should also be noted that Black’s law dictionary defines spouse as “[o]ne’s
husband or wife by lawful marriage, a married person. Black’s Law Dictionary, (8th ed. 2004).
9
  Compl. at ¶ 2 and 7.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 8 of 11

The survivor must have been the decedent’s legal spouse. 10 This Court understands Payne’s desire

to recover individually for the injuries allegedly sustained by her partner of more than thirty years.

Her financial and emotional losses are no less significant or diminished simply because she was

not legally married to her partner. However, this Court must apply the law as written.11 It is not

the Court’s role to rewrite the law. That responsibility lies with the Virgin Islands Legislature. At

this juncture, the Court is guided by the statutory scheme.

¶12.     Unmarried cohabitants, regardless of the length or nature of their relationship, cannot

recover damages in their individual capacity in a wrongful death action in the Virgin Islands.

Under the Wrongful Death Act, survivors are strictly defined as legally married spouses or certain

specifically named family members. Since Payne was not Miller’s spouse, she does not qualify as

a survivor under the Wrongful Death Act and, therefore, cannot bring a claim in her individual

capacity. In short, Payne may pursue Count One only in her representative capacity, not as an

individual survivor.




10
   See e.g., Holguin v. Flores, 

 (2004) (court strictly construing California law held that unmarried
male cohabitant had no standing to bring wrongful death action, but a registered domestic partner would have standing
under the statute to sue for wrongful death); Sykes v. Zook Enters., Inc., 

 (Law. Div. 1987)
(holding that Plaintiff who admits the absence of a marriage and identifies herself only as decedent's “purported wife,”
has no right of recovery in a wrongful death action under New Jersey statute).
11
    Domestic partners have been recognized in a number of statutory provisions. Under the Virgin Islands
Unemployment Insurance statute, an individual's immediate family expressly includes the spouse or domestic partner
of the individual, as well as parents and siblings of the individual's domestic partner. Domestic partners are treated
equivalently to spouses for purposes of determining eligibility for unemployment benefits when an employee leaves
work to care for a family member. See 24 V.I.C. 24 § 304(12)(ii). The Virgin Islands Behavioral Health Act, in its
provisions governing Extreme Risk Protection Orders, lists the domestic partner of a respondent as one of the
categories of persons who may petition for such an order. See 19 V.I.C. § 1101(d)(4). Hence, if the Virgin Islands
Legislature intended a domestic partner or common law partner to be considered a survivor under the Wrongful Death
Act, it could have done so.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 9 of 11

(d) Plaintiff Cannot Recover for Loss of Consortium

¶13.     In Count Two, Payne states that she “has been and forever will be deprived of the

companionship, society and consortium of her partner, deceased, Trevor Miller.”12 This language

clearly identifies Count Two as a claim for loss of consortium.13 Defendant argues that Payne

cannot maintain a cause of action for loss of consortium because she was never married to Miller,

and only a legal spouse of an injured plaintiff can maintain a cause of action for loss of

consortium.14 The Virgin Islands Code expressly mandates that no marriage shall be valid unless

solemnized by an authorized officiant, including a minister, judge, or judge of any court of

record.15 This solemnization requirement is a prerequisite to a valid marriage under Virgin Islands

law. Thus, an informal common-law union or domestic partnership is not recognized as a legally

valid marriage formed within the Territory. Informal cohabitation arrangements are inconsistent

with the Virgin Islands’ statutory framework for marriage.

¶14.      It is well established that claims for loss of consortium are only applicable between legal

spouses. Various courts, including this Court, have reached the same conclusion. See Henry v.

Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority, CASE NO. ST-08-CV-72, 

, at *2

(V.I. Super. May 9, 2008) (holding that loss of consortium does not extend to unmarried couples


12
   Compl. at ¶ 21.
13
    Historically, a cause of action for loss of consortium has been legally cognizable in the Virgin Islands. It is a
derivative action by the non-injured or surviving spouse for the loss of the marital relationship, such as love, society,
companionship, and sexual relations, as a result of injury or death of a spouse. Bryson v. Litwin Pan Am., Inc., 

, at *1 (V.I. Super. Ct. Aug. 9, 1985).
14
   Def’s Mot. to Dismiss 1st Am. Compl. at pg. 9.
15
   Title 16 V.I.C. § 32 states that:
           No marriage shall be valid unless solemnized by-
           (1) a clergyman or minister of any religion whether he resides in the Virgin Islands or elsewhere in the United
           States; or
           (2) witnessed by a Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahai is according to the usage of their religious
           community; or
           (3) any judge or any court of record.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 10 of 11

or cohabitants in a relationship; therefore, a fiancée cannot maintain a cause of action for loss of

consortium); Sykes v. Zook Enters., Inc., 

 (Law. Div. 1987) (plaintiff “who

admits the absence of a marriage relation and styles herself only as decedent's ‘purported wife,’

has no right of recovery” for loss of consortium); Robinson v. Hartzell Propeller Inc., 

 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (loss of consortium claim not available for parties that were unmarried

but living together at the time of the accident); Milberger v. KBHL, LLC, 

 (D. Hawai’i 2007) (finding unmarried partner lacked standing to bring a loss of

consortium claim). The Restatement (Second) of Torts also identifies a spouse as the only party to

bring a claim of loss of consortium. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 693 (1977). Since Payne

and Miller were not legally married, Payne cannot pursue a claim for loss of consortium.

(e) Amendment Substituting the Plaintiff

¶15.   At this time, the Court declines to analyze whether any potential amendment would be

futile because it has been determined that Payne can serve as the personal representative to bring

the claim for wrongful death, and no motion to amend the Complaint has been filed. The Court

sees no reason to decide an issue that is not yet ripe.

                                      4.      CONCLUSION

¶16.   Based on the foregoing, the Court will grant in part and deny in part Defendant’s motion

to dismiss. Payne may pursue a wrongful death action as the personal representative of the Estate

of Trevor Miller. However, because Payne and Miller were not married at the time of Miller’s

death, and a long-term domestic partner or common-law partner is not considered a survivor under

the Wrongful Death Act, Payne cannot maintain an action for wrongful death in her individual

capacity nor recover damages for loss of consortium.
Jacqueline Payne, Personal Rep. v. Taj Siwatu and 8GDA-1 Lytton’s Fancy, LLC
Case No. ST-2023-CV-00363
Memorandum Opinion
Page 11 of 11

       An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion shall follow.



Dated: July 14, 2026                                 ____________________________
                                                          Carol Thomas-Jacobs
                                                        Judge of the Superior Court
                                                           of the Virgin Islands


ATTEST:
Tamara Charles
Clerk of the Court

By: _________________________________
for Latoya Camacho         07 15 2026
    Court Clerk Supervisor ____/____/_____